Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flat terrain

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Flat terrain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flat terrain"

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Hu, Peng, Yilin Chen, Yan Han, Fei Zhang, and Yongjian Tang. "Numerical Simulation of Characteristics of Wind Field at Bridge Sites in Flat and Gorge Terrains under the Thunderstorm Downburst." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9962519.

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To investigate the effects of thunderstorm downburst on the characteristics of wind field at bridge sites in flat and gorge terrains, firstly, numerical simulation of wind fields in the flat terrain under the thunderstorm downburst was conducted through the SST k-ω turbulence model, combined with the impinging jet technology. After verification of the reliability of the numerical model, settings, and methods, the characteristics of wind field over a long-span bridge site in a gorge terrain under the thunderstorm downburst were investigated and the distributions of wind speed and wind attack angle in the flat and gorge terrains were compared. The results show that, under the effects of the thunderstorm downburst, the wind speeds are relatively maximum at the midspan point of the girder in the flat terrain. Besides, the farther away from the midspan point, the smaller the wind speeds, which is opposite to the case in the gorge terrain. The wind speeds at each typical monitoring point are basically the same in the two terrains, before the thunderstorm downburst hits the bridge girder. Later the wind speeds at each point in the gorge terrain are much higher than those in the flat terrain. Most wind attack angles are negative at the monitoring points in the flat terrain, but the farther away they are from the midspan point, the greater the wind attack angles will be. However, the wind attack angles at the monitoring points in the gorge terrain are generally larger than those in the flat terrain, and they gradually turn to be positive farther away from the midspan point. In the flat terrain, both wind speeds and wind attack angles (or their absolute values) at the girder are large within about t = 75∼130 s, indicating that the thunderstorm downburst may exert significant effects on the bridge. However, in the gorge terrain, due to the large wind speeds and wind attack angles (or their absolute values) at the girder after t = 75 s, full attention needs to be paid to the effects of the thunderstorm downburst during this period.
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Haugnes, Pål, Jan Kocbach, Harri Luchsinger, Gertjan Ettema, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 10 (November 1, 2019): 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-1007.

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Purpose: To investigate fluctuations in speed, work rate, and heart rate (HR) when cross-country ski skating across varying terrains at different endurance-training intensities. Methods: Seven male junior Norwegian skiers performed maximal-speed (Vmax) tests in both flat and uphill terrains. Thereafter, 5-km sessions at low (LIT), moderate (MIT), and high intensity (HIT) were performed based on their own perception of intensity while monitored by a global navigation satellite system with integrated barometry and accompanying HR monitor. Results: Speed, HR, and rating of perceived exertion gradually increased from LIT to MIT and HIT, both for the total course and in flat and uphill terrains (all P < .05). Uphill work rates (214 [24] W, 298 [27] W, and 350 [54] W for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) and the corresponding percentage of maximal HR (79.2% [6.1]%, 88.3% [2.4]%, and 91.0% [1.7]%) were higher than in flat terrain (159 [16] W, 206 [19] W, and 233 [72] W vs 72.3% [6.3]%, 83.2% [2.3]%, and 87.4% [2.0]% for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) (all P < .01). In general, ∼13% point lower utilization of maximal work rate was reached in uphill than in flat terrain at all intensities (all P < .01). Conclusions: Cross-country ski training across varying terrains is clearly interval based in terms of speed, external work rate, and metabolic intensity for all endurance-training intensities. Although work rate and HR were highest in uphill terrain at all intensities, the utilization of maximal work rate was higher in flat terrain. This demonstrates the large potential for generating external work rate when uphill skiing and the corresponding downregulation of effort due to the metabolic limitations.
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Al-Muqdadi, Sameh W., and Broder J. Merkel. "Automated Watershed Evaluation of Flat Terrain." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 03, no. 12 (2011): 892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.312099.

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Zhang, Xiao Dong, Jian Qiao Li, Han Huang, and Meng Zou. "Mechanics of Locomotion Energetics in Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.247.

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The study on the locomotion mechanism in laboratory has defined performance limits for animals presently. But it is more significant for investigating mechanics of animals in their free state. In order to study the locomotion properties of Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards on one flat terrain and four kinds of rough terrains, a high speed 3-D video recording system was used to record motion video images of crabs. The gait pattern, average speeds, the mechanical energy of the mass center and percentage energy recovery were investigated with motion analysis system. The results showed that Chinese mitten crabs used alternating tetrapod gait on flat terrain and with increasing of terrain roughness, the regularity of gait tend to be less conspicuous. Crabs used two fundamental models of energy exchanging patterns: the inverted pendulum gait and the bouncing gait and the bouncing gait was the main energy saving and conserving pattern. Keywords-biomechanics, Chinese mitten crab, rough terrain, gait, mechanical energy, percentage energy recovery
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Žák, Marek, Jaroslav Rozman, and František V. Zbořil. "Design and Control of 7-DOF Omni-directional Hexapod Robot." Open Computer Science 11, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2020-0189.

