Academic literature on the topic 'Flebotom'

Kepatuhan petugas terhadap SOP di laboratorium merupakan kesalahan pra analitik yang memberikan kontribusi paling besar pada kesalahan di laboratoriun, yaitu 77,1%. Salah satu faktor penyebab kesalahan yaitu sistem managemen rumah sakit seperti individu, organisasi, dan lingkungan kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan penerapan standar operasional prosedur pengambilan darah vena. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 38 orang flebotomis yang bekerja di Instalasi Laboratorium Patologi Klinik RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Hasil analisis secara statistik Chi Square dengan taraf kepercayaan 95% (p<0,05) menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara variabel beban kerja dengan kepatuhan penerapan standar operasional prosedur (p=0,008). Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan pada pihak RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung untuk dapat menambah petugas flebotomi pada saat waktu puncak pasien saat diambil darah meningkat.

En el presente estudio se analizo la respuesta eritropoyética a la anemia inducida por flebotomía crónica y los cambios en la distribución del hierro celular y sistémico del organismo. Ratones hembra de la cepa CF1 (n=32), se dividieron en dos lotes: control y experimental, siguiendo un diseño experimental pareado según su peso. La distribución del hierro en bazo e hígado durante la flebotomía crónica fue evaluada mediante estudios morfológicos y la actividad eritropoyética mediante estudios hematológicos. Las diferencias estadísticas se determinaron mediante Test Student. El nivel de significancia se fijó en p<0,05. Durante la flebotomía crónica se observó una disminución significativa de hemoglobina como indicador de anemia y reticulocitosis como indicador de la restauración del eritron. El bazo de ratón adulto fue el principal tejido que aportó el hierro biodisponible al eritrón, siendo evidente la depleción esplénica del micronutriente. El estudio de la anemia inducida de forma crónica en ratones permitió desarrollar condiciones fisiopatológicas análogas a las observadas en patologías humanas. El modelo de flebotomía crónica fue útil para evaluar la eritropoyesis en la instauración de la anemia y su recuperación, correlacionándola con la distribución de un nutriente esencial como es el hierro.

Los flebotomos son los insectos transmisores del protozoo parásito que causa la leishmaniosis. Este artículo de revisión tiene como objetivo el poder resolver, desde una aproximación didáctica, las principales preguntas que pueden surgir cuando abordamos el estudio de estos vectores y sus implicaciones en salud pública y animal. En primer lugar, profundizaremos en el conocimiento de la biología de los flebotomos. En segundo lugar, en el apartado de zoonosis, resaltaremos su relevancia en la transmisión de Leishmania spp. y de otros patógenos. Por último, describiremos los métodos de prevención y control disponibles actualmente frente a la infección causada por Leishmania spp bajo el enfoque de “Una sola salud”.

Introducción. El uso de simuladores de pacientes humanos es una estrategia eficaz en la enseñanza de procedimientos clínicos. Sin embargo, existe poca información para ayudar a los profesores a mejorar sus estrategias docentes permitiéndoles mejorar las experiencias de aprendizaje de acuerdo a la edad o el sexo de los alumnos que emplean este tipo de simulación. Objetivos. Identificar si existen diferencias por sexo o edad en asociación a las habilidades de los alumnos del primer semestre de medicina para la flebotomía. Diseño. Cuasiexperimental. Lugar. Centro de Simulación Médica Montagne de la Universidad Marista de Mérida. Participantes. Estudiantes de primer semestre de la licenciatura en medicina. Intervenciones. Intervención educativa del proceso de flebotomía con toma de muestra, empleando simuladores de alta fidelidad. Para el análisis, se evaluó la asociación de las variables de edad y sexo con el desempeño de los alumnos. Principales medidas de los resultados. Se analizaron las evaluaciones prácticas y teóricas. Para la evaluación práctica se aplicó una rúbrica de 20 ítems y se promediaron las puntuaciones de las esferas teóricas y prácticas de los alumnos. Resultados. Se identificó que las mujeres desempeñaron mejor sus habilidades prácticas (p<0,03) aún en el modelo de regresión lineal ajustado por edad y grupo. Discusión. El mejor desempeño en la práctica de flebotomía entre las alumnas de medicina difícilmente sea un hallazgo aislado, pues puede derivarse de las habilidades para la comunicación interpersonal, misma que también puede ser reforzada en los alumnos del sexo masculino.

<p>La eritrocitosis es una condición infrecuente en las enfermedades pulmonares crónicas que cursan con hipoxemia; su adecuada aproximación fisiopatológica y clínica no es bien conocida. Aunque la eritrocitosis es una respuesta compensatoria frente a la hipoxemia, sus efectos en la microcirculación pueden afectar parámetros cardiovasculares con deterioro de la sintomatología de pacientes con esta patología. La corrección por medio de la flebotomía puede ser una medida terapéutica útil, pero no hay claridad sobre su indicación en consideración a la evidencia actualmente disponible; de igual forma, existen preocupaciones sobre los desenlaces adversos que podrían generarse con su uso en la reología y en la ferrocinética. Es también desconocida la pertinencia de la flebotomía ante el aparente pronóstico benigno de quienes presentan eritrocitosis en el contexto de una neumopatía crónica. Con la escasa información actual, se hace necesaria la ampliación de la investigación en los tópicos relacionados con la eritrocitosis debida a hipoxemia.</p>

A sangria teve papel preponderante no repertório das práticas curativas utilizadas em Portugal, na Época Moderna. Este artigo analisa as matrizes do pensamento médico que autorizaram sua adoção em larga escala e demonstra, a partir do estudo circunstanciado da cidade de Lisboa, entre os séculos XVI e XVIII, a técnica e o perfil profissional dos barbeiros sangradores, responsáveis pela execução da flebotomia.

