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Journal articles on the topic 'Flat terrain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hu, Peng, Yilin Chen, Yan Han, Fei Zhang, and Yongjian Tang. "Numerical Simulation of Characteristics of Wind Field at Bridge Sites in Flat and Gorge Terrains under the Thunderstorm Downburst." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9962519.

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To investigate the effects of thunderstorm downburst on the characteristics of wind field at bridge sites in flat and gorge terrains, firstly, numerical simulation of wind fields in the flat terrain under the thunderstorm downburst was conducted through the SST k-ω turbulence model, combined with the impinging jet technology. After verification of the reliability of the numerical model, settings, and methods, the characteristics of wind field over a long-span bridge site in a gorge terrain under the thunderstorm downburst were investigated and the distributions of wind speed and wind attack an

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2

Haugnes, Pål, Jan Kocbach, Harri Luchsinger, Gertjan Ettema, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 10 (2019): 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-1007.

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Purpose: To investigate fluctuations in speed, work rate, and heart rate (HR) when cross-country ski skating across varying terrains at different endurance-training intensities. Methods: Seven male junior Norwegian skiers performed maximal-speed (Vmax) tests in both flat and uphill terrains. Thereafter, 5-km sessions at low (LIT), moderate (MIT), and high intensity (HIT) were performed based on their own perception of intensity while monitored by a global navigation satellite system with integrated barometry and accompanying HR monitor. Results: Speed, HR, and rating of perceived exertion grad

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3

Al-Muqdadi, Sameh W., and Broder J. Merkel. "Automated Watershed Evaluation of Flat Terrain." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 03, no. 12 (2011): 892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.312099.

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4

Zhang, Xiao Dong, Jian Qiao Li, Han Huang, and Meng Zou. "Mechanics of Locomotion Energetics in Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.247.

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The study on the locomotion mechanism in laboratory has defined performance limits for animals presently. But it is more significant for investigating mechanics of animals in their free state. In order to study the locomotion properties of Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards on one flat terrain and four kinds of rough terrains, a high speed 3-D video recording system was used to record motion video images of crabs. The gait pattern, average speeds, the mechanical energy of the mass center and percentage energy recovery were investigated with motion analysis system. The result

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Žák, Marek, Jaroslav Rozman, and František V. Zbořil. "Design and Control of 7-DOF Omni-directional Hexapod Robot." Open Computer Science 11, no. 1 (2020): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2020-0189.

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AbstractLegged robots have great potential to travel across various types of terrain. Their many degrees of freedom enable them to navigate through difficult terrains, narrow spaces or various obstacles and they can move even after losing a leg. However, legged robots mostly move quite slowly. This paper deals with the design and construction of an omni-directional seven degrees of freedom hexapod (i.e., six-legged) robot, which is equipped with omnidirectional wheels (two degrees of freedom are used, one for turning the wheel and one for the wheel itself) usable on flat terrain to increase tr

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Kim, Dong-Ju, Geon Kang, Do-Yong Kim, and Jae-Jin Kim. "Characteristics of LDAPS-Predicted Surface Wind Speed and Temperature at Automated Weather Stations with Different Surrounding Land Cover and Topography in Korea." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (2020): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111224.

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We investigated the characteristics of surface wind speeds and temperatures predicted by the local data assimilation and prediction system (LDAPS) operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration. First, we classified automated weather stations (AWSs) into four categories (urban flat (Uf), rural flat (Rf), rural mountainous (Rm), and rural coastal (Rc) terrains) based on the surrounding land cover and topography, and selected 25 AWSs representing each category. Then we calculated the mean bias error of wind speed (WE) and temperature (TE) using AWS observations and LDAPS predictions for th

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Cohn, Stephen A., Shane D. Mayor, Christian J. Grund, Tammy M. Weckwerth, and Christoph Senff. "The Lidars in Flat Terrain (LIFT) Experiment." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79, no. 7 (1998): 1329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<1329:tliftl>2.0.co;2.

