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Al-Nijaidi, H. R. "Flexibility in the design of buildings." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1985. http://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/195d4e72-b637-0ed3-3a5b-7d978f9a39c1/1.
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The study investigated the relationship between design and flexibility. Proposals by designers on how to incorporate the ability of buildings to accommodate changes in the requirements of the activities to be housed in buildings over time has led to a diversity of ideas regarding the relationship between suggested design variables and the achieved flexibility. Though a number of studies have been made on specific organisations and buildings, there has been no overall investigation of the general relationship between design and flexibility. To investigate this relationship it was necessary to: 1. Propose a system of measurement by which the extent of incorporation of the design variables in design proposals could be assessed (Chapters II and III). 2. Propose a system of measurement by which the extent of flexibility of buildings in use could be assessed (Chapter IV). 3. Assess the extent of flexibility achieved by the incorporation of design variables in design proposals by a study of actual buildings in use (Chapters V, VI, VII, and VIII). The study has largely achieved these objectives. It provided methods to enable objective comparison to be made between alternative design proposals in terms of the incorporation of design variables. It provided methods to enable objective comparison to be made between buildings in terms of their flexibility in use. It became apparent that the flexibility of buildings in use was related to only certain aspects of design variables or even to only certain parts of buildings. The study demonstrated that the flexibility of buildings in use is largely predictable from knowledge about their design. It showed that current ideas on flexible designs contain many factors that are redundant to flexibility. It recommends that future proposals of designing for flexibility need to be more refined than those at the present and that will enhance the effectiveness of manipulating the potential flexibility of buildings at the design stage. The main area of further research to emerge was concerned with the operationalisation of other design variables and their testing in various building types utilising the methods defined in this study.
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Dhotel, Alexandre. "Molecular Flexibility of Self-Assembled Systems: Effects of Building Block Polarity." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958354.
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L'auto-assemblage moléculaire est désormais considéré comme l'une des approches les plus prometteuses pour la conception de matériaux à nanostructures complexes. Cependant, les récents progrès effectués ont aussi amené la nécessité d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes régissant la flexibilité des molécules. Il a ainsi été décidé d'étudier l'effet de la composition des briques moléculaires sur leur processus d'assemblage, et la labilité structurale des systèmes assemblés. De manière à pouvoir comparer rigoureusement les résultats expérimentaux, un seule morphologie de briques moléculaires, en forme de "bâtonnet", a été choisie et trois groupes distincts de molécules ont été sélectionnés : non-polaires, qui ne possèdent pas de dipôle important, monofonctionelles, lesquelles possèdent une terminaison polaire et une seconde non-polaire, et bifonctionelles, constituées d'un groupe polaire à chaque extrémité séparés par une chaine non-polaire Ainsi, l'influence des groupements dipolaires sur la labilité de la nanostructure finale du matériau a pu être explorée. Cette étude permet ainsi de mettre en exergue la remarquable diversité des flexibilités structurales qui peuvent être rencontrées dans les systèmes auto-assemblés. De plus, elle dévoile le potentiel des mouvements moléculaires locaux en tant qu'approche encourageante pour fonctionnaliser des structures auto-assemblées supposées inertes ou contraintes.
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Wolf, Tobias. "Model-based Assessment of Heat Pump Flexibility." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-284083.
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Today's energy production is changing from scheduled to intermittent generation due to the increasing energy injection from renewable sources. This alteration requires flexibility in energy generation and demand. Electric heat pumps and thermal storages were found to have a large potential to provide demand flexibility which is analysed in this work. A three-fold method is set up to generate thermal load profiles, to simulate heat pump pools and to assess heat pump flexibility. The thermal profile generation based on a combination of physical and behavioural models is successfully validated against measurement data. A randomised system sizing procedure was implemented for the simulation of heat pump pools. The parameter randomisation yields correct seasonal performance factors, full load hours and average operation cycles per day compared to 87 monitored systems. The flexibility assessment analysis the electric load deviation of representative heat pump pool in response to 5 different on / off signals. The flexibility is induced by the capacity of thermal storages and analysed by four parameters. Generally, on signals are more powerful than off signals. A generic assessment by the ambient temperature yield that the flexibility is highest for heating days and the activated additional space heating storage: Superheating of the storage to the maximal temperature provides a flexible energy of more than 400 kWh per 100 heat pumps in a temperature range between -10 and +13 °C.
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Li, Yu-wai Vic. "Explaining the institutional flexibility of the ASEAN Regional Forum : a rationalist first-cut /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37121236.
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Péan, Thibault Q. "Heat pump controls to exploit the energy flexibility of building thermal loads." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669805.
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Smart controls for heat pumps are required to harness the full energy flexibility potential of building thermal loads. A literature review revealed that most strategies used for this purpose can be classified in two categories: simpler rule-based control (RBC), and model predictive control (MPC), a more complex strategy based on optimization and requiring a prior model of the systems. Both RBC and MPC can use external penalty signals to prompt their actions. The price of electricity is most often used for this purpose, leading to strategies of cost reduction. As an alternative penalty signal, a novel marginal CO2 emissions signals was also conceived.
In this thesis, both an RBC and an MPC controllers were developed as supervisory controls for an air-to-water heat pump supplying the heating and cooling needs of a residential building type from the Mediterranean area of Spain. The RBC strategy modulates the temperature set-points, while the MPC strategy minimizes the overall summed penalties (costs or emissions) due to the heat pump use, while balancing with comfort constraints and a proper operation of the systems. The MPC controller in particular required the development of a simplified model of the building envelope and of the heat pump performance, both adjusted differently for heating or cooling. The MPC included several novelties, such as the mixed-integer formulation, the heat pump simplified model based on experimental data and the consideration of its computational delay.
The developed controllers were then tested, firstly in an experimental “hardware-in-the-loop” setup, with a real heat pump installed in the laboratory facilities, and connected to thermal benches that emulated the loads from a building model. Implementing the control strategies on a real heat pump enabled to highlight some practical challenges such as model mismatch in the MPC, communication issues, interfacing and control conflicts with the heat pump local controller. Secondly, a simulation-only framework was developed to test other configurations of the controllers, with TRNSYS as the main dynamic building simulation tool, coupled with MATLAB for the MPC controller. In that case, the real heat pump was replaced by a detailed model which was specially developed for this purpose. It is based on static tests performed in the laboratory, and therefore reproduces the dynamic behavior of the heat pump with high fidelity.
The results from experimental and simulation studies revealed the ability of both types of controllers to shift the building loads towards periods of cheaper or less CO2-emitting electricity, these two objectives being in fact contradictory. In the cases where the reference control presented a large margin for improvements, the RBC and MPC controllers performed equally and provided important savings: around 15% emissions savings in heating mode, and 30% cost savings in cooling mode. In the cases where the reference control already performed close to optimally, the RBC controller failed to provide improvements, while the MPC benefitted from its stronger optimization and prediction features, reaching 5% cost savings in heating mode and 10% emissions savings in cooling mode.
The research carried out in this thesis covered many aspects of energy flexibility in buildings: creation of input penalty signals, graphical representation of flexibility, development of controllers, performance in realistic experimental setup, fitting of appropriate models and compared performance in heating and cooling. The development efforts and barriers hindering the deployment of MPC controllers at large scale for building climate control have additionally been discussed. The performance of the developed controllers was evidenced in the thesis, proving their potential for load-shifting incentivized by different penalty signals: they could become a strong asset to unlock demand-side flexibility and in fine, help integrating a larger share of RES in the grid.Para aprovechar todo el potencial de flexibilidad energética de las cargas térmicas en los edificios equipados con bombas de calor se requiere de sistemas de control inteligente. Una revisión bibliográfica ha revelado que la mayoría de las estrategias de gestión utilizadas para esta finalidad pueden ser clasificadas en dos categorías: control en base a reglas (RBC en inglés) o predictivo (MPC en inglés), basado en optimización y en el uso de modelos. Tanto RBC como MPC pueden utilizar señales externas de penalización para fundamentar sus decisiones. El precio de la electricidad es utilizado a este fin de forma habitual en estrategias de reducción de coste. Una nueva señal de emisiones marginales de CO2 fue también creada como alternativa. Se han desarrollado un controlador RBC y un MPC para sistemas de bombas de calor aire-agua que cubren las demandas de climatización y agua caliente en el ámbito residencial. El RBC modula las consignas de temperatura, y el MPC minimiza las penalizaciones totales del sistema, al mismo tiempo que se consideran restricciones operativas y de confort. En particular, el MPC ha requerido el desarrollo de nuevos modelos simplificados, para predecir la demanda del edificio y el rendimiento de la bomba de calor, tanto en modo calefacción como en modo refrigeración. Otras novedades añadidas en la configuración del MPC son la formulación entera mixta, y la consideración del retraso debido al tiempo de cómputo. Los controladores fueron testeados, primeramente, en un entorno experimental -hardware-in-the-loop-, con una bomba de calor real instalada en el laboratorio y conectada a unos bancos térmicos que emulan las cargas térmicas del edificio. El entorno experimental ha permitido poner de manifiesto algunos retos prácticos tales como la discrepancia en el modelo del MPC y conflictos de conexión con el controlador local de la bomba de calor. En segundo lugar, un entorno de simulación ha sido creado para testear diversas configuraciones, usando TRNSYS acoplado con MATLAB. Para ello, se ha desarrollado un modelo detallado de la bomba de calor, basado en ensayos realizados en laboratorio, que reproduce el comportamiento dinámico de la bomba de calor con alta fidelidad. Tanto los resultados experimentales como los simulados han revelado la capacidad de los dos tipos de control de desplazar las cargas del edificio hacia periodos donde la electricidad era más barata o había menos emisiones de CO2, estos dos objetivos presentando de hecho impactos contradictorios. En los casos donde el control de referencia presentaba un amplio margen de mejora, los controladores RBC y MPC han demostrado la capacidad de actuar eficientemente y proveer ahorros importantes: alrededor de un 15% de emisiones en modo calefacción, y de un 30% de coste en modo frío. En aquellos casos en el que el control de referencia actuaba de forma cercana a la óptima, los controladores RBC no han sido capaces de aportar mejoras significativas, mientras que el MPC ha demostrado la capacidad de conseguir ahorros de un 5% de coste en modo calefacción y de un 10% de emisiones en modo frío. La investigación realizada en esta tesis ha abarcado amplios aspectos de la flexibilidad energética en los edificios: la generación de señales de penalización, la representación gráfica del potencial de flexibilidad, el ajuste de modelos simplificados, el desarrollo de controladores, el ensayo en entorno experimental y de simulación, con la consecuente evaluación de su rendimiento comparado en periodos de invierno y de verano, así como una discusión de las barreras que dificultan la implementación de controladores MPC y RBC a gran escala. Finalmente, la tesis ha evidenciado el rendimiento de los controladores desarrollados si se formulan de forma adecuada, demostrando su potencial para el desplazamiento del consumo eléctrico en la edificación residencial con sistemas de bomba de calor respondiendo a diferentes señales de penalización. En conclusión, los sistemas propuestos pueden ser elementos muy valiosos para favorecer la necesaria flexibilidad de la demanda térmica en la edificación y posibilitar la integración de sistemas de generación renovables en la red
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Kintingu, Simion Hosea. "Design of interlocking bricks for enhanced wall construction, flexibility, alignment accuracy and load bearing." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2768/.