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Sandflies stand out as important vectors of leishmaniasis. The females need to ingest blood meals, enabling them to transmit protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which may give rise to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), in addition to transmitting other parasites. Leishmaniasis are important infirmities, distributed worldwide, whose infection results from the interaction of reservoir animals, the vector insect, parasitic protozoa and the healthy host. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, these insects are important transmitters of VL, which usually presents in the most serious form. It occurs mainly in metropolitan areas, with the dog as its main reservoir and Lutzomyia longipalpis as the vector. ATL is most present in the highland areas of the state. In addition to hematophagia, engaged in by the females, both sexes need to ingest carbohydrates, which are essential to the sand flies energy requirements and may interfere in the development of Leishmania. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and abundance of sand flies in different environments on the farm belonging to the Empresa de Pesquisas Agropecu?rias do RN (Institute of Agricultural Research of RN), in the municipality of Parnamirim, in order to relate this occurrence with climatological and biological references and eating habits. Three consecutive monthly collections were carried out with CDC traps in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest, in a residence, on a goat breeding farm and on cashew, dwarf and giant coconut, mango, banana, eucalyptus, acacia and bean plantations. A total of 1241 sandflies from eight species (Lutzomyia evandroi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia shannoni, Lutzomyia sordellii Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia wellcomei, Lutzomyia whitmani, and Lutzomyia intermedia) were collected, most in the forest environment. L. longipalpis, the main VL transmitter, was confirmed as a species adapted to anthropic environments, whereas others such as L. wellcomei, the vector of ATL, occurred predominantly in forests. Carbohydrate characterization of the sand flies and plants of the region demonstrated that a number of exotic plants such as hay and eucalyptus may play some role in the adaptation of these species to modified environments. Breeding in laboratory showed a mean biological cycle of 53.5 days from egg to adulthood for L. shannoni and the possibility of diapause behavior in L. wellcomei. This study serves as a source of information that may contribute to the epidemiological vigilance of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in the state, given that it analyzes the bioecology of transmitting species, as well as their potential to adapt to new environments
Os flebotom?neos se destacam como importantes transmissores das leishmanioses. As f?meas necessitam realizar repasto sangu?neo, o que as possibilita veicular protozo?rios do g?nero Leishmania, que podem originar a leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou a leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA), al?m de transmitirem outros parasitos. As leishmanioses s?o enfermidades de ampla import?ncia e distribui??o mundial, cuja infec??o ? conseq?ente da intera??o dos animais reservat?rios com o inseto vetor, o protozo?rio parasito e o hospedeiro sadio. No Rio Grande do Norte (RN) esses insetos s?o importantes transmissores da LV, que geralmente se apresenta de forma mais grave e ocorre principalmente na regi?o metropolitana, tendo o c?o como principal reservat?rio, e Lutzomyia longipalpis como vetor. A LTA est? mais presente nas ?reas serranas do estado. Al?m da hematofagia, exercida pelas f?meas, ambos os sexos necessitam ingerir carboidratos, que s?o essenciais para as necessidades energ?ticas dos flebotom?neos e podem interferir no desenvolvimento da Leishmania. O objetivo desse estudo foi levantar a ocorr?ncia e abund?ncia de flebotom?neos nos diversos ambientes da fazenda da Empresa de Pesquisas Agropecu?rias do RN, no Munic?pio de Parnamirim, buscando relacionar essa ocorr?ncia com referenciais climatol?gicos, biol?gicos e h?bitos alimentares. Foram realizadas 03 coletas consecutivas mensais com armadilhas CDC em um fragmento de Mata Atl?ntica, em uma resid?ncia, e em planta??es de cajueiro, de coqueiro an?o e gigante, de mangueira, de bananeira, de eucalipto, ac?cia, feij?o e em cria??o de caprinos. Foram coletados 1241 flebotom?neos de oito esp?cies, Lutzomyia evandroi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia shannoni, Lutzomyia sordellii Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia wellcomei, Lutzomyia whitmani, e Lutzomyia intermedia, sendo a maioria destes no ambiente de mata. L. longipalpis, principal esp?cie transmissora de LV, se confirmou como esp?cie adaptada a ambientes antr?picos, enquanto outras como L. wellcomei, vetora de LTA, se mostrou predominantemente silvestre. Foi feita caracteriza??o de carboidratos em flebotom?neos e vegetais da regi?o, visando relacion?-los, o que demonstrou que algumas plantas ex?ticas como capim e eucalipto podem ter algum papel no processo de adapta??o dessas esp?cies a ambientes modificados. Atrav?s da cria??o em laborat?rio, observou-se para L. shannoni ciclo biol?gico m?dio de 53,5 dias de ovo a adulto e ainda a possibilidade de diapausa em L. wellcomei. Esse estudo constitui uma fonte de informa??es que poder? contribuir com a vigil?ncia epidemiol?gica das leishmanioses tegumentar e visceral no Estado, uma vez que analisa a bioecologia das esp?cies transmissoras, assim como seu potencial de adapta??o a novos ambientes

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Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)
A leishmaniose visceral ? uma doen?a parasit?ria de transmiss?o vetorial causada por protozo?rios do g?nero Leishmania, com elevado grau de letalidade e que atinge milh?es de pessoas no mundo. A busca por produtos alternativos para a elimina??o do vetor tem como objetivo minimizar os impactos causados pelos inseticidas qu?micos sint?ticos utilizados pelos programas de controle, sendo cada vez mais frequente a pesquisa em produtos de origem bot?nica com atividade inseticida. Organismos vegetais s?o capazes de produzir compostos org?nicos de comprovada toxicidade frente aos insetos e, diante disto, avaliou-se neste trabalho a atividade inseticida de extratos de Caryocar brasiliense, planta nativa do Cerrado popularmente conhecida como ?pequi?, sobre flebotom?neos da esp?cie Lutzomyia longipalpis, principal transmissora da leishmaniose visceral. Extratos hidroetan?licos, etan?licos e ciclohex?nicos de folhas e cascas de C. brasiliense foram preparados e dilu?dos em solu??o de Tween 80 a 3% para a obten??o de concentra??es a 50, 100, 200 e 400 mg.mL-1, para a realiza??o dos ensaios biol?gicos. Os flebotom?neos foram coletados em uma localidade rural do munic?pio de Diamantina/MG. Um n?mero amostral de 30 flebotom?neos foi posto em contato com os extratos e a mortalidade foi avaliada ap?s 1, 2, 4, 16, 24 48 e 72 horas de exposi??o, bem como grupos controle negativos (?gua destilada e Tween) e positivo (cipermetrina). A identifica??o dos constituintes qu?micos dos extratos tamb?m foi avaliada. Ap?s 72h de experimento, foram registradas mortalidades de 93,3% pelo extrato hidroetan?lico da casca a 400 mg.mL-1, 66,3% pelo etan?lico da casca a 50 mg.mL-1 e 81,1% pelo ciclohex?nico de folhas a 200 mg.mL-1. Os extratos hidroetan?licos da casca mostraram-se estatisticamente semelhantes ? a??o da cipermetrina em 72h de experimento, indicando que este extrato foi o mais eficiente quanto ? atividade inseticida. Foram identificados triterpenos, esteroides, taninos, flavonoides, alcaloides e saponinas nos extratos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os extratos hidroetan?licos de C. brasiliense, sobretudo das cascas, s?o promissores na busca por compostos naturais com atividade inseticida sobre Lu. longipalpis.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018.
Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania with high lethality rate that reaches millions of people worldwide. The impacts caused by synthetic insecticides used in control programs are well known. In this context, research on alternative products for vector control, especially products of botanical origin, has been frequent in order to minimize the impacts of synthetic ones. Plants are capable to produce organic compounds with insect toxicity. Here, the insecticidal activity of Caryocar brasiliense extracts, a native plant of Brazilian savannah, popularly known as "pequi", on Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis, was tested. Hydroethanolic, ethanolic and cyclohexanic extracts of leaves and barks of C. brasiliense were prepared and diluted in Tween 80 (3%) to obtain concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg.mL-1 for the biological tests. Phlebotomine sandflies were collected in a rural locality of Diamantina (Minas Gerais state, Brazil). Thirty sand flies were exposed to the extracts and mortality was evaluated after 1, 2, 4, 16, 24 48 and 72 hours of exposure, as well as negative control groups (distilled water and Tween) and positive (cypermethrin). Chemical compounds of the extracts were also evaluated. Mortalities rates of 93.3% were observed for the hydroethanolic extract of the bark at 400 mg.mL-1, 66.3% for the ethanolic bark at 50 mg.mL-1 and 81.1% for the cyclohexane of leaves at 200 mg.mL-1. The hydroethanolic extracts of the bark showed to be statistically similar to the action of cypermethrin in 72h of the experiment, indicating that this extract was the most efficient as an insecticide. Triterpenes, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins were identified in the extracts. The results obtained suggest that the hydroethanolic extracts of C. brasiliense, especially of the bark, are promising for the use of natural compounds to control Lu. longipalpis.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has a wide geographical distribution in tropical and subtropical areas of the planet, which is a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. This pathogen is transmitted to the host through the sandflies bite, with its saliva, the immune response that leads to both. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte, 85% of the sand flies captured is Lutzomyia longipalpis, but the second most abundant, Lutzomyia evandroi, it deserves emphasis because its wide distribution and eclectic behavior. The exposure of people living in endemic areas for the insect vector VL greatly increases the chances of infection. This study aimed to evaluate aspects of the epidemiological profile of VL in endemic areas of human and nonendemic in the metropolitan area of Natal, as well as verify the abundance and seasonal fluctuations of sandflies species in two counties endemic for VL. Were collected in the municipalities of N?sia Floresta, Parnamirim, S?o Gon?alo do Amarante and Maca?ba, of which groups of females were separated for further dissection of the salivary glands and identification of species. The blood samples used were from individuals of two Natal s districts where it has never been reported cases of VL and neighborhoods of Parnamirim applicants who present cases of VL. In the municipality of N?sia Floresta, the most abundant species was L. evandroi with 38.39%, followed by L. longipalpis with 36.22%, L. walkeri 19.67% L. lenti 3.81%, L. wellcomei 1.39% and L. whitmani 0.52%. Already in Parnamirim the proportions were L. walkeri with 73.15%, L. evandroi with 10.55%, L. wellcomei 7.63%, L. longipalpis 6.37%, L. whitmani 1.46%, L. sordellii 0.52%, L. intermedia 0.21 and L. shanonni 0.1%. In both municipalities was observed higher abundance of species distributed in the initial months of the year, as February and March. The study showed that no difference in exposure to the vector of VL among individuals from endemic and non endemic area for this disease. But there are differences in exposure between individuals of L. longipalpis and L. evandroi, confirming the great powers of the first vector. It was also characterized as predominant phenotype in the population of endemic areas who had negative serologic responses to antigens of Leishmania and result in negative Montenegro skin test (DTH), indicating that much of the population hasn t been bitten by infected insects
A Leishmaniose visceral (LV) tem vasta distribui??o geogr?ficas nas ?reas tropicais e subtropicais do planeta, cujo parasito ? um protozo?rio do g?nero Leishmania. Esse pat?geno ? transmitido aos hospedeiros atrav?s da picada do flebotom?neo, juntamente com sua saliva, o que leva resposta imunol?gica a ambos. No estado do Rio Grande do Norte, 85% da fauna flebotom?nica capturada corresponde a Lutzomyia longipalpis, por?m o segundo mais abundante, Lutzomyia evandroi, vem merecendo destaque devido ao seu comportamento ecl?tico e ampla distribui??o. A exposi??o de pessoas residentes em ?rea end?mica para a LV ao inseto vetor aumenta grandemente as chances de infec??o. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos do perfil epidemiol?gico de LV de ?rea end?mica e n?o end?mica na Regi?o Metropolitana de Natal, assim como verificar a abund?ncia e flutua??o sazonal de esp?cies de flebotom?neos em dois munic?pios end?micos para a LV. Foram realizadas coletas nos munic?pios de N?sia Floresta, Parnamirim, S?o Gon?alo do Amarante e Maca?ba, dos quais foram separados grupos de f?meas para posterior disseca??o das gl?ndulas salivares e identifica??o das esp?cies. As amostras de sangue utilizadas foram provenientes de indiv?duos de dois bairros de Natal onde nunca fora relatado casos de LV e de bairros de Parnamirim que apresentam casos recorrentes de LV. No munic?pio de N?sia Floresta, a esp?cie mais abundante foi L. evandroi com 38,39%, seguida de L. longipalpis com 36,22%, L. walkeri 19,67%, L. lenti 3,81%, L. wellcomei 1,39% e L. whitmani 0,52%. J? em Parnamirim, as propor??es foram L. walkeri com 73,15%, L. evandroi com 10,55%, L. wellcomei 7,63%, L. longipalpis 6,37%, L. whitmani 1,46%, L. sordellii 0,52%, L. intermedia 0,21 e L. shanonni 0,1%. Em ambos munic?pios foi observado maior abund?ncia de esp?cies distribu?dos nos meses inicias do ano, como Fevereiro e Mar?o. O estudo mostrou que n?o h? diferen?a na exposi??o ao vetor da LV entre indiv?duos de ?rea end?mica e n?o end?mica para essa enfermidade. Por?m h? diferen?a na exposi??o de indiv?duos entre L. longipalpis e L. evandroi, confirmando a grandiosa compet?ncia vetorial do primeiro. Tamb?m foi poss?vel caracterizar como fen?tipo mais predominante na popula??o de ?rea end?mica aqueles que apresentavam respostas sorol?gicas negativas para ant?genos de Leishmania e resultado negativo no teste cut?neo de Montenegro (DTH), indicando que boa parte da popula??o est? sendo picada por insetos n?o infectados

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Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
The knowledge about epidemiology of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - ACL still has gaps. The influences of environmental and peridomestic characteristics over its occurrence are not well defined. This study aimed to investigate the asymptomatic occurrence of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in humans and dogs, and to evaluate the natural infection of phlebotomine vectors at Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin, a disease-free of autochthonous ACL municipality, part of an endemic region. An epidemiological inquiry was developed from march/2006 to december/2007 with the support of the Family Health Program of the Municipality Health Secretary Office in the five sanitary areas. Fifty families participated in the study, yielding a total of 95 volunteers who were exposed or not to known risk factors. Procedures involved structured interviews, Montenegro skin Test (IDRM), serology done by Enzime Linked Immunossorbent Assay (ELISA), and Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF). All the volunteers had their dogs examined by the serology procedures and including a clinical exam. The existing environment was reported and phlebotomine sand flies were captured in the peridomestic environment to have all the present species identified. Infection by L. (V.) braziliensis was also determined by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Observed frequencies for positive results in humans were: 9%, 6.4% and 13.8% for IDRM, ELISA and IFI, respectively. Of 39 dogs examined, 5.1% were positive for ELISA and 23% for IFI, and from the seven species of phlebotomine sand flies captured, Lutzomyia migonei (59%) and L. intermedia (20.9%) were the most frequent. Natural infection rate of phlebotomine vectors were 5% or less, by PCR. The absence of active cases and the low percentage of positive tests found in humans and dogs, and the non-matching results, lead to the suggestion that there is no extra forest transmission of L. (V.) braziliensis in the county, despite of the high natural infection rate of phlebotomines sand flies. Large areas of preserved forests scattered around 52% of the municipality appears to be the only and main difference from the surrounding municipality, thus allowing maintenance of the ecological niches of the phlebotomine sand flies and reducing the pressure for adaptive changes.
O conhecimento acerca da epidemiologia da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) ainda possui lacunas. As influ?ncias de caracter?sticas ambientais e peridom?sticas sobre sua ocorr?ncia n?o est?o bem definidas. Este estudo buscou investigar a poss?vel ocorr?ncia de infec??o assintom?tica por Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis em humanos e c?es e a infec??o natural dos flebotom?neos vetores no munic?pio de Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin, indene para LTA aut?ctone e circundado por munic?pios end?micos. Foi realizado um inqu?rito epidemiol?gico entre mar?o de 2006 e dezembro de 2007, sendo investigadas as cinco ?reas de sa?de do munic?pio, com apoio do Programa de Sa?de da Fam?lia da Secretaria Municipal de Sa?de. Participaram do estudo cinq?enta fam?lias expostas ou n?o aos fatores de risco conhecidos, totalizando noventa e cinco volunt?rios. Entrevistas estruturadas, Intradermorrea??o de Montenegro (IDRM) e sorologia para leishmaniose, por ELISA e por Imunofluoresc?ncia Indireta (IFI) foram realizadas nos volunt?rios, cujos c?es foram tamb?m submetidos a exame cl?nico e sorologia pelos mesmos m?todos. O ambiente circundante foi descrito e flebotom?neos foram capturados nos peridomic?lios para identifica??o das esp?cies presentes e de infec??o por L. (V.) braziliensis pela t?cnica de rea??o em cadeia de polimerase (RCP). As freq??ncias encontradas de positividade nos testes em humanos foram de: 9%, 6,4% e 13,8% para IDRM, ELISA e IFI, respectivamente. Dos trinta e nove c?es examinados 5,1%, foram positivos ao ELISA e 23% ? IFI. Das sete esp?cies de flebotom?neos capturadas, predominaram Lutzomyia migonei (59%) e L. intermedia (20,9%). A taxa de infec??o natural dos flebotom?neos foi de at? 5% ? RCP. A aus?ncia de casos ativos e as baixas positividades verificadas nos testes em humanos e em c?es e a discord?ncia entre os resultados levam a supor que n?o ocorre transmiss?o extraflorestal de L. (V.) braziliensis no munic?pio, a despeito da alta taxa de infec??o natural dos flebotom?neos. Grandes ?reas de mata preservada dispersas pelo territ?rio (52% do munic?pio) parecem ser o ?nico diferencial em rela??o aos munic?pios circundantes, permitindo a manuten??o dos nichos ecol?gicos dos flebotom?neos e reduzindo a press?o por mudan?as adaptativas.