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AbstractLegged robots have great potential to travel across various types of terrain. Their many degrees of freedom enable them to navigate through difficult terrains, narrow spaces or various obstacles and they can move even after losing a leg. However, legged robots mostly move quite slowly. This paper deals with the design and construction of an omni-directional seven degrees of freedom hexapod (i.e., six-legged) robot, which is equipped with omnidirectional wheels (two degrees of freedom are used, one for turning the wheel and one for the wheel itself) usable on flat terrain to increase travel speed and an additional coxa joint that makes the robot more robust when climbing inclined terrains. This unique combination of omnidirectional wheels and additional coxa joint makes the robot not only much faster but also more robust in rough terrains and allows the robot to ride inclined terrains up to 40 degrees and remain statically stable in slopes up to 50 degrees. The robot is controlled by a terrain adaptive movement controller which adjusts the movement speed and the gait of the robot according to terrain conditions.
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Kim, Dong-Ju, Geon Kang, Do-Yong Kim, and Jae-Jin Kim. "Characteristics of LDAPS-Predicted Surface Wind Speed and Temperature at Automated Weather Stations with Different Surrounding Land Cover and Topography in Korea." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111224.

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We investigated the characteristics of surface wind speeds and temperatures predicted by the local data assimilation and prediction system (LDAPS) operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration. First, we classified automated weather stations (AWSs) into four categories (urban flat (Uf), rural flat (Rf), rural mountainous (Rm), and rural coastal (Rc) terrains) based on the surrounding land cover and topography, and selected 25 AWSs representing each category. Then we calculated the mean bias error of wind speed (WE) and temperature (TE) using AWS observations and LDAPS predictions for the 25 AWSs in each category for a period of 1 year (January–December 2015). We found that LDAPS overestimated wind speed (average WE = 1.26 m s−1) and underestimated temperature (average TE = −0.63 °C) at Uf AWSs located on flat terrain in urban areas because it failed to reflect the drag and local heating caused by buildings. At Rf, located on flat terrain in rural areas, LDAPS showed the best performance in predicting surface wind speed and temperature (average WE = 0.42 m s−1, average TE = 0.12 °C). In mountainous rural terrain (Rm), WE and TE were strongly correlated with differences between LDAPS and actual altitude. LDAPS underestimated (overestimated) wind speed (temperature) for LDAPS altitudes that were lower than actual altitude, and vice versa. In rural coastal terrain (Rc), LDAPS temperature predictions depended on whether the grid was on land or sea, whereas wind speed did not depend on grid location. LDAPS underestimated temperature at grid points on the sea, with smaller TE obtained for grid points on sea than on land.
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Cohn, Stephen A., Shane D. Mayor, Christian J. Grund, Tammy M. Weckwerth, and Christoph Senff. "The Lidars in Flat Terrain (LIFT) Experiment." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79, no. 7 (July 1998): 1329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<1329:tliftl>2.0.co;2.

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Whitteker, J. H. "Diffraction over a flat-topped terrain obstacle." IEE Proceedings H Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 137, no. 2 (1990): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-h-2.1990.0021.

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Greulich, Francis E. "Optimal landing location on flat, uniform terrain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-079.

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A general solution procedure for the continuous demand variant of the pure location problem of Fermat–Weber is given. The solution of the Fermat–Weber problem is a specific case of the more general landing-location problem addressed in this paper. The location of a single landing site is optimized with respect to the total harvesting cost for a setting that includes the costs of roading, yarding, and hauling.
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Nishikawa, Masanori, Tetsuya Hiyama, Kazuhisa Tsuboki, and Yoshihiro Fukushima. "Numerical Simulations of Local Circulation and Cumulus Generation over the Loess Plateau, China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc2041.1.