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The worldwide housing shortage has stimulated a search for appropriate, easy, fast and cost-effective new ways of wall construction. Among many technologies found to have promise is mortarless technology using dry-stack interlocking bricks/blocks. This thesis is about such mortarless walling technology and in particular: how to improve wall-construction flexibility, the effects of brick irregularities on wall alignment accuracy and wall behaviour (stiffness, strength) when subject to lateral forces. The flexibility of mortarless technology (MT) has been enhanced by the development of new bricks (centre-half bat and tee brick): the introduction of closer bricks led to the formation of two new bonds (patterns) namely Shokse and Lijuja bonds. It is now possible to construct more than half-brick-thick walls, to attach more than half-brickwide piers (buttresses) onto walls, and, using special bricks, to construct polygonal and curved walls using interlocking bricks. Three methods (theoretical modeling, physical experiments and computer simulation) were used to analyze the effects of brick imperfections on wall alignment accuracy. Theoretical analysis confirmed that brick moulders should concentrate on achieving parallel top and bottom faces rather than achieving true square-ness. Physical column assembly compared three brick-laying strategies namely: “random”, “reversing” and “replace”. The columns assembled using the “reversing” and “replace” strategies realized alignment improvement factors of 1.6 and 2.9 respectively over “random” strategy. The research also revealed that grooving, to prevent bricks making contact near their centre lines, improved column alignment by factor 2.13 and stiffness by factor 2.0, thus allowing construction of longer and higher walls without strengthening measures. In order to attain alignment accuracy in accordance with BS 5628-3:2005 in a dry-stack mortarless wall, this research recommends using full bricks with top and bottom surface irregularities not exceeding ±0.5mm for un-grooved bricks, and up-to ±0.9mm for grooved bricks. Further analysis was undertaken with respect to resource-use implications (cement, water, soil) of employing MT. Using MT will save 50% of wall construction cost and 50% cement consumption, which ultimately will reduce 40% of carbon emissions.
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Li, Yu-wai Vic, and 李裕維. "Explaining the institutional flexibility of the ASEAN Regional Forum: a rationalist first-cut." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38319299.
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Galko, Amber Elizabeth. "Integrating Flexibility and Sustainability to Define a New Net-Zero Apartment Building Prototype." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347179.
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Two key architectural concepts that must be taken into account in every design are sustainability and flexibility. These two ideas are inherently tied to one another. Sustainability refers to ideas and processes that provide solutions meant to better our built environment by using renewable resources, and reducing the amount of energy used in order to ensure our planets well-being for future generations. Flexibility refers to the capability of adaptation in order to accommodate different situations and circumstances. Users will always change through time, while a structure remains the same. The goal of flexibility is to allow a building to evolve as its users do in both long and short term. Rooms can be added or removed, exterior connections can change, and uses of rooms can change throughout the day as spaces are used differently. Flexibility will extend a building's entire life cycle and reducing the need for expensive renovations by making every space multi-use. Each building's entire life cycle should be taken into account during the design phase, and no building should serve as a single use, this idea will also make them more sustainable. These two concepts will also have very important social and economical implications for the users.
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Galko, Amber E. "Integrating Flexibility and Sustainability to Define a New Net-Zero Apartment Building Prototype." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1583760.
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Two key architectural concepts that must be taken into account in every design are sustainability and flexibility. These two ideas are inherently tied to one another. Sustainability refers to ideas and processes that provide solutions meant to better our built environment by using renewable resources, and reducing the amount of energy used in order to ensure our planets well-being for future generations. Flexibility refers to the capability of adaptation in order to accommodate different situations and circumstances. Users will always change through time, while a structure remains the same. The goal of flexibility is to allow a building to evolve as its users do in both long and short term. Rooms can be added or removed, exterior connections can change, and uses of rooms can change through out the day as spaces are used differently. Flexibility will extend a building's entire life cycle and reducing the need for expensive renovations by making every space multi-use. Each building's entire life cycle should be taken into account during the design phase, and no building should serve as a single use, this idea will also make them more sustainable. These two concepts will also have very important social and economical implications for the users.
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DiMaio, Christopher Michael. "Interstitial Building Space and its Relationship to Evidence Based Design." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89901.
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Healthcare facilities are dynamic, long-term investments that must be able to respond to change in order to avoid obsolescence. Flexibility is a response used in healthcare facility design and construction to counter uncertainties, such as changing medical technologies, medical science and regulations. Flexible infrastructure design offers healthcare facilities the opportunity to combat obsolescence stemming from uncertainties.
Interstitial Building Space (IBS) is one of many flexible infrastructure design options that assists with both mid-range and long-term flexibility. IBS is an unfinished and unoccupied horizontal space between a building's floors, fully accessible to people for the purpose of service and maintenance.
The advent of Evidence Based Design (EBD) introduced a new dimension to the already dynamic healthcare facility. "EBD represents a body of science that links elements of the built environment with patient, staff and resource outcomes" (Malone et al. 2007 p.5). The incorporation of EBD increases the complexity for the design and construction of healthcare facilities.
A framework was developed that articulates the dependent relationships between flexibility, IBS and EBD. The framework is comprised of three key elements: 1) a comprehensive "IBS Spectrum of Benefits" matrix resulting from a systematic literature review 2) a "Flexibility-EBD Conceptual Model" illustrating the relationship between flexibility and EBD, while identifying a continuum of flexibility enabled by this relationship; and 3) a "IBS-EBD Component Mapping Framework" articulating direct matches between the "IBS Spectrum of Benefits" and EBD components.
The framework and the key elements within provide a foundational resource for stakeholders and researchers alike, navigating the interrelated intricacies associated with flexibility, EBD and IBS.Master of Science
Healthcare facilities are dynamic, long-term investments that must be able to respond to change in order to avoid obsolescence. Flexibility is one response which enables facilities to combat changes and/ or uncertainties. This thesis explores the relationships between flexibility, Interstitial Building Space and Evidence Based Design, documents each relationship, and depicts their interrelated nature with the establishment of an overarching framework.
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With, Christoffer. "Train-Induced Vibrations on Embankments and in Buildings : Prediction and Validation of Some Models." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Division of Soil and Rock Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4810.
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Wu, Yuanyuan. "Capability development in the early stages of firms: internal building, external leveraging, and flexibility." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96736.
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This dissertation aims to understand the capability development processes in the early stages of a firm. Empirically, most research has focused on established firms, or on explaining the variance in capabilities across firms at a given time. Theoretically, despite the shift to a more dynamic view and the increasing attention to leveraging external capabilities, our understanding of how firms achieve dynamic change or the interaction between the external and internal sourcing of capabilities is still limited. I address these gaps through three interrelated studies. Paper One adopts a multiple-case study design to develop a theory on the initiation and development of innovative capabilities in new firms. The existing literature separately focuses on internal resources or network leveraging. By contrast, this study shows how young firms combine internal building and external leveraging strategies to facilitate faster capability development in the early stages. Based on data from Montreal-based biotech firms, the results uncover different implications on the path and pace of capability development, and the role of collaboration in firms with different internal building paths. Paper Two focuses on how collaboration contributes to the internal capability building in new ventures. The capability effects of engaging in collaboration have remained unclear in the literature. Using data on collaborative scenarios from Montreal-based biotech firms, the study uncovers four knowledge building mechanisms in the focal firms. Each mechanism involves different knowledge added to the firm, and requires different interaction processes with its partners. This study increases understanding of network effects regarding capability development. Paper Three elaborates a framework of organizational capability development that integrates entrepreneurship and organizational routines. It addresses an ongoing discussion on the challenge of balancing efficiency and flexibility in organizations. Using the case of a Chinese telecoms-equipment firm, it highlights the knowledge dynamics between entrepreneurial activities and routines, the role of entrepreneurship on both the external and internal organizational interfaces and the exogenous and endogenous changes in routines. This framework advances the dynamic perspective of capability research. Overall, this dissertation contributes to process theories on dynamic capability development. It generates novel insights on capability initiation, extension, and change in organizations.Cette thèse vise à comprendre les processus de développement des capacités dans les premiers stades d'une entreprise. Empiriquement, la plupart des recherches ont porté sur des entreprises établies, ou bien ont cherché à expliquer la variance des capacités des entreprises à un moment donné. Théoriquement, malgré le passage à une vision plus dynamique et l'attention croissante à tirer parti des capacités externes, notre compréhension de la façon dont les entreprises parviennent à un changement dynamique ou l'interaction entre l'approvisionnement externe et interne des capacités est encore limitée. J'aborde ces écarts à l'aide de trois études interdépendantes. Le premier article adopte une étude de cas multiples conçue afin de développer une théorie sur l'introduction et le développement des capacités d'innovation dans les nouvelles entreprises. La documentation existante se concentre séparément sur des ressources internes ou l'utilisation de réseaux. En revanche, cette étude montre comment les jeunes entreprises combinent la mise en place interne et l'usage de stratégies externes afin de faciliter le développement rapide des capacités dans les premiers stades. À partir de données sur des entreprises de biotechnologie de la région de Montréal, les résultats révèlent des implications différentes sur le parcours suivi et le rythme de développement des capacités, et le rôle de la collaboration dans les entreprises avec différents parcours internes de mise en place. Le deuxième article se concentre sur la façon dont la collaboration contribue à l'édification des capacités internes dans de nouvelles entreprises. Les effets des capacités de s'engager dans la collaboration demeurent confus lorsqu'on examine la documentation sur le sujet. En utilisant des données sur des scénarios de collaboration à partir d'entreprises de biotechnologie montréalaises, l'étude révèle quatre mécanismes de mise en place des connaissances dans les entreprises visées par cette étude. Chaque mécanisme implique des connaissances différentes ajoutées à l'entreprise, et exige différents processus d'interaction avec ses partenaires. Cette étude améliore la compréhension des effets de réseau en ce qui concerne le développement des capacités. Le troisième article élabore un cadre de développement des capacités organisationnelles qui intègre l'esprit d'entreprise et des habitudes organisationnelles. Elle traite d'un débat toujours en cours sur le défi que représente l'équilibre entre l'efficacité et la flexibilité dans les organisations. En étudiant le cas d'une entreprise chinoise d'équipements de télécommunication, il met en lumière la dynamique des connaissances entre les activités entrepreneuriales et les habitudes, le rôle de l'entrepreneuriat à la fois sur les interfaces externes et internes de l'organisation et les changements exogènes et endogènes dans les pratiques habituelles. Ce cadre fait progresser la perspective dynamique de la recherche des capacités. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse contribue au processus de théories sur le développement des capacités dynamique. Il génère des informations nouvelles sur la capacité d'initiation, de prolongement et de changement dans les organisations.