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Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)
A leishmaniose visceral (LV) ? uma doen?a altamente letal quando n?o tratada e de car?ter reemergente. ? transmitida atrav?s da picada do flebotom?neo f?mea da esp?cie Lutzomyia longipalpis, inseto com grande distribui??o nas Am?ricas. O controle vetorial ? realizado atrav?s da aplica??o de inseticidas piretr?ides sint?ticos residuais de a??o r?pida sobre os insetos como a ?-cipermetrina e a deltametrina. Nos ?ltimos tempos tem se observado o surgimento de popula??es resistentes o que tem aumentado o interesse pela descoberta de novas mol?culas que possam ser utilizadas no controle de vetores. As plantas s?o um importante e promissor campo de pesquisa, uma vez que j? produzem mol?culas com a??o inseticida. Este estudo objetivou analisar a a??o inseticida de extratos de folhas e cascas de Protium heptaphyllum sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis selvagens. Para isso foram confeccionados extratos hidroalco?licos, etan?licos e ciclo- hex?nicos das folhas e cascas de Protium heptaphyllum. Nestes foram realizados estudos fitoqu?micos para prospec??o de classes de compostos secund?rios com a??o biol?gica. Os bioensaios foram realizados em potes pl?sticos adaptados e utilizou-se flebotom?neos Lu. longipalpis selvagens, oriundos da comunidade de Aroeira em Diamantina-MG. Obtivemos como resultado dos estudos fitoqu?micos, diversas classes de metab?litos secund?rios como terpenos, esteroides, taninos, flavonoides, alcaloides e saponinas, com destaque para os extratos de folhas onde foi observado um maior n?mero de classes em rela??o ?s cascas. Os bioensaios realizados evidenciaram uma a??o inseticida dos extratos hidroalco?licos e ciclo- hex?nicos que tiveram resultados estatisticamente semelhantes ? ?-cipermetrina. Apesar de composi??o qu?mica semelhante as demais, os extratos etan?licos apresentaram uma baixa atividade sobre os insetos. Com isso, conclu?mos que Protium heptaphyllum, possui atividade inseticida sobre Lu. longipalpis. Dessa forma, este estudo contribui com o desenvolvimento de m?todos de controle de insetos mais eficientes e menos agressivos aos humanos e outros animais.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a highly lethal disease when untreated and reemerging. It is transmitted through the bite of the female sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, a large-dose insect in the Americas. Vector control is performed through the application of fast acting residual synthetic pyrethroids on insects such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin. In recent times has been observed the emergence of resistant populations which has increased interest in the discovery of new molecules that can be used in the control of vectors. Plants are an important and promising field of research, since they already produce molecules with insecticidal action. This study aimed to analyze the insecticidal action of leaves and bark extracts of Protium heptaphyllum on wild Lutzomyia longipalpis. Hydroalcoholic, ethanolic and cyclohexanic extracts of the leaves and bark of Protium heptaphyllum were made. In these, phytochemical studies were found to identify groups of individuals with biological action. The bioassays were carried out in adapted plastic pots and wild Lu. longipalpis were used, originating from the community of Aroeira in Diamantina-MG. We obtained as a result of the phytochemical studies, several classes of secondary metabolites such as terpenes, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins, especially leaf extracts where a greater number of classes were observed in relation to the bark. The bioassays performed showed an insecticidal action of hydroalcoholic and cyclohexane extracts that had statistically similar results to cypermethrin. Despite chemical composition similar to the others, the ethanolic extracts presented a low activity on the insects. From this investigation, we conclude that Protium heptaphyllum has insecticidal activity on Lu. longipalpis. Thus, this study contributes to the development of insect control methods that are more efficient and less aggressive to humans and other animals.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is a no contagious infectious illness caused by Leishmania protozoa genera affecting skin and mucous membranes basically being a zoonotic infection. The aim of this study was to cany out phlebotominic fauna survey in ACL human cases occurrence areas. For sandfly collection monthly systematic captures by Castro trap from 6 o clock p.m. to 10 o clock p.m. for 12 months were performed. The diptera were placed on 70% alcohol bottles and carried to Sergio Arouca Public Health National School Biological Sciences Department Vectors Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, where they have been clarified and identified, as well. For dogs serology, blood samples from invaded residences animals as well as from a neighbour one, by venous puncture were taken. After serum centrifugation and separation, samples were stored at 20?C till serological assays performance at FIOCRUZ Public Health Nation School Immunodiagnosis Laboratory. The following methods: Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IFIR) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used. From October, 2004 to September, 2005, 2390 units from four species were captured. The predominant species was the Lutzomyia intermedia with 97.1% from total collected, followed by L. whitmani 1.6%, L.migonei 1.21% and L.oswaldoi 0.09 %. From 35 dogs serology: 60% (21) no reagent animals were reported, 22.9% just for ELISA, 2.9% for IFIR, and 14.2% (5) reagent animals for both techniques, definitely positive. No correlated evidences between serologies (IFIR+/ELISA+ and other results) in regard to animals residence (ill or neighbour) by Fisher statistical test were reported. It might be suggested that ACL transmission in Serop?dica County has basically been spread by Lutzomyia intermedia specie. The presence of reagent dogs unless suggestive injury may contribute for new ACL reports.
A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) ? uma doen?a infecciosa n?o contagiosa causada por protozo?rios do g?nero Leishmania que acomete a pele e mucosa, sendo primariamente uma infec??o zoon?tica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar o levantamento da fauna flebotom?nica em ?reas com ocorr?ncia de casos humanos de LTA. Para coleta dos fleb?tomos foram realizadas capturas mensais sistem?ticas utilizando o capturador de Castro, no hor?rio das 18 ?s 22h, durante 12 meses. Os d?pteros foram colocados em frascos contendo ?lcool 70% e transportados para o laborat?rio de Vetores do Departamento de Ci?ncias Biol?gicas da Escola Nacional de Sa?de P?blica S?rgio Arouca, Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, onde foram clarificados e identificados. Para sorologia dos c?es, amostras de sangue foram coletadas por venopun??o em animais residentes nos domic?lios acometidos e de c?es vizinhos. Ap?s centrifuga??o e separa??o do soro, as amostras foram conservadas a -20?C, at? o momento da realiza??o dos ensaios sorol?gicos no laborat?rio de Imudiagn?stico da ENSP, da FIOCRUZ. Empregaram-se os seguintes m?todos: Rea??o de Imunofluoresc?ncia Indireta (RIFI) e o enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Foram capturados 2390 exemplares de flebotom?neos entre os meses de outubro de 2004 a setembro de 2005, pertencentes a quatro esp?cies. A esp?cie predominante foi a Lutzomyia intermedia com 97,1% do total coletado, seguida pela L. whitmani 1,6% , L.migonei 1,21% e L.oswaldoi 0,09 %. Da sorologia de 35 c?es: 60% (21) animais foram considerados n?o reativos; 22,9% reativos somente para ELISA; 2,9% somente RIFI e 14,2% (5) dos c?es reativos para as duas t?cnicas, conclusivamente positivos. N?o houve evid?ncias de associa??o entre sorologia (RIFI+/ELISA+ e outros resultados) com a propriedade do animal (paciente ou vizinho), segundo o teste exato de Fisher. Aparentemente a transmiss?o da LTA no munic?pio de Serop?dica esteja sendo veiculada pela L. intermedia. A presen?a de c?es reativos sem a exist?ncia de les?o sugestiva pode contribir para novos focos da LTA, funcionando como um animal em potencial para manuten??o da protozoose.

