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1

Lesne, Pierre, Satyam P. Srivastav, Ahmed El-Hefnawy, Jonathan J. Parrott, Michelle R. Sanford, and Aaron M. Tarone. "Facultative Viviparity in a Flesh Fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): Forensic Implications of High Variability in Rates of Oviparity in Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (January 7, 2020): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz230.

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Abstract Flesh flies are major primary consumers of carrion and are commonly found on human remains. Due to this latter feeding habit, their development rates can be used to provide temporal information in forensic investigations. This is usually done by referencing published flesh fly development datasets. Flesh flies are typically assumed to be strictly viviparous and datasets reporting their development rates therefore start at the first larval instar. However, an increasing number of studies has identified oviposition by flesh flies, including the forensically relevant species Blaesoxipha plinthopyga Wiedemann. To assess the impact of egg-laying behavior on casework, oviparity rates and time before larval hatching were assessed under controlled laboratory conditions that reflect common casework conditions in Harris County, Texas. We demonstrated systematic deposition of viable eggs but at a very variable rate between samples. Similarly, the duration between oviposition and larval hatching was highly variable, with some eggs taking more than a day to hatch after deposition. These results highlight the need to account for embryonic development in forensic investigations including B. plinthopyga and advocates for the re-evaluation of the assumed strict viviparity of the Sarcophagidae.
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2

Samerjai, Chutharat, Kabkaew L. Sukontason, Narin Sontigun, Kom Sukontason, Tunwadee Klong-klaew, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Hiromu Kurahashi, et al. "Mitochondrial DNA-Based Identification of Forensically Important Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Thailand." Insects 11, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11010002.

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Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) are necrophagous insects initially colonizing on a corpse. The species-specific developmental data of the flies collected from a death scene can be used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). Thus, the first crucial step is to correctly identify the fly species. Because of the high similarity among species of flesh flies, DNA-based identification is considered more favorable than morphology-based identification. In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of combined sequences (2216 to 2218 bp) of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II genes (COI and COII) for identification of the following 14 forensically important flesh fly species in Thailand: Boettcherisca nathani Lopes, Fengia ostindicae (Senior-White), Harpagophalla kempi (Senior-White), Liopygia ruficornis (Fabricius), Lioproctia pattoni (Senior-White), Lioproctia saprianovae (Pape & Bänziger), Parasarcophaga albiceps (Meigen), Parasarcophaga brevicornis (Ho), Parasarcophaga dux (Thomson), Parasarcophaga misera (Walker), Sarcorohdendorfia antilope (Böttcher), Sarcorohdendorfia inextricata (Walker), Sarcorohdendorfia seniorwhitei (Ho) and Seniorwhitea princeps (Wiedemann). Nucleotide variations of Thai flesh flies were evenly distributed throughout the COI-COII genes. Mean intra- and interspecific variations ranged from 0.00 to 0.96% and 5.22% to 12.31%, respectively. Using Best Match (BM) and Best Close Match (BCM) criteria, identification success for the combined genes was 100%, while the All Species Barcodes (ASB) criterion showed 76.74% success. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenetic analyses yielded similar tree topologies of monophyletic clades between species with very strong support values. The achieved sequences covering 14 forensically important flesh fly species including newly submitted sequences for B. nathani, F. ostindicae and S. seniorwhitei, can serve as a reliable reference database for further forensic entomological research in Thailand and in other areas where those species occur.
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3

BERRY, ELAINE D., JAMES E. WELLS, LISA M. DURSO, KRISTINA M. FRIESEN, JAMES L. BONO, and TREVOR V. SUSLOW. "Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Pest Flies Captured in Leafy Greens Plots Grown Near a Beef Cattle Feedlot." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 8 (July 16, 2019): 1300–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-601.