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Greden, Lara V. (Lara Virginia) 1977. "Flexibility in building design : a real options approach and valuation methodology to address risk." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30366.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2005.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 223-232).
This research develops an approach to designing and valuing flexible systems subject to identified future uncertainties. The approach addresses two shortcomings of current design and decision-making practices that are particularly evident in the buildings industry: 1) systems are designed as though they will remain as static entities despite existing in uncertain environments, and 2) typical decision-making methods, such as net present value and life-cycle costing, do not recognize uncertainty and the ability to make decisions in the future as uncertainties are resolved. The flexible design approach produces an improved design result by addressing the risks and opportunities induced by uncertainty. Two applications relevant to sustainable building design are developed to demonstrate the approach. First, the value of the flexibility to change the use of a space, thereby increasing building longevity and reducing waste, is evaluated. Option value is defined as the savings of low renovations costs as compared to the cost of renting space on the market. Uncertainties include the market price of rent, timing, amount of space needed, and number of renovations. It is shown that higher upfront investment leading to reduced cost for future change is economically justified in certain scenarios. The value of flexibility increases with increased time horizon and increased uncertainty in the market price of rent. The Black-Scholes formula can be used to approximate the value of flexibility in some cases. Second, the risk of employing an innovative technology is addressed with a flexible design that provides a fallback position.
(cont.) Specifically, the risk that a naturally ventilated (NV) building becomes overheated in the future due to climate uncertainty is addressed with an option to install mechanical cooling (MC). A model that simulates the system's technical performance under uncertainty demonstrates the value of the option. It is shown that in some locations, increased climate variability does not reduce the viability of NV (i.e., the option to install MC remains unexercised). The likelihood of installing MC is sensitive to design parameters. The results also demonstrate the benefits of the flexible, NV building as compared to MC: delayed or avoided capital costs (e.g., chillers) and cooling energy savings.
by Lara V. Greden.
Ph.D.
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Hester, Joshua C. (Joshua Colón). "Flexibility for improved design : probabilistic quasi-optimization of building life cycle impacts and costs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119328.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In order to design buildings with reduced environmental impacts, it is important to analyze and compare a variety of design alternatives starting at early stages of the design process. This dissertation discusses the development of a probabilistic life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology for single-family residential buildings called the Building Attribute to Impact Algorithm (BAIA), which was created to reduce the amount of time and detail required to conduct LCAs, thus facilitating their use for early design exploration. Within BAIA, the building geometry, systems, occupant behavior, and materials are defined by flexible attributes, with options organized into hierarchies representing different levels of precision or under-specification. Parametric models based on these attributes provide estimates of the material quantities and use-phase energy consumption of the building, and Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the variability in predicted impacts and costs resulting from under-specified attributes. Two design guidance methods are explored: sequential specification - in which influential attributes are iteratively identified and specified - and genetic optimization. The latter is found to be more efficient because it identifies solutions with lower impacts and costs while maintaining a higher degree of flexibility in the probabilistic design, as measured by information entropy. In a genetically optimized design, quasi-optimum design solutions with 75% of the optimal reduction of costs and impacts are shown to provide a 40% increase in flexibility over the optimized design. These quasi-optimum solutions are analyzed to identify which attributes are flexible vs. critical (having quasi-optimum ranges that are greater than or less than half of their initial under-specified ranges, respectively). Twelve cases are studied representing different locations, analysis periods, uncertainty in energy-related impacts, and weightings of costs vs. impacts in the optimization objective. Of the geometrical attributes, the building aspect ratio and window-to-wall ratios are critical, while seven others (including orientation, number of stories, and window overhangs) are flexible in all cases. Most occupant-related attributes (including window shading and natural ventilation) are also flexible in all cases. Among the systems-related attributes, the mini-split heat pump efficiency, air leakage, and ratio of LED lighting fixtures are critical in most or all cases.
by Joshua C. Hester.
Ph. D.
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Myers, Kevin Michael. "Building flexibility in the volatile aftermarket parts : supply chains of the defense aerospace industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39695.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-90).
Within the Integrated Defense Systems of The Boeing Company, aftermarket support of military aircraft serves as an increasingly large source of revenue. One of the newest contracts between Boeing and the U.S. Government created such a supply partnership at the Army Rotorcraft Repair Depot in Corpus Christi, Texas. At this depot, all Army helicopters, including Boeing's AH-64 Apache Attack helicopter and CH-47 Chinook Cargo helicopter undergo major repair and overhaul. In 2004, Boeing entered an agreement with the U.S. Government to assume responsibility of the repair depot's supply chain for aftermarket parts for Boeing rotorcraft. Over the last two years, Boeing has been creating and refining Corpus Christi's support structure to ensure that the required repair parts arrive when demanded. In establishing this new supply chain, Boeing has identified numerous inefficiencies as a result of inaccurate and highly volatile forecasts. This thesis examines the impact of volatility within the new support structure and creates flexible solutions to mitigate its negative effects on lead times, multiple sources of supply and inventory management.
(cont.) Efforts to increase communication flow across the supply chain are used to capitalize on economies of scale for cost reduction while safety stock recommendations are made for critical end-items. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to justify and validate the solutions. The results of the thesis reveal that a strategic selection of raw material safety stock can reduce procurement lead times by an average 61% for a subset of parts while maintaining financial responsibility. Additionally, by leveraging cost reduction techniques, an average increase of 11% in Boeing's income from sales can be achieved while eliminating inefficient administrative delays and increasing customer fulfillment rates. These two recommendations demonstrate specific solutions for mitigating the effects of demand volatility and inaccurate forecasting.
by Kevin Michael Myers.
S.M.
M.B.A.
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Stinner, Sebastian [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller, and Per [Akademischer Betreuer] Heiselberg. "Quantifying and aggregating the flexibility of building energy systems / Sebastian Stinner ; Dirk Müller, Per Heiselberg." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1181108624/34.
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Lu, Wen-Chieh Richard 1973. "Construction products that contribute to increased flexibility in wood-frame low-rise housing." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33263.
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With the greatly increased rate of social and economic change in North America since World War II, the flexible/adaptable house has become an alternative to the conventional single-family, detached housing that both exceeds the needs and means of many non-traditional households. Theories and experience worldwide have shown that housing flexibility that is based on user participation allows decision-makers to adapt housing projects to meet the changing general needs. However, technological bottlenecks in the invention of new materials and techniques can restrict flexibility. This study examines construction products that contribute to increased flexibility in wood-frame low-rise housing.Prefabrication has been the construction industry's approach to achieving housing flexibility. The strategy has been to incorporate flexibility into each subsystem or component through the use of new materials and techniques, in order to create overall building flexibility. The research presented in this thesis shows that different products offer different levels of flexibility, and that combining them does not necessarily produce greater overall flexibility. By examining the positive and negative aspects of these products, the author is able to suggest new directions for the development of future innovations in housing flexibility.
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Oehme, Sabina. "Demand flexibility potential from heat pumps in multi-family residential buildings." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355135.
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The Swedish energy power system is in the middle of a paradigm shift where the increased share of intermittent energy sources place higher demand on the ability to regulate and balance the generation and consumption of electricity. Demand flexibility, which means that consumers can adjust their energy consumption, is a promising solution to manage the imbalance in the power system. Electric heat pumps in residential buildings are recognized to have potential to serve as a flexible load. In this thesis, an aggregated multi-family residential building model is developed to generate heat load profiles for a larger number of buildings which facilitate an assessment of the heat pump flexibility. The flexibility assessment is performed for a local distribution grid area with 174 buildings and an electricity price region in Sweden with 10 146 buildings with heat pumps. The flexibility assessment analyses the heat pump load deviation between a base load case and a case where the heat pumps receive an off-signal. The assessment takes into consideration seven flexibility parameters and is conducted for ambient temperatures between -20°C and 15°C. The thermal inertia of multi-family residential buildings facilitates a load shift with a duration of 4.4 to 9.8 hours depending on the ambient temperature. The maximal average power reduction for one hour of 10 MW in a distribution grid and 169 MW in an electricity price region illustrates the potential of using heat pumps as a demand flexibility solution in the electricity grid.
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Tinfors, Stefan. "Den flexibla bostaden : Verktyg för hantering av dagens och framtidens bostadsbehov." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85680.
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The situation of the housing stockin Sweden is at present imbalanced, as has often been the case throughout history, due to thedifficulty of its prediction.Society is constantly changingand thus it ́s economical, social and demographical conditions with itwhich affects the way we build. Swedens housing need is within the next ten years expected to vary between numbers of 592000-664 000 dwellings. A relatively high number. This study is therefore an investigation into the means available for meeting the demands posed by the society of today and of tomorrow on our housing stock. The investigation, conducted via literature studies, in conjunction with an iterative projecting process, has found the means most apt to meet these demands to be a plurality of flexible solutions that can be easily adapted with regards to the very unpredictability of said demands. These means are put together into an analysis-and method tool consisting of a number of criterias to ensure ”the flexible dwelling”. The aim of the study is to investigate the means available and how they are used most effectively in order to develop a housing stock capable of adaptating to current needs and demands. The ability of adaptation would in this case act as an buffer to the unpredictability and inevitabel shortcomings of the market. These dwellings capable of withstanding the tides of time would therefore become more sought after in the long run. These solutions will in turn help to champion a more sustainable housing development. The goal of the study is to be ableto present a functionally flexible floorplan that will simultaneously meet the requirements stipulated by swedish state regulations. The result showcases, with the help of six quality criteria for flexible projecting, three separate alternatives of floorplans and their respective relations and adaptibility visavi the conditions of todays housing situation.Inom Sveriges bostadsbestånd råder idag obalans vilket historien även vittnar om ofta varit fallet på grund av ett behov som är och alltid varit mycket svårt att förutspå. Samhället genomgår ständigt förändring och dess ekonomiska, sociala och demografiska förutsättningar präglar hur vi ser på bostadsbyggandet. Byggbehovet beräknas inom kommande tioårsperiod i Sverige ligga mellan 592 000 och 664 000 bostäder varav ett årligt behov av cirka 60 000, vilket är relativt höga siffror. Arbetet undersöker därför, genom litteraturstudier och en iterativ projekteringsprocess, vilka metoder som finns tillgängliga för möjligheten att tillgodose både dagens och morgondagens krav på våra bostäder. Dessa metoder sammanställs sedan i form av ett projekteringsverktyg bestående av ett antal kriterier för säkerställandet av ”den flexibla bostaden”. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur flexibilitet kan användas och implementeras för att skapa goda bostäder som enkelt kan anpassas och förändras till nya typer och storlekar efter framtidens bostadsmarknadsbehov. Förmågan till anpassning skulle i detta fall kunna betraktas som en buffert mot marknadens tillkortakommanden och ett föråldrat bostadsbestånd. När en bostad kan projekteras för att med enkelhet kunna anpassas efter rådande förutsättningar och därigenom stå emot tidens tand, skulle en stor del av det oförutsedda behovet förebyggas. Fler bostäder skulle, bli mer attraktiva och funktionella, också över tid. Målet är således att presentera ett förslag för en funktionellt flexibel planlösning som samtidigt uppfyller kraven från gällande svenska regelverk. Resultatet redovisar med hjälp av projekteringsverktyget, bestående av sex kvalitetskriterier för flexibel projektering, tre olika planlösningsalternativ för en specifik byggnad. Hur dessa förhåller- och anpassarsig efter tidens förändrade förutsättningar, behov och efterfrågan i syftet att främja en mer hållbar bostadspolitisk utveckling.