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8

Whitteker, J. H. "Diffraction over a flat-topped terrain obstacle." IEE Proceedings H Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 137, no. 2 (1990): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-h-2.1990.0021.

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9

Greulich, Francis E. "Optimal landing location on flat, uniform terrain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 5 (1991): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-079.

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A general solution procedure for the continuous demand variant of the pure location problem of Fermat–Weber is given. The solution of the Fermat–Weber problem is a specific case of the more general landing-location problem addressed in this paper. The location of a single landing site is optimized with respect to the total harvesting cost for a setting that includes the costs of roading, yarding, and hauling.

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Nishikawa, Masanori, Tetsuya Hiyama, Kazuhisa Tsuboki, and Yoshihiro Fukushima. "Numerical Simulations of Local Circulation and Cumulus Generation over the Loess Plateau, China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 4 (2009): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc2041.1.

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Abstract The Loess Plateau of China consists of dissected flat tablelands with steep gullies. To evaluate the effect of topography on local circulation and cumulus generation over the Loess Plateau, numerical simulations of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) development were conducted using a cloud-resolving nonhydrostatic model. Two types of numerical simulation were carried out under two sets of bottom boundary conditions: real terrain and flat terrain. The differences in ABL development and cumulus generation between the flat- and real-terrain conditions are described and the local circulatio

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Lv, Kai, Xihui Mu, Lishun Li, Wenbin Xue, Zhiyuan Wang, and Lin Xu. "Design and test methods of rubber-track conversion system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 7 (2018): 1903–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018794101.

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Rubber-track conversion system enables the vehicle to have stronger rough terrain trafficability than tire. Its roller wheels swing with terrain contours to comfort ride and steady traction. However, this will increase the detracking risk and aggravate the rubber track repeated stretch. To minimize variations of the track perimeter, a systematic design method for rubber-track conversion system was proposed to harmonize the component parameters related to relative movements. Furthermore, its tensioning system was optimized. Using a multi-camera video measurement system, the track perimeter is c

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12

Dar, Arslan Salim, Jacob Berg, Niels Troldborg, and Edward G. Patton. "On the self-similarity of wind turbine wakes in a complex terrain using large eddy simulation." Wind Energy Science 4, no. 4 (2019): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-633-2019.

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Abstract. We perform large eddy simulation of flow in a complex terrain under neutral atmospheric stratification. We study the self-similar behavior of a turbine wake as a function of varying terrain complexity and perform comparisons with a flat terrain. By plotting normalized velocity deficit profiles in different complex terrain cases, we verify that self-similarity is preserved as we move downstream from the turbine. We find that this preservation is valid for a shorter distance downstream compared to what is observed in a flat terrain. A larger spread of the profiles toward the tails due

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13

Blakemore, Robert. "Non-Flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Topsoil." Soil Systems 2, no. 4 (2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2040064.

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Earth’s land surface is raised from conventionally flat 15 Gha to >64 Gha accounting for hilly slope undulation and topsoil relief detail. Three main aspects are: topography, rugosity/tortuosity, and micro-relief/porosity of ice/vegetation-free ground. Recalibration arises from four approaches: First, direct empirical estimates of compiled satellite/LiDAR data means of +2.5–26% surface progressively overlain by +94% at cm2 scale for soil ruggedness then +108% for mm2 micro-relief; Second, from digital elevation models with thrice 1.6–2.0 times flat areas; Third, by ‘reverse engineering’ glo

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Spengler, Thomas, and Roger K. Smith. "The dynamics of heat lows over flat terrain." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 134, no. 637 (2008): 2157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.342.

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15

Li, Xu, Songyuan Zhang, Haitao Zhou, Haibo Feng, and Yili Fu. "Locomotion Adaption for Hydraulic Humanoid Wheel-Legged Robots Over Rough Terrains." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 18, no. 01 (2021): 2150001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843621500018.