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ABSTRACT Leafy greens are leading vehicles for Escherichia coli O157:H7 foodborne illness. Pest flies can harbor this pathogen and may disseminate it to produce. We determined the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7–positive flies in leafy greens planted up to 180 m from a cattle feedlot and assessed their relative risk to transmit this pathogen to leafy greens. The primary fly groups captured on sticky traps at the feedlot and leafy greens plots included house flies (Musca domestica L.), face flies (Musca autumnalis L.), stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.), flesh flies (family Sarcophagidae), and blow flies (family Calliphoridae). E. coli O157:H7 carriage rates of house, face, flesh, and blow flies were similar (P > 0.05), ranging from 22.3 to 29.0 flies per 1,000 flies. In contrast, the carriage rate of stable flies was lower at 1.1 flies per 1,000 flies (P < 0.05). Differences in carriage rates are likely due to the uses of fresh bovine feces and manure by these different pest fly groups. E. coli O157:H7 carriage rates of total flies did not differ (P > 0.05) by distance (ranging from 0 to 180 m) from the feedlot. Most fly isolates were the same predominant pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types found in feedlot surface manure and leafy greens, suggesting a possible role for flies in transmitting E. coli O157:H7 to the leafy greens. However, further research is needed to clarify this role and to determine set-back distances between cattle production facilities and produce crops that will reduce the risk for pathogen contamination by challenging mechanisms like flies.
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4

Verves, Yury, Miroslav Barták, and Štěpán Kubík. "Checklist of flesh flies of Turkey (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)." ZooKeys 743 (February 28, 2018): 95–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.743.22022.

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A checklist of 153 flesh fly species (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) recorded to date from Turkey is presented. Updating the list was necessary due to the numerous recent records. Records are listed according to provinces.
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5

Povolný, Dalibor, and Vladimír Hula. "On an invasion of the flesh-fly Liosarcophaga aegyptica (Salem, 1935) into Central Europe with the discovery of Helicophagella verstraeteni (Lehrer, 1975) in East Slovakia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 4 (2004): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452040091.

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The invasion of the subtropical flesh-fly Liosarcophaga aegyptica (Salem, 1935) into South Moravia was observed during late summer 2003. This African insect was known to occur in the maritime habitats of the Black Sea and after World War II sporadically also in eastern Hungary, southern Slovakia and Lower Austria. Its population density increased in the Danube Basin and the first flies were also captured in South Moravia during late summer 2003. Elementary analyses revealed that this flesh-fly prefers habitats with high species diversity and important species similarity and that it might become sedentary in this territory. The flesh-fly Helicophagella verstraeteni (Lehrer, 1975) accompanying very dry and warm habitats of Romania, Hungary and France was discovered in a similar habitat of eastern Slovakia and is new to the fauna of Central Europe. Results of single linkage analyses in communities with Liosarcophaga aegyptica are presented together with the figures of the male genitalia of the two species of flesh-flies treated.
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6

Deguenon, Jean M., Jiwei Zhu, Steven Denning, Michael H. Reiskind, David W. Watson, and R. Michael Roe. "Control of Filth Flies, Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), and Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Using Novel Plant-Derived Methyl Ketones." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (June 26, 2019): 1704–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz107.

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AbstractFilth flies live in close proximity to humans and livestock and transmit pathogens. Current control relies on chemical insecticides, and flies can develop resistance to these insecticides. The public is also interested in natural and safer insecticides. Therefore, alternative pesticides compatible with the synanthropic nature of flies are needed. Four plant aliphatic methyl ketones were evaluated for control of adult house flies, Musca domestica L., blow flies, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), and gray flesh flies, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker). In sealed petri dish assays, 2-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, and 2-undecanone exhibited fumigant activity against house flies with 24-h LC50s of 6.9, 7.5, 8.0, and 9.2 µg/cm3, respectively. Further research focused on undecanone (a U.S. EPA-registered biopesticide). When tested in larger enclosures at 1.7, 2.3, and 2.8 µg/cm3, undecanone provided 60.4, 82.2, and 94.4% house fly mortality; 56.9, 75.6, and 92.5% flesh fly mortality; and 62.1, 84.5, and 97.9% blow fly mortality, respectively, after a 2-h exposure. In a two-choice behavioral assay with 194.6 µg/cm2 of the test compound on the treatment versus an untreated surface of the same area, the overall mean repellencies for blow flies were 84.7% for undecanone versus 87.6% for N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). For house flies, mean repellencies were 80.7% for undecanone and 84.9% for DEET. The house fly topical LD50 for undecanone was 58.1 µg per fly. Undecanone was far less expensive for filth fly control than the gold standard for insect fumigation, methyl bromide.
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7

Kaczorowska, Elżbieta. "Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of sandy and marshy habitats of the Polish Baltic coast." Entomologica Fennica 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84461.