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Sprenger, Gabriele [Verfasser]. "Pay Flexibility in an Ageing Workforce. A Model of Pay for the German Building Trade / Gabriele Sprenger." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215103492/34.
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Moodley, Byron. "Envelopes of adaptation - an architecture of social thresholds and flexibility: investigating the socio-technical relationship between the built edge and social surface." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28062.
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The concept of adaptability in architecture is one that very often bears technical rather than social connotations. What are the mechanisms and systems that allow buildings to adapt to fluctuating environmental and climatic conditions? These responses are often the driving force behind design considerations, placing emphasis on the manner in which the technical resolutions facilitate appropriate adaptability and environmental response. This adaptability is generally addressed through the building envelope, which acts as the mediator between the interior conditions of a building, and the exterior conditions of its environment (Lovell, 2010). However, beyond addressing these environmental conditions, there are greater urban and social conditions that bear equal weight within any design inquiry. Building adjacencies, ethnographics, social development and imageability of spatial ordering are all fundamental factors that need to be addressed within building envelope design (Lovell, 2010). The design dissertation inquiry explores the multi-faceted nature of building envelopes as well as an architecture of internal and external thresholds. The inquiry examines ways in which building envelopes respond to both the environmental and social complexities of a context, as well as how internal and external threshold and edge conditions can be design generative and communicative; expressing spatial organisations, conditions of privacy and mechanisms of adaptability. This topic of adaptive envelopes and defining thresholds in relation to social complexities has been explored in an architectural design project, which aims to practically address social and environmental issues. This exploration yields a set of key findings into an architecture of thresholds and adaptability in response to the sociotechnical conditions of a context where the lines between the formal and informal are blurred.
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Spinazzola, Aida. "A rationalized building system for low-income housing as a response to the issues of flexibility and participation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77692.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1988.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-155).
This thesis will focus on the design of a building system intending to approach the problem of low-income housing provision in developing countries.Two concepts will be proposed as a base for the development of the building system, as follows: 1) The concept of housing as an evolutionary and dynamic process that evolves over time, rather than a static view of housing as a finished product. Thus, housing will be considered as a verb rather than as a noun. 2) The recognition of the dweller as an active power, who inevitably affects and changes the dwelling environment through his/her physical intervention. The building system designed, by virtue of its generic characteristics (shape, lightness etc.), will facilitate change and variability of the dwelling in response to users requirements. The designed system will be applied to two different housing schemes--low density single units and middle density apartment buildings--in order to test the system's performance and encourage further research and implementation.
by Aida Spinazzola.
M.S.
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Forster, Wayne Peter Michael. "Flexibility and adaptability in factory buildings : a comparative study of buildings use." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248414.
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Popoutsis, Nickolas D. "Amenable Building: Designing for Change in the Musical Process." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242749951.
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Shah, Kartik (Kartik L. ). "Value of incorporating flexibility in lab buildings : a real options approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101320.
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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-53).
This thesis investigates flexibilities in commercial lab buildings with the help of the real options theory. The qualitative component of the thesis explores the development of the lab building as a building typology and its relationship to economic value creation for developers. It also investigates various strategies employed by developers during the design and development of lab buildings to hedge against the downside risk. The quantitative component builds upon that hypothetical lab building development case and creates a Real Options case as a framework for applying and valuing flexibility in this complex building type. Through this demonstration, valuation of flexibility employed in the current practice is derived.
by Kartik Shah.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
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Shabha, Ghassan Saleem. "The relationship between design and flexibility of school buildings in use." Thesis, University of Bath, 1991. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280605.
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Roskelley, Blake Alan. "An Investigation of the Influence of Diaphragm Flexibility on Building Design through a Comparison of Forced Vibration Testing and Computational Analysis." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/399.
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An assessment of the validity of idealizing a concrete diaphragm as rigid was performed through the modal analysis of three existing buildings. Modal analysis was performed both by physical experimentation and computational analysis. Experimental determination of the mode shapes shows that two of the three buildings’ diaphragms exhibited flexible behavior. The experimental results were compared to computational analysis results and were shown to be similar, confirming that that the two building diaphragms are not rigid. As a standard, diaphragms with aspect ratios less than three are permitted to be idealized as rigid per ASCE 7-05. To determine the effect of the rigid diaphragm idealization, the design forces and roof deflections for each building were determined from the computational model through a spectral analysis for both a model with rigid diaphragms and a model with semi-rigid diaphragms. It was found that the design seismic demands for the two buildings with flexible diaphragms were higher when modeled with semi-rigid diaphragms than with rigid diaphragms. The conclusion is made that idealizing a concrete diaphragm as rigid solely based on its aspect ratio may result in an unconservative estimate of the seismic demands on a building.
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Belin, Steven C. (Steven Craig) 1976. "Designing flexibility into airport passenger buildings : the benefits of multifunctional space and facilities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80631.
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Utama, Christian. "Demand Side FLexibility and Bidding Strategies for Flexible Loads in Air-Conditioned Buildings." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284488.
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Demand-side flexibility (DSF) has been touted as a possible solution to thechallenges in power system operation arising as a result of the increasing intermittent renewables penetration and the emergence of electric vehicles (EVs). In Singapore, where around 24 to 60% of electricity demand in buildings couldbe attributed to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) purposes, air-conditioned building present a potentially major flexibility resource which could be used to provide DSF and help accommodate these challenges. This study aims to investigate the DSF potential of Singapore’s buildingstock and to explore how this potential could be realized through demand-side bidding. To this end, a building energy modeling tool with explicit modeling of the relationship between occupant comfort and HVAC load, CoBMo, is central to the analysis. CoBMo allows optimal load scheduling to minimize overall electricity cost while maintaining occupant comfort through linear programming, which is used for the analysis of both topics. A simple price-based market clearing model is developed to evaluate demand-side bidding implementation, for which a case study on a district in Singapore named Downtown Core is developed. Several scenarios with possible future utility-scale PV penetration in Singapore’s electricity system are explored, as well as a sensitivity analysis and a comparison between demand-side bidding with price-quantity pairs, centralized dispatch, and demand-side bidding with linear curves. Results of the analysis shows that DSF potential varies between building types, largely depending on cooling load and occupancy schedule. When extreme price fluctuations happen in a future Singapore electricity market with 10 GWp PV penetration, demand-side bidding could aid consumers take advantage of their DSF potential by encouraging more effective energy use and in turn, reducing their total electricity cost.Efterfrågesidans flexibilitet (DSF) har framställts som en möjlig lösning på deutmaningar som drivs av kraftsystemet som uppstår till följd av den ökande intermittenta penetrationen av förnybara energikällor och framväxten av elfordon. I Singapore, där cirka 24 till 60 % av elbehovet i byggnader kan hänföras till uppvärmning, ventilation och luftkonditionering (HVAC), utgör luftkonditionerad byggnad en potentiellt stor flexibilitetsresurs som kan användas för att tillhandahålla DSF och hjälp tillgodose dessa utmaningar. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka DSF-potentialen i Singapores byggnadsbestånd och att undersöka hur denna potential kan realiseras genom budgivning på efterfrågesidan. För detta ändamål är ett byggnadsenergimodelleringsverktyg med tydlig modellering av sambandet mellan passagerarnas komfort och HVAC-belastning, CoBMo, centralt i analysen. CoBMo möjliggör optimal lastplanering för att minimera den totala elkostnaden samtidigt som passagerarnas komfort bibehålls genom linjär programmering, som används för analys av båda ämnena. En enkel prisbaserad marknadsclearingsmodell har utvecklats för att utvärdera genomförandet av budgivning på efterfrågesidan, för vilken en fallstudie om ett distrikt i Singapore med namnet Downtown Core utvecklas. Flera scenarier med möjlig framtida PV-penetrering i nyckelskala i Singapores elsystem utforskas, liksom en känslighetsanalys och en jämförelse mellan budgivning på efterfrågesidan med prismängdspar, centraliserad leverans och budgivning på efterfrågesidan med linjära kurvor. Resultaten av analysen visar att DSF-potentialen varierar mellan byggnadstyper, till stor del beroende på kylbelastning och beläggningsplan. Närextrema prisfluktuationer inträffar i en framtida elmarknad i Singapore med 10GWp PV-penetration kan budgivning på efterfrågesidan hjälpa konsumenteratt dra nytta av sin DSF-potential genom att uppmuntra till effektivare energianvändning och i sin tur minska sina totala elkostnader.
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Silva, Francisco de Lemos Monteiro Nunes da. "Construir no construido: nó de Alcantara. Novas formas urbanas: sistemas híbridos." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitetura de Lisboa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5809.
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Folgado, Ana Rita Mendonça Leal Gameiro. "Construir o construido. O Nó de Alcântara. Equipamentos em frentes ribeirinhas. Uma nova escola náutica." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5446.
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Akoma, Onyekachi D. "A study of the role of information systems on existing building delivery methods : towards better coordination and flexibility for the integration of new systems and products." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62925.
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MENDELL, ERIC NICHOLAS. "ARCHITECTURE ALIVE: BUILDINGS THAT EVOLVE IN RESPONSE TO CHANGING NEEDS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1116000373.
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Wang, Zhenqiang. "Metal-organic networks based upon dicarboxylato ligands." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001669.
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Miori, Tommaso. "Optimization of integrated energy storage for implicit demand-side flexibility : The case study of Singapore office buildings." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273143.