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Abstract The Loess Plateau of China consists of dissected flat tablelands with steep gullies. To evaluate the effect of topography on local circulation and cumulus generation over the Loess Plateau, numerical simulations of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) development were conducted using a cloud-resolving nonhydrostatic model. Two types of numerical simulation were carried out under two sets of bottom boundary conditions: real terrain and flat terrain. The differences in ABL development and cumulus generation between the flat- and real-terrain conditions are described and the local circulation structures induced by ABL development are illustrated. More cumulus clouds were generated over the real terrain than over the flat terrain. In the real-terrain case, large amounts of cumulus cloud were generated on the windward slopes and on the edge of the tableland, with updrafts caused by thermal generation and a local circulation developing with horizontal and vertical scales of several kilometers. Cumulus clouds clearly developed at the top of the ABL because the water vapor is nonhomogeneously lifted by the local circulation on windward slopes and on edge of the tableland. Thus, the topography of the Loess Plateau plays an important role in cumulus generation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flat terrain"

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Olsson, Kevin, and Valeriy Ivinskiy. "Predicting runners’ oxygen consumption on flat terrain using accelerometer data." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252749.

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This project aimed to use accelerometer data and KPIs to predict the oxygen consumption of runners’ during exercises on flat terrain. Based on many studies researching the relationship between oxygen consumption and running economy and a small set of data, a model was constructed which had a prediction accuracy of 81.1% on one individual. Problems encountered during the research include issues with comparing data from different systems, model nonlinearity and data noise. These problems were solved using transformation of data in the R software, model re-specification and identifying outlying observations that could be viewed as noise. The results from this project should be seen as a proof of concept for further studies, showing that it is possible to predict oxygen consumption using a set of accelerometer data and KPIs. With a larger sample set this model can be validated and furthermore implemented in Racefox’s current service as a calibration method of individual results and an early warning system to avoid running economy deficiency.
Detta projekts målsättning var att använda accelerometerdata och KPI-värden för att prediktera syrekonsumtion för löpare på plan mark. Baserat på ett urval av studier om korrelationen mellan syrekonsumtion och löpekonomi samt en liten mängd data så konstruerades en modell med en förklaringsgrad på 81.1% på en individ. Svårigheter under arbetet inkluderar datajämförelser, icke-linjäriteter och databrus. Detta hanterades genom datatransformationer i mjukvaran R, modell-modifikationer och identifikation av avvikande data som kunde klassificeras som brus. Resultaten kan ses som en förstudie som indikerar att det är möjligt att prediktera syrekonsumtion genom accelerometerdata och KPI-värden. En fortsatt större studie med fler individer och mätningar som underlag kan validera denna slutsats samt då implementeras i Racefoxs nuvarande tjänst som en kalibreringsmetod för individuella resultat och som ett varningssystem för att undvika försämrad löpekonomi.
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Druid, Staffan. "Uncertainties Associated with Hydrological Terrain Analysis in Flat Topography Wetlands." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326471.

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Describing how water flows in flat landscapes is generally difficult as the main driving force behind surface runoff is elevation differences. In an experiment designed to delineate the uncertainty in catchment areas created in software for geographical information systems (GIS), a flow algorithm that distributes the flow from one point to all of the neighbours with lower elevation was used. By analysing the values for the catchment areas created by this algorithm the uncertainty could be assessed. The main objective is therefore to investigate whether flow direction algorithms can be used to delineate uncertainty in catchment areas or not. The results acquired in this project consisted of area sizes for the different catchment areas connected to each wetland, as well as the distribution of values within these areas. The values signifies the percentage of each cell within an area that contributes to the drainage point. By relating the dispersion of values for certain thresholds to the size of the area, the main conclusion is that areas of small size are more affected by uncertainty.  Finally, some further studies within this area has been suggested. For example, to evaluate differences in runoff in different kinds of terrain, with different data resolutions or to correlate it to the effect of slope. In conclusion this project supplies an entrance to a new method of evaluating uncertainty in a field that surely can be broadened and repeated for greater accuracy.
Hur vatten flödar i flacka landskap är oftast svårt att avgöra då det huvudsakligen är höjdskillnader som driver vattenflödet längsmed, eller strax under, ytan. Projektet består av ett experiment för att utröna osäkerheten i flödesriktningar och avrinningsområdets gränser. I olika program för geografiska informationssystem (GIS) användes en flödesalgoritm som fördelar flödet från en punkt till alla omkringliggande punkter med lägre höjd. Genom att analysera värdena för de avrinningsområden som skapades av denna algoritm kunde osäkerheten avgöras. Den huvudsakliga frågan blir således huruvida flödesalgoritmer går att använda till att beskriva osäkerhet i flacka avrinningsområden. Resultaten som erhölls utav undersökningen bestod av storleksangivelser för de olika avrinningsområdena kopplade till varje våtmark, samt fördelningen av värden inom dessa områden. Värdena angav hur stor procentandel av varje cell inom området som bidrog till områdets utloppspunkt. Genom att relatera spridningen av värden över vissa gränsvärden mot områdets storlek kunde slutsatsen dras att det generellt är de små områdena som påverkas av osäkerhet. Vidare studier utanför detta projekts ramar har föreslagits; att exempelvis undersöka skillnader i avrinning i olika typer av terräng, med olika upplösning på data eller undersöka sluttningens inverkan. Sammanfattningsvis erbjuder denna uppsats en början till en ny metod att undersöka osäkerhet i ett område som självklart kan breddas och upprepas för större säkerhet.
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Strouhalová, Lenka. "Základní škola v Moravanech u Brna." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226571.