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Compared with the traditional hydraulic humanoid robots, the WLR-II, a novel hydraulic wheel-legged robot developed by using hose-less design, can significantly increase the reliability and maneuverability. The WLR-II combines the rough-terrain capability of legs with the efficiency of wheels. In this paper, a novel framework called rough-terrain adaption framework (RTAF) is presented which allows WLR-II to move on both flat terrains and terrains with unmodeled contact dynamics. RTAF is a hierarchical framework, which has a high-level balance controller and a low-level impedance controller tha

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16

Lee, Jungshin, and Hyochoong Bang. "A Robust Terrain Aided Navigation Using the Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filter Trained by Long Short-Term Memory Networks." Sensors 18, no. 9 (2018): 2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092886.

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Terrain-aided navigation (TAN) is a technology that estimates the position of the vehicle by comparing the altitude measured by an altimeter and height from the digital elevation model (DEM). The particle filter (PF)-based TAN has been commonly used to obtain stable real-time navigation solutions in cases where the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operates at a high altitude. Even though TAN performs well on rough and unique terrains, its performance degrades in flat and repetitive terrains. In particular, in the case of PF-based TAN, there has been no verified technique for deciding its terrain

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17

Dhawale, Nihav, Shreyas Mandre, and Madhusudhan Venkadesan. "Dynamics and stability of running on rough terrains." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (2019): 181729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181729.

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Stability of running on rough terrain depends on the propagation of perturbations due to the ground. We consider stability within the sagittal plane and model the dynamics of running as a two-dimensional body with alternating aerial and stance phases. Stance is modelled as a passive, impulsive collision followed by an active, impulsive push-off that compensates for collisional losses. Such a runner has infinitely many strategies to maintain periodic gaits on flat ground. However, these strategies differ in how perturbations due to terrain unevenness are propagated. Instabilities manifest as tu

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18

Zhang, Yanfeng, Yongjun Zhang, Yi Zhang, and Xin Li. "AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF DTM FROM LOW RESOLUTION DSM BY TWOSTEPS SEMI-GLOBAL FILTERING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (June 3, 2016): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-3-249-2016.

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Automatically extracting DTM from DSM or LiDAR data by distinguishing non-ground points from ground points is an important issue. Many algorithms for this issue are developed, however, most of them are targeted at processing dense LiDAR data, and lack the ability of getting DTM from low resolution DSM. This is caused by the decrease of distinction on elevation variation between steep terrains and surface objects. In this paper, a method called two-steps semi-global filtering (TSGF) is proposed to extract DTM from low resolution DSM. Firstly, the DSM slope map is calculated and smoothed by SGF

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19

Zhang, Yanfeng, Yongjun Zhang, Yi Zhang, and Xin Li. "AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF DTM FROM LOW RESOLUTION DSM BY TWOSTEPS SEMI-GLOBAL FILTERING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-3 (June 3, 2016): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-3-249-2016.

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Automatically extracting DTM from DSM or LiDAR data by distinguishing non-ground points from ground points is an important issue. Many algorithms for this issue are developed, however, most of them are targeted at processing dense LiDAR data, and lack the ability of getting DTM from low resolution DSM. This is caused by the decrease of distinction on elevation variation between steep terrains and surface objects. In this paper, a method called two-steps semi-global filtering (TSGF) is proposed to extract DTM from low resolution DSM. Firstly, the DSM slope map is calculated and smoothed by SGF

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20

Liu, Yanji, Guichen Zhang, and Chidong Che. "Underwater Terrain-Aided Navigation Relocation Method in the Arctic." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (December 29, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6654368.