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The results ofa seven-year study on flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in sandy and marshy habitats ofthe Polish Baltic coast are presented. During this research, carried out in 20 localities, 25 species of Sarcophagidae were collected, of which 24 were new for the study areas. Based on these results, flesh fly abundance and trophic groups are described.
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8

Zlotkin, Eliahu, Lena Fishman, and Jeffrey P. Shapiro. "Oral toxicity to flesh flies of a neurotoxic polypeptide." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 21, no. 1 (1992): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940210105.

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9

Povolný, Dalibor. "Salemea sororia sp. n. and Heteronychia obvia sp. n., two new species of flesh-flies from Sicily (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 1 (2004): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452010007.

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Salemea sororia sp. n. and Heteronychia obvia sp. n. are next two new discoveries of flesh-flies from Erico arboreae-Quercetum Ilicis formation above Trabia (Palermo). These two obviously very rare taxa were collected near the hilltop of Pizzo Onofrio-Casina (Trabia) near Palermo at 773 m a.s.l., where the flesh-flies were systematically captured in a hilltopping situation at the turn of May/June of the years 1997 –2003. In connection with the description of Salemea sororia sp. n. the complicated taxonomy, synonymy and distribution of Salemea ferox (Villeneuve, 1908) are discussed. As for Heteronychia obvia sp. n., its description is completed by the comparison with three related species of the genus Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889. Male genitalia and last abdominal segments are figured (partly in colour).
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10

Bharadwaj, P. K., and J. Lata. "“Flies in the flesh”: case reports and review of myiasis." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 36, no. 11 (November 2007): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2007.08.239.

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11

Ren, Lipin, Yanjie Shang, Wei Chen, Fanming Meng, Jifeng Cai, Guanghui Zhu, Lushi Chen, Yong Wang, Jianqiang Deng, and Yadong Guo. "A brief review of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Forensic Sciences Research 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1432099.

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12

Agrawal, Uma Rani, Neelam Bajpai, Raghav Ram Tewari, and Hiromu Kurahashi. "Cytogenetics of Flesh Flies of the Genus Boettcherisca (Sarcophagidae: Diptera)." CYTOLOGIA 75, no. 2 (2010): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.75.149.

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13

PIWCZYŃSKI, MARCIN, KRZYSZTOF SZPILA, ANDRZEJ GRZYWACZ, and THOMAS PAPE. "A large-scale molecular phylogeny of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Systematic Entomology 39, no. 4 (June 17, 2014): 783–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12086.

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14

TACHIBANA, Shin-Ichiro, and Hideharu NUMATA. "Seasonal prevalence of blowflies and flesh flies in Osaka City." Entomological Science 9, no. 4 (December 2006): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00179.x.

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15

Szpila, Krzysztof, Anna Mądra, Mateusz Jarmusz, and Szymon Matuszewski. "Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) colonising large carcasses in Central Europe." Parasitology Research 114, no. 6 (April 1, 2015): 2341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4431-1.

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16

Gilbert, C., and E. Bauer. "Resistance reflex that maintains upright head posture in the flesh fly neobellieria bullata (Sarcophagidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 19 (October 1, 1998): 2735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.19.2735.

