Journal articles: 'Flexible manufacturing systems. Process control Warehouses'

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Saygin, C., and S. E. Kilic. "Integrating Flexible Process Plans with Scheduling in Flexible Manufacturing Systems." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 15, no. 4 (April 27, 1999): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001700050066.

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Wang, Jin Feng, Guang Feng Zhang, and Xian Zhang Feng. "Characteristics Analysis of Flexible Manufacturing Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 329 (June 2013): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.329.172.

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For the rigid automatic line, although its production efficiency is high, but the flexible is less in the machining process, the machine and the assembly line need be shut down to adjust or replace for machine tools, jigs, tools, and tooling equipment, etc. When the work pieces for the machining is changed. It caused a heavy workload, wasting a lot of time. Flexible Manufacturing Systems consisted of unified control system, material handling system and a set of digital control processing equipment; it is the automation machinery manufacturing system to adapt the processing object transform. It has become one of the important means of manufacturing industry to obtain the advantages of market competitiveness. This paper gives the composition, algorithm and application of learning system concept, composition, and classification, characteristics of the flexible manufacturing system, the development overview and its application are induced in this paper.

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Niderla, Jonrad, Tomasz Rymarczyk, and Jan Sikora. "MANUFACTURING PLANNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM USING TOMOGRAPHIC SENSORS." Informatyka Automatyka Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 8, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5280.

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The article presents an idea of a production process control system. Advanced automation and control of production processes play a key role in maintaining competitiveness. The proposed solution consists of sensor networks for measurement process parameters, production resources and equipment state. The system uses wired and wireless communication, which gives possibility to acquisition data from existing in enterprise sensors and systems as well as acquisition data from new systems and sensors used to measure all processes, starting from production preparation to the final product. The solution contains process tomography sensors based on electrical capacitance tomography, electrical impedance tomography and ultrasound tomography. The use of tomographic methods enables to manage the intelligent structure of the companies in terms of processes and products. Industrial tomography enables observation of physical and chemical phenomena without the need to penetrate inside. It will enable the optimization and auto-optimization of design processes and production. Such solutions can operate autonomously, monitor and control measurements. All sensors return to the system continuous data about state of processes in some technologically closed objects like fermenters. Process tomography can also be used to acquisition data about a flow of liquids and loose ingredients in pipeline based on transport systems. Data acquired from sensors are collected in data warehouses in order to future processing and building the knowledge base. The results of the data analysis are showed in user control panels and are used directly in the control of the production process to increase the efficiency and quality of the products. Control methods cover issues related to the processing of data obtained from various sensors located at nodes. Monitoring takes place within the scope of acquired and processed data and parameter automation.

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Finke, G., and A. Kusiak. "Models for the process planning problem in flexible manufacturing systems." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2, no. 2 (May 1987): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02601472.

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Jiang, Zengqiang, Mingcheng E, Yu Liu, Jianxin Liu, and Yu Li. "Study of manufacturing resource perception and process control of a radio-frequency-identification-enabled decentralized flexible manufacturing system." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 2017): 168781401668744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016687449.

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The fusion of mechatronics, communication, control, and information technologies has introduced new automation paradigms into the production environment. Plug-and-play flexible manufacturing systems will become suitable approaches in the future for the development of modular, flexible, and reconfigurable manufacturing systems, addressing the requirements of global markets. This article introduces a Petri Net model-driven methodology for the development, validation, and operation of a radio-frequency identification-enabled decentralized flexible manufacturing system. After analyzing the manufacturing processes and resources of a flexible manufacturing system, the manufacturing resources are classified into active and passive resources. Each active resource is equipped with a radio-frequency identification reader and each passive resource is banded with a radio-frequency identification tag. Real-time state and behavior logic models are built for manufacturing resources based on extended Petri Nets; the models are translated into XML and integrated with the manufacturing resources. In this fashion, each manufacturing resource becomes an autonomous agent, and it can make self-decisions and update its status through the twinned models. In this manner, automatic perception and process control are realized. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the method are verified in an experimental system.

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Leckie, F. A., and R. M. McMeeking. "Processing and Manufacturing." Applied Mechanics Reviews 38, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143697.

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The general problems associated with the mechanics of forming processes are discussed. Particular topics include: (i) processing of electronic devices; (ii) flexible robotic systems; (iii) manufacturing methods for modern materials; (iv) process control for optimal properties.

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Row, Ter-Chan, and Yen-Liang Pan. "Maximally permissive deadlock prevention policies for flexible manufacturing systems using control transition." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 2018): 168781401878740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018787406.

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Nowadays, many kinds of flexible manufacturing systems are used to process many complex manufacturing works due to their machine flexibility and routing flexibility. However, such competition (i.e. robots and machines) for shared resources by concurrent job processes can lead to the problem of a system deadlock. In existing researches, almost experts adopted place-based as controllers to solve the deadlock problems of flexible manufacturing systems whatever the concept of siphons or the reachability graph method are used. Among them, only the reachability graph ones can obtain maximally permissive live states. In this article, the authors try to propose one novel transition-based deadlock prevention concept to solve flexible manufacturing system’s deadlock problem. In addition, two algorithms are developed to support above concept. The experimental results indicate that the proposed policy not only can obtain maximally permissive controllers but also recover all original deadlock markings.

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Boukas, E. K., Q. Zhu, and Q. Zhang. "Piecewise deterministic Markov process model for flexible manufacturing systems with preventive maintenance." Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 81, no. 2 (May 1994): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02191664.

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Kathawala, Yunus. "Expert Systems: Implications for Operations Management." Industrial Management & Data Systems 90, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579010004161.

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Several examples of successful expert systems applications are presented. Examples of expert systems as applied in process planning, operations planning, inventory control, process design, quality control and scheduling are covered, and the performance of these expert systems is described. Expert systems will become an essential part of computer‐integrated manufacturing (CIM) and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) because they can perform several of the tasks mentioned above.

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SUGIMURA, Nobuhiro, and Koji IWAMURA. "2201 DYNAMIC INTEGRATED PROCESS PLANNING AND PRODUCTION CONTROL IN FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS WITH AUTONOMOUS AGENTS." Proceedings of Manufacturing Systems Division Conference 2007 (2007): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemsd.2007.37.

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Camurri, Antonio, Paolo Franchi, Francesca Gandolfo, and Renato Zaccaria. "Petri net based process scheduling: A model of the control system of flexible manufacturing systems." Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 8, no. 1 (August 1993): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01258642.

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Ranky, Paul G. "A generic tool management system architecture for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)." Robotica 6, no. 3 (July 1988): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700004331.

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SUMMARYConsidering the fact that Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) should be able to accommodate a variety of different parts in random order, tool management at cell level and tool transportation, tool data management, tooling data collection, tool maintenance, and manual and/or robotized tool assembly at FMS system level are very important. Tooling information in FMS is used by several subsystems, including: production planning, process control, dynamic scheduling, part programming, tool preset and maintenance, robotized and/or manual tool assembly, stock control and materials storage.The paper summarizes the major tasks to be solved when designing tool management systems for FMS, as well as gives a solution for describing the data structure of a tool data base integrated with a generic tool description method, and shows a sample transaction of the way the FMS real-time control system can access and use this data base.

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Patic, Paul Ciprian, Lucia Pascale, and Gabriela Măntescu. "Simulation of a Flexible Manufacturing System for Semi-Products Packaging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1654–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1654.

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In this paper one proposed to exemplify a modern solution of an automatic control of industrial production lines. The necessity to align at the requirements of industrial competition has led to a degree of automation of increasingly advanced that the human intervention into the processes is minimal. A high productivity means lower flow interruptions as manufacturing, so the systems which control these lines must operate without errors. This can be done only by testing control programs and monitoring automation systems and, also, through simulate the manufacturing process.

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Lukic, Ljubomir, Mirko Djapic, Cristiano Fragassa, and Ana Pavlovic. "Optimization Model for Machining Processes Design in Flexible Manufacturing Systems." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 17, no. 02 (May 11, 2018): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686718500099.

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Engineering machining processes realized in flexible machining systems is a highly complex task, especially since it encompasses complex optimization procedures apart from engineering. For a broad array of different workpieces produced in different series it is very difficult to engineer a manufacturing process for attaining maximum processing productivity with minimal production costs. This paper presents a developed postprocessor model enabling automatic generating of the numerical control code for all programs executed simultaneously in the production process on a greater number of machining centers. The model engrosses the different variants of tools in a machining center magazine, a different combination of elements of the machining mode, possibility of the most favorable layout of workpieces on pallets, compliance with the technological requirements in terms of simultaneous tool changes in machining center magazines, the required total processing time and minimal production costs. To that aim has been developed the postprocessor generator, as a program and software system, enabling all programs to be automatically updated based on the set up optimization strategy from tool changes, changes in cutting mode elements and technological operations. Such updated programs contain optimal technological parameters and provide minimal costs of production while at the same time the maximum utilization of tools during manufacture at an exactly specified time.

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Petković, Tomislav, David Puljiz, Ivan Marković, and Björn Hein. "Human intention estimation based on hidden Markov model motion validation for safe flexible robotized warehouses." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 57 (June 2019): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2018.11.004.

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Chung-Hsien Kuo and Han-Pang Huang. "Failure modeling and process monitoring for flexible manufacturing systems using colored timed Petri nets." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 16, no. 3 (June 2000): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/70.850648.

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Wenzelburger, Philipp, and Frank Allgöwer. "Model Predictive Control for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling in Industry 4.0." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 8145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178145.

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In the context of Industry 4.0, flexible manufacturing systems play an important role. They are designed to provide the possibility to adapt the production process by reacting to changes and enabling customer specific products. The versatility of such manufacturing systems, however, also needs to be exploited by advanced control strategies. To this end, we present a novel scheduling scheme that is able to flexibly react to changes in the manufacturing system by means of Model Predictive Control (MPC). To introduce flexibility from the start, the initial scheduling problem, which is very general and covers a variety of special cases, is formulated in a modular way. This modularity is then preserved during an automatic transformation into a Petri Net formulation, which constitutes the basis for the two presented MPC schemes. We prove that both schemes are guaranteed to complete the production problem in closed loop when reasonable assumptions are fulfilled. The advantages of the presented control framework for flexible manufacturing systems are that it covers a wide variety of scheduling problems, that it is able to exploit the available flexibility of the manufacturing system, and that it allows to prove the completion of the production problem.

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Braganca, C. A. J., and P. Sholl. "VAL-II, a language for hierarchical control of a robot-based automated factory." Robotica 3, no. 4 (October 1985): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026357470000237x.

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SUMMARYThe goal of manufacturing system development today is the integration of basic production elements to suit a variety of industrial and shop floor requirements. This may seem an awesome goal, but the authors suggest that careful assessment of requirement at each level and an appreciation of the true level of complexity needed at each level for control purposes, systematic integration will be possible as products become commercially available.Six levels of integration can be defined for robot-based applications: Level 1 - the single robot application level Level 2 - the system with robots working in teams Level 3 - the combination of different robot systems Level 4 - the combination of feeding work automatically to islands of automation from fully automated warehouses. Level 5 - the integration of planning and control functions Level 6 - the integration of CAD based design functions.The approach to integration and the level to which it extends will to a large extent be determined by a company's objective, present computer capacity, general production capability and availability of appropriate flexible automation products and systems for use in a given industrial environment. This paper examines the global needs of hierarchical integration, the level of control needed and the implication of VAL-II to this end.

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Siddiquie, Reshma Yasmin, Zahid A. Khan, and Arshad Noor Siddiquee. "Prioritizing decision criteria of flexible manufacturing systems using fuzzy TOPSIS." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 28, no. 7 (September 4, 2017): 913–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-04-2017-0069.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically demonstrate the use of an effective multiple criteria decision-making technique, i.e. fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) in ranking the decision criteria of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire is specially designed and served to the industry experts to collect their opinion on several FMS decision criteria. Subsequently, fuzzy TOPSIS is used to prioritize the decision criteria. Findings Fuzzy TOPSIS multiple criteria decision-making technique is explained and applied to determine relative importance of the several decision criteria of FMS. This will help management of organizations in taking decision for implementing FMS in their organizations. From this study, it is found that customer satisfaction is the top most criterion among several other criteria for the successful implementation of FMS. Research limitations/implications In situation like the one considered in this research, there are dependencies and interactions among the criteria and, therefore, other techniques such as fuzzy analytic network process would have been a better choice. Nevertheless, fuzzy TOPSIS also provides good result as it incorporates vagueness associated with the decision maker’s opinion pertaining to the several FMS decision criteria. Originality/value This paper presents a fuzzy TOSIS model to help managers understand the relative importance of the several FMS decision criteria so that they can use this information for successful implementation of this advanced manufacturing technology in their organizations.

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Chen, Zhiguang, Chenguang Yang, Xin Liu, and Min Wang. "Learning control of flexible manipulator with unknown dynamics." Assembly Automation 37, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-11-2016-148.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the controller design of flexible manipulator. Flexible manipulator system is a nonlinear, strong coupling, time-varying system, which is introduced elastodynamics in the study and complicated to control. However, due to the flexible manipulator, system has a significant advantage in response speed, control accuracy and load weight ratio to attract a lot of researchers. Design/methodology/approach Since the order of flexible manipulator system is high, designing controller process will be complex, and have a large amount of calculation, but this paper will use the dynamic surface control method to solve this problem. Findings Dynamic surface control method as a controller design method which can effectively solve the problem with the system contains nonlinear and reduced design complexity. Originality/value The authors assume that the dynamic parameters of flexible manipulator system are unknown, and use Radial Basis Function neural network to approach the unknown system, combined with the dynamic surface control method to design the controller.

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Gan, P. Y., and K. S. Lee. "Scheduling of Flexible-Sequenced Process Plans in a Mould Manufacturing Shop." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 20, no. 3 (August 5, 2002): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001700200144.

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Skýpala, Richard, and Roman Ružarovský. "Virtual commissioning of automated manufacturing systems — Quality-handling station case study." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134304002.

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The aim of the contribution is to create an event-controlled simulation of an automated production system using selected simulation software according to analyses and creation PLC control program compatible with human-machine control interface (HMI) visualization. The programmer can test the control program without the need for additional hardware on a virtual model of the machine. This method is called as a Virtual Commissioning method. The question is whether these new digital technologies are beneficial in the development process of new machines. The theoretical part of the contribution deals with the evaluation of the current state of knowledge in the field of virtual commissioning systems from the perspective of the Industry 4.0 concept and the use of principles taken from the technology of digital twins for analysing the possibilities of productive support of simulation, programming and visualization of control. For the Virtual Commissioning of the Quality-handling station from a flexible production system. It was chosen Tecnomatix Process simulating software for the developing of the Digital Twin of the station that is suitable for the connection of the logical behaviour inputs and outputs of the Digital Twin to the PLCSIM emulator. The main goal is to create a functional PLC program, so that in the second phase the process of virtual commissioning can be tested by the Software-the-Loop method. The preparation of the simulation model consists in a sample of the control station model of the production system, the process of creating kinematic bonds, behaviour model, creating control signals in the Tecnomatix Process Simulate program. Programming procedure and acquaintance with control means in the Simatic Manager program, selection of communication interface and creation of control visualization. In the final work, validation is performed and evaluation supports the objectives and the results confirmed the benefits of the Virtual Commissioning tool.

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Ihlenfeldt, Steffen, Tim Wunderlich, Marian Süße, Arvid Hellmich, Christer-Clifford Schenke, Ken Wenzel, and Sarah Mater. "Increasing Resilience of Production Systems by Integrated Design." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 8457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188457.

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The paper presents a framework for considering resilience as an integrated aspect in the design of manufacturing systems. The framework comprises methods for the assessment of resilience, supply chain and production planning, flexible execution and control as well as modular and skill-based methods for automation systems. A basic classification of risk categories and their impacts on manufacturing environments is given so that a concept of reconfigurable and robust production systems can be derived. Based on this, main characteristics and concepts of resilience are applied to manufacturing systems. As a lever of increased resilience on business and supply chain level, options for synchronized production planning are presented in a discrete event simulation. Furthermore, a concept to increase resilience on the level of business process execution is investigated, allowing manufacturing tasks to be rescheduled during runtime using a declarative approach to amend conventional business process models.

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Han, Xun Mei. "The Hardware Design of Handling Manipulator in FMS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (December 2011): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.913.

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With CAXA software I designed the structure of the handling manipulator in the FMS. And focus for the design of the structure, introduced the hardware implementation of robot manipulator with the same characteristics of stepping away from its open-loop position control. The manipulator is mainly used for flexible manufacturing systems in material handling, flexible movement, safe, reliable, easy to adjust and control, simple operation, easy to implement process automation.

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Kamel, Khaled, and Eman Kamel. "PLC Batch Process Control Design and Implementation Fundamentals." September 2020 2, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2020.3.001.

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Batch process control is typically used for repeated chemical reaction tasks. It starts with a measured liquid material filling operations followed by a controlled reaction leading to the discharge or transport of processed quantities of material. The input materials is contained in vessel reactor and subjected to a sequence of processing activities over a recipe predefined duration of time. Batch systems are designed to measure, process, and discharge a varying volume of liquid from drums, tanks, reactors, or other large storage vessel using a programmable logic controller (PLC). These systems are common in pharmaceutical, chemical packaging, Beverage processing, personal care product, biotech manufacturing, dairy processing, soap manufacturing, and food processing industries. This paper briefly discusses the fundamental techniques used in specifying, designing, and implementing a PLC batch process control [1, 2]. A simplified batch process is used to illustrate key issues in designing and implementing such systems. In addition to the structured PLC ladder design; more focus is given to safety requirements, redundancy, interlocking, input data validation, and safe operation. The Allen Bradley (AB) SLC 500 PLC along with the LogixPro simulator are used to illustrate the concepts discussed in this paper. Two pumps are used to bring in material during the tank filling and a third pump is used to drain processed product. The three pumps are equipped with flow meters providing pulses proportional to the actual flow rate through the individual pipes. The tank material is heated to a predefined temperature duration followed by mixing for a set time before discharge. Batch control systems provides automated process controls, typically and universally using PLC’s networked to HMI’s and other data storage, analysis, and assessment computers. The overall system perform several tasks including recipe development and download, production scheduling, batch management and execution, equipment performance monitoring, inventory, production history and tracking functionalities. Flexible batch control systems are designed to accommodate smaller batches of products with greater requirements / recipes variation, efficiently and quickly. In addition to providing process consistency, continuous batch process control quality improvements are attained through the automatic collection and analysis of real-time reliable and accurate event performance data [3, 4].

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Baranowski, Michael, Markus Netzer, Sven Coutandin, and Jürgen Fleischer. "Produktivitätssteigerung durch Hybridisierung im 3D-Druck/Process development for the automated production of plastic parts with integrated functional components. Increased productivity through hybridization in 3D printing." wt Werkstattstechnik online 110, no. 07-08 (2020): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2020-07-08-65.

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Die additive Fertigung erlaubt eine standortunabhängige sowie de facto individualisierte Produktion von Bauteilen mit nahezu beliebiger Komplexität. Für die flexible Herstellung von hochfunktionalen Hybridbauteilen fehlt es allerdings an entsprechenden Maschinenkonzepten sowie Automatisierungslösungen. Durch ein hier vorgestelltes Anlagenkonzept sollen Funktionskomponenten in den additiven Herstellungsprozess integriert und neue Möglichkeiten der Bauteilhybridisierung erforscht werden.   Additive manufacturing allows a location-independent and de facto individualized production of components of almost any complexity. However, there is a need for appropriate machine concepts and automation solutions for the flexible production of highly functional hybrid components. A plant concept presented here is intended to integrate functional components into the additive manufacturing process and to explore new possibilities for component hybridization.

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Bointon, Patrick, Luke Todhunter, Adam Clare, and Richard Leach. "Performance Verification of a Flexible Vibration Monitoring System." Machines 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines8010003.

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The performance of measurement or manufacturing systems in high-precision applications is dependent upon the dynamics of the system, as vibration can be a significant contributor to the measurement uncertainty and process variability. Technologies making use of accelerometers and laser vibrometers are available to rapidly measure and process structural dynamic data but the software infrastructure is yet to be available in an open source or standardised format to allow rapid inter-platform use. In this paper, we present a novel condition monitoring system, which uses commercially available accelerometers in combination with a control-monitoring infrastructure to allow for the appraisal of the performance of a measurement or manufacturing system. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based control system is implemented for high-speed data acquisition and signal processing of six triaxial accelerometers, with a frequency range of 1 Hz to 6000 Hz, a sensitivity of 102.5 mV/ms−2 and a maximum sample rate of 12,800 samples per second per channel. The system includes two methods of operation: real-time performance monitoring and detailed measurement/manufacturing verification. A lathe condition monitoring investigation is undertaken to demonstrate the utility of this system and acquire typical machining performance parameters in order to monitor the “health” of the system.

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Hempel, Gerd, Stefan Miltenyi, and Volker Huppert. "Next Level of Automated Cell Processing System for Flexible Manufacturing of Cellular Products." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1186.1186.

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Abstract Abstract 1186 Introduction: Currently, manufacturing of cellular products for cellular therapies is done manually or semi-automated. To make cellular therapies applicable for routine use, a standardized production of cellular therapeutic agents is necessary. Therefore closed and highly automated manufacturing procedures are required. Solution: A new integrated cell processing device has been developed to automate and standardize the manufacturing process of cellular therapeutic agents and to handle several cell handling procedures in a fully automated and unified way. These procedures are filtering, centrifugation, temperature-controlled centrifugation, magnetic separation and cell culture. A functionally closed tubing system was developed to allow the application of specific combinations of the manufacturing steps listed. A new type of centrifugation chamber was designed to enable in-process liquid exchange and cell fractionation. Integrated ports allow controlled adding and removal of liquid during the centrifugation process. Our results show that in this chamber erythrocytes, mononuclear cells and plasma fractions can be obtained directly from bone marrow or apheresis products by a density gradient separation process. To enable temperature sensitive process steps, components to adjust and control the temperature in the system have been developed. This newly developed heat exchange cartridge allows temperature changes from 4°C to 42°C within minutes. For magnetic separation of specifically labeled cell population a controllable magnetic field has been integrated into the device which allows automated separation of magnetically labeled cells. Adult stem/progenitor cells, antigen-specific T cells, T cell subsets, blood dendritic cells and NK cells have been isolated with a performance (purity, yield) comparable to semi-automated reference systems. Also a new type of cell culture compartment has been designed allowing automated cultivation and/or differentiation of cells directly in a closed system. During cultivation, the cell culture compartment allows temperature and atmosphere control, media exchange, adding of stimulation or differentiation agents and visual inspection of the cells by an integrated microscope camera. Cell lines (K562, OKT3 hybridoma, CHO) and human primary T cells have been successfully cultivated in this system with growth curves comparable to cultivation in standard cell culture flasks. To control and automate all integrated cell handling procedures, a central controller has been developed which also documents all process parameters. Comparative studies of different cell handling procedures show significant lower inter- and intra-process variations in comparison to manual or semi-automated reference cell manufacturing systems. Conclusions: This integrated cell processing device can handle all current technical requirements for manufacturing cellular therapeutic agents by the complete automation of process steps in a functionally closed environment. This leads to automated, standardized cell manufacturing processes enabling innovative cellular therapies for routine use. Disclosures: Hempel: Miltenyi Biotec GmbH: Employment. Miltenyi:Miltenyi Biotec GmbH: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Huppert:Miltenyi Biotec GmbH: Employment.

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Ferreras-Higuero, E., E. Leal-Muñoz, J. García de Jalón, E. Chacón, and A. Vizán. "Robot-process precision modelling for the improvement of productivity in flexible manufacturing cells." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 65 (October 2020): 101966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2020.101966.

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Maropoulos, P. G. "A Novel Process Planning Architecture for Product-Based Manufacture." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 209, no. 4 (August 1995): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_083_02.

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This paper presents a new process planning architecture which is compatible with the integrated product and process development of concurrent engineering and interfaces with production control. The architecture consists of three levels, namely aggregate, management and detailed (AMD), which are defined according to the granularity of process modelling considerations, the interfacing requirements with design and production control, and the natural time cycle of the corresponding activities. The essential functionality at each level is also discussed and the new technology requirements are identified. The modularity of AMD will allow the generation of flexible, customized process planning systems to meet specific industrial requirements, enhance the operation of modules at each level and reduce the overall system complexity. However, the most important benefits offered by the AMD architecture are the establishment of time-dependent interfaces with design and production control and the formation of a modular structure that will facilitate the development of future generation, distributed process planning systems.

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Gı^rbea, A., S. Nechifor, F. Sisak, and L. Perniu. "Design and implementation of an OLE for process control unified architecture aggregating server for a group of flexible manufacturing systems." IET Software 5, no. 4 (2011): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-sen.2010.0147.

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Coudurier, J. F. "Flexible production organization of workpiece movement." Robotica 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700002459.

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SUMMARYThe flexible turning cell developed at CETIM has enabled us, among other things, to investigate how the movement of workpieces could be organized in flexible production cells.The very design of flexible cells leads to the following questions about the manufacturing process to be considered: – type of product, – type of operational side, – type of management/control, – type of data transmission.These questions are answered by calling upon group technology for both the product and operational sides, and upon simulation to define precisely the operational side, and the type of management/control and data transmission system to be used.For simple cells (i.e. those with few work-stations) the system can be analyzed in detail without resorting to simulation. Thus equipment limitations such as those set by robot control can be taken into account to analyze the possibilities to interlink numerous different paths.With this approach simpler real-time operation can be implemented. It also permits handling operations on different types of workpieces (i.e. of different shape and sequence) simultaneously.

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Olson, John R., and Paul A. Savory. "Road rescue implements a flexible continuous process improvement framework." Journal of Manufacturing Systems 18, no. 2 (January 1999): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6125(99)80019-3.

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Li, Xi-Ning, Xiao-Gang Dang, Bao-Qiang Xie, and Yu-Long Hu. "Flexible tooling design technology for aircraft fuselage panel component pre-assembly." Assembly Automation 35, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-06-2014-055.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop digital flexible pre-assembly tooling system for fuselage panels. Design/methodology/approach – First, the paper analyzes the technological characteristics of fuselage panels and then determines the pre-assembly object. Second, the pre-assembly positioning method and assembly process are researched. Third, the panel components pre-assembly flexible tooling scheme is constructed. Finally, the pre-assembly flexible tooling system is designed and manufactured. Findings – This study shows the novel solution results in significantly smaller tooling dimensions, while providing greater stability. Digital flexible assembly is an effective way to reduce floor space, reduce delivery and production lead times and improve quality. Practical implications – The tooling designed in this case is actually used in industrial application. The flexible tooling can realize the pre-assembly for a number of fuselage panels, which is shown as an example in this paper. Originality/value – The paper suggests the fuselage panel pre-assembly process based on the thought including pre-assembly, the automatic drilling and riveting and jointing, and constructs a flexible tooling system for aircraft fuselage panel component pre-assembly.

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Ivanovа, V. R., V. V. Novokreshenov, and N. V. Rozhencova. "Development of an algorithm for effective management of the technological process of the industrial enterprise based on the programmable logic controller TM171PDM27S Schneider Electric." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-2-75-85.

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Ventilation and air conditioning systems are necessary to regulate air exchange, maintain temperature and humidity, and provide a comfortable microclimate. Their installation is certainly relevant in premises for various purposes: at industrial facilities, in residential buildings, in administrative institutions, warehouses and others. In order to effectively carry out and ensure the proper functioning of ventilation, it is necessary to introduce automated control schemes for the operation of these systems, as well as the use of various modern equipment (ventilation units, ventilation units, silencers, air filters, air heaters, etc.) to increase the reliability of airspace cleaning and the cost-effectiveness of manufacturing the system generally. The paper presents the scheme and algorithm for the effective control of the technological process of the ventilation system of an industrial enterprise based on the TM171PDM27S Schneider Electric programmable logic controller. The analysis of existing ventilation systems is carried out, the description of ventilation systems is presented, the stand's appearance is presented, the choice of a programmable logic controller is justified, methodological recommendations for acquiring programming skills using the EcoStruxure Machine Expert - HVAC environment are presented, automatic control of the supply ventilation system for the foundry of an industrial enterprise is organized goals of a visual study of elements of ventilation systems, methods of regulation and control of parameters in ventilation systems. The main goal of creating a training stand is to study the settings and operating modes of automated ventilation and air conditioning control systems. In the course of further improvement of the circuit, classes of the following nature are possible: determination of the static and dynamic characteristics of the fan; study of the characteristics of an automated damper; pressure regulation by controlling a fan, etc.

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Li, X. Y., X. Y. Shao, and L. Gao. "Optimization of flexible process planning by genetic programming." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 38, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2007): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1069-x.

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Weiß, Alexander, and Mathias Liewald. "Fließpressen hohler Wellen mit Wanddickenvariation/Cold forging of hollow shafts with wall thickness variation – Numerical investigation of a hollow forward extrusion process with adjustable deformation zone." wt Werkstattstechnik online 110, no. 10 (2020): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2020-10-40.

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Die Fertigung von Hohlwellen mit komplexer Innengeometrie bedingte bisher meist aufwendige Prozessrouten. Ein am Institut für Umformtechnik der Universität Stuttgart entwickeltes Kaltfließpressverfahren soll nun die wirtschaftliche und flexible Fertigung von Hohlwellen mit Wanddickenvariation ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden das Verfahren beschrieben und die Ergebnisse der numerischen Untersuchung des Einflusses der Werkzeugkinematik auf die erzielbare Pressteilgeometrie dargelegt.   Usually, the production of hollow shafts with complex internal geometry by cold forging requires extensive process routes. A novel cold forging process developed at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology at the University of Stuttgart allows for an economical and flexible production of hollow shafts. This article describes the manufacturing process and presents the results of a numerical investigation for determining the influence of tool kinematics on the achievable part geometry.

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Wu, Congyi, Tian Zhang, Yu Huang, and Youmin Rong. "PI Film Laser Micro-Cutting for Quantitative Manufacturing of Contact Spacer in Flexible Tactile Sensor." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080908.

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The contact spacer is the core component of flexible tactile sensors, and the performance of this sensor can be adjusted by adjusting contact spacer micro-hole size. At present, the contact spacer was mainly prepared by non-quantifiable processing technology (electrospinning, etc.), which directly leads to unstable performance of tactile sensors. In this paper, ultrathin polyimide (PI) contact spacer was fabricated using nanosecond ultraviolet (UV) laser. The quality evaluation system of laser micro-cutting was established based on roundness, diameter and heat affected zone (HAZ) of the micro-hole. Taking a three factors, five levels orthogonal experiment, the optimum laser cutting process was obtained (pulse repetition frequency 190 kHz, cutting speed 40 mm/s, and RNC 3). With the optimal process parameters, the minimum diameter was 24.3 ± 2.3 μm, and the minimum HAZ was 1.8 ± 1.1 μm. By analyzing the interaction process between nanosecond UV laser and PI film, the heating-carbonization mechanism was determined, and the influence of process parameters on the quality of micro-hole was discussed in detail in combination with this mechanism. It provides a new approach for the quantitative industrial fabrication of contact spacers in tactile sensors.

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Xu, Changhong, Shusheng Zhang, Rui Huang, Bo Huang, and Xiuling Li. "NC process reuse-oriented flexible process planning optimization approach for prismatic parts." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 87, no. 1-4 (February 19, 2016): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8460-4.

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Tóth, Norbert, and Gyula Kulcsár. "New models and algorithms to solve integrated problems of production planning and control taking into account worker skills in flexible manufacturing systems." International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations 12, no. 4 (2021): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijiec.2021.5.004.

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The paradigm of the cyber-physical manufacturing system is playing an increasingly important role in the development of production systems and management of manufacturing processes. This paper presents an optimization model for solving an integrated problem of production planning and manufacturing control. The goal is to create detailed production plans for a complex manufacturing system and to control the skilled manual workers. The detailed optimization model of the problem and the developed approach and algorithms are described in detail. To consider the impact of human workers performing the manufacturing primary operations, we elaborated an extended simulation-based procedure and new multi-criteria control algorithms that can manage varying availability constraints of parallel workstations, worker-dependent processing times, different product types and process plans. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated by numerical results based on a case study.

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Wang, Chuang, Pingyu Jiang, and Kai Ding. "A hybrid-data-on-tag–enabled decentralized control system for flexible smart workpiece manufacturing shop floors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 4 (August 9, 2016): 764–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215620452.

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Industry 4.0 describes future workpieces would be smart. They can control the individual stages of their production semiautonomously through negotiation with production resources. To this end, RFID is introduced into machining processes. The current applications of radio frequency identification mainly include two approaches: one is data-on-network approach which centrally stores workpiece-related data on network; another is data-on-tag approach, which stores the data on RFID tag. Data-on-network approach cannot adapt to flexible automated production lines, which require decentralized control system for flexible process and rapid response, and data-on-tag approach makes RFID tag store large amounts of data, which would result in slow data reading and writing problems. For solving this problem, a hybrid-data-on-tag approach is proposed. The on-tag data contains the basic machining information and the index of further machining information which is stored in the backend database. Based on the hybrid-data-on-tag approach, the control node model of decentralized control system and the corresponding cyber-physical systems architecture of flexible manufacturing shop floors are presented. Furthermore, a multi-agent-based decentralized control system is used to describe the communication of smart workpieces with production resources during their production procedures. Finally, a small-scale flexible automated production line is taken as an example to illustrate the utility of hybrid-data-on-tag approach.

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Karim, A., A. Waibel, S. Abel, and A. Prof Verl. "Durchgängige CAx-Kette bei der mechanischen Bearbeitung mit Industrierobotern*/Continuous CAx-process-chain for machining with industrial robots." wt Werkstattstechnik online 106, no. 09 (2016): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2016-09-74.

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Industrieroboter für die spanende Bearbeitung gewinnen zunehmend an Attraktivität, ihr Einsatz wird aktuell allerdings durch die im Vergleich zu Werkzeugmaschinen geringere erreichbare Bearbeitungsqualität beschränkt. Unter Verwendung einer durchgängigen CAx-Kette stellen sie jedoch durchaus flexible Alternativen dar, insbesondere für Anwendungen, welche nur mäßige Anforderungen an Genauigkeit beziehungsweise Oberflächengüte haben. Für die Fertigung von Schaltschränken soll exemplarisch das Potential zur kostenarmen und effizienten mechanischen Bearbeitung grobtolerierter großvolumiger Bauteile aufgezeigt werden.   Industrial robots for machining become increasingly attractive, but their use is currently limited by the achievable machining quality, which is lower compared to machine tools. The deployment of a continuous CAx-process-chain however makes industrial robots a flexible alternative, particularly for applications with low requirements respective accuracy and surface quality. The potential for economic and efficient machining of roughly tolerated and large-size components will be demonstrated by manufacturing control cabinets.

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Hausmann, Ludwig, and Jürgen Fleischer. "Flexibles Twisten von Statoren mit Hairpin-Wicklung/Flexible twisting of stators with hairpin winding." wt Werkstattstechnik online 111, no. 07-08 (2021): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2021-07-08-22.

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Um wirtschaftlich auf die volatilen Marktanforderungen der Elektromobilität reagieren zu können, muss der Maschinen- und Anlagenbau den Automobilherstellern stückzahl- und variantenflexible Produktionslösungen bereitstellen. Im Kontext der Fertigung von Statoren mit Hairpin-Wicklung sind diesbezüglich die werkzeuggebundenen Prozessschritte zur Hairpin-Formgebung sowie zum Twisten der offenen Spulenenden zu fokussieren. Eine Perspektive für das flexible Twisten bis hin zur Losgröße 1 stellt ein neuer Ansatz mittels kinematischer Prozessführung dar.   In order to be competitive with regard to the volatile market requirements of electro mobility, mechanical and plant engineering must provide automobile manufacturers with manufacturing solutions that are flexible in terms of quantities and variants. In the context of stator production with hairpin winding, the tool-bound process steps for hairpin shaping and twisting of the open coil ends must therefore be focused on. A new approach using a kinematic process setup offers a perspective for flexible twisting up to batch size 1.

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Mazzola, Luca, Philipp Waibel, Patrick Kaphanke, and Matthias Klusch. "Smart Process Optimization and Adaptive Execution with Semantic Services in Cloud Manufacturing ‡." Information 9, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9110279.

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A new requirement for the manufacturing companies in Industry 4.0 is to be flexible with respect to changes in demands, requiring them to react rapidly and efficiently on the production capacities. Together with the trend to use Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), this requirement induces a need for agile collaboration among supply chain partners, but also between different divisions or branches of the same company. In order to address this collaboration challenge, we propose a novel pragmatic approach for the process analysis, implementation and execution. This is achieved through sets of semantic annotations of business process models encoded into BPMN 2.0 extensions. Building blocks for such manufacturing processes are the individual available services, which are also semantically annotated according to the Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS) principles and stored into a common marketplace. The optimization of such manufacturing processes combines pattern-based semantic composition of services with their non-functional aspects. This is achieved by means of Quality-of-Service (QoS)-based Constraint Optimization Problem (COP) solving, resulting in an automatic implementation of service-based manufacturing processes. The produced solution is mapped back to the BPMN 2.0 standard formalism by means of the introduced extension elements, fully detailing the enactable optimal process service plan produced. This approach allows enacting a process instance, using just-in-time service leasing, allocation of resources and dynamic replanning in the case of failures. This proposition provides the best compromise between external visibility, control and flexibility. In this way, it provides an optimal approach for business process models’ implementation, with a full service-oriented taste, by implementing user-defined QoS metrics, just-in-time execution and basic dynamic repairing capabilities. This paper presents the described approach and the technical architecture and depicts one initial industrial application in the manufacturing domain of aluminum forging for bicycle hull body forming, where the advantages stemming from the main capabilities of this approach are sketched.

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Martin, Jon, Oskar Casquero, Brais Fortes, and Marga Marcos. "A Generic Multi-Layer Architecture Based on ROS-JADE Integration for Autonomous Transport Vehicles." Sensors 19, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010069.

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The design and operation of manufacturing systems is evolving to adapt to different challenges. One of the most important is the reconfiguration of the manufacturing process in response to context changes (e.g., faulty equipment or urgent orders, among others). In this sense, the Autonomous Transport Vehicle (ATV) plays a key role in building more flexible and decentralized manufacturing systems. Nowadays, robotic frameworks (RFs) are used for developing robotic systems such as ATVs, but they focus on the control of the robotic system itself. However, social abilities are required for performing intelligent interaction (peer-to-peer negotiation and decision-making) among the different and heterogeneous Cyber Physical Production Systems (such as machines, transport systems and other equipment present in the factory) to achieve manufacturing reconfiguration. This work contributes a generic multi-layer architecture that integrates a RF with a Multi-Agent System (MAS) to provide social abilities to ATVs. This architecture has been implemented on ROS and JADE, the most widespread RF and MAS framework, respectively. We believe this to be the first work that addresses the intelligent interaction of transportation systems for flexible manufacturing environments in a holistic form.

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Du, Hongwang, Wei Xiong, Haitao Wang, and Zuwen Wang. "A review: virtual assembly of flexible cables based on physical modeling." Assembly Automation 40, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-04-2018-056.

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Purpose Cables are widely used, and they play a key role in complex electromechanical products such as vehicles, ships, aircraft and satellites. Cable design and assembly significantly impact the development cycle and assembly quality, which is be-coming a key element affecting the function of a product. However, there are various kinds of cables, with complex geo-metric configurations and a narrow assembly space, which can easily result in improper or missed assembly, an unreasonable layout or interference. Traditional serial design methods are inefficient and costly, and they cannot predict problems in installation and use. Based on physical modeling, computer-aided cable design and assembly can effectively solve these problems. This paper aims to address virtual assembly (VA) of flexible cables based on physical modeling. Design/methodology/approach Much research has focused recently on virtual design and assembly-process planning for cables. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and the current state of mechanical models, virtual design, assembly-process planning, collision detection and geometric configuration and proposes areas for further research. Findings In the first instance, the main research groups and typical systems are investigated, followed by extensive exploration of the major research issues. The latter can be reviewed from five perspectives: the current state of mechanical models, virtual design, assembly-process planning, collision detection and geometric configuration. Finally, the barriers that prevent successful application of VA are also discussed, and the future research directions are summarized. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the topics of VA of flexible cables based on physical modeling and investigates some new ideas and recent advances in the area.

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Fattahi, Parviz, Naeeme Bagheri Rad, Fatemeh Daneshamooz, and Samad Ahmadi. "A new hybrid particle swarm optimization and parallel variable neighborhood search algorithm for flexible job shop scheduling with assembly process." Assembly Automation 40, no. 3 (January 20, 2020): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-11-2018-0178.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical model and a new hybrid algorithm for flexible job shop scheduling problem with assembly operations. In this problem, each product is produced by assembling a set of several different parts. At first, the parts are processed in a flexible job shop system, and then at the second stage, the parts are assembled and products are produced. Design/methodology/approach As the problem is non-deterministic polynomial-time-hard, a new hybrid particle swarm optimization and parallel variable neighborhood search (HPSOPVNS) algorithm is proposed. In this hybrid algorithm, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for global exploration of search space and parallel variable neighborhood search (PVNS) algorithm for local search at vicinity of solutions obtained in each iteration. For parameter tuning of the metaheuristic algorithms, Taguchi approach is used. Also, a statistical test is proposed to compare the ability of metaheuristics at finding the best solution in the medium and large sizes. Findings Numerical experiments are used to evaluate and validate the performance and effectiveness of HPSOPVNS algorithm with hybrid particle swarm optimization with a variable neighborhood search (HPSOVNS) algorithm, PSO algorithm and hybrid genetic algorithm and Tabu search (HGATS). The computational results show that the HPSOPVNS algorithm achieves better performance than competing algorithms. Practical implications Scheduling of manufacturing parts and planning of assembly operations are two steps in production systems that have been studied independently. However, with regard to many manufacturing industries having assembly lines after manufacturing stage, it is necessary to deal with a combination of these problems that is considered in this paper. Originality/value This paper proposed a mathematical model and a new hybrid algorithm for flexible job shop scheduling problem with assembly operations.

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Frohn-Sörensen, Peter, Michael Geueke, Tadele Belay Tuli, Christopher Kuhnhen, Martin Manns, and Bernd Engel. "3D printed prototyping tools for flexible sheet metal drawing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 115, no. 7-8 (May 28, 2021): 2623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07312-y.

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AbstractDue to the change from mass production to mass personalized production and the resulting intrinsic product flexibility, the automotive industry, among others, is looking for cost-efficient and resource-saving production methods to combining global just-in-time production. In addition to geometric manufacturing flexibility, additive manufacturing offers a resource-saving application for rapid prototyping and small series in predevelopment. In this study, the FDM process is utilized to manufacture the tooling to draw a small series of sheet metal parts in combination with the rubber pad forming process. Therefore, a variety of common AM polymer materials (PETG, PLA, and ABS) is compared in compression tests, from which PLA is selected to be applied as sheet metal forming die. For the rubber pad forming process, relevant processing parameters, i.e., press force and rubber cushion hardness, are studied with respect to forming depth. The product batch is examined by optical evaluation using a metrological system. The scans of the tool and sheet metal parts confirm the mechanical integrity of the additively manufactured die from polymer and thus the suitability of this approach for small series in sheet metal drawing processes, e.g., for automotive applications.

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Dziurzanski, Piotr, Shuai Zhao, Sebastian Scholze, Albert Zilverberg, Karl Krone, and Leandro Soares Indrusiak. "Process planning and scheduling optimisation with alternative recipes." at - Automatisierungstechnik 68, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0104.

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AbstractThis paper considers an application of a new variant of a multi-objective flexible job-shop scheduling problem, featuring multisubset selection of manufactured recipes, to a real-world chemical plant. The problem is optimised using a multi-objective genetic algorithm with customised mutation and elitism operators that minimises both the total production time and the produced commodity surplus. The algorithm evaluation is performed with both random and historic manufacturing orders. The latter demonstrated that the proposed system can lead to more than 10 % makespan improvements in comparison with human operators.

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Shirazi, Ehsan, and Mohammad Zolghadr. "An Item Retrieval Algorithm in Flexible High-Density Puzzle Storage Systems." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4020038.

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This paper studies a design of a puzzle-based storage system. We developed an item retrieval algorithm for our system which has three advantages over the previous counterparts in the literature: (i) we can retrieve items from all sides of our storage system; (ii) the existence of only one empty cell in our system is sufficient to retrieve an item; and (iii) our algorithm never ends in deadlocks. The main feature of our algorithm is to prefer three moves to five moves in the process of moving the seized empty cell toward the optimal side of the requested item. The conventional view in the literature assumes that increasing the number of empty cells always reduces the number of movements required for retrieving items; however, our simulation results show that depending on the size of the puzzle and the number of the requested items, increasing empty cells might make the retrieval process more complicated.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flexible manufacturing systems. Process control Warehouses'

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