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To solve the localization failure problem of terrain-aided navigation (TAN) system of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) caused by large area of underwater flat terrain in the Arctic, a navigation system with relocation part is constructed to enhance the robustness of localization. The system uses particle filter to estimate the AUV’s position and reduce the nonlinear noise disturbance, and the prior motion information is added to avoid the mismatching caused by the similar altitude of low-resolution map. Based on the estimate data and the measured altitude data, the normalized innovation

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21

Piringer, M., and K. Baumann-Stanzer. "Selected results of a model validation exercise." Advances in Science and Research 3, no. 1 (2009): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-3-13-2009.

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Abstract. The concentration fields calculated with three Gaussian models and one Lagrangian dispersion model are validated against a set of SF6 concentration data provided by the German environmental programme BWPLUS. The source was a pig fattening unit in fairly flat terrain. The results reveal that, in flat terrain with steady undisturbed flow, the use of Gauss models is still justified, whereas Lagrangian models should be used whenever the flow is modified by obstacles or topography.

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22

Méndez, D. G., O. N. di Marco, and P. M. Corva. "Energy expenditure of cattle walking on a flat terrain." Animal Science 63, no. 1 (1996): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800028265.

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AbstractA study was carried out to evaluate the effect of horizontal walking upon CO2 production rate by the carbon dioxide dilution rate technique. This was used as an indicator of animal energy expenditure. Two groups of three 18-month-old Aberdeen-Angus steers were assigned to two experiments. Average weights were 290 (s.e. 7·6) kg and 285 (s.e. 1·0) kg for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Animals were allocated to individual pens and given 5·0 and 4·5 kg dry matter of a mixed diet for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. After a 45-day training period they were assigned to three walking trea

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23

Wilson, D. Keith, and Dennis W. Thomson. "Experimental studies of low‐frequency propagation over flat terrain." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, S1 (1989): S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2027344.

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24

Ziemann, Astrid, Kati Balogh, and Klaus Arnold. "Modelling and measuring the atmospheric excess attenuation over flat terrain during night time conditions." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 16, no. 4 (2007): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0227.

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25

Sun, Yi, Nuan Deng, and Zheng Liang Li. "Analysis on Wind-Induced Vibration of Tall Buildings in Hilly Terrain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2567.

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The responses of tall buildings under wind loads in hilly terrain are remarkably different from that in flat terrain. Wind load codes can’t work efficiently or directly to calculate the wind-induced vibration of tall buildings in hilly terrain. Utilizing some wind tunnel test results of wind field in hilly terrain and pressures on tall buildings, the access to response of tall buildings on hilly terrain were provided. Some effects from hill characteristics to building responses were discussed.

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26

Bao, Jingyi, Fotini Katopodes Chow, and Katherine A. Lundquist. "Large-Eddy Simulation over Complex Terrain Using an Improved Immersed Boundary Method in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 9 (2018): 2781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0067.1.

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Abstract The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is increasingly being used for higher-resolution atmospheric simulations over complex terrain. With increased resolution, resolved terrain slopes become steeper, and the native terrain-following coordinates used in WRF result in numerical errors and instability. The immersed boundary method (IBM) uses a nonconformal grid with the terrain surface represented through interpolated forcing terms. Lundquist et al.’s WRF-IBM implementation eliminates the limitations of WRF’s terrain-following coordinate and was previously validated with a no-

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27

Matthis, Jonathan Samir, and Brett R. Fajen. "Humans exploit the biomechanics of bipedal gait during visually guided walking over complex terrain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1762 (2013): 20130700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0700.

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How do humans achieve such remarkable energetic efficiency when walking over complex terrain such as a rocky trail? Recent research in biomechanics suggests that the efficiency of human walking over flat, obstacle-free terrain derives from the ability to exploit the physical dynamics of our bodies. In this study, we investigated whether this principle also applies to visually guided walking over complex terrain. We found that when humans can see the immediate foreground as little as two step lengths ahead, they are able to choose footholds that allow them to exploit their biomechanical structu

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Clifton, G. T., D. Holway, and N. Gravish. "Uneven substrates constrain walking speed in ants through modulation of stride frequency more than stride length." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 3 (2020): 192068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192068.