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In flesh flies Neobellieria bullata, we investigated a resistance reflex that maintains upright head posture around the roll axis relative to the thorax. The gain of the reflex depends upon the fly's behavioral state: moving flies immediately correct 90 % of the amplitude of experimentally imposed roll perturbations, returning the head almost to the fully upright position; motionless flies allow perturbations to persist for minutes before correcting only 70 % of perturbation amplitude. To investigate the role of various neural pathways, we examined the control of head posture after sectioning relevant propriosensory or motor nerves. Excision of the prosternal chordotonal organ causes no decrements in the control of head posture. Unilateral deafferentation of a cervical propriosensory organ, the prosternal organ, induces roll towards the cut side. Unilateral section of the frontal nerve, a mixed motor nerve that supplies the neck depressors and levators, leads to unilateral deficits in correcting perturbations towards the contralateral side. After bilateral propriosensory or frontal motor nerve section, approximately 40 % of perturbation amplitude is still corrected. To determine the contributions of the passive elastic properties of the neck skeleto-muscular system, flies were tested under reversible nitrogen anesthesia. They immediately corrected 40 % of perturbation amplitude. Taken together, the results demonstrate that passive elasticity plus active prosternal nerve afference to contralateral depressors innervated by the frontal nerve in combination constitute a sufficient and necessary reflex loop to control head roll posture.
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17

Kano, R., Ta Huy Thinh, and H. Kurahashi. "The flesh flies from the northern part of Vietnam (Diptera : Sarcophagidae)." Medical Entomology and Zoology 51, no. 2 (2000): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.51.121_3.

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18

Buenaventura, Eliana, César Valverde-Castro, Marta Wolff, Omar Triana-Chavez, and Andrés Gómez-Palacio. "DNA barcoding for identifying synanthropic flesh flies (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) of Colombia." Acta Tropica 182 (June 2018): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.020.

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19

Fremdt, Heike, and Jens Amendt. "Species composition of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) through space and time." Forensic Science International 236 (March 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.010.

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20

Iqbal, J., P. R. Hira, M. M. Marzouk, F. Al‐Ali, F. Shelahi, N. Khalid, and N. M. J. R. WyattHall. "Pressure sores and myiasis: flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) complicating a decubitus ulcer." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 105, no. 1 (January 2011): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136485910x12851868780469.

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21

ZHU, G. H., G. Y. YE, K. LI, C. HU, and X. H. XU. "Determining the age of adult flesh flies,Boettcherisca peregrina, using pteridine fluorescence." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 27, no. 1 (July 30, 2012): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01021.x.

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22

Buenaventura, Eliana, Krzysztof Szpila, Brian K. Cassel, Brian M. Wiegmann, and Thomas Pape. "Anchored hybrid enrichment challenges the traditional classification of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Systematic Entomology 45, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/syen.12395.

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23

Moore, Darrell, Caleb Paquette, J. Dylan Shropshire, Edith Seier, and Karl H. Joplin. "Extensive Reorganization of Behavior Accompanies Ontogeny of Aggression in Male Flesh Flies." PLoS ONE 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2014): e93196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093196.

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24

Sontigun, Narin, Chutharat Samerjai, Kom Sukontason, Anchalee Wannasan, Jens Amendt, Jeffery K. Tomberlin, and Kabkaew L. Sukontason. "Wing morphometric analysis of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Thailand." Acta Tropica 190 (February 2019): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.011.

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25

Sharma, Manish, Devinder Singh, and Ajay Kumar Sharma. "Mitochondrial DNA based identification of forensically important Indian flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Forensic Science International 247 (February 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.017.

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26

Definis-Gojanović, Marija, Davorka Sutlović, Dolores Britvić, and Bože Kokan. "Drug Analysis in Necrophagous Flies and Human Tissues." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10004-007-0022-6.

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Drug Analysis in Necrophagous Flies and Human TissuesNecrophagous insects may provide useful information about the time, place and cause of death. In addition, they can serve as reliable alternative specimens for toxicological analysis in cases where human tissue and fluids, normally taken during autopsies, are not available, due to decomposition of the corpse. This paper reports the results of drug analysis of the larvae of two fly families, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae, collected from the body of a middle-aged man who had committed suicide approximately three weeks before his corpse was found. Multiple samples of decomposed human tissue, of the blowfly, and of the larval flesh were analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and amphetamine was detected in all samples. While the screening results were beyond doubt, the quantitative analysis was less clear, and further research is needed in this area.
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27

Rivers, David B., Timothy Ciarlo, Michael Spelman, and Rebecca Brogan. "Changes in Development and Heat Shock Protein Expression in Two Species of Flies (Sarcophaga bullata [Diptera: Sarcophagidae] and Protophormia terraenovae [Diptera: Calliphoridae]) Reared in Different Sized Maggot Masses." Journal of Medical Entomology 47, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/47.4.677.

