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Journal articles on the topic 'Flatback turtle (Natator depressus)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 February 2023

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1

Whiting, Andrea U., Allan Thomson, Milani Chaloupka, and Colin J. Limpus. "Seasonality, abundance and breeding biology of one of the largest populations of nesting flatback turtles, Natator depressus: Cape Domett, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 5 (2008): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08038.

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Cape Domett, located in tropical Western Australia, supports a significant population of flatback turtles, Natator depressus, but the magnitude of this was previously underestimated. We assessed temporal nesting abundance to find that Cape Domett supports one of the largest aggregated nesting flatback turtle populations globally with annual abundance in the order of several thousand individuals (estimated = 3250, 95% CI = 1431–7757). We assessed temporal abundance within a year to find turtles nested throughout the year with peak nesting occurring between August and September. This paper re-evaluates the importance of this major flatback turtle nesting site and shows the first detailed examination of flatback turtle nesting biology in north-western Australia.

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2

White, Damian, and Jethro Gill. "A "lost years" Flatback Turtle Natator depressus (Garman, 1848) found." Northern Territory Naturalist 19 (June 2007): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.295523.

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3

Wildermann, Natalie, Kay Critchell, Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes, Colin J. Limpus, Eric Wolanski, and Mark Hamann. "Does behaviour affect the dispersal of flatback post-hatchlings in the Great Barrier Reef?" Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 5 (May 2017): 170164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170164.

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The ability of individuals to actively control their movements, especially during the early life stages, can significantly influence the distribution of their population. Most marine turtle species develop oceanic foraging habitats during different life stages. However, flatback turtles ( Natator depressus ) are endemic to Australia and are the only marine turtle species with an exclusive neritic development. To explain the lack of oceanic dispersal of this species, we predicted the dispersal of post-hatchlings in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, using oceanographic advection-dispersal models. We included directional swimming in our models and calibrated them against the observed distribution of post-hatchling and adult turtles. We simulated the dispersal of green and loggerhead turtles since they also breed in the same region. Our study suggests that the neritic distribution of flatback post-hatchlings is favoured by the inshore distribution of nesting beaches, the local water circulation and directional swimming during their early dispersal. This combination of factors is important because, under the conditions tested, if flatback post-hatchlings were entirely passively transported, they would be advected into oceanic habitats after 40 days. Our results reinforce the importance of oceanography and directional swimming in the early life stages and their influence on the distribution of a marine turtle species.

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4

Ikonomopoulou, Maria P., Adrian J. Bradley, Kammarudin Ibrahim, Colin J. Limpus, Manuel A. Fernandez-Rojo, Dimitrios Vagenas, and Joan M. Whittier. "Hormone and Metabolite Profiles in Nesting Green and Flatback Turtles: Turtle Species with Different Life Histories." Advances in Zoology 2014 (August 27, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/503209.

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Herbivorous turtle, Chelonia mydas, inhabiting the south China Sea and breeding in Peninsular Malaysia, and Natator depressus, a carnivorous turtle inhabiting the Great Barrier Reef and breeding at Curtis Island in Queensland, Australia, differ both in diet and life history. Analysis of plasma metabolites levels and six sex steroid hormones during the peak of their nesting season in both species showed hormonal and metabolite variations. When compared with results from other studies progesterone levels were the highest whereas dihydrotestosterone was the plasma steroid hormone present at the lowest concentration in both C. mydas and N. depressus plasma. Interestingly, oestrone was observed at relatively high concentrations in comparison to oestradiol levels recorded in previous studies suggesting that it plays a significant role in nesting turtles. Also, hormonal correlations between the studied species indicate unique physiological interactions during nesting. Pearson correlation analysis showed that in N. depressus the time of oviposition was associated with elevations in both plasma corticosterone and oestrone levels. Therefore, we conclude that corticosterone and oestrone may influence nesting behaviour and physiology in N. depressus. To summarise, these two nesting turtle species can be distinguished based on the hormonal profile of oestrone, progesterone, and testosterone using discriminant analysis.

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Fossette, Sabrina, Graham Loewenthal, Lauren R. Peel, Anna Vitenbergs, Melanie A. Hamel, Corrine Douglas, Anton D. Tucker, Florian Mayer, and Scott D. Whiting. "Using Aerial Photogrammetry to Assess Stock-Wide Marine Turtle Nesting Distribution, Abundance and Cumulative Exposure to Industrial Activity." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061116.