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Natural terrain is rarely flat. Substrate irregularities challenge walking animals to maintain stability, yet we lack quantitative assessments of walking performance and limb kinematics on naturally uneven ground. We measured how continually uneven 3D-printed substrates influence walking performance of Argentine ants by measuring walking speeds of workers from laboratory colonies and by testing colony-wide substrate preference in field experiments. Tracking limb motion in over 8000 videos, we used statistical models that associate walking speed with limb kinematic parameters to compare movemen

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29

Bieringer, Paul E., Peter S. Ray, and Andrew J. Annunzio. "The Effect of Topographic Variability on Initial Condition Sensitivity of Low-Level Wind Forecasts. Part II: Experiments Using Real Terrain and Observations." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 7 (2013): 2156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00055.1.

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Abstract A study by Bieringer et al., which is Part I of this two-part study, demonstrated analytically using the shallow-water equations and numerically in controlled experiments that the presence of terrain can result in an enhancement of sensitivities to initial condition adjustments. The increased impact of adjustments to initial conditions corresponds with gradients in the flow field induced by the presence of the terrain obstacle. In cross-barrier flow situations the impact of the initial condition adjustments on the final forecast increases linearly as the height of the terrain obstacle

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30

Quiroga-Novoa, Pedro, Gabriel Cuevas-Figueroa, José Luis Preciado, Rogier Floors, Alfredo Peña, and Oliver Probst. "Towards Better Wind Resource Modeling in Complex Terrain: A k-Nearest Neighbors Approach." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144364.

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Wind turbines are often placed in complex terrains, where benefits from orography-related speed up can be capitalized. However, accurately modeling the wind resource over the extended areas covered by a typical wind farm is still challenging over a flat terrain, and over a complex terrain, the challenge can be even be greater. Here, a novel approach for wind resource modeling is proposed, where a linearized flow model is combined with a machine learning approach based on the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) method. Model predictors include combinations of distance, vertical shear exponent, a measure

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31

Silva, Adaiana F. Gomes da, Edson Luiz Zaparoli, and Cláudia R. Andrade. "Comparison of computational fluid dynamics and mass-conserving approaches for annual energy production (AEP) evaluation: Part I: analysis of a standard wake model and wind speed/power curve implementations." Wind Engineering 42, no. 5 (2018): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18780405.

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A variety of microscale numerical approaches are available nowadays for high-resolution local flow characterization, differing on accuracy according to the application and on computational effort. In this study, a mass-conserving and a computational fluid dynamics wind flow model were compared using openWind and WindSim tools. The flow over an idealized terrain, perfectly flat with uniform surface roughness, was simulated with equivalent setup in both models to evaluate the implementation of turbine power curve and of a wake model, avoiding terrain effects. In this flat terrain, both approache

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AL-Doski, Jwan, Shattri B. Mansor, H'ng Paik San, and Zailani Khuzaimah. "SCS+C Topographic Correction to Enhance SVM Classification Accuracy." Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Physics 2 (November 14, 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/jetap.2020.x1.7.

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The topographic impact may change the radiance values captured by the spacecraft sensors, resulting in distinct reflectance value for similar land cover classes and mischaracterization. The problem can be more clearly seen in rugged terrain landscapes than in flat terrains, such as the mountainous areas. In order to minimize topographic impacts, we suggested the implementation of Modified Sun-Canopy-Sensor Correction (SCS+C) technique to generate land cover maps in Gua Musang district which is located in a rugged mountainous terrain area in Kelantan state, Malaysia using an atmospherically cor

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Kimura, Hiroshi, Seiichi Akiyama, and Kazuaki Sakurama. "Dynamic Walking on Irregular Terrain and Running on Flat Terrain of the Quadruped Using Neural Oscillator." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 16, no. 8 (1998): 1138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.16.1138.