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Abstract Development of two species of necrophagous flies, Sarcophaga bullata Parker (Sarcophagidae) and Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Calliphoridae), was examined in different size maggot masses generated under laboratory conditions. Larvae from both species induced elevated mass temperatures dependent on the number of individuals per mass. The relationship was more evident for S. bullata, as larvae generated higher temperatures in every size maggot mass than P. terraenovae. Several development events were altered with increasing maggot mass size of flesh flies, and to a lesser extent blow flies, which corresponded with elevated temperatures. Duration of development of all feeding larval stages decreased with increased size of maggot mass. However, the length of development during puparial stages actually increased for these same flies. Puparial weights also declined with maggot mass size, as did the ability to eclose. The altered fly development was attributed to the induction of heat stress conditions, which was evident by the expression of heat shock proteins (23, 60, 70, and 90) in larval brains of both fly types.
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28

Krans, Jacob, Cole Gilbert, and Ron Hoy. "Teaching insect retinal physiology with newly designed, inexpensive micromanipulators." Advances in Physiology Education 30, no. 4 (December 2006): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00029.2006.

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In this article, we detail how to produce two inexpensive micromanipulators that offer high precision (∼25 μm) along a single axis of movement. The more expensive of the designs provides improved versatility along multiple axes. Both manipulators offer substantial savings over commercially available micromanipulators with comparable capabilities. Plans and instructions are given such that a novice can produce the manipulators with simple tools. The manipulators are designed to serve undergraduate teaching exercises in physiology. An electroretinogram exercise is suggested in adult house flies ( Musca) or flesh flies ( Neobellieria). Measuring the intensity-response function and temporal characteristics of visual transduction are discussed. A brief introduction to the field of visual transduction and the physiology of the laboratory exercises is provided as well.
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29

Graffi, Shmuel, Avi Peretz, Amos Wilamowski, Heather Schnur, Fouad Akad, and Modi Naftali. "External Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by a Rare Infesting Larva,Sarcophaga argyrostoma." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/850865.

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Purpose. External ophthalmomyiasis (EO) is caused by infesting larvae belonging to various species of flies. Most documented cases result from sheep (Oestrus ovis) and Russian (Rhinoestrus purpureus) botfly larvae, but we recently discovered a rare case of EO caused by flesh fly (Sarcophaga argyrostoma) larvae. Here, we report the case of a patient with EO who had been hospitalized and sedated for 1 week because of unrelated pneumonia.Methods. Case report.Results. A total of 32 larvae were removed from the adnexae of both eyes. Larvae identification was confirmed through DNA analysis. Treatment with topical tobramycin resulted in complete resolution of EO.Conclusion. EO can be caused byS. argyrostoma, and the elderly and debilitated may require extra ocular protection against flies during sedation.
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KURAHASHI, Hiromu, and Siew Hwa TAN. "A new genus and species of the flesh flies from Malaysia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Medical Entomology and Zoology 63, no. 4 (2012): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.63.307.

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31

Fendane, Y., R. Richet, T. Thomann, M. Jourdan, G. Baker, M. Ghamizi, and A. Sheppard. "First Records of Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Emerging from Terrestrial Snails in Morocco." African Entomology 26, no. 1 (March 2018): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.026.0124.

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32

Wessels, Frank J., Ross Kristal, Fleta Netter, John D. Hatle, and Daniel A. Hahn. "Does it pay to delay? Flesh flies show adaptive plasticity in reproductive timing." Oecologia 165, no. 2 (October 17, 2010): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1805-z.

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33

Yan, Liping, Wentian Xu, Dong Zhang, and Junqing Li. "Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of flesh flies and their evolutionary implication." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 174 (March 2021): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.188.