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The subject of this thesis is a new building primary school. The elementary school is designed for 390 children aged from six to fifteen years. The object is put in the flat terrain of the selected ground in the city called Moravany u Brna. It consists of six interconnected and functionally divided parts. This thesis resolves two selected parts of the elementary school complex. It is a part of physical education and background of upper elementary school. The building has two floors and the main entrances are oriented to the north and east. The building is designed from the system KM BETA. Ceiling structure is made of reinforced concrete.
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Ondráček, Tomáš. "Mateřská školka, Uničov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391976.

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This diploma thesis deals with the design of the kindergarten in Uničov. The object is designed as a two-storey, non-cellar basement. Because of the almost perfectly flat terrain and purpose of the building, the basement would be unnecessary. The gentle slope which the selected plot shows is oriented to the southeast side. The main entrance to the house is solved from the western side, along the direction of the main entrance to the nursery. It is adjacent to the existing communication with the parking lot towards the Nemocniční housing estate. There are two separate children's wards at the 1st floor, always equipped with a spacious playroom, dressing rooms and a washroom. Furthermore, in the 1st floor there is a large part of the economic zone consisting of a kitchen and related space, a junior flat and a cookery facility. The 2nd floor is reserved for the all-round development of children, both directly attending kindergarten and outside of the interest groups. Therefore, there are spaces such as a language classroom, a workshop room and a hall for other external staff. In addition, there is also a facility for staff and external staff in the form of a meeting room. The east side of the 2nd floor is then reserved for the third children's ward, the backrest consisting of a playroom, dressing rooms, washrooms along with a toilet and, moreover, a lounger. The vertical supporting structures are designed from porous concrete blocks, reinforced concrete and pillar blocks. The ceiling in each level is designed as a reinforced concrete reinforced concrete slab. The building is roofed with a flat single-roofed roof with a slope of 2 %.
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Drekslerová, Iveta. "Mateřská školka Moravany u Brna." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226575.

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The target of this thesis is design two-floor kindergarten (nursery school) on specific building plot in Moravany near Brno. The target is to create operational dispositive solution which takes account of everyday operations. The new building is comprised of two sections for forty children. There is also place for leisure time activities. There is also emphasis to general visual impression and desing resolution. The building is designed from construction system KM BETA with outdoors cement –bonded particleboards CETRIS on fragment of facade.
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Knobloch, Christian. "Entwicklung und kombinierte Verwendung eines Portalharvesters und eines mobilen Seilkransystems in forstlichen Verfahren zur vollmechanisierten Holzernte auf befahrungssensiblen, ebenen Standorten." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-224720.