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The lack of accurate distribution maps and reliable abundance estimates for marine species can limit the ability of managers to design scale-appropriate management measures for a stock or population. Here, we tested the utility of aerial photogrammetry for conducting large-scale surveys of nesting marine turtles at remote locations, with a focus on the flatback turtle (Natator depressus) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Aerial surveys were conducted between 29 November and 6 December 2016 to overlap with the peak nesting season for flatback turtles and collected imagery was used to examine marine turtle distribution, abundance, and cumulative exposure to industrial activity relative to overlap with protected areas. Two observers independently reviewed aerial georeferenced photographs of 644 beaches and recorded turtle tracks and other evidence of turtle nesting activity. A total of 375 beaches showed signs of nesting activity by either flatback, green (Chelonia mydas) or hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles. Most of these beaches (85.3%) were located on islands, and the rest (14.7%) on the mainland. Half (n = 174) of the active beaches showed evidence of fresh (0–36 h. old) flatback nesting activity, with track abundance varying from 1.0 to 222.0 tracks·night−1. Six rookeries accounted for 62% of the Pilbara flatback stock. Remarkably, 77% of identified flatback rookeries occurred within protected areas. However, one-third (34%) of those were also located within 5 km of a major industrial site, including eight of the highest abundance beaches (50–250 tracks·night−1). Several key rookeries were also identified as being relatively unexposed to industry-related pressures but currently unprotected, highlighting the need for a cumulative impact assessment to be completed for this flatback stock. Finally, our aerial tallies and multiple ground-survey flatback track tallies were highly correlated and together with low intra- and inter-observer errors suggested that reliable data can be collected via aerial photogrammetry for nesting marine turtles. Such large-scale digitized surveys can therefore be used to assess the cumulative exposure of marine turtles to pressures, and to reveal new conservation opportunities.

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6

Thums, Michele, Jason Rossendell, Rebecca Fisher, and Michael L. Guinea. "Nesting ecology of flatback sea turtles Natator depressus from Delambre Island, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 4 (2020): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19022.

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Nest site selection is likely to be important for the fitness of sea turtle populations, but data on the environmental drivers of nest site selection and other important parameters like nest site fidelity and inter-nesting and remigration intervals are limited. We address these questions using data on flipper tag resightings and track counts from flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Delambre Island in Western Australia collected over 2–3 weeks each nesting season across six nesting seasons. The median inter-nesting interval was 13 days (range 9–17 days) and the mean±s.d. remigration interval was 1.99±0.95 years. Turtles had around 10% probability of returning to the same sector of the beach (150-m-long sections). The median distance between subsequent emergences (whether false crawls were included or not) was ~450m. The number of turtles both emerging and successfully nesting was higher when air temperature and humidity were lowest and emergences increased slightly with tide height. Sector of the beach was by far the strongest predictor of nest site, with turtles showing preference for the less exposed side of the island. The results of this study will assist with future monitoring of this population and the management of threats related to coastal development and activities.

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7

Pendoley, KL, CD Bell, R. McCracken, KR Ball, J. Sherborne, JE Oates, P. Becker, A. Vitenbergs, and PA Whittock. "Reproductive biology of the flatback turtle Natator depressus in Western Australia." Endangered Species Research 23, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00569.

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8

Parmenter, C. J. "Plastic flipper tags are inadequate for long-term identification of the flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus)." Wildlife Research 30, no. 5 (2003): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00123.

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Two styles of plastic tags were used on flatback sea turtles (Natator depressus). In parallel with conventional metal flipper tagging, and internal PIT tagging methodologies, a total of 476 plastic tags were applied to 428 individual females in the 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1998 nesting seasons at Wild Duck Island, Queensland. Data are reported up to and including the 2000 nesting season demonstrating that plastic tags are inadequate for the long-term identification of these turtles, with failures of approximately 80% within three years of application.

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9

Sperling, Jannie B., Gordon C. Grigg, Lyn A. Beard, and Colin J. Limpus. "Respiratory properties of blood in flatback turtles (Natator depressus)." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 177, no. 7 (June 23, 2007): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-007-0174-3.

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10

Turner Tomaszewicz, Calandra N., Larisa Avens, Jeffrey A. Seminoff, Colin J. Limpus, Nancy N. FitzSimmons, Michael L. Guinea, Kellie L. Pendoley, et al. "Age-specific growth and maturity estimates for the flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus) by skeletochronology." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): e0271048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271048.

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To address a major knowledge gap for flatback sea turtles (Natator depressus), a species endemic to Australia and considered ‘Data Deficient’ for IUCN Red List assessment, we present the first-ever skeletochronology-derived age and growth rate estimates for this species. Using a rare collection of bone samples gathered from across northern Australia, we applied skeletochronology and characterized the length-at-age relationship, established baseline growth rates from the hatchling to adult life stages, and produced empirical estimates of age-at- and size-at-sexual-maturation (ASM, SSM). We analyzed humeri from 74 flatback sea turtles ranging in body size from 6.0–96.0 cm curved carapace length (CCL), and recovered from Western Australia (n = 48), Eastern Australia (n = 13), central Australia (n = 8; Northern Territory n = 3, the Gulf of Carpentaria n = 5), and unknown locations (n = 5). We identified the onset of sexual maturity for 29 turtles, based on rapprochement growth patterns in the bones. Estimates for ASM ranged from 12.0 to 23.0 years (mean: 16.3 ± 0.53 SE), SSM ranged from 76.1 to 94.0 cm CCL (mean: 84.9 ± 0.90 SE), and maximum observed reproductive longevity was 31 years for a 45-year old male flatback. Growth was modeled as a smoothing spline fit to the size-at-age relationship and at the mean SSM (84.9 cm CCL) corresponded with a spline-predicted maturity age of 18 years (95% CI: 16 to 24), while mean nesting sizes reported in the literature (86.4 to 94 cm CCL) corresponded to estimated ages of 24+ years. A bootstrapped von Bertalanffy growth model was also applied and showed consistencies with the spline curve, yielding an estimated upper size limit, Linf, at 89.2 ± 0.04 cm (95% CI: 85.5 to 95.9 cm) with the intrinsic growth rate parameter, k, at 0.185 ± 0.0004 (0.16 to 0.22); at the same mean SSM (84.9 cm CCL) the estimated ASM was 16.3 ± 0.05 years (95% CI: 12.8 to 27.7 years). Lastly, four of the samples analyzed were collected from deceased adult females that had previous sizes known from on-going mark/recapture studies at nesting sites in Western Australia. The paired CCL data (measured at nesting and back-calculated) did not significantly differ (p = 0.875). This first skeletochronology study for flatback sea turtles generates valuable empirical estimates for ongoing conservation and management efforts.