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Demand-Side Flexibility (DSF) is a very attractive option to solve challenges that are emerging from the evolution of modern power systems all around the world. The greater integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the energy mix creates the need for flexible end-user behavior and demand management. In Singapore, distributed power production grows steadily in the form of rooftop solar PV panels installed on both households and commercial buildings, where the main load demand is cooling and air conditioning. Challenges arise also from the projected rapid increase in the penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The charging routines of EVs could represent a high and potentially dangerous power peak that the current electrical grid is not able to withstand. Providing the ability to shift the demand profile of a large building or a neighborhood with minimum modifications of the electrical grid, DSF is poised to play a central role in solving these challenges during the next 10-20 years. This study proposes linear mathematical modeling for the optimum utilization of sensible-heat thermal and electrochemical battery energy storage, implemented in the already existing building modelling framework developed by TUM-CREATE, the CoBMo. An optimization problem is defined aiming to minimize the total cost as the sum of operational costs from the electricity consumption of the HVAC system and the investment costs for the energy storage. Financial payback analysis is performed using the CoBMo version improved with the mathematical model to estimate the achievable annual savings. The discounted payback time is considered as an economic indicator to whether the storage would be a valid investment or not depending on the electricity price signal – wholesale and retailer – as well as on the storage operation setup and installation costs, lifetime, efficiency, etc. The economic analysis shows that both the thermal energy and battery storage options are feasible for office buildings in Singapore considering the investment conditions from year 2020 onwards. While chilled-water thermal energy storage is well established and relatively simple technology, the battery storage displays better economic return when selecting Li-Ion Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) technology. The optimal daily schedule of both storage solutions is presented in this study, showing how the optimization tool leverages the price signals, relying on trade-offs between operational expenditures and investment costs for the energy storage systems.Den inbyggda flexibiliteten av elkonsumtion vid slutanvändarna för att jämna ut en varierande tillförsel av elkraft från produktionssidan kallas för ”Demand-Side Flexibility” (DSF). DSF är ett attraktivt verktyg för att lösa utmaningarna som uppstår från den växande andelen elproduktion baserad på varierande energikällor såsom solkraft och vindkraft, som utvecklas överallt i världen. I Singapore växer utbyggnaden av solkraft mycket snabbt i form av solceller på byggnaders tak och den större integrationen av förnybara resurser i energiblandningen skapar ett behov av att göra efterfrågan flexibel med tanke på det typiskt stora andelen kyla och luftkonditionering. Utmaningar uppstår också från den förväntade snabba ökningen av antalet elfordon vems laddningsrutiner representerar en hög och potentiellt farlig effekttopp som det nuvarande elnätet kommer snart inte kunna tåla. Därför spelar DSF-tekniken en central roll när det gäller effektiva lösningar för dessa utmaningar inom de kommande 10-20 åren. Studien härmed föreslår en optimeringsmetod baserad på linjära matematiska modeller för byggnadsintegrerade energilaggringssystem i form av både kylvattenlagring och elbatterier. Metoden implementeras i ett redan befintligt program för modellering av byggnadsenergisystem som utvecklats av TUM-CREATE och kallas för CoBMo. Optimeringsmålet definieras för att minimera den totala kostnaden som är summan av driftskostnaderna för VVS-systemet samt investeringskostnaderna för energilagringen. En ekonomisk återbetalningsanalys utförs med hjälp av CoBMo-programmet förbättrad med det härmed utvecklade optimeringsverktyget som utvärderar de årliga besparingarna. Återbetalningstiden betraktas som en ekonomisk indikator på huruvida energilagringen skulle varit en giltig investering eller ej, beroende på en varierande elprissignal – både grossist elhandel och elpriset för småkunder – och även energilagringens användarprofil och effektivitet samt kostnaderna för installation, underhåll, avskrivningar, m.m. Den ekonomiska analysen visar att både kylvattenackumulator samt elbatterier integrerade i kontorsbyggnader i Singapore kan leverera avkastning med tanke på det förväntade investeringsklimatet från och med år 2020. Även om lagringen av värme och kyla är en beprövad och relativt enkel teknik, studien visar att batterilagring står sig bättre ekonomiskt, särskilt när man väljer Li-Ion Nickel Mangan Cobalt (NMC) tekniken. Den optimala dagliga laddnings- och urladdningsstrategin för vardera energilagringslösningen presenteras i resultaten från denna studie, vilket visar hur optimeringsmodellen utnyttjar de prissignaler som tillhandahålls och gör en avvägning mellan driftsutgifter och investeringskostnader för energilagringen.
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Doan, Minh-Phuoc. "Work team building and planning problem : Models and experiments in the service-to-business context." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI060.
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Les sociétés de services aux entreprises constituent des équipes de travail avec leurs agents et organisent leur planning pour satisfaire les demandes clients. De multiples contraintes doivent être respectées, et plusieurs critères de performance économique et sociale doivent être atteints. Une méthode d'aide à la décision multicritère devient ainsi indispensable, particulièrement dans un contexte de demande variable. Une caractérisation du problème générique sous forme de diagramme de classes, contenant toutes les caractéristiques des clients, demandes, agents, itinéraires, et véhicules, nous permet d’identifier des variantes du problème dans le contexte de service aux entreprises comme dans celui de service à la personne. Nous avons investigué deux variantes s'inspirant d’un problème réel d’une entreprise brésilienne de service aux entreprises, dans des contextes de demandes stable et variable. Par une revue de la littérature, nous identifions des leviers organisationnels potentiels pour accroître la flexibilité des agents, et des approches de modélisation et de résolution appropriées. Nous utilisons la programmation linéaire à variables mixtes. Dans le contexte de demande stable, nous cherchons le compromis entre coûts et temps de trajet domicile-travail des agents dans une approche à deux niveaux : une planification hebdomadaire cyclique pour les nouveaux clients assurant la stabilité d'affectation sur un long terme et, à une fréquence donnée, une re-planification pour tous les clients actifs permettant une optimisation globale. Lorsque les demandes sont variables, nous optimisons les coûts de déplacement, l’équité de la charge de travail entre agents, et leur préférence pour les périodes de travail. La planification étant créée pour un horizon court sans répétitivité, l’ajout de zones tampons entre des horizons consécutifs permet de relâcher leur dépendance ; dans cette variante, des leviers organisationnels, tels que des contrats de travail flexibles et la polyvalence des agents, sont également considérésSubcontracting companies organize their agents into work teams and create their work plans to fulfill clients’ demands. Multiple constraints have to be met, and several economic and social performance criteria have to be attained. Making a decision, satisfying all these conditions, becomes increasingly difficult, especially in a context of variable demand. A generic problem characterization in the form of a class diagram, containing all the characteristics of the clients, the demands, the agents, the travel routes, and the vehicles, allows us to identify a large number of variants of the problem in the service-to-business as well as service-to-individual contexts. Each variant corresponds to a combination of decision-making problems, demand variability, agents’ flexibility, and economic and social performance indicators. We study more deeply two variants, inspired by a real problem found in a Brazilian company in the service-to-business sector, with stable and variable demands. Through a literature review, we identify several potential organizational levers to increase the flexibility of agents, and appropriate modeling and resolution approaches. We use the multi-objective mixed integer linear programming method for the two variants. In the context of stable demand, we consider a compromise between the company’s travel costs and agents’ work trip duration in a two-level approach: cyclic weekly planning for new customers ensuring assignment stability for a long term and, at a given frequency, re-planning for all active clients, allowing global optimization. When the demand is variable, we consider the reconciliation between the travel costs, the workload balance between agents, and their preference satisfaction for work periods. As planning is made for each short horizon and without repetitiveness, the dependence of agents’ activities between consecutive horizons can be relaxed by adding buffer zones between them; in this variant, organizational levers, such as flexible work contracts and multi-skilled agents, are considered
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Azadi, Jafarabadi Sandra. "Trivsel hos elever i skolor : Baserat på utformning och stommaterial." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96864.
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En skolbyggnad har alltid varit en allmän plats som representerat samhället och dess brukare genom dess höga kulturvärde. Idag finns det många olika stommaterial att använda för att bygga en skolbyggnad. År 2016 blev Sveriges första skola byggd i massivträ klar. Lärare är bland de viktigaste faktorerna för elevernas utveckling, men även miljön de befinner sig i påverkar deras inlärningsförmåga och välmående. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om skolornas val av stommaterial samt utformning påverkar elevernas trivsel. Syftet är även att kunna bidra med kunskap till byggsektorn om hur en skolas fysiska miljö kan utformas. Genom enkätundersökningar erhölls data från tre olika skolor, med tre olika stommaterial, från tre olika tidsepoker. Resultatet visade att den största parametern för elevers trivsel var lärarna och klasskamraterna, därefter kom färgerna i skolan.A school building has always been a public place that represents the society and its users. Today there are a lot of different structural materials to use to build a school building. In 2016, Sweden’s first school built in solid wood was completed. Teachers are among the most important factors in enchancing student’s development, but also the enviroment they are in, affects their learning ability and well-being. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the schools’ choice of structural material and building design influences pupils’ well-being. The purpose is also to be able to contribute knowledge to the construction sector on how a school’s physical environment can be designed. A survey provided data from three different schools, with three different structural materials, from three different eras. The result shows that the most vital parameter for pupils’ well-being were the teachers and classmates, but also the colors of the school.
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Pajot, Camille. "OMEGAlpes : outil d’aide à la décision pour une planification énergétique multi-fluides optimale à l’échelle des quartiers." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT042.
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Majoritairement responsable du dérèglement climatique, le secteur de l’énergie est particulièrement visé et des politiques de transition énergétique voient le jour, en s’appuyant sur les principes de sobriété, d’efficacité et de productions énergétiques bas-carbone. Les systèmes énergétiques doivent s’adapter rapidement à ces changements et être conçus de façon à intégrer une approche multi-énergies et des stratégies de gestion de la demande. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse propose de développer une méthodologie et un outil d’aide à la décision associé, offrant aux différents acteurs énergétiques une aide pour concevoir, dimensionner, et gérer les systèmes énergétiques au niveau des quartiers. En premier lieu, une approche de planification énergétique par optimisation sera développée. Une méthodologie, basée sur des bilans de puissance sera ensuite présentée, pour traiter de façon générique des cas d’étude de planification énergétique à l’échelle du quartier, puis illustrée sur un cas de valorisation de chaleur fatale. Des modèles de consommation basés sur des approches statistiques seront ensuite employés, afin de représenter des scénarios de flexibilité temporelle (décalage d’usages). Une alternative à cette approche par les données, basée sur la modélisation physique des bâtiments, sera ensuite présentée à travers l’utilisation de modèles thermiques réduits. Enfin, l’ensemble de ces modèles sera capitalisé au sein d’un outil de génération automatique de modèles d’optimisation, s’appuyant sur une méthodologie de construction de modèles énergétiques à partir d’éléments génériques. Le développement de cet outil open source, en langage Python, et le principe de génération automatique des modèles sera enfin détailléMostly responsible for climate change, the energy sector is particularly targeted and energy transition policies are emerging, based on the principles of sobriety, efficiency and low-carbon energy production. Energy systems need to adapt quickly to these changes and be designed to consider a multi-energy approach and demand-side management strategies. In this context, this thesis proposes to develop a methodology and an associated decision support tool OMEGAlpes, offering the different energy actors an aid to design, size, and manage energy systems at the district level. First, an optimal energy planning approach will be developed. A methodology, based on power balances will then be presented, to treat generically study cases about energy planning at the district scale, and then illustrated on a case of wasted heat recycling. Consumption models based on statistical approaches will then be used to represent temporal flexibility scenarios (load shifting). An alternative to this data approach, based on the physical modeling of buildings, will then be presented through the use of reduced thermal models. Finally, all of these models will be capitalized within an automatic generation tool for optimization models, based on a methodology for building energy models from generic elements. The development of this open source tool, in Python language, and the principle of automatic generation of models will finally be detailed
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Fernandes, Rosana Da Silva. "Flexibilização e personalização de unidades habitacionais: Estudo de caso em Porto Alegre, RS." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4139.