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Arrouays, Dominique, Songchao Chen, and Roland Hiederer. "Current Estimates of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Are Not Four to Six Times Underestimated. Comment on “Non-Flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Topsoil. Soil Syst. 2018, 2, 64”." Soil Systems 4, no. 3 (2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030045.

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Gryning, S.-E., H. Jørgensen, S. Larsen, and E. Batchvarova. "The wind profile up to 300 meters over flat terrain." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 75 (July 1, 2007): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/75/1/012066.

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36

Meroney, Robert N. "Dispersion in non-flat obstructed terrain and advanced modeling techniques." Plant/Operations Progress 11, no. 1 (1992): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prsb.720110107.

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Greulich, Francis E. "Near-optimal location of two landings on flat, uniform terrain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 2 (2012): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-177.

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38

Fujiwara, Okitsugu, and Debashis Dey. "Method for Optimal Design of Branched Networks on Flat Terrain." Journal of Environmental Engineering 114, no. 6 (1988): 1464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1988)114:6(1464).

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39

Hennemuth, B., and H.-Jürgen Kirtzel. "Sodar detection of mixing height in flat and mountainous terrain." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1 (May 1, 2008): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1/1/012024.

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Zhang, Guo, Kai Xu, and Wenchao Huang. "Auto-calibration of GF-1 WFV images using flat terrain." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 134 (December 2017): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.10.009.

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Mamiya, Shotaro, Shigenori Sano, and Naoki Uchiyama. "Foot Structure with Divided Flat Soles and Springs for Legged Robots and Experimental Verification." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 28, no. 6 (2016): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2016.p0799.

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[abstFig src='/00280006/03.jpg' width='300' text='Robotic foot adaptable to rough terrain' ] Practical ambulation must be realized by walking robots to enable social and industrial support by walking robots in human living environments. A four-legged robot that walks through rough terrain effectively does not erase the fact that most legged robots – particularly biped robots – have difficulty negotiating rough terrain. We focus below on a foot structure and landing control for enabling any type of legged robot to walk through rough terrain. When a walking robot lands on the ground, it is diffi

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Hördt, Andreas, and Martin Müller. "Understanding LOTEM data from mountainous terrain." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 4 (2000): 1113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444804.

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Long‐offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) data from the Vesuvius volcano, in Italy, show that the EM response of the topography is a potential cause of data distortions. A modeling study was carried out to simulate the effect of mountainous terrain on vertical magnetic‐field time derivatives using a 3-D finite‐difference code. The objectives were to assess the importance of topographic effects and to help identify them in existing field data. The total effect of topography on the LOTEM response can be considered as a combination of four distortions of the corresponding responses for a flat

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Yan, Jianguo, Chunguang Wang, Shengshi Xie, and Lijuan Wang. "DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF A SURFACE PROFILING APPARATUS FOR AGRICULTURAL TERRAIN ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS." INMATEH Agricultural Engineering 59, no. 3 (2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-59-19.

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How to accurately and efficiently measure the profiles of the terrain on which agricultural machines operate has been an ongoing research topic. In this study, a surface profiling apparatus (profiler) was developed to measure agricultural terrain profiles along parallel tracks. The profiler is mainly composed of sensor frames, an RTK-GNSS system (Real Time Kinematics-Global Navigation Satellite Systems), laser sensors, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor and a data acquisition system. Along with a full description of how the terrain profiles were produced, a methodology to compensate for

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Butler, B. W. "Wildland firefighter safety zones: a review of past science and summary of future needs." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 3 (2014): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13021.

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Current wildland firefighter safety zone guidelines are based on studies that assume flat terrain, radiant heating, finite flame width, constant flame temperature and high flame emissivity. Firefighter entrapments and injuries occur across a broad range of vegetation, terrain and atmospheric conditions generally when they are within two flame heights of the fire. Injury is not confined to radiant heating or flat terrain; consequently, convective heating should be considered as a potential heating mode. Current understanding of energy transport in wildland fires is briefly summarised, followed

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Pineda, M. C., C. Perdomo, R. Caballero, A. Valera, J. A. Martínez-Casasnovas, and J. Viloria. "Expedited generation of terrain digital classes in flat areas from UAV images for precision agriculture purposes." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (2017): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000322.