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11

Pendoley, K. L., P. A. Whittock, A. Vitenbergs, and C. Bell. "Twenty years of turtle tracks: marine turtle nesting activity at remote locations in the Pilbara, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (2016): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16021.

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Little is known about the biology and ecology of marine turtles in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and most potential habitat is unconfirmed and, therefore, undescribed. Understanding basic biological parameters at a regional level is critically important for effective long-term management. We used the ‘track census’ methodology to identify reproductive habitat and assess species-specific abundance of adult flatback (Natator depressus), green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles at 154 locations in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Between 1992 and 2012, potential nesting habitat was assessed via either ground or aerial ‘snapshot’ (single visit) or ‘census’ (more than one night) surveys and additional information obtained using the Expert Elicitation Method. Species-specific abundance (tracks night–1 ± s.d.) was varied; green turtles were most abundant, nesting at fewer locations (n = 47) but in greater numbers (1200.5 ± 62.0) than flatback or hawksbill turtles and primarily (93%) at island locations. Flatback turtle nests were more widely distributed (n = 77) than those of green or hawksbill turtles, yet abundance (877.4 ± 29.5) was lower than that of green and greater than that of hawksbill turtles. Activity was primarily (76%) island-based and activity on the mainland coastline was concentrated close to Mundabullangana and Cemetery Beach. Hawksbill turtle abundance (314.1 ± 17.1) was lowest and the least widespread (n = 43), concentrated primarily in the Onslow and Dampier subregions with no activity recorded in the Port Hedland subregion or on the mainland coastline. The findings provide information with which the Federal government can meaningfully assess the status and distribution of EPBC Act–listed species where habitat overlaps with areas zoned for development. We highlight the urgent need for the Federal Government to regulate the process by which we accumulate data to support data quality and provide meaningful information to enhance efficacy in state and Federal management of species of concern.

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12

Limpus, CJ, D. Zeller, D. Kwan, and W. Macfarlane. "Sea-Turtle Rookeries in North-Western Torres Strait." Wildlife Research 16, no. 5 (1989): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890517.

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Deliverance Island, Kerr Islet and Turu Cay in north-western Torres Strait support a major nesting population and the most northerly recorded rookery of the flatback turtle, Natator depressa. Nesting occurs there year round, with a peak in the early months of the year. The islands are insignificant nesting sites for the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, and the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata. The N. depressa turtles that nest in western Torres Strait-north-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria are smaller and lay smaller eggs on average than the N. depressa turtles that breed in the southern Great Barrier Reef. On Deliverance Island, the inhabitants of nearby Queensland islands and Papua New Guinea coastal villages infrequently harvest N. depressa eggs as well as the green turtles that feed over the surrounding reef flats.

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13

Hewavisenthi, Suhashini, and C. John Parmenter. "Influence of Incubation Environment on the Development of the Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus)." Copeia 2001, no. 3 (August 2001): 668–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0668:ioieot]2.0.co;2.

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14

Phillott, A. D., and C. J. Parmenter. "The ultrastructure of sea turtle eggshell does not contribute to interspecies variation in fungal invasion of the egg." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 9 (September 2006): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-125.

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The eggshells of green ( Chelonia mydas (L., 1758)), loggerhead (Caretta caretta (L., 1758)), hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata (L., 1766)), and flatback ( Natator depressus (Garman, 1880)) sea turtles nesting in eastern Australia were examined by scanning electron microscopy to determine if the ultrastructure was contributing to interspecific variation in fungal invasion of eggs. The eggshells of all species investigated were of similar structure (outer inorganic layer of aragonite crystals and an inner organic fibrillar layer) and of similar thickness. Well-defined pores that would allow direct entry of fungal hyphae or spores were not present in any species. It was concluded that the eggshell ultrastructure does not allow direct access by fungal hyphae or spores and does not contribute to interspecific variation in the vulnerability of loggerhead sea turtle eggs to fungal infection.

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15

Hays, Graeme C. "The implications of adult morphology for clutch size in the flatback turtle (Natator depressa)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 6 (December 2001): 1063–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401005082.