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Caixa Econômica Federal
O setor da construção civil tem buscado se adequar às exigências do mercado imobiliário para atender a um novo perfil de consumidor, com novos estilos de vida, esquemas de trabalho individualizados e maior nível de exigência. Empreendimentos têm sido reconfigurados e passaram a considerar com mais ênfase questões como a satisfação dos usuários e a qualidade da edificação. Algumas das opções adotadas pelas empresas são a flexibilização de projeto (diferentes opções de plantas) e a possibilidade de personalização das unidades (modificações de layouts de plantas, materiais de acabamento e instalações). Entretanto, com a participação dos usuários nas definições de projeto, a quantidade de intervenientes no processo e a troca de informações aumentaram, originando falhas na comunicação e na retroalimentação do projeto. Esta é uma das causas de retrabalho e perdas durante a execução da obra, gerando atrasos no cronograma da obra e elevando os custos de produção. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar os processos de flexibilização e personalização de unidades habitacionais, em edificações verticais residenciais de classe média comercializadas em Porto Alegre, RS. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida através de um estudo de casos, com entrevistas e acompanhamento de obras em quatro empresas construtoras de Porto Alegre. Além disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa na publicidade de venda de empreendimentos para identificar o nível de flexibilização e personalização ofertado no mercado imobiliário da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A partir da análise destas informações foram propostas diretrizes para melhoria da gestão de projetos com possibilidade de modificações, tais como dispositivos móveis com Internet sem fio; extranets de projeto e softwares BIM, visando à eficiência da comunicação entre os intervenientes e a redução de retrabalho.
The construction sector has sought to suit the requirements of the real estate market to meet a new consumer profile, with new lifestyles, individualized work schemes and greater level of requirement. Ventures have been reconfigured and have come to consider issues such with more emphasis on user satisfaction and quality of building. Some of the options adopted by companies are the flexibility of design (different options of plants) and the possibility of customization of the units (modifications of plant layouts, finishing materials and installations). However, with the participation of users in the project settings, the quantity of interveners in the process and information exchange increased, causing failures in communication and feedback of design. This is one of the causes of rework and losses in the execution of the work, causing delays in the schedule of work and raising production costs. This study aims to investigate the processes of flexibility and customization of housing units in residential buildings vertical middle class sold in Porto Alegre, RS. The research was developed through a cases study with interviews and monitoring of works in four construction companies in Porto Alegre. In addition, a survey was conducted in the advertising sales of ventures to identify the level of flexibility and customization offered in real estate of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. From the analysis of this information have been proposed guidelines to improve the management of projects with possible modifications, such as mobile devices with wireless Internet, extranets design and BIM softwares, aiming at the efficiency of communication between interveners and reducing rework.
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BANASIAK, Sophie. "The unionisation of precarious workers : representations, problematisation and experiences in Swedish blue-collar unions in the construction and hotel-restaurant sectors." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52700.
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From the Polanyian perspective on the double movement of labour commodification and self-protection of Society, the aim of this study was to examine how unionists perceive and problematise precarious employment and what are their practices for unionising and thereby securing precarious workers. A double case study was conducted in the hotel-restaurant and construction sectors in Sweden with the participation of blue-collar unionists with diverse backgrounds and experiences. The results show that precarious work is associated with labour market segmentation, subcontracting and fragmentation of economic organisations, deskilling of work, loss of autonomy and sometimes over-qualification of workers. Perceived difficulties for unionisation are fear, lack of knowledge of precarious workers about their rights, membership cost, status frustration and lack of interactions with other workers. Reported practices for unionising precarious workers consist of dealing with these barriers in order to build trustful relations and empowering workers through education and inclusion in leadership positions. Actions taken to protect and secure precarious workers are strongly interlinked with their unionisation and seem to rest mainly on negotiations. The main conclusions of the study are that precarious work means a loss of control by workers over their work life stemming from labour commodification and flexibilisation due to increased management control and lack of rights and protections surrounding work. The formation of solidarities needed for unionisation is hindered by the detachment of precarious workers from the work community and by inequality regimes. The domination of fear manifests the prevalence of emotions. Therefore, the care and emotional work of unionists is essential for making workers feel confidence. Unions practices tend to lean also, to some extent, towards organising and community building models. Thereby, union agency appears to be able to engage in an interplay with structures to exert some influence on employment and industrial relations.
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Ko, Hsin-Ting. "Techno-economic analysis of demand flexibility from heat pumps for multi-family buildings in Sweden based on two case studies." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272472.
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Sweden is undergoing energy transition to become a zero-carbon economy with electricity production aims at 100% from renewable resources by 2040. Sweden also has a national goal to have fossil-free vehicle fleet by 2030. The increasing share of intermittent renewable resources creates growth in mismatches between electricity supply and demand. Demand flexibility provides solution to imbalances in power system where the prosumers can regulate their energy consumption. Demand response (DR) mechanism could be beneficial to power gird stability. Electric heat pumps serve as a pool of flexible load meanwhile the thermal inertia of the residential buildings serves as thermal energy storage. In this thesis, a techno-economic analysis of demand flexibility from heat pumps for residential buildings located in central Örebro is carried out with assistance of building energy simulations. This thesis aims to improve the intelligence of this existing buildings by comprehending the size of thermal inertia availability according to different heat demand, building envelope materials, ventilation systems, weather conditions and user behaviors. Two multi-family residential buildings, Klockarängsvägen and Pärllöken, are selected for case study and compared in terms of thermal inertia and avoided peak power fees in avoided peak power fee from flexible heat pump loads. Both buildings use heat pumps for space heating and domestic hot water supply. Electricity billings are subscribed to power tariff scheme, which makes peak power shifting more profitable. On the coldest day scenario when the ambient temperature is -20°C, Pärllöken’s indoor temperature drops from 21°C to 19.1°C if heat pump is turned off for an hour. Klockarängsvägen’s indoor temperature drops from 21°C to 16.6°C if heat pump is turned off for an hour. At the lowest indoor temperature setpoint of 18°C, Pärllöken demonstrates a maximum power-shift capacity of 25 kW and heatshift capacity of 75 kWh on the coldest day. That of Klockarängsvägen is a maximum power-shift capacity of 20 kW and heat-shift capacity of 20 kWh. With larger building thermal inertia and more power-shift capacity, Pärllöken is undoubtedly the winner thanks to concrete wall materials, heavier building thermal mass, balanced ventilation, heat recovery system, and higher window class. In economic analysis, based on the proposed energy models, two control strategy options in Pärllöken are considered. Economic analysis focuses on winter season from October to March. Option 1 operates heat pump in variable capacity control mode at part load capacity. Option 2 operates in fixed capacity on/off -4- control. In winter season, Pärllöken saves 1 646 SEK in Option 1 and 2 273 SEK in Option 2. Klockarängsvägen only considers Option 1 for economic analysis, which results in 20 948 SEK avoided peak power fee. Option 2 for Klockarängsvägen exceeds indoor temperature setpoint very quickly mainly due to poorer building envelope insulation in which conserves lower thermal inertia.Sverige genomgår en energitransformation för att bli en fossilfri ekonomi som siktar på att ha en elproduktion från 100% förnybara resurser år 2040. Sverige har också ett nationellt mål att ha en fossilfri fordonsflotta till 2030. Den ökande andelen av intermittenta förnybara resurser bidrar till ökning av obalans mellan produktion och efterfråga av elektricitet. Efterfrågeflexibilitet ger en lösning på problemet med obalanser i energisystemet där prosumenter kan reglera sin energiförbrukning. Efterfrågeflexibilitet kan vara fördelaktigt för kraft- och nätstabilitet. Elektriska värmepumpar kan agera som en stor flexibel last samtidigt som fastighetens termiska tröghet fungerar som värmeenergilagring. I denna avhandling utförs en teknisk-ekonomisk analys av efterfrågeflexibilitet från värmepumpar för två bostadshus beläget i centrala Örebro med hjälp av energisimuleringar av fastigheten. Genom denna avhandling syftar författaren på att höja intelligensen av de befintliga fastigheterna genom att undersöka storleken av den termiska trögheten som finns tillgänglig med avseende på olika värmescenario, byggnadsmaterial, ventilationssystem, väderförhållanden och användarbeteenden. Två flerfamiljshus, Klockarängsvägen och Pärllöken, väljs för jämförelse med avseende på den termisk tröghet som bidrar mest till efterfrågeflexibiliteten. De två utvalda fastigheterna använder värmepumpar för värme och varmvatten. Båda fastigheterna faktureras enligt effektabonnemang, vilket gör effektutjämning mer lönsamt. I det kallaste scenariot, när omgivningstemperaturen är -20°C, faller Pärllökens inomhustemperatur från 21°C till 19,1°C och Klockarängsvägens inomhustemperatur sjunker till 16,6°C om värmetillförseln stängs av i en timme. Under det lägsta börvärdet för inomhustemperatur på 18°C visar Pärllöken en maximal effektförskjutningskapacitet på 25 kW och för Klockarängsvägen-byggnader 20 kW. Med hänsyn till fastighetens termiska tröghet är Pärllöken utan tvekan vinnaren på grund av betong som väggsmaterial, högre termisk massa, balanserad ventilation, värmeåtervinningssystem och högre energiklass på fönsterglasen. Ovanstående skäl gör att Pärllökens termiska tidskonstant är minst tre gånger längre innan temperaturen når det lägsta börvärdet på 18°C, jämfört med Klockarängsvägen. Detta ger att Pärllöken har en högre förskjutningskapacitet av värme på 75 kWh jämfört med Klockarängsvägens maximala förskjutningskapacitet på 20 kWh. I en ekonomisk analys, baserat på författarens framtagna energimodeller, beaktas två styrstrategier i Pärllöken. Den ekonomiska analysen fokuserar på vintersäsongen från oktober till mars. Alternativ 1 driver värmepumpen med partiell kapacitet enligt reglerbar effekt. Alternativ 2 stänger av värmepumpen helt. Under vintersäsongen sparar Pärllöken 1 646 SEK med Alternativ 1 och 2 273 SEK med Alternativ 2. Klockarängsvägen använder sig endast av Alternativ 1 för en ekonomisk analys, vilket resulterar i en kostnadsbesparing på 20 948 SEK. En förstudie med värmepump i kombination med andra förnybara tekniker så som solceller på Klockarängsvägen genomförs för att undersöka potentialen av energibesparing. Kombinationen ger dock inte en positiv effekt på grund av den låga solinstrålningen under vintertid.