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Precision agriculture (PA) requires reasonably homogeneous areas for site-specific management. This work explores the applicability of digital terrain classes obtained from a digital elevation model derived from UAV-acquired images, to define management units in in a relative flat area of about 6 ha. Elevation, together with other terrain variables such as: slope degree, profile curvature, plan curvature, topographic wetness index, sediment transport index, were clustered using the Fuzzy Kohonen Clustering Network (FKCN). Four terrain classes were obtained. The result was compared with a map p

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Hicks, Bruce B. "On Estimating Dry Deposition Rates in Complex Terrain." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 6 (2008): 1651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2006jamc1412.1.

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Abstract In complex terrain, horizontal advection and filtration through a canopy can add substantially to the vertical diffusion component assumed to be the dominant transfer mechanism in conventional deposition velocity formulations. To illustrate this, three separate kinds of terrain complexity are addressed here: 1) a horizontal landscape with patches of forest, 2) a uniformly vegetated gentle hill, and 3) a mountainous area. In flat areas with plots of trees, the elevation of the standard area-weighted dry deposition velocity will likely depend on the product hn1/2, where h is the tree he

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Dhunny, AZ, Z. Allam, MR Lollchund, K. Dookhitram, and SDDV Rughooputh. "A decentralized model of Wind turbine optimization." Wind Engineering 44, no. 2 (2019): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x19849858.

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The decoupling of energy prices from fossil fuel is slowly making its way as investment is poured into renewable energy sources. Small Island Developing States are gaining in both stability and cost from this momentum but face threat from the same unsustainable centralization practices. A decentralized framework is proposed for Small Island Developing States aimed at achieving grid stability and in attracting independent financing mechanisms. This framework is applied from a Wind perspective and to ensure replicability on all types of terrains, and the model is analysed through three case stud

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Newsom, Rob K., Larry K. Berg, Mikhail Pekour, et al. "Evaluation of Single-Doppler Radar Wind Retrievals in Flat and Complex Terrain." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 8 (2014): 1920–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0297.1.

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AbstractThe accuracy of winds derived from Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) level-II data is assessed by comparison with independent observations from 915-MHz radar wind profilers. The evaluation is carried out at two locations with very different terrain characteristics. One site is located in an area of complex terrain within the State Line Wind Energy Center in northeastern Oregon. The other site is located in an area of flat terrain on the east-central Florida coast. The National Severe Storm Laboratory’s two-dimensional variational data assimilation (2DVar) algorithm is used to retr

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Liu, Mao Hua, Xiao Yin, and Xui Bo Sun. "GPS Level Fitting Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2783.

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The paper elaborates the principle of the GPS leveling and conventional secondary surface fitting method. It introduces dynamic weighted fitting method and MATLAB V4 interpolation fitting method. Finally, using an example, the paper makes the comparison and gets some practical significance conclusions: conventional secondary surface fitting method can be used if the area is small and its terrain is simple; the area's terrain is flat, it can use V4 interpolation and When the area's terrain is fluctuated, it can use dynamic weighted fitting method.

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Sadowski, Jaroslaw. "Measurement of Coherence Bandwidth in UHF Radio Channels for Narrowband Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/985892.

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This paper presents results of investigation on the coherence bandwidth of narrowband radio channels in 430 MHz band. The coherence bandwidth values were estimated from a power delay profile obtained by recording CDMA2000 forward channel signals during real-field measurements in various environments: medium city, flat terrain, and hilly terrain in northern Poland. The results of measurements are compared with characteristic parameters of UHF radio channel models defined for exemplary narrowband digital system from the TETRA standard. In all of the tested environments, the coherence bandwidth v

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