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When the mean adult length and mean clutch volume of marine turtles are examined, a clear pattern for larger species to lay larger clutches is evident, in accord with predictions that female size constrains the available space for carrying eggs. However, when compared with this general trend, the volume of clutches laid by flatback turtles (Natator depressa) are smaller than expected. The implication is that the unusually flat morphology of flatback turtles, provides an additional constraint on their egg carrying capacity.

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16

Howard, R., I. Bell, and D. A. Pike. "Tropical flatback turtle (Natator depressus) embryos are resilient to the heat of climate change." Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 20 (September 7, 2015): 3330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.118778.

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17

Hewavisenthi, Suhashini, and C. John Parmenter. "Hydric environment and sex determination in the flatback turtle (Natator depressus Garman) (Chelonia : Cheloniidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 6 (2000): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00049.

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Eggs of Natator depressus (from eastern Queensland, Australia) were incubated at a constant temperature of 29.5˚C on vermiculite substrate with three different moisture levels: wet (~–180 kPa), intermediate (~–1200 kPa) and dry (~–2000 kPa). The male : female ratios on wet, intermediate and dry substrates were 8 : 7, 5 : 5 and 5 : 8 respectively. Sex determination was not influenced by the hydric environment but was significantly affected by different clutches. A clutch with smaller eggs appeared to produce a higher proportion of females. The pivotal temperature was close to 29.5˚C, with a possibly narrow transitional temperature range of 1˚C. Visual designation of sex was confirmed (100%) by histological examination. Hatching success and the incubation duration were not influenced by the hydric environment.

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Hewavisenthi, Suhashini, and C. John Parmenter. "Thermosensitive period for sexual differentiation of the gonads of the flatback turtle (Natator depressus Garman)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 5 (2002): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02014.

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Temperature-dependent sex determination has previously been reported for the flatback turtle (Natator depressus). The present study investigates the thermosensitive embryonic developmental stages for the sexual differentiation of this species. Groups of eggs incubated initially at constant temperatures of 26, 29 and 32�C were shifted once during incubation from either a constant masculinising temperature (26 or 29�C) to a constant feminising temperature (32�C) or vice versa. Findings from this study support the hypothesis that the effect of temperature and the timing of the thermosensitive period are dependent upon the specific temperature utilised during incubation. The thermosensitive developmental stages at masculinising temperatures were different to those of feminising temperatures. For the 26 to 32�C temperature shift, the thermosensitive period was confined to a single developmental stage (Stage 24). Ovarian development was determined at a later developmental stage than testicular development.

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19

Hewavisenthi, Suhashini, and C. John Parmenter. "Egg Components and Utilization of Yolk Lipids during Development of the Flatback Turtle Natator depressus." Journal of Herpetology 36, no. 1 (March 2002): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0043:ecauoy]2.0.co;2.

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20

Koch, Andrea U., Michael L. Guinea, and Scott D. Whiting. "Effects of sand erosion and current harvest practices on incubation of the flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 2 (2007): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06063.

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A suitable gaseous, hydrous and thermal nest environment is essential for the development of sea turtle embryos. The harvest of partial clutches by indigenous people and changes in nest depth from wind erosion or predation have prompted questions about the impact of clutch size and nest depth on nest success and hatchling output. We investigated the impact of reduced clutch sizes and nest depths on flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus) eggs, using a hatchery on a natural beach and clutch sizes of 10, 30 and 50 eggs, deposited at depths of 25, 35 and 50 cm. Hatchlings were collected on emergence and their size, mass, scalation and locomotor performance were measured. Neither clutch size nor nest depth had a significant effect on hatching success, emergence success or escape success in this study. Smaller clutches had longer incubation durations due to the lower temperatures within the nest, presumably from the lower metabolic heat produced. Hatchlings from deeper nests emerged later in the night than did those from shallower nests. Within the context of this study, changes to clutch size and nest depth appear to have no detrimental effect on the fate of the remaining eggs and the condition and performance of hatchlings.

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21

Wilson, P., M. Thums, C. Pattiaratchi, M. Meekan, K. Pendoley, R. Fisher, and S. Whiting. "Artificial light disrupts the nearshore dispersal of neonate flatback turtles Natator depressus." Marine Ecology Progress Series 600 (July 30, 2018): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12649.

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22

Thums, M., D. Waayers, Z. Huang, C. Pattiaratchi, J. Bernus, and M. Meekan. "Environmental predictors of foraging and transit behaviour in flatback turtles Natator depressus." Endangered Species Research 32 (May 4, 2017): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00818.

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23

Schäuble, Chloe, Rod Kennett, and Steven Winderlich. "Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus) Nesting at Field Island, Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia, 1990–2001." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5, no. 2 (December 2006): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/1071-8443(2006)5[188:ftndna]2.0.co;2.

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24

Hewavisenthi, Suhashini, and C. John Parmenter. "Incubation Environment and Nest Success of the Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus) from a Natural Nesting Beach." Copeia 2002, no. 2 (May 2002): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0302:ieanso]2.0.co;2.

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Salmon, Michael, Mark Hamann, and Jeanette Wyneken. "The Development of Early Diving Behavior by Juvenile Flatback Sea Turtles (Natator depressus)." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9, no. 1 (June 2010): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0803.1.