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34

Jafari, Samin, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, Kamran Akbarzadeh, Mohammad Reza Abai, Mona Koosha, and Fatemeh Mohtarami. "Identification of Forensically Important Flesh Flies Using the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunits I and II Genes." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 1253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz063.

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AbstractForensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) often are not morphologically distinguishable, especially at the immature stage. In addition, female flies are quite similar in general morphology, making accurate identifications difficult. DNA-based technologies, particularly mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), have been used for species-level identification. The cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II (COI-COII) sequences of Iranian Sarcophagidae are still unavailable in GenBank. In this study as many as 648 (540 males and 106 females) fly specimens from family Sarcophagidae, representing 10 sarcophagid species, including eight forensically important species were collected from seven locations in five Iranian provinces. Of these, 150 male specimens were identified based on both morphology of male genitalia and DNA sequencing analysis. Sequence data from the COI-COII regions for 10 flesh fly species collected in Iran were generated for the first time. Digestion of COI-COII region by restriction enzymes RsaI, EcoRV, and HinfI provided distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles among the species and can serve as molecular markers for species determination. Phylogenetic analysis represented that the COI-COII sequences are helpful for delimitation of sarcophagid species and implementation in forensic entomology. However, the application of the COI-COII fragment as a species identifier requires great caution and additional species and markers should be studied to ensure accurate species identification in the future.
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35

Arpaia, M. L., L. G. Houck, P. Hartsell, S. L. Ontai, and J. S. Reints. "RESPONSE OF `HASS' AVOCADO TO METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 678f—678. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.678f.

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Postharvest quarantine treatments of methyl bromide fumigation (MB) or a combination of MB and cold storage are allowed for the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) and other fruit flies. A study was undertaken to address the effect of MB on the fruit quality of `Hass' avocados. Fruit were obtained from two growers at a commercial packinghouse three times during the 1991 season. Fruit were fumigated at 21C or 30 C within 24 hours after harvest or after 1 week of storage. Fruit were evaluated after 0, 1, 2 or 4 weeks of storage at 5 C. Fruit quality was determined by flesh firmness, days to ripe, ease of peeling, weight loss, external discoloration, flesh or vascular discoloration and the presence/absence of decay. There was considerable variability between grower lots, however fruit that were fumigated had higher levels of weight loss, vascular or flesh discoloration and decay after 4 weeks of storage. The timing of fumigation had little effect on fruit quality. Generally, fruit which were fumigated at 30 C had less damage. These results suggest that `Hass' avocado could withstand MB as long as the fruit is marketed within 2 weeks of harvest.
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36

MITSUI, Hideyuki, and Hiroto NAKAYAMA. "Seasonal occurrence of phorid flies (Diptera) attracted to rotten flesh in and near Tokyo." Medical Entomology and Zoology 63, no. 3 (2012): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.63.205.

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37

Hawley, Jesse, Stephen J. Simpson, and Shawn M. Wilder. "Flesh flies regulate the consumption of 3 macronutrients to maximize lifespan and egg production." Behavioral Ecology 27, no. 1 (September 22, 2015): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv151.

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38

Feeney, C. J., S. Karunanithi, J. Pearce, C. K. Govind, and H. L. Atwood. "Motor nerve terminals on abdominal muscles in larval flesh flies,Sarcophaga bullata: Comparisons withDrosophila." Journal of Comparative Neurology 402, no. 2 (December 14, 1998): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19981214)402:2<197::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-q.

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39

GUPTA, A. K., G. RASTOGI, D. NAYDUCH, S. S. SAWANT, R. R. BHONDE, and Y. S. SHOUCHE. "Molecular phylogenetic profiling of gut-associated bacteria in larvae and adults of flesh flies." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 28, no. 4 (May 7, 2014): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12054.

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40

Darvas, Béla, Huw H. Rees, and Nigel Hoggard. "Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase systems in flesh-flies (diptera: sarcophagidae), Neobellieria bullata and Parasarcophaga argyrostoma." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 105, no. 3-4 (July 1993): 765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(93)90118-o.