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O desflorestamento tem impactado diretamente sobre a bionomia e biologia dos vetores de leishmaniose. A vigil?ncia entomol?gica, como medida preconizada pela OMS para o estabelecimento das a??es de controle e monitoramento da transmiss?o de Leishmania, requer a captura de flebotom?neos em ec?topos diferentes. Para esta finalidade, as armadilhas luminosas do tipo Center for Disease Control s?o as mais utilizadas. Adapta??es vem sendo desenvolvidas visando maior atratividade dos flebotom?neos e, consequentemente, maior n?mero de insetos capturados nas armadilhas. A percep??o de diferentes comprimentos de onda do espectro vis?vel pelo flebotom?neos ainda n?o est? completamente elucidada. O estudo pautou-se na investiga??o da fauna de flebotom?neos de uma zona de prote??o ambiental na zona norte de Natal e seu entorno, observando tamb?m a atratividade de cada esp?cie em rela??o ao espectro vis?vel emitido por tr?s l?mpadas diferentes: LED azul, LED vermelho e controle incandescente. As capturas dos flebotom?neos ocorreram durante 1 ano, com a frequ?ncia de 3 dias consecutivos por m?s, nos ec?topos de mata e peridomic?lio; Diariamente as armadilhas eram trocadas de posi??o. A fauna de flebotom?neos capturados revelou sete esp?cies divididas em cinco g?neros. O teste H? de Kruskal-Wallis revelou uma influ?ncia significante entre o espectro luminoso emitido pela l?mpada da armadilha e a abund?ncia de insetos capturados. O teste do modelo linear generalizado demonstrou uma influ?ncia significante entre os conjuntos ?rea-sexo e cor-?rea com o n?mero de flebotom?neos coletados. As armadilhas que utilizam LED azul apresentaram uma maior efic?cia na captura dos flebotom?neos, apresentando valores quase duas vezes maior que a l?mpada incandescente. As l?mpadas com tecnologia LED substituem favoravelmente a atra??o e captura das esp?cies de flebotom?neos, aumentando a efic?cia na diversidade e abund?ncia.
Deforestation has directly impacted the biology and bionomy of leishmaniasis vectors. Entomological surveillance, as a measure recommended by the WHO for the establishment of control actions and monitoring of Leishmania transmission, requires the capture of sandflies in different ecotopes. For this purpose, light traps of the Center for Disease Control type are the most commonly used. Adaptations have been developed to enhance the attractiveness of sand flies and, consequently, capture more insects in the traps. The perception of different wavelengths of the spectrum visible by sand flies is not yet fully elucidated. The study was based on the investigation of phlebotomine sand fly fauna of an environmental protection zone in the north of Natal city and its surroundings, also observing the attractiveness of each species in relation to the visible spectrum emitted by three different lamps: blue LED, red LED and glow control. Phlebotomine catches occurred for one year, with a frequency of three consecutive days per month, in forest and peridomicillary ecotopes; Traps were changed every day. The fauna of captured sand flies revealed seven species divided into five genera. The Kruskal-Wallis H' test revealed a noteworthy difference between the light spectrum emitted by the trap lamp and the abundance of captured insects. The test of the generalized linear model demonstrated a significant influence between the area-sex and color-area sets with the number of sandflies collected. Traps using blue LED showed a greater efficiency in the capture of sand flies, presenting values almost twice as great as the incandescent lamp. Lamps with LED technology favorably replace the attraction and capture of phlebotomine sandflies species, increasing the effectiveness in diversity and abundance.

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The Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp., observed in the promastigote forms (flagellated, extracellular) in invertebrate hosts, and amastigote forms (no scourge, intracellular required) in vertebrates. Nowadays, these diseases are distributed in 88 countries in the Americas, Africa, India, Asia and the Mediterranean. According to the World Health Organization, 500.000 and 1.5 million new cases, respectively of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis occur annually, and considered one of the infectious and parasitic diseases of major global impact. Transmitted at the moment the blood feeding by the female sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae), Leishmaniasis is the shown to expand in all regions of Brazil, placing the country among the five most affected in the world. In Brazil, many studies have been carried out to elucidate the species responsible for the transmission of Leishmania spp., and consequently, prescribe important areas of to public health. However, these approaches are uncommon in the Rio Grande do Sul state. This study aimed to investigate the sandfly species occurring in a rural area in Itapu? district, city of Viam?o, metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, and verify the presence of DNA of Leishmania spp. in captured females. The collections were carried out with CDC light traps in intradomicile, peridomicile and forest remnants to verify possible population or species differences among the sites. The captures occurred for three consecutive nights, from May 2013 to April 2014. The sandflies were identified and females were grouped in pools of five animals each, according to the species. A total of 516 phlebotomines were captured, pertaining belonging to the Lutzomyia neivai (37.2%), Lutzomyia migonei (34.5%), Lutzomyia fischeri (21.7%), and Lutzomyia lanei (6.5%). For DNA extraction, 245 females were used. Fragments of 120 bp of conserved region of Leishmania kinetoplast were amplified from samples of Lutzomyia neivai, L. fischeri and L. migonei.