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Die in dieser Dissertation gebündelte Arbeit versteht sich als Mittel der Problemlösung. Dieses liegt in der Diskrepanz allgemein angewandter, nicht ausreichend angepasster Technik auf einer Vielzahl von Waldstandorten Mitteleuropas. Ursache dieser Unangepasstheit ist das Verdrängen und Ablösen traditioneller Holzerntemethoden, ausgelöst durch die Durchsetzung ökonomisch leistungsfähigerer skandinavischer Forsttechnik und der Etablierung von allgemein vorteilhafteren Kurzholz- (3 bis 6 m lange Rohschaftsegmente) anstatt Langholzverfahren in Ernte-, Logistik- und Weiterverarbeitungsprozessen. Die dafür nötige Technik für die Holzernte bleibt jedoch auch mit Einsatz von Adaptionen an die mitteleuropäischen Wald- und Bodenverhältnisse nur beschränkt anwendbar, da die nötige Befahrung mit 20-50 Tonnen schweren Rad- und Kettenfahrzeugen bis in unmittelbare Baumnähe entweder eine Konzentration auf Befahrungslinien fordert oder aufgrund von unbefahrbaren Boden- oder Geländeverhältnissen nicht ökologisch nachhaltig vertretbar ist. In Betracht der Vielzahl an Waldstandortformen Mitteleuropas bedient jeder Typus einsetzbarer Forsttechnik, ob Radfahrzeug oder Seilkran, eine Nische, während dieser außerhalb aufgrund ökonomischer oder ökologischer Ausschlußkriterien nur mit Einschränkungen oder gar nicht einsetzbar ist. Daraus zeigt sich, dass nicht unbedeutende Bereiche Mitteleuropas, namentlich feuchte bis nass ebene Waldstandorte nicht ordnungsgemäß bewirtschaftet werden können, denn diese scheitert am Mangel technisch geeigneter und wirtschaftlich einträglicher, generell ausreichend angepasster Forstmaschinentechnik. Gerade in Zeiten rasant steigender Nachfrage nach nachwachsenden Rohstoffen und in Hinsicht der Tendenz sich verschiebender Wasserbilanzen als auch milderer Winter müssen unter Betrachtung eines kritischen gesellschaftlichen Diskurses im Umgang mit dem „Allgemeingut“ Wald Lösungen für eine nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung dieser Waldstandorte gesucht werden. Daher wurde in der Arbeit nach ökologisch verträglicher, ökonomisch einträglicher und sozial zuträglicher Technik für den Holzeinschlag und den Transport auf befahrungssensiblen bzw. unbefahrbaren Waldstandorten und ihr Zusammenwirken in forstlichen Verfahren gesucht. Unter Erfindung von acht patentwürdigen Einzellösungen wurden eine Holzerntemaschine mit neuartigem Schreitwerk sowie ein Seilkransystem für den Einsatz auf ebenen Gelände entwickelt, welche gemeinsam, als auch in Kombination mit konventioneller Forsttechnik auf Übergangsstandorten einsetzbar sind. Dazu wurde der Waldboden in seinen Wechselwirkungen mit Forsttechnik sowie bestehende Konzepte zur Vermeidung bzw. Erhaltung der Befahrbarkeit auf diesem analysiert. Anschließend wurde eine GIS-basierte Potentialanalyse zur Ermittlung des Maschinenbedarfes durchgeführt und die Randbedingungen der divergierenden Waldstandorten und nationalen Einsatzszenarien ermittelt, aus denen widerum Lastenhefte für die zu entwicklenden Maschinen und Verfahren abgeleitet wurden. Der sogenannte Portalharvester bewegt sich nicht mit einem Fahrwerk, sondern auf einer Art überfahrbarer Brücke fort, welche stets mit 8 m Schrittweite in beliebiger Richtung ausgelegt werden kann. Dadurch kann die Maschinenmasse (bei vergleichbarer Leistungsfähigkeit) um 60 % gesenkt, auf Bodenrelativbewegungen gänzlich verzichtet und den Anteil des berührten Bodens im Vergleich zu Radmaschinen von etwa 10 auf unter 1 % reduziert werden. Mit dem Flachlandseilkran kann erstmals eine Kombination mit dem Harvester hergestellt werden, indem Kurzholz in Bündeln aus dem Bestand gerückt werden kann. Der Aufbau kann erstmals ohne natürliche Mast- und Ankerelemente erfolgen und die sattellose Spannweite konnte auf bis zu 400 m verdoppelt werden. In gemeinsamer Verwendung wurden neue vorteilbringende forstliche Verfahren und Erschließungsmuster entwickelt und in ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit und Schonung bewertet. Unabhängig dieser Arbeit wurden durch die Gewinnung von Industriepartnern und Forschungsprojekten beide Maschinen(systeme) als funktionstüchtige Prototypen entwickelt und getestet, so dass einerseits die theoretischen Grundlagen dieser Arbeit bei der Maschinenentwicklung angewendet werden konnten und es zum großen Teil möglich war, bereits während der Bearbeitung Rückschlüsse auf die theoretischen Grundlagen zu ziehen.
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Dragoi, Ion. "Comparison of optimization for non linear and linear wind resource grids." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217558.