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Hurwitz, Zach Lawrence. "Economic Efficiency and Carbon Emissions in MES with Flexible Buildings." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2020. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1171.
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Multi-energy systems offer an opportunity to leverage energy conversion processes and temporary energy storage mechanisms to reduce costs and emissions during operation of campuses, cities, and buildings. With increasing options for flexibility in demand-side resources it is possible to meet demand without sacrificing comfort and convenience of MES occupants.
This Thesis develops a multi-period, linear optimization model of an MES with flexible buildings that captures nonlinearities in the efficiency of energy conversion processes. The flexible buildings are parametrized, in part, based on historical data from a college campus in Vermont, USA. The idea of the MES model is to investigate the role that flexibility plays in reducing costs and emissions for a small campus relative to that of a possible carbon tax. The operation of the MES is optimized to reduce costs based on representative seasons. Interestingly, it is found that when utilized optimally, flexible buildings allows for a more cost and energy effective method of not only meeting demand but also reducing carbon emissions in the process.
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Wang, Zhenqiang. "Design of metal-organic framework materials based upon inorganic clusters and polycarboxylates." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001843.
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Butz, Benjamin. "The Different Lives of Spaces - Reconsidering the City Block as a New Neighborhood in Washington Dc." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34459.
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The city with its urban density, infrastructure, and cultural, social and educational opportunities can be a desirable place to live for all - regardless of age, income or background. The city of today has changed considerably from the city of the 19th century. Neither is it the city of the future. However, it has great potential to anticipate to the challenges we will face in the future. It is a place that constantly changes. It is a living organism!
This constant change is a challenge for architects to develop concepts and design-solutions that can react to shifting uses, zoning requirements, and dweller habits. The constant alteration of lifestyle, residential and commercial use, as well as job-related needs demands a high flexibity and adaptability in architecture and urban planning. Today's life is fast and unpredictable.
Other contemporary issues such as sustainabilty or climate change are becoming key issues of today's discussion - in society, in the media and in world policy. Architects - responsible for our built environment - have to find innovative solutions to such ever-changing problems within their profession - within architecture.
How can a concept, project or building be designed or constructed to anticipate those future needs, and what are the limits?
To explore these questions and many more that followed I chose a site in midtown Washington DC. My thesis project includes 23 townhouses with partial retail, incorporated along an alley in the interior of a city block. The new development is integrated into the existing structure.Master of Architecture
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Warodell, Emelie, and Victor Lindholm. "Circular economy – the way to a more sustainable urban environment? A study of how conversion and a circular economic business model can benefit the aspects of sustainability." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190344.
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Today there is a global growing discourse regarding sustainability and the need for ecological responsibility. This in combination with the high level of shortage of accommodation on the market in Sweden and Stockholm, which is the geographically limitation of this study. One strategy to handle the shortage of accommodation and the high vacancy levels is property development through conversion where the change of use is in focus. This study is an exploratory study were the aim is to investigate how the existing property portfolio can be used to benefit the aspects of sustainability by conversion and a circular economic business model. There is also a goal to deepen the understanding of the incentives and market strategies in relation to conversion. The chosen method for this research is to use an abductive research method to ascertain the possibility for changes along projects’ life-time. Qualitative data have been collected with semistructured interviews as the main source where the respondents have been projects managers, and other essential actors, on a few selected companies as well as influential actors within the real estate sector. The three dimensions of sustainability, ecological, social and economic, have different influential roles depending on which explaining model that are studied. Also, there could be a ‘fourth dimension’ of sustainability, the cultural dimension, which widens the perspective. Further, the need for an environmental change have led to the birth of another economic model; circular economy. Here the traditional linear economic model is challenged with a model where recycling together with re-usage are in focus. Conversion is a strategy that is more frequently used now then for example 20 years ago, but the concept could have a larger role in today’s society. This could be seen as a circular economic approach for the construction, and/or real estate, industry, in which there have been investigations whether this new economic business model could have a bright future. Although, the actors on today’s market do believe that the traditional linear economic model is a better fit since it provides them with a larger profit in a shorter amount of time. Furthermore, the actors do believe that a circular economic business model is a good approach, but it is unfortunately not economically defendable in a large scale today. Since the market is full of uncertainties there are few actors that are willing to step into the world of conversion.Diskussionen gällande hållbarhet och ett ekologiskt ansvar är idag ett stort globalt samtalsämne. Detta i kombination med den stora bostadsbristen som råder i Sverige och i Stockholm, för vilken är den geografiska avgränsningen i denna studie. En strategi för att lösa bostadsbristen och höga vakansnivåer är med hjälp av fastighetsutveckling genom konvertering där ändrande av användningsområde står i fokus. Denna studie är utforskande med syftet att undersöka hur det går att använda sig av det befintliga fastighetsbeståndet för att gynna hållbarhetsaspekterna med hjälp av konvertering och en cirkulärekonomisk affärsmodell. Målet är också att få en djupare förståelse för incitamenten och marknadsstrategier i relation till konvertering. Vi har valt att använda en abduktiv undersökningsmetod. Kvalitativ data har samlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som huvudkälla där respondenterna har varit projektledare, och andra viktiga aktörer, på diverse utvalda företag såväl som inflytelserika aktörer inom fastighetsbranschen. De tre hålbarhetsdimensionerna, ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska, har olika inflytelserika roller beroende på vilken förklarande modell som studeras. Det skulle också kunna finnas en fjärde hållbarhetsdimension, den kulturella dimensionen, som breddar perspektivet. Vidare så har behovet för en miljömässig förändring lett till skapandet av en annan ekonomisk modell; cirkulärekonomi. Här utmanas den traditionella linjärekonomiska modellen av en modell där återvinning och återanvändning står i fokus. Konvertering är en strategi som allt mer frekvent används idag än för exempelvis 20 år sedan, men detta koncept skulle kunna ha en ännu större roll i dagens samhälle. Detta skulle kunna ses som ett cirkulärekonomiskt tillvägagångssätt för bygg- och/eller fastighetsbranschen där det funnits undersökningar gällande om denna nya ekonomiska affärsmodell skulle kunna ha en ljus framtid till mötes. Dock tror dagens aktörer på marknaden att den traditionella linjärekonomiska modellen passar dem bättre då den är mer ekonomiskt lönsam på en kortare tid. Vidare tycker dessa aktörer att den cirkulärekonomiska affärsmodellen är ett bra tillvägagångssätt men att den tyvärr inte är ekonomiskt försvarbar i en större utsträckning idag. Eftersom marknaden är full av osäkerhet finns det enbart få aktörer som är villiga att ta klivet in i konverteringsvärlden.
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Machry, Hermínia Silva. "O impacto dos avanços da tecnologia nas transformações arquitetônicas dos edifícios hospitalares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16132/tde-15062010-130613/.
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Este trabalho disserta sobre o processo de adaptação arquitetônica dos edifícios hospitalares frente às mudanças físicas e funcionais trazidas pelas inovações tecnológicas na área médica. Principalmente após a segunda metade do século XX, se acelerou o desenvolvimento científico na medicina, com a descoberta de novas enfermidades, novos tratamentos e, especialmente, novas formas e ferramentas de diagnóstico. A existência e o aperfeiçoamento destas atividades têm se apoiado cada vez mais na tecnologia, cujas inovações foram sendo introduzidas nos edifícios na forma de equipamentos, exigindo espaços e instalações especiais. Os hospitais existentes, tendo que se adaptar às especificidades técnicas, foram submetidos a um ritmo intenso de transformações arquitetônicas, no intuito de evitar a sua obsolescência. Para investigar o impacto destas freqüentes inovações tecnológicas sobre os edifícios hospitalares, buscou-se analisar o desenvolvimento arquitetônico dos mesmos, nas suas áreas mais relacionadas ao uso de tecnologia. Os casos estudados foram o Instituto do Coração (InCor), o Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE) e o Hospital de Doenças do Aparelho Locomotor Sarah Kubitschek de Brasília (HDAL), cujos edifícios são representativos do cenário ilustrado. Reconhecendo nas instituições de saúde o dinamismo técnico-científico, a complexidade espacial e os desafios quanto à preservação da sua integridade arquitetônica, esta pesquisa espera alertar os arquitetos sobre a inconstância das variáveis que desenham as edificações hospitalares, sobre a importância de depreendê-las e sobre a necessidade de projetar edifícios flexíveis para incorporar estas variáveis de modo menos impactante.This dissertation is about the architectural adaptation process that medical buildings undergo in face of physical and functional changes brought by technological innovations in medicine. Especially after the second half of the 20th century, the scientific progress in medicine accelerated with the discovery of new diseases, new treatments and new forms and tools of diagnosis. The existence and improvement of these healthcare activities have been supported more and more by technology and its machinery, which were absorbed by medical buildings in the form of equipment, demanding special space and infrastructure. Existing hospitals were forced to adapt to the technical needs, and were submitted to an intense pace of architectural transformation, fighting against their obsolescence. In order to investigate the impact of these frequent technological innovations upon medical buildings, their architectural development was analyzed in the areas most affected by technology. The case studies were the Instituto do Coração (InCor), the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE) and the Hospital de Doenças do Aparelho Locomotor Sarah Kubitschek (HDAL) of Brasília, whose buildings represent the illustrated scenario. Acknowledging in medical buildings the spatial complexity, the technical and scientific dynamism and the challenges involving the preservation of their physical integrity, this research expects to call attention to the lack of constancy of the elements that design medical buildings, to the importance of knowing them and to the necessity of planning flexible buildings that are able to absorb those elements with less impact.
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Lindström, Lisa, and Julia Lätt. "Vad är en tillgänglig bostad? : En studie om funktionsanpassning i en bostad." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68820.
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Många människor lever idag med någon form av rörelsenedsättning. Att planera en bostad bör till stor del handla om tillgänglighet och användbarhet där alla människor ska kunna leva på lika villkor oavsett behov. Det här arbetet undersöker om de lagar och regler som redan finns angående tillgänglighetsanpassning är tillräckliga och vad som krävs utöver detta med fokus på entré, badrum, kök samt brukarens sovrum.
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Haque, Ashraful. "A Deep Learning-based Dynamic Demand Response Framework." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104927.
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The electric power grid is evolving in terms of generation, transmission and distribution network architecture. On the generation side, distributed energy resources (DER) are participating at a much larger scale. Transmission and distribution networks are transforming to a decentralized architecture from a centralized one. Residential and commercial buildings are now considered as active elements of the electric grid which can participate in grid operation through applications such as the Demand Response (DR). DR is an application through which electric power consumption during the peak demand periods can be curtailed. DR applications ensure an economic and stable operation of the electric grid by eliminating grid stress conditions. In addition to that, DR can be utilized as a mechanism to increase the participation of green electricity in an electric grid.