As Leishmanioses s?o um complexo de doen?as causadas por protozo?rios do g?nero Leishmania spp., observados nas formas promastigota (flagelada, extracelular) nos hospedeiros invertebrados, e forma amastigota (aus?ncia de flagelo, intracelular obrigat?rio) nos vertebrados. Atualmente, estas doen?as encontram-se distribu?das em 88 pa?ses nas Am?ricas, ?frica, ?ndia, ?sia e Mediterr?neo. Segundo a Organiza??o Mundial da Sa?de (OMS), estima-se que 500 mil novos casos de Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) e 1,5 milh?es de novos casos de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) ocorram anualmente, sendo considerada uma das doen?as infecto-parasit?rias de maior incid?ncia mundial. Transmitidas no momento do repasto sangu?neo pelas f?meas de flebotom?neos (Diptera: Psychodidae), as Leishmanioses se mostram em expans?o em todas as regi?es brasileiras, colocando o pa?s entre os cinco mais afetados no mundo. No Brasil, muitas pesquisas t?m sido desenvolvidas no intuito de esclarecer as esp?cies respons?veis pela transmiss?o de Leishmania spp., e consequentemente, apontar ?reas de import?ncia ? sa?de p?blica. A LTA chegou a capital do RS em 2002 e ainda s?o escassos os estudos de esp?cies transmissoras neste Estado. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as esp?cies de flebotom?neos ocorrentes em uma localidade rural no distrito de Itapu?, munic?pio de Viam?o, regi?o metropolitana de Porto Alegre, e verificar, a presen?a de DNA de Leishmania spp. nas f?meas capturadas. As capturas foram realizadas com armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC (Center for Diseases Control) em ambiente intradomiciliar, peridomiciliar e mata, a fim de verificar poss?veis diferen?as populacionais e/ou espec?ficas entre os locais. As capturas ocorreram durante tr?s noites consecutivas, no per?odo de Maio de 2013 a Abril de 2014. Os flebotom?neos coletados foram identificados taxonomicamente e as f?meas foram agrupadas em pools de cinco indiv?duos cada, de acordo com esp?cie. Um total de 516 flebotom?neos foi capturado, pertencentes ?s esp?cies Lutzomyia neivai (37,2%), Lutzomyia migonei (34,5%), Lutzomyia fischeri (21,7%), e Lutzomyia lanei (6,5%). Para extra??o de DNA foram utilizadas 245 f?meas. Foram amplificados fragmentos de 120 pares de bases referentes ? regi?o conservada do kDNA de Leishmania em amostras de Lutzomyia neivai, Lutzomyia fischeri e Lutzomyia migonei.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Nas Am?ricas, a infec??o por Leishmania tem como principal agente etiol?gico Leishmania infantum. Nos ?ltimos 30 anos o padr?o de distribui??o das leishmanioses tem mudado substancialmente e a doen?a tem apresentado um perfil emergente na periferia dos grandes centros urbanos. A infec??o por Leishmania pode evoluir com um amplo espectro cl?nico desde o acometimento da pele, mucosas e v?sceras. Dos indiv?duos infectados por L. infantum apenas 10% desenvolvem a doen?a, sabe-se que 90% da infec??o humana ? assintom?tica e diversos fatores est?o envolvidos no curso da infec??o. Os principais fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento da doen?a s?o a resposta imune do hospedeiro, a esp?cie e o conte?do g?nico do parasita. O sequenciamento dos isolados de Leishmania poderia aumentar a compreens?o acerca da sintomatologia dos indiv?duos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a diversidade gen?tica de cepas de Leishmania circulantes entre humanos, sintom?ticos e assintom?ticos e c?es de ?reas end?micas do Rio Grande do Norte. A variabilidade gen?tica de um grupo de amostras de humanos e caninos com a doen?a visceral, doen?a cut?nea e infec??o assintom?tica foi avaliado com os marcadores moleculares hsp70 e ITS1. O genoma completo de 20 isolados de Leishmania oriundos de humanos, sintom?ticos e assintom?ticos, e c?es foram sequenciados para avaliar a diversidade dessas amostras. Os fragmentos amplificados de hsp70 e ITS1 das amostras e foram analisados e montadas utilizando o pacote Phred/Phrap. Os dendogramas foram constru?dos aplicando o m?todo neighbor joining com 500 bootstraps, seguido das infer?ncias sobre as rela??es entre as variantes de Leishmania. As sequ?ncias dos 20 isolados brasileiros foram mapeadas com o genoma de refer?ncia Leishmania infantum JPCM5, usando o programa Bowtie2, com identifica??o de 36 contigs. As informa??es dos SNPs v?lidos foram utilizadas na PCA. Os SNPs foram visualizados pelo Geneious 7.1 e IGV. As anota??es do genoma foram ent?o transferidas para seus respectivos cromossomos e visualizadas utilizando o Geneious. As sequ?ncias consenso de todos os cromossomos (com m?nimo de 75% das reads com a mesma base) foram alinhadas usando Mauve. As ?rvores filogen?ticas foram calculadas de acordo com c?lculos de m?xima verossimilhan?a e modelos JTT. Como resultados obtivemos que hsp70 e ITS1 n?o foram capazes de definir variabilidade gen?tica entre os isolados de humanos e c?es; nem para os isolados de cultura e de sangue perif?rico, oriundos de um mesmo paciente.O sequenciamento gen?mico dos 20 isolados brasileiros revelou uma forte rela??o entre as cepas de Leishmania circulantes em no Rio Grande do Norte. Os isolados da Grande Natal de humanos e caninos permaneceram agrupados em todas as an?lises, sugerindo que existe proximidade genot?pica e geogr?fica entre os isolados. As amostras isoladas na d?cada de 1990 apresentaram uma maior diversidade genot?pica quando comparadas as amostras recentemente isoladas. De forma geral, n?o encontramos correla??o entre as formas cl?nicas sintom?ticas e assintom?ticas e o conte?do g?nico dos isolados brasileiros de Leishmania.
Leishmania infantum is the main etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. The pattern of distribution of leishmaniasis has changed substantially and has presented an emerging profile within the periphery of the Large Urban Centers. Leishmania infection can compromise skin, mucosa and viscera. Only 10% of the individuals infected develop the disease and 90% of human infection is asymptomatic. The main factors involved in the development of the disease are the host immune response, the vector?s species and the parasite?s genetic content. The sequencing of Leishmania isolated seeks to increase the understanding of the symptoms of individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of circulating Leishmania strains among humans, and symptomatic and asymptomatic, and dogs from endemic areas of Rio Grande do Norte State and analyze sandflies from endemic areas for cutaneous and visceral disease. The genetic variability was evaluated by the use of markers hsp70 , ITS1 and a whole genome sequencing was also carried out. The amplified hsp70 and ITS1 of samples were analyzed and assembled using a Phred / Phrap package. The dendograms were constructed using the same methodology, but adding 500 bootstraps, followed by inferences on the relationships between Leishmania variants. The sequences of the 20 Brazilian isolates were mapped to the reference genome L. infantum JPCM5, using the Bowtie2 program and the identification of 36 contigs. The information of the valid SNPs were used in the PCA. SNPs were visualized by Geneious 7.1 and IGV. The genome annotations were transferred to their respective chromosomes and displayed on Geneious. The matching sequences of all chromosomes were aligned using Mauve. The phylogenetic trees were calculated according to maximum likelihood and JTT models. Sandflies were analyzed by PCR for the identification of Leishmania infection, a blood meal source and GAPDH sand fly. As a result, hsp70 and ITS1 were not capable of identifying genetic variability among human isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic, and dogs. The complete sequencing of the 20 Brazilian isolates revealed a strong similarity between the circulating Leishmania strains in Rio Grande do Norte. The isolates collected in the city of Natal from humans and canines remained grouped in all analyzes, suggesting that there is genotypic and geographic proximity among the isolates. The isolated samples in the 1990s had a higher genotypic diversity when compared to freshly isolated samples. All isolates presented 36 chromosomes with variable ploidy among them, no correlation was found between the number of amastina genes copies, gp63, A2 and SSG with such clinic forms. In general, we did not find correlation between symptomatic and asymptomatic clinical forms and the gene content of the Brazilian isolates of Leishmania. 34,28% of the sandflies collected in the upper west region were L. longipalpis and the main sources of blood meal were humans, dogs and chickens.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