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The aim of this thesis is to assess how the configuration of linear and non-linearwind resource grids impacts the optimization.Three different software tools are used for this study: WAsP (linear model) includedin WindPRO, and WindSim (a non-linear model) - a CFD tool, and WindPRO forthe optimization. With the same configuration for wind resources, WAsP andWindSim will run to calculate the wind resource grids, .rsf or .wrg format, whichwill be compared in the post processing tab of WindPRO (from CFD interface).Using different optimization algorithms, the results from two software will becompared. The test site is flat terrain in the sea with no complexity (0,0002roughness and no orography or obstacle), and the chosen turbine here is Enercon40.3 (55m hub height, with the rated power at 14 m/s), and the wind is coming fromone direction, in our case North, which means sector 0.After comparison of the resource files from linear and non-linear wind resourcegrids, the optimization and comparison is ran for the two wind resource grids (linearand non-linear). The results of the optimization are also compared with optimizationresults of Eftun Yilmaz’s thesis (Eftun Yilmaz, 2013). We can see from the resultsthat WindSim gives almost 40% bigger values for the production. The results arecomparable with findings of Eftun Yilmaz thesis.
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Chen, Yanping M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Edge-unfolding almost-flat convex polyhedral terrains." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84729.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-98).
In this thesis we consider the centuries-old question of edge-unfolding convex polyhedra, focusing specifically on edge-unfoldability of convex polyhedral terrain which are "almost at" in that they have very small height. We demonstrate how to determine whether cut-trees of such almost-at terrains unfold and prove that, in this context, any partial cut-tree which unfolds without overlap and "opens" at a root edge can be locally extended by a neighboring edge of this root edge. We show that, for certain (but not all) planar graphs G, there are cut-trees which unfold for all almost-at terrains whose planar projection is G. We also demonstrate a non-cut-tree-based method of unfolding which relies on "slice" operations to build an unfolding of a complicated terrain from a known unfolding of a simpler terrain. Finally, we describe several heuristics for generating cut-forests and provide some computational results of such heuristics on unfolding almost-at convex polyhedral terrains.
by Yanping Chen.
M.Eng.
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Stejskalová, Markéta. "Penzion pro seniory." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372260.

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This work aims to develop projekt documentation for building construction. The projekt addresses the new construkction of a pension for seniors. Pension is located in the city of Kutná Hora in the Central Region. The object is designed for 34 people throughout the year. Pension has one underground and free above ground floors. The shape of the object is unspecified at several height levels. It is a reversed L-shaped with mid-point projections. Pension is bricked from ceramic blocks. The roof is a combination of a sliding flat roof and a console roof. The building is situated in a place of flat terrain.
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Chibber, Paramjit. "Overland flow time of concentration on flat terrains." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1293.

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Time of concentration parameter is defined very loosely in literature and it is calculated rather subjectively in practice (Akan 1986). The situation becomes adverse as the terrain slope approaches zero; because the slope generally appears in the denominator of any formula for time of concentration, this time goes to infinity as the slope goes to zero. The variables affecting this time parameter on flat terrains have been studied through plot scale field experiments. It has been found that the antecedent moisture and rainfall rate control this parameter. Some of the existing time of concentration methods have been compared, and it is found that all the empirical models compared under predict this time parameter. This under prediction can be attributed first to the differing concepts of time of concentration previous researchers have modeled, secondly to the absence of any accounting for the initial moisture content in their respective equations and thirdly to the watersheds where these models have been calibrated. At lower time of concentrations, Izzard-based model predictions show some results close to the observed values. A methodology to determine the plot scale surface undulations has been developed to estimate the depression storage. Regression equations have been derived based upon the experiments to determine the overland flow times on a flat plot of 30 feet length with uniform rainfall intensity. The application of these equations on other lengths cannot be ascertained. Equations for the hydrograph slope on flat terrains have been determined for bare clay and grass plots.
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Books on the topic "Flat terrain"

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When The Green Flag Drops Memoirs Of A Baja And Prorally Racer. Xlibris Corporation, 2011.

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notebook, funny car. Composition Notebook: American USA Flag ATV All Terrain Vehicle Drivers During Sum Journal/Notebook Blank Lined Ruled 6x9 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.

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The Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Ontario, Canada: Manufacturers of porous terra cotta, fire proof building materials, flat arches, segment arches, iron girders .. Deseronto [Ont.]: Deseronto News Company, 1994.

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Aldama, Frederick Luis, ed. Graphic Indigeneity. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496828019.001.0001.

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Graphic Indigeneity: Comics in the Americas and Australasia brings together scholarship that interrogates mainstream comic book traditions that have negatively stereotyped as well as positively complicated Indigenous identities and experiences of terra America and Australasia. It also includes scholarship that analyzes how Indigenous comic book creators are themselves clearing new visual-verbal narrative spaces for articulating complex histories, cultures, experiences, and identities. Here, the volume also seeks to shed light on how the violent wounds of colonial and imperial domination across the globe connect Indigenous comic books creators in their expressions of survival, resistance, and affirmation. Comics analyzed include, but are not limited to, the following: The Phantom, Uncanny X-Men, Comanche Moon, Captain Canuck, Alpha Flight, Fighting Indians of the West, Footrot Flats, Ngarimu Te Tohu Toa, Turey el Taíno, La Borinqueña, Manuel Antonio Ay, Zotz, Will I See?, Super Indian, Deer Woman, Moonshot, Trickster: Native American Tales, Pablo’s Inferno, Supercholo, La Chola Power, Turbochaski, and Supay. This volume reminds the world of the ways pop culture has violently misrepresented Native and Indigenous peoples. It reminds the world of the significant presence of Native and Indigenous artists in creating counter-narratives that powerfully shape global histories and cultures.
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Christian, Schittich, ed. Semi-detached and terraced houses. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2006.

