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Journal articles on the topic 'Flexible Power Point Tracking'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Konstantopoulos, Christos, and Eftichios Koutroulis. "Global Maximum Power Point Tracking of Flexible Photovoltaic Modules." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 29, no. 6 (2014): 2817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2013.2275947.

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Sharma, Sakshi, Vibhu Jately, Piyush Kuchhal, Peeyush Kala, and Brian Azzopardi. "A Comprehensive Review of Flexible Power-Point-Tracking Algorithms for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 16, no. 15 (2023): 5679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155679.

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The rapid increase in the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) power plants results in an increased risk of grid failure, primarily due to the intermittent nature of the plant. To overcome this problem, the flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm has been proposed in the literature over the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. These algorithms regulate the PV power to a certain value instead of continuously monitoring the maximum power point (MPP). The proposed work carries out a detailed comparative study of various constant power generation (CPG) control strategies. The control strategies are categorized in terms of current-, voltage-, and power-based tracking capabilities. The comparative analysis of various reported CPG/FPPT techniques was carried out. This analysis was based on some key performance indices, such as the type of control strategy, irradiance pattern, variation in G, region of operation, speed of tracking, steady-state power oscillations, drift severity scenario, partial shading scenario, implementation complexity, stability, fast dynamic response, robustness, reactive power, cost, and tracking efficiency. Among existing FPPT algorithms, model-based control has a superior performance in terms of tracking speed and low steady-state power oscillations, with a maximum tracking efficiency of 98.57%.

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Tafti, Hossein Dehghani, Christopher D. Townsend, Georgios Konstantinou, and Josep Pou. "A Multi-Mode Flexible Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Photovoltaic Power Plants." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 6 (2019): 5038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2883320.

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Zhong, Cheng, Yang Zhou, Xiao‐Ping Zhang, and Gangui Yan. "Flexible power‐point‐tracking‐based frequency regulation strategy for PV system." IET Renewable Power Generation 14, no. 10 (2020): 1797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2020.0013.

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Hu, Bo, Zai Lin Piao, and Dong Sheng Zhou. "The Research on the Main Control Strategy in the Grid-Connected PV Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1465.

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The maximum power tracking and Grid-connected is the urgent need to solve the problem which exists in the grid-connected PV system. This article expounds on the maximum power point tracking and grid inverter control strategy. It puts forward the control strategy of researching maximum power point tracking, which is effective in improving solar