The DR applications, in general, are passive in nature. During the peak demand periods, common practice is to shut down the operation of pre-selected electrical equipment i.e., heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and lights to reduce power consumption. This approach, however, is not optimal and does not take into consideration any user preference. Furthermore, this does not provide any information related to demand flexibility beforehand. Under the broad concept of grid modernization, the focus is now on the applications of data analytics in grid operation to ensure an economic, stable and resilient operation of the electric grid. The work presented here utilizes data analytics in DR application that will transform the DR application from a static, look-up-based reactive function to a dynamic, context-aware proactive solution.
The dynamic demand response framework presented in this dissertation performs three major functionalities: electrical load forecast, electrical load disaggregation and peak load reduction during DR periods. The building-level electrical load forecasting quantifies required peak load reduction during DR periods. The electrical load disaggregation provides equipment-level power consumption. This will quantify the available building-level demand flexibility. The peak load reduction methodology provides optimal HVAC setpoint and brightness during DR periods to reduce the peak demand of a building. The control scheme takes user preference and context into consideration. A detailed methodology with relevant case studies regarding the design process of the network architecture of a deep learning algorithm for electrical load forecasting and load disaggregation is presented. A case study regarding peak load reduction through HVAC setpoint and brightness adjustment is also presented. To ensure the scalability and interoperability of the proposed framework, a layer-based software architecture to replicate the framework within a cloud environment is demonstrated.Doctor of Philosophy
The modern power grid, known as the smart grid, is transforming how electricity is generated, transmitted and distributed across the US. In a legacy power grid, the utilities are the suppliers and the residential or commercial buildings are the consumers of electricity. However, the smart grid considers these buildings as active grid elements which can contribute to the economic, stable and resilient operation of an electric grid. Demand Response (DR) is a grid application that reduces electrical power consumption during peak demand periods. The objective of DR application is to reduce stress conditions of the electric grid. The current DR practice is to shut down pre-selected electrical equipment i.e., HVAC, lights during peak demand periods. However, this approach is static, pre-fixed and does not consider any consumer preference. The proposed framework in this dissertation transforms the DR application from a look-up-based function to a dynamic context-aware solution. The proposed dynamic demand response framework performs three major functionalities: electrical load forecasting, electrical load disaggregation and peak load reduction. The electrical load forecasting quantifies building-level power consumption that needs to be curtailed during the DR periods. The electrical load disaggregation quantifies demand flexibility through equipment-level power consumption disaggregation. The peak load reduction methodology provides actionable intelligence that can be utilized to reduce the peak demand during DR periods. The work leverages functionalities of a deep learning algorithm to increase forecasting accuracy. An interoperable and scalable software implementation is presented to allow integration of the framework with existing energy management systems.
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Legonde, Cláudia Kraemer. "Flexibilidade em edificações residenciais: diretrizes de projeto e análise da aplicação no mercado imobiliário brasileiro." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6657.
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A imprevisibilidade que surge ao passar do tempo, as mudanças no modo de viver das pessoas, a globalização e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia têm exigido habitações residenciais que sejam capazes de adaptar-se a tais transformações. A flexibilidade na arquitetura consiste na capacidade que um projeto ou edificação tem de se adequar às necessidades ou exigências dos usuários de um modo racional. O cenário atual composto de lançamentos imobiliários de arranjo espacial limitado, convencional e repetitivo, força os usuários a modificarem suas habitações por meio de demolições, reformas, e consequentes perdas ambientais. Diante disso, cabe ao projetista utilizar a flexibilidade como estratégia para garantir uma qualidade maior ao projeto de arquitetura, propondo a aplicação de novos materiais e soluções construtivas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é identificar diretrizes de projeto que promovam a flexibilidade em edificações residenciais, bem como analisar a sua aplicação no mercado imobiliário. O método de pesquisa utilizado teve como referência uma revisão bibliográfica para um melhor entendimento do assunto. As diretrizes propostas foram detalhadas e exemplificadas, divididas nos seguintes itens: estrutura independente, modulação estrutural, planta livre, divisórias internas leves, divisórias móveis, fachada livre, núcleos de serviços, shafts de instalações, forro rebaixado e piso elevado. Com o intuito de expor a aplicação prática da flexibilidade, foram selecionadas cinco edificações residenciais multifamiliares flexíveis oferecidas no mercado imobiliário brasileiro. Estas edificações foram analisadas quanto às estratégias de flexibilidade utilizadas e quanto aos tipos de flexibilidade existentes apresentados por autores pesquisados. Como resultados das análises, observa-se que praticamente todas as diretrizes de projeto propostas foram utilizadas de alguma forma nas edificações analisadas, promovendo diversos tipos de flexibilidade. Para que a flexibilidade seja alcançada, estas diretrizes devem estar combinadas formando um sistema flexível, e precisam ser inseridas logo na fase de projeto da edificação, que possui os menores custos e as maiores possibilidades de intervenção. A utilização da flexibilidade na arquitetura traz satisfação aos usuários e o aumento no desempenho e na vida útil das edificações, colaborando, desse modo, com a sustentabilidade na construção civil.
The rinsing of unpredictability over time, changes in people's way of life, globalization and the development of technology have required residential housing capable of adapting to such transformations. Flexibility in architecture is about the ability to adapt to the needs or requirements of users in a rational way. The current scenario of limited, conventional, and repetitive space arrangement, offered by real estate market, forces users to modify their homes through demolitions, renovations, and consequent environmental losses. In view of this, it is up to the designer to use flexibility as a strategy to ensure a higher quality architecture project, proposing the application of new materials and constructive solutions. The main objective of this work is to identify design guidelines that promote flexibility in residential buildings, as well as to analyze their application in the real estate market. The research method used had as reference a bibliographic review for a better understanding of the subject. The proposed guidelines were detailed and exemplified, divided into the following items: independent structure, structural modulation, free plan, light internal partitions, movable partitions, free facade, service cores, installation shafts, recessed ceiling and raised floor. With the purpose of exposing the practical application of flexibility, we selected five flexible residential multifamily buildings currently offered in the Brazilian real estate market. These buildings were analyzed for the flexibility strategies used and the existing types of flexibility presented by researched authors. As a result , it is observed that practically all proposed project guidelines were used in some way in the analyzed buildings, promoting several types of flexibility. In order for flexibility to be achieved, these guidelines must be combined to form a flexible system, and must be inserted in the design phase of the building, which has the lowest costs and the greatest possibilities for intervention. The use of flexibility in the architecture brings satisfaction to the users and the increase in the performance and the useful life of the buildings, thus collaborating with the sustainability in the civil construction.
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Jorge, Liziane de Oliveira. "Estratégias de flexibilidade na arquitetura residencial multifamiliar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16138/tde-15062012-162419/.
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A arquitetura residencial coletiva, representada pelos edifícios multifamiliares voltados para as massas que habitam as áreas urbanas, é o maior protagonista da arquitetura cotidiana, desde o início do século XX, período que desenvolveu, propagou e consolidou o repertório formal, normativo e estético dessa célebre tipologia. As motivações que impulsionaram o desenvolvimento dessa nova forma de moradia coincidiram com uma enorme carência social e com a emergência por alojamentos, fato que assolou grande parte da população migrante que chegava às cidades, somadas às consequências das Grandes Guerras na Europa. A esses indivíduos, desorientados, restaram absorver as imposições da habitação coletiva - rígida, padronizada e uniforme - oferecida, muitas vezes, sob a égide do estado socialista, preocupado prioritariamente com aspectos quantitativos, dimensionais e higiênicos. Essa conjuntura moderna é escrutinada ao início do trabalho, bem como o papel da escola Vkutemas e do taylorismo como agentes de transformação da arte, da cultura e da sociedade do século XX. Apesar das incontestáveis contribuições à racionalização e à ciência da edificação, após um século, acredita-se que as mesmas regras, essencialmente modernas e universalizantes, ainda dominem a produção imobiliária atual: repetição idêntica de apartamentos tipo, preceitos funcionalistas, exigências mínimas relativas à habitabilidade, normas dimensionais padronizadas. Esses critérios, álibis perfeitos para uma arquitetura direcionada a usuários desconhecidos, disseminam, ainda hoje, modelos de caráter universal, reforçados por estratégias mercadológicas que homogeneízam o comportamento e pouco favorecem o uso diversificado do espaço da habitação, condição indispensável ao sujeito contemporâneo, ao estilo de vida plural das novas estruturas familiares, às rápidas transformações sociais, tecnológicas e culturais do mundo contemporâneo. Com o propósito de devolver ao morador tipificado um espaço doméstico de manifestação espontânea, imprevisível e natural, adequado às novas formas de vida, o trabalho investiga, ao longo do século XX, mecanismos de flexibilidade arquitetônica capazes de promover a adaptabilidade, a transformação e a particularização do espaço residencial, preceitos indispensáveis à satisfação do usuário e às diferentes necessidades ao longo do seu ciclo familiar. A sistematização de um amplo instrumental de flexibilidade é o produto primordial deste trabalho, capaz de nortear a concepção de novo projetos e a adequação de estruturas preexistentes, no intuito de promover, a partir da modificação de usos e da redefinição programática, novas respostas para o bem-estar físico e emocional dos usuários.The collective residential architecture, represented by the multifamily buildings directed to people who live in the urban areas, has been the greatest protagonist of the everyday architecture since the beginning of the 20th century, period when has developed, expanded and consolidated the formal, normative and esthetic collection of this famous typology. The motivations that propelled the development of this new way of dwelling house coincided with an enormous social lacking and with the need for accommodations, fact that devastated a large part of the migrant population that reached the cities, in addition to the consequences of the Great Wars in Europe. To these disorientated individuals was left over to absorb the collective dwelling impositions - stiffness, standardized, uniform - offered sometimes as assistance from a socialist state, worried mainly with quantitative, hygienic and dimensional aspects. This modern conjuncture is scrutinized at the beginning of the work, as well the role of the \"Vkutemas\" school and of the taylorism as transformation agents of art, culture and of the 20th century society. In spite of the incontestable contributions to the rationalization and to the science of building, after a century, one believes that the same rules, essentially modern and universal, still dominate the current property production: identical repetition of type flats, functional concepts, minimal requirements for inhabitable conditions, standardized size norms. These criteria, perfect alibi for an architecture directed to unknown users, spread even today models of universal mark, reinforced by marketing strategies that homogenize the behavior and much little favour the diversified use of the housing space, which is an essential condition for the contemporary individual, for the plural life style of the new family structures, for the fast social, technological and cultural transformations of the contemporary world. With the objective to give the typified resident back a domestic space of spontaneous manifestation, unforeseeable and natural, adequated to the new ways of life, the work investigates, over the 20th century, mechanisms of architectural flexibility able to promote the adaptability, the transformation and the particularity of the residential space, precepts indispensable to the user satisfaction and to the different necessities along his family cycle. The systematization of a broad instrument of flexibility is the main product of this work, capable of leading the conception of new projects and the adaptation of pre-existing structures, in order to promote, from the modification of uses and from the programmatic redefinition, new answers for the physical and emotional well-being of the users.