As leishmanioses s?o graves problemas de sa?de p?blica no Brasil, causadas por protozo?rios do g?nero Leishmania transmitidos pelos flebotom?neos, pequenos insetos da ordem Diptera cujas f?meas s?o hemat?fagas. A leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar, tem como principal vetor nas Am?ricas Lutzomyia longipalpis e Leishmania infantum como agente etiol?gico. No Brasil, a Regi?o Nordeste se destaca com a maior incid?ncia de casos de LV, principalmente entre as camadas mais desfavorecidas da sociedade. A leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) possui diferentes vetores e agentes etiol?gicos em todo o pa?s, tem ampla distribui??o, e apesar da menor gravidade, causa s?rias les?es desfigurantes e incapacitantes em todas as regi?es, principalmente na regi?o Norte. ? relevante a introdu??o de estrat?gias de preven??o que venham a modificar as a??es humanas por meio da informa??o e sensibiliza??o para o problema, sendo a literatura de cordel um instrumento educativo que atrai por sua conota??o l?dica e informal, despertando a aten??o das pessoas. O presente estudo buscou, portanto, conhecer os flebotom?neos de uma Unidade de Conserva??o da Mata Atl?ntica e seu entorno, bem como alguns fatores bi?ticos e abi?ticos relacionados ? sua ocorr?ncia, al?m de testar a utiliza??o do cordel como ferramenta informativa sobre o tema. O estudo aconteceu durante tr?s anos na ?rea interna e externa da Floresta Nacional (Flona) de N?sia Floresta, localizada no munic?pio de N?sia Floresta, regi?o metropolitana de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, utilizando-se armadilhas Shannon e CDC. Foi produzido um cordel, em seu formato cl?ssico, intitulado ?Um bebedor de sangue na terra do mandacaru - Peleja contra o calazar?, para a??es de educa??o em sa?de com a popula??o residente no entorno da Flona e com alunos de escolas do munic?pio. Foram coletados e identificados 82.638 flebotom?neos das esp?cies Evandromyia evandroi, Evandromyia lenti, Evandromyia walkeri, Evandromyia sallesi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Micropygomyia schreiberi, Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia whitmani, Psathyromyia abonnenci, Psathyromyia brasiliensis, Psathyromyia shannoni, Psychodopygus wellcomei e Sciopemyia sordellii. Os flebotom?neos foram mais abundantes junto ao solo do ambiente silvestre, apesar de tamb?m serem abundantes junto ?s copas e no peridomic?lio rural. Evandromyia walkeri foi a esp?cie mais abundante, representando 76% de todos os flebotom?neos coletados, sendo importante outras investiga??es acerca dessa esp?cie. Lutzomyia longipalpis, E. evandroi e E. lenti demonstraram prefer?ncia pelos ambientes antropizados. Esse estudo comprova a elevada antropofilia de P. wellcomei, que se mostra ativo durante quase todo o dia no ambiente silvestre, bem como sua rela??o com os meses chuvosos. Com base no conhecimento da bioecologia dos flebotom?neos vetores das leishmanioses na ?rea, espera-se que esse trabalho possa contribuir com estrat?gias de preven??o e controle das leishmanioses no Nordeste.O cordel teve grande aceita??o por parte dos estudantes da EJA e a experi?ncia demonstrou que esse pode ser um importante meio para a dissemina??o de informa??es acerca da leishmaniose visceral, regionalizando as estrat?gias, sensibilizando e divulgando um tema t?o importante em sa?de p?blica.
Leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem in Brazil, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sand flies, small insects of the order Diptera whose females are hematophagous. The main vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, in the Americas is Lutzomyia longipalpis while Leishmania infantum is the etiological agent. In Brazil, the Northeastern Region stands out with the highest incidence of VL cases, especially among the most disadvantaged groups of society. Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) has different vectors and etiological agents throughout the country, a wide distribution, and despite its lower severity, it causes serious disfiguring and disabling lesions all over the country, especially in the North Region. It is relevant to introduce prevention strategies, through information and consciousness of the problem, in order to modify deleterious anthropic actions. Cordel folk literature has proved to be an educational instrument with potential use to address this issue, since it attracts by its playful and informal connotations and awakens the attention of people of different age groups. This study aimed, therefore, to know the sand flies fauna at an Atlantic Forest Conservation Unit and its surroundings, as well as some factors related to their occurrence, in addition to testing the use of cordel literature as an informative tool on the subject. The study took place over three years in the internal and external area of the N?sia Floresta National Forest (Flona) located in the city of N?sia Floresta, metropolitan region of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, using Shannon and CDC traps. A cordel pamphlet in its classic format was produced, entitled "A blood drinker in the land of mandacaru - fight against kala-azar," for health educational activities among the population living in the vicinity of the Flona and students. The use of the cordel was validated through questionnaires applied to students of the Education of Young and Adults Program. The pamphlet approaches the transmission, symptoms, treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. There were collected and identified 82,638 sand flies of the species Evandromyia evandroi, Evandromyia lenti, Evandromyia walkeri, Evandromyia sallesi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Micropygomyia schreiberi, Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia whitmani, Psathyromyia abonnenci, Psathyromyia brasiliensis, Psathyromyia shannoni, Psychodopygus wellcomei and Sciopemyia sordellii. Phlebotomines were more abundant near the soil of the wild environment, although they were also abundant near the canopy and in the rural peridomicille. L. walkeri was the most abundant species, representing 76% of all sandflies collected, and other investigations about this species are important. L. longipalpis, E. evandroi and E. lenti showed preference for anthropized environments. This study confirms the high anthropophilic behavior of P. wellcomei, which is active throughout the day in the wild, as well as its relationship with the rainy months. Based on the knowledge of the bioecology of sand flies vectors of leishmaniasis in the study area, as well as the factors involved in its occurrence, it is expected that this work may contribute to strategies for the prevention and control of leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. The cordel literature was widely accepted by students and the experience has shown that this may be an important way for dissemination of information about visceral leishmaniasis. It is also desired that the regionalization of educational strategies through cordel literature can contribute to the dissemination of knowledge, sensitizing the community and disseminating such an important subject in public health.
2019-05-04