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Wiegelmann, Andrea, Lars-Christian Uhlig, Patrick Jung, and Walter Stamm-Teske. In Detail: Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses. Birkhäuser Basel, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flat terrain"

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Emeis, Stefan. "Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain." In Wind Energy Meteorology, 23–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30523-8_3.

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Emeis, Stefan. "Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain." In Wind Energy Meteorology, 31–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72859-9_3.

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Tampieri, Francesco. "The Basic Paradigm: Horizontal Homogeneity Over Flat Terrain." In Physics of Earth and Space Environments, 51–116. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43604-3_3.

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Yambert, Mark W., Greg D. Belcher, and Curtis C. Travis. "Evaluation of Flat Versus Complex Terrain Models in Estimating Pollutant Transport and Deposition in Complex Terrain." In Municipal Waste Incineration Risk Assessment, 1–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3294-1_1.

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Owuama, Ozioma C., and Kennedy C. Owuama. "A Drainage System for Road Construction on Flat Terrain in New Owerri Nigeria." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 301–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51354-2_27.

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Kang, Y. Y., and X. R. Ding. "Simulation of Tidal Flat Terrain Based on Landform Feature Lines of Tidal Basin." In Springer Geology, 69–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31671-5_10.

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Uluişik, Ç., and L. Sevgi. "Numerical Modeling and Simulation Studies of 2D Propagation over Non-flat Terrain and Through Inhomogeneous Atmosphere." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 45–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30636-6_5.

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Xydis, George, and Evanthia A. Nanaki. "Wind Resource Forecasting Error in Flat and Complex Terrains." In Green Energy and Infrastructure, 139–55. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003095811-6.

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Krupadanam, Sireesha, and Huirong Fu. "Localization Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks for Non-flat Terrains." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 175–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02080-3_18.

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Hirai, Nobumitsu, Tatsuya Tooyama, and Toshihiro Tanaka. "Fundamental Measurements of the Friction on an Atomically-Flat Terrace of Au(100) in Sulfuric Acid Solution under Potential Control Using Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscope." In Materials Science Forum, 395–98. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-996-2.395.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flat terrain"

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Zendehbad, M., N. Chokani, and R. S. Abhari. "Multi-Scale Measurements in Wind Farms in Complex and Flat Terrain." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42583.

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Large-scale (that is over the kilometre scale of a whole wind farm) and small-scale (over the metre scale of an individual wind turbine) wind flow measurements are made with a mobile-based LIDAR system. The large-scale measurements detail the multiple wakes in the wind farm, including both single and double wakes, that result in up to 70% less power generation for a given wind direction, and 2.5% loss of the wind farm’s annual energy yield. The small-scale measurements show that there is a non-uniform work extraction of the turbine across the vertical extent of the wind turbine rotor. This non-uniform work extraction is accompanied by an upward pitching of the flow that is as much as 50° immediately downstream of the turbine and reduces to 10° two diameters downstream. Measurements with the mobile-based LIDAR system are made in both complex and flat terrains. A comparison of the wake profiles show that whereas in complex terrain the profiles are self-similar up to two-and-half rotor diameters downstream, this is not the case in flat terrain. It is shown that these measurements, which are made at the full-scale Reynolds number in the field, may be useful to support the development of wake flow prediction tools.
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Dektor, Shandor, and Stephen Rock. "Improving robustness of terrain-relative navigation for AUVs in regions with flat terrain." In 2012 IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/auv.2012.6380751.

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de Waard, Maarten, Maarten Inja, and Arnoud Visser. "Analysis of flat terrain for the atlas robot." In 2013 3rd Joint Conference of AI & Robotics and 5th RoboCup Iran Open International Symposium (RIOS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rios.2013.6595324.

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Sade, Morris. "A Gamma Distribution Unit Hydrograph for Flat Terrain Watersheds." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)334.

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Wenjian, Ying, Sun Fuchun, Liu Huaping, and Song Yu. "A collaborative navigation system for autonomous vehicle in flat terrain." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation (ICCA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2009.5410433.

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Ren, Qiang, Tao Yang, Xiaofei Liu, Jing Li, Yanning Zhang, and Wencheng Duan. "Parallax Removing for Ground Moving Target Detection on Non-flat Terrain." In the 2018 International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3191442.3191449.