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26

Theissinger, Kathrin, N. N. FitzSimmons, C. J. Limpus, C. J. Parmenter, and A. D. Phillott. "Mating system, multiple paternity and effective population size in the endemic flatback turtle (Natator depressus) in Australia." Conservation Genetics 10, no. 2 (April 13, 2008): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9583-4.

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27

Ikonomopoulou, Maria P., Henry Olszowy, Colin Limpus, Rod Francis, and Joan Whittier. "Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia." Marine Environmental Research 71, no. 1 (February 2011): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.09.003.

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28

Whittock, PA, KL Pendoley, and M. Hamann. "Inter-nesting distribution of flatback turtles Natator depressus and industrial development in Western Australia." Endangered Species Research 26, no. 1 (November 20, 2014): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00628.

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Sim, Elizabeth L., David T. Booth, and Colin J. Limpus. "Non-modal Scute Patterns, Morphology, and Locomotor Performance of Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Flatback (Natator depressus) Turtle Hatchlings." Copeia 2014, no. 1 (March 2014): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/cp-13-041.

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30

Parmeter, CJ. "A preliminary evaluation of the performance of passive integrated transponders and metal tags in apopulation study of the flatback sea turtle, Nataor depressus." Wildlife Research 20, no. 3 (1993): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930375.

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Marking of nesting female Natator depressus with passive integrated transponders (PITs) at the major eastern Australian rookery of Wild Duck I. was initiated in 1989. The failure rate of PITs after two years was calculated and compared with loss probability estimates calculated for conventional metal tags on the basis of 1979-91 data. PITs compared favourably in the short period of evaluation with an 8% loss of identification after two years (n=37). Loss of metal tags was variable between metals and tagging positions, with titanium tags applied to the axillary position of the front flippers being the most effective in the long term. Factors peculiar to this species that affect loss of metal tags and prospects of PIT performance in the long term are discussed.

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Sim, Elizabeth L., David T. Booth, Colin J. Limpus, and Michael L. Guinea. "A Comparison of Hatchling Locomotor Performance and Scute Pattern Variation between Two Rookeries of the Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus)." Copeia 2014, no. 2 (June 2014): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-13-018.

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32

Bannister, Natalie, John Holland, and Trisia Farrelly. "Nest site fidelity of Flatback Turtles ('Natator depressus') on Bare Sand Island, Northern Territory, Australia." Northern Territory Naturalist 27 (October 2016): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.295467.

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33

Parmenter, C. John, and Colin J. Limpus. "Female Recruitment, Reproductive Longevity and Inferred Hatchling Survivorship for the Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus) at a Major Eastern Australian Rookery." Copeia 1995, no. 2 (May 3, 1995): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446913.

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34

Pereira, CM, DT Booth, and CJ Limpus. "Swimming performance and metabolic rate of flatback Natator depressus and loggerhead Caretta caretta sea turtle hatchlings during the swimming frenzy." Endangered Species Research 17, no. 1 (April 12, 2012): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00415.

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35

Whytlaw, Poppy A., Will Edwards, and Bradley C. Congdon. "Marine turtle nest depredation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) on the Western Cape York Peninsula, Australia: implications for management." Wildlife Research 40, no. 5 (2013): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12198.

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Context The west coast of the Cape York Peninsula (CYP) is a major nesting ground for three species of threatened marine turtle, namely, the flatback (Natator depressus), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and hawksbill (Eretemochelys imbricata). Marine turtle nests in this area experience high rates of depredation and unpublished data from numerous studies have suggested that feral pigs are responsible for most nest losses. Aims The aim of the present study was to identify the relative magnitude of nest mortality associated with physical processes versus depredation and to distinguishing between two possible pig depredation scenarios. Methods We documented laying and mortality patterns on Pennefarther Beach (CYP) over a 49-day period in 2007. We partitioned mortality into components attributable to beach erosion, inundation and depredation and also assessed the relative magnitude of depredation associated with different nest predators. We used these data to test whether the temporal and spatial pattern of pig depredation was random with respect to patterns of nest availability. Key results The overall level of nest mortality was 40.2%. Depredation was responsible for 93% of nest losses. Pig predation was high, accounting for 89.6% of all mortality. Depredation occurred equally across nests of all three turtle species. Although nests were laid uniformly in both time and space, pig depredation was significantly clustered. Conclusions Depredation by feral pigs was the principal cause of turtle nest mortality in the present study. The pattern of nest destruction was consistent with the occurrence of pig depredation by single individuals in discrete feeding areas. Implications Current feral pig management involves aerial shooting. This is effective at removing large numbers of animals over large areas. However, aerial shooting is also expensive. Our results suggest that targeted monitoring and eradication of locally active individuals depredating nests may better manage pig impacts, specifically those on turtle nests.

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36

Salmon, M., M. Hamann, J. Wyneken, and C. Schauble. "Early swimming activity of hatchling flatback sea turtles Natator depressus: a test of the ‘predation risk’ hypothesis." Endangered Species Research 9 (November 19, 2009): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00233.