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41

Samerjai, Chutharat, Sangob Sanit, Kom Sukontason, Nimit Morakote, Anchalee Wannasan, Roberto M. Pereira, and Kabkaew L. Sukontason. "Morphology of immature stages of flesh flies, Boettcherisca nathani and Lioproctia pattoni (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Acta Tropica 163 (November 2016): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.008.

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42

Tan, Siew Hwa, Mohammed Rizman-Idid, Edah Mohd-Aris, Hiromu Kurahashi, and Zulqarnain Mohamed. "DNA-based characterisation and classification of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Malaysia." Forensic Science International 199, no. 1-3 (June 2010): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.034.

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43

Muse, Hugh, Rachel L. Jenkins, Meredith B. Oliver, Soomin Kim, Richard L. Grantier, Bharat K. Malhotra, Jason J. Parham, and Kayla R. Stover. "A Case of Ignatzschineria indica Bacteremia following Maggot Colonization." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3698124.

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Ignatzschineria indica is a Gram-negative bacterium that is commonly associated with the larvae of flesh flies. I. indica is difficult to isolate in routine laboratory procedures but has been associated with neglected wounds infested with maggots, fever, elevated white blood count and C-reactive protein, and polymicrobial culture results. Other specific hematological/immunological changes are not known. We present a case of I. indica bacteremia and polymicrobial osteomyelitis resulting from infected decubitus ulcers. The patient improved after treatment with cefepime followed by levofloxacin.
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44

Blackburn, Jason K., Andrew Curtis, Ted L. Hadfield, Bob O'Shea, Mark A. Mitchell, and Martin E. Hugh-Jones. "Confirmation of Bacillus anthracis from Flesh-eating Flies Collected during a West Texas Anthrax Season." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46, no. 3 (July 2010): 918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.918.

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45

Rathman, Eric S., Janet Lanza, and Jeffrey Wilson. "Feeding Preferences of Flesh Flies (Sarcophaga bullata) for Sugar-only vs. Sugar-amino Acid Nectars." American Midland Naturalist 124, no. 2 (October 1990): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426188.

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46

Dorrah, Moataza A., Amr A. Mohamed, and El-Sayed H. Shaurub. "Immunosuppressive effects of the limonoid azadirachtin, insights on a nongenotoxic stress botanical, in flesh flies." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 153 (January 2019): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.004.

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47

Povolný, D. "Heteronychia cullottorum sp. n. – a next undescribed species of flesh-flies from Sicily (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 4 (2005): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553040103.

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Heteronychia cullottorum sp. n. is described from Sicily (Pizzo San Angelo, Gibilmana, Madonie, 1081 m a.s.l.). The new species is related to Heteronychia obvia Povolný, 2004. The most important habitual and especially male genitalia differences are discussed and the species-specific characters are figured.
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48

Andrade-Herrera, Kepler N., Cátia A. Mello-Patiu, Carolina Núñez-Vázquez, and Erendira Estrella. "Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Attracted to a Snake Carcass (Boa constrictor) in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 2011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa115.

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Abstract A study was carried out to determine Sarcophagidae diversity attracted to the different stages of decomposition of a Boa constrictor cadaver during late winter in the Yucatan Peninsula. As a result of this study, seven species of Sarcophagidae were documented, Oxysarcodexia conclausa (Walker, 1861) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Peckia (Euboettcheria) volucris (Wulp, 1895) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner, 1868) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Ravinia derelicta (Walker, 1853) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Ravinia effrenata (Walker, 1861) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida (Aldrich, 1925) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), The last five species listed are the first documentation of their presence in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Sarcophagids were present throughout the decomposition process; however, the greatest abundance and diversity of this family were present during the advanced decay stage. This is the first work on flesh flies in the region and the first in the country that has focused on wildlife.
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Hadi, Afkar M. "Isolation and Identification of Intestinal parasites and protozoa from Flesh flies Sarcophaga africa in Baghdad." Journal of Al-Nahrain University Science 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/jnus.16.3.30.

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50

Méndez, J., C. A. Mello‐Patiu, and T. Pape. "New flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from coastal mangroves of Panama with taxonomic notes and keys." Journal of Natural History 42, no. 3-4 (January 2008): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701850216.

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