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Li, Qing, Xianrong Ding, Ang Zhu, Ligang Cheng, Yanyan Kang, Xiaoping Ge, and Jing Zhang. "Modeling methods for tidal flat digital terrain based on neural network." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icise.2010.5691689.

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Sade, Morris. "A Model to Monitor Soil Storage Capacity in Flat Terrain Watersheds." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)87.

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Soto, Edison, Camilo Younes, and Ernesto Perez. "Influence of non flat terrain on lightning induced voltages in distribution networks." In 2012 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclp.2012.6344363.

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Velagapalli, Sireesha, and Huirong Fu. "Beacon-less Location Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks for Non-flat Terrain." In Future Generation Communication and Networking (FGCN 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fgcn.2007.78.

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Reports on the topic "Flat terrain"

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Townsend, R. Large-Eddy Simulation of the Evolving Stable Boundary Layer Over Flat Terrain. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15002510.

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Miller, Kevin M. Fluence Evaluations For Applications of In Situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in Non-Flat Terrain. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1187897.

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Wharton, S., V. Bulaevskaya, Z. Irons, G. Qualley, J. F. Newman, and W. O. Miller. Wind Power Curve Modeling Using Statistical Models: An Investigation of Atmospheric Input Variables at a Flat and Complex Terrain Wind Farm. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223839.

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Petrie, John, Yan Qi, Mark Cornwell, Md Al Adib Sarker, Pranesh Biswas, Sen Du, and Xianming Shi. Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-019.

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Blowing snow accounts for a large part of Illinois Department of Transportation’s total winter maintenance expenditures. This project aims to develop recommendations on the design and placement of living snow fences (LSFs) to minimize snowdrift on Illinois highways. The research team examined historical IDOT data for resource expenditures, conducted a literature review and survey of northern agencies, developed and validated a numerical model, field tested selected LSFs, and used a model to assist LSF design. Field testing revealed that the proper snow fence setback distance should consider the local prevailing winter weather conditions, and snow fences within the right-of-way could still be beneficial to agencies. A series of numerical simulations of flow around porous fences were performed using Flow-3D, a computational fluid dynamics software. The results of the simulations of the validated model were employed to develop design guidelines for siting LSFs on flat terrain and for those with mild slopes (< 15° from horizontal). Guidance is provided for determining fence setback, wind characteristics, fence orientation, as well as fence height and porosity. Fences comprised of multiple rows are also addressed. For sites with embankments with steeper slopes, guidelines are provided that include a fence at the base and one or more fence on the embankment. The design procedure can use the available right-of-way at a site to determine the appropriate fence characteristics (e.g., height and porosity) to prevent snow deposition on the road. The procedure developed in this work provides an alternative that uses available setback to design the fence. This approach does not consider snow transport over an entire season and may be less effective in years with several large snowfall events, very large single events, or a sequence of small events with little snowmelt in between. However, this procedure is expected to be effective for more frequent snowfall events such as those that occurred over the field-monitoring period. Recommendations were made to facilitate the implementation of research results by IDOT. The recommendations include a proposed process flow for establishing LSFs for Illinois highways, LSF siting and design guidelines (along with a list of suitable plant species for LSFs), as well as other implementation considerations and identified research needs.
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Eylander, John, Michael Lewis, Maria Stevens, John Green, and Joshua Fairley. An investigation of the feasibility of assimilating COSMOS soil moisture into GeoWATCH. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41966.

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This project objective evaluated the potential of improving linked weather-and-mobility model predictions by blending soil moisture observations from a Cosmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS) sensor with weather-informed predictions of soil moisture and soil strength from the Geospatial Weather-Affected Terrain Conditions and Hazards (GeoWATCH). Assimilating vehicle-borne COSMOS observations that measure local effects model predictions of soil moisture offered potential to produce more accurate soil strength and vehicle mobility forecast was the hypothesis. This project compared soil moisture observations from a COSMOS mobile sensor driven around an area near Iowa Falls, IA, with both GeoWATCH soil moisture predictions and in situ probe observations. The evaluation of the COSMOS rover data finds that the soil moisture measurements contain a low measurement bias while the GeoWATCH estimates more closely matched the in situ data. The COSMOS rover captured a larger dynamic range of soil moisture conditions as compared to GeoWATCH, capturing both very wet and very dry soil conditions, which may better flag areas of high risk for mobility considerations. Overall, more study of the COSMOS rover is needed to better understand sensor performance in a variety of soil conditions to determine the feasibility of assimilating the COSMOS rover estimates into GeoWATCH.
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Cooper, Christopher, Jacob McDonald, and Eric Starkey. Wadeable stream habitat monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2018 baseline report. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286621.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...
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