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Poiner, IR, RC Buckworth, and ANM Harris. "Incidental capture and mortality of Sea Turtles in Australia's northern Prawn Fishery." Marine and Freshwater Research 41, no. 1 (1990): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9900097.

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Species composition, catch and mortality rates of sea turtles captured in the tiger prawn segment of Australia's northern prawn fishery were estimated from six prawn research surveys and three commercial catch monitoring programmes. Four species of turtles were captured in the research surveys: the flatback (Natator depressa, 43%) was the dominant species, although the loggerhead (Caretta caretta, 19%) and the olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea, 15%) were common and the green turtle (Chelonia mydas, 4%) was occasionally captured. The size of the turtle catches varied with the duration of the trawl and water depth: the highest catch rates (turtles per standard net-h) were from trawls of 90 min or more in water less than 25 m deep: no turtles were captured in water deeper than 43 m. The rate of mortality amongst captured turtles also varied with trawl duration; there was no mortality recorded in trawls of less than 90 min, 5% mortality in trawls of 165 min, and 7% in trawls of 180 min. The incidence of capture in the commercial fishery was 0.045 (�0.006) turtles per 180-min trawl, with 0.0027 (�0.0014) turtles per 180-min trawl drowning in the nets. If it is assumed that these rates have been constant over the history of the fishery, then on the basis of the annual fishing effort, an average of 5730 (�1907) turtles have been caught per year [of which an average of 344 (�125) drowned]. Since the introduction of management measures in 1987 to reduce effort in the fishery, the number captured declined to about 4114 (�1369) turtles in 1988, of which an estimated 247 (k90) turtles drowned. It is concluded that the impact of trawl-induced drownings on the turtle populations is probably not of such proportions as to create immediate concern.

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38

Ikonomopoulou, Maria P., Mary Hodge, and Joan M. Whittier. "An Investigation of Organochlorine and Polychlorobiphenyl Concentrations in the Blood and Eggs of the Carnivorous Flatback Turtle,Natator depressus, from Queensland, Australia." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 11, no. 2 (December 2012): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0981.1.

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39

Walker, T. A., and C. J. Parmenter. "Absence of a Pelagic Phase in the Life Cycle of the Flatback Turtle, Natator depressa (Garman)." Journal of Biogeography 17, no. 3 (May 1990): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845123.

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40

Young, EJ, J. Bannister, NB Buller, RJ Vaughan-Higgins, NS Stephens, SD Whiting, L. Yeap, TL Miller, and KS Warren. "Streptococcus iniae associated mass marine fish kill off Western Australia." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 142 (December 17, 2020): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03545.

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Streptococcus iniae causes high mortality in cultured and wild fish stocks globally. Since the first report in captive Amazon river dolphins Inia geoffrensis in 1976, it has emerged in finfish across all continents except Antarctica. In March 2016, an estimated 17000 fish were observed dead and dying along a remote 70 km stretch of the Kimberley coastline north of Broome, Western Australia. Affected species included finfish (lionfish Pterois volitans, angelfish Pomacanthus sp., stripey snapper Lutjanus carponotatus, sand bass Psammoperca waigiensis, yellowtail grunter Amniataba caudavittata, damselfish Pomacentridae sp.), flatback sea turtles Natator depressus, and olive (Aipysurus laevis) and black-ringed (Hydrelaps darwiniensis) sea snakes. Moribund fish collected during the event exhibited exophthalmia and abnormal behaviour, such as spiralling on the surface or within the water column. Subsequent histopathological examination of 2 fish species revealed bacterial septicaemia with chains of Gram-positive cocci seen in multiple organs and within brain tissue. S. iniae was isolated and identified by bacterial culture, species-specific PCR, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) and biochemical testing. This is the first report of S. iniae associated with a major multi-species wild marine fish kill in Australia. Extreme weather events in the region including a marked decrease in water temperatures, followed by an extended period of above-average coastal water temperatures, were implicated as stressors potentially contributing to this outbreak.

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Koch, Andrea U., Michael L. Guinea, and Scott D. Whiting. "Asynchronous Emergence of Flatback Seaturtles, Natator Depressus, from a Beach Hatchery in Northern Australia." Journal of Herpetology 42, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/07-060.1.

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42

Salmon, Michael, Jeanette Wyneken, Mark Hamann, and Scott Whiting. "Early growth and development of morphological defenses in post-hatchling flatbacks (Natator depressus) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas)." Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 49, no. 6 (October 24, 2016): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2016.1241460.

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43

Hall, S. C. B., and C. J. Parmenter. "Necrotic Egg and Hatchling Remains Are Key Factors Attracting Dipterans to Sea Turtle (Caretta Caretta, Chelonia Mydas, Natator Depressus) Nests in Central Queensland, Australia." Copeia 2008, no. 1 (February 21, 2008): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-06-151.

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44

Schneider, Larissa, Anton D. Tucker, Kathryn Vincent, Sabrina Fossette, Erina J. Young, and Scott D. Whiting. "First Assessment of Mercury (Hg) Concentrations in Skin and Carapace of Flatback Turtles (Natator depressus) (Garman) From Western Australia." Frontiers in Environmental Science 10 (March 17, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.843855.

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Mercury pollution in the surface ocean has more than doubled over the past century. Within oceanic food webs, sea turtles have life history characteristics that make them especially vulnerable to mercury (Hg) accumulation. In this study we investigated Hg concentrations in the skin and carapace of nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from two rookeries in Western Australia. A total of 50 skin samples and 52 carapace samples were collected from nesting turtles at Thevenard Island, and 23 skin and 28 carapace samples from nesting turtles at Eighty Mile Beach. We tested the influence of turtle size on Hg concentrations, hypothesising that larger and likely older adult turtles would exhibit higher concentrations due to more prolonged exposure to Hg. We compared the rookeries, hypothesising that the turtles from the southern rookery (Thevenard Island) were more likely to forage and reside in the Pilbara region closer to industrial mining activity and loading ports (potential exposure to higher environmental Hg concentrations) with turtles from the northern rookery (Eighty Mile Beach) more likely to reside and feed in the remote Kimberley. Turtles from the Eighty Mile Beach rookery had significantly higher skin Hg concentrations (x̄ = 19.4 ± 4.8 ng/g) than turtles from Thevenard Island (x̄ = 15.2 ± 5.8 ng/g). There was no significant difference in carapace Hg concentrations in turtles between Eighty Mile Beach (x̄ = 48.4 ± 21.8 ng/g) and Thevenard Island (x̄ = 41.3 ± 16.5 ng/g). Turtle size did not explain Hg concentrations in skin samples from Eighty Mile Beach and Thevenard Island, but turtle size explained 43.1% of Hg concentrations in the carapace of turtles from Eighty Mile Beach and 44.2% from Thevenard Island. Mercury concentrations in the flatback turtles sampled in this study are relatively low compared to other sea turtles worldwide, likely a result of the generally low concentrations of Hg in the Australian environment. Although we predicted that mining activities would influence flatback turtle Hg bioaccumulations, our data did not support this effect. This may be a result of foraging ground overlap between the two rookeries, or the predominant wind direction carrying atmospheric Hg inland rather than seaward. This is the first Hg study in skin and carapace of flatback turtles and represents a baseline to compare Hg contamination in Australia’s surrounding oceans.

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Hounslow, Jenna L., Sabrina Fossette, Evan E. Byrnes, Scott D. Whiting, Renae N. Lambourne, Nicola J. Armstrong, Anton D. Tucker, Anthony R. Richardson, and Adrian C. Gleiss. "Multivariate analysis of biologging data reveals the environmental determinants of diving behaviour in a marine reptile." Royal Society Open Science 9, no. 8 (August 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211860.

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Diving behaviour of ‘surfacers' such as sea snakes, cetaceans and turtles is complex and multi-dimensional, thus may be better captured by multi-sensor biologging data. However, analysing these large multi-faceted datasets remains challenging, though a high priority. We used high-resolution multi-sensor biologging data to provide the first detailed description of the environmental influences on flatback turtle ( Natator depressus ) diving behaviour, during its foraging life-history stage. We developed an analytical method to investigate seasonal, diel and tidal effects on diving behaviour for 24 adult flatback turtles tagged with biologgers. We extracted 16 dive variables associated with three-dimensional and kinematic characteristics for 4128 dives. K -means and hierarchical cluster analyses failed to identify distinct dive types. Instead, principal component analysis objectively condensed the dive variables, removing collinearity and highlighting the main features of diving behaviour. Generalized additive mixed models of the main principal components identified significant seasonal, diel and tidal effects on flatback turtle diving behaviour. Flatback turtles altered their diving behaviour in response to extreme tidal and water temperature ranges, displaying thermoregulation and predator avoidance strategies while likely optimizing foraging in this challenging environment. This study demonstrates an alternative statistical technique for objectively interpreting diving behaviour from multivariate collinear data derived from biologgers.

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46

Hays, Graeme C., Antonios D. Mazaris, and Gail Schofield. "Inter-annual variability in breeding census data across species and regions." Marine Biology 169, no. 5 (March 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04042-x.

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AbstractThere is an intense interest in long-term trends of species abundance that may reflect, for example, climate change or conservation actions. Less well studied are patterns in the magnitude of inter-annual variability in abundance across large spatial scales. We collated abundance time-series for 133 nesting sites across the globe of the seven sea turtle species. Inter-annual variability in nest numbers was lowest in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and flatback turtle (Natator depressus) and highest in green turtles (Chelonia mydas), likely reflecting their lower trophic position compared to other species and hence tighter coupling of food availability to environmental conditions each year. The annual number of nests in green turtles could vary by 60-fold between successive years. We identified regional patterns in the magnitude of inter-annual variability in green turtle nest numbers, variability being highest for nesting beaches around Australia and lowest in the western Indian Ocean and equatorial Atlantic. These regional patterns are likely linked to corresponding patterns of environmental variability with, for example, areas subjected environmental extremes as part of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) showing high inter-annual variability in nest numbers.

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Chatterji, Ray M., Mark N. Hutchinson, and Marc E. H. Jones. "Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, July 21, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa071.

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Abstract Chelonioidea (sea turtles) are a group where available morphological evidence for crown-group relationships are incongruent with those established using molecular data. However, morphological surveys of crown-group taxa tend to focus on a recurring subset of the extant species. The Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, is often excluded from comparisons and it is the most poorly known of the seven extant species of Chelonioidea. Previous descriptions of its skull morphology are limited and conflict. Here we describe three skulls of adult N. depressus and re-examine the phylogenetic relationships according to morphological character data. Using X-ray micro Computed Tomography we describe internal structures of the braincase and identify new phylogenetically informative characters not previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis using a Bayesian approach strongly supports a sister-group relationship between Chelonia mydas and N. depressus, a topology that was not supported by previous analyses of morphological data but one that matches the topology supported by analysis of molecular data. Our results highlight the general need to sample the morphological anatomy of crown-group taxa more thoroughly before concluding that morphological and molecular evidence are incongruous.

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48

Duncan, Emily M., Annette C. Broderick, Kay Critchell, Tamara S. Galloway, Mark Hamann, Colin J. Limpus, Penelope K. Lindeque, et al. "Plastic Pollution and Small Juvenile Marine Turtles: A Potential Evolutionary Trap." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (August 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.699521.

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The ingestion of plastic by marine turtles is now reported for all species. Small juvenile turtles (including post-hatchling and oceanic juveniles) are thought to be most at risk, due to feeding preferences and overlap with areas of high plastic abundance. Their remote and dispersed life stage, however, results in limited access and assessments. Here, stranded and bycaught specimens from Queensland Australia, Pacific Ocean (PO; n = 65; 1993–2019) and Western Australia, Indian Ocean (IO; n = 56; 2015–2019) provide a unique opportunity to assess the extent of plastic (> 1mm) ingestion in five species [green (Chelonia mydas), loggerhead (Caretta caretta), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and flatback turtles (Natator depressus)]. In the Pacific Ocean, high incidence of ingestion occurred in green (83%; n = 36), loggerhead (86%; n = 7), flatback (80%; n = 10) and olive ridley turtles (29%; n = 7). There was an overall lower incidence in IO; highest being in the flatback (28%; n = 18), the loggerhead (21%; n = 14) and green (9%; n = 22). No macroplastic debris ingestion was documented for hawksbill turtles in either site although sample sizes were smaller for this species (PO n = 5; IO n = 2). In the Pacific Ocean, the majority of ingested debris was made up of hard fragments (mean of all species 52%; species averages 46–97%), whereas for the Indian Ocean these were filamentous plastics (52%; 43–77%). The most abundant colour for both sites across all species was clear (PO: 36%; IO: 39%), followed by white for PO (36%) then green and blue for IO (16%; 16%). The polymers most commonly ingested by turtles in both oceans were polyethylene (PE; PO-58%; IO-39%) and polypropylene (PP; PO-20.2%; IO-23.5%). We frame the high occurrence of ingested plastic present in this marine turtle life stage as a potential evolutionary trap as they undertake their development in what are now some of the most polluted areas of the global oceans.

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Chatterji, Ray M., Christy A. Hipsley, Emma Sherratt, Mark N. Hutchinson, and Marc E. H. Jones. "Ontogenetic allometry underlies trophic diversity in sea turtles (Chelonioidea)." Evolutionary Ecology, March 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-022-10162-z.

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AbstractDespite only comprising seven species, extant sea turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae) display great ecological diversity, with most species inhabiting a unique dietary niche as adults. This adult diversity is remarkable given that all species share the same dietary niche as juveniles. These ontogenetic shifts in diet, as well as a dramatic increase in body size, make sea turtles an excellent group to examine how morphological diversity arises by allometric processes and life habit specialisation. Using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, we characterise ontogenetic allometry in the skulls of all seven species and evaluate variation in the context of phylogenetic history and diet. Among the sample, the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) has a seemingly average sea turtle skull shape and generalised diet, whereas the green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) show different extremes of snout shape associated with their modes of food gathering (grazing vs. grasping, respectively). Our ontogenetic findings corroborate previous suggestions that the skull of the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) is paedomorphic, having similar skull proportions to hatchlings of other sea turtle species and retaining a hatchling-like diet of relatively soft bodied organisms. The flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus) shows a similar but less extreme pattern. By contrast, the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) shows a peramorphic signal associated with increased jaw muscle volumes that allow predation on hard shelled prey. The Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) has a peramorphic skull shape compared to its sister species the olive ridley, and a diet that includes harder prey items such as crabs. We suggest that diet may be a significant factor in driving skull shape differences among species. Although the small number of species limits statistical power, differences among skull shape, size, and diet are consistent with the hypothesis that shifts in allometric trajectory facilitated diversification in skull shape as observed in an increasing number of vertebrate groups.

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van Lohuizen, Stephanie, Jason Rossendell, Nicola J. Mitchell, and Michele Thums. "The effect of incubation temperatures on nest success of flatback sea turtles (Natator depressus)." Marine Biology 163, no. 7 (June 14, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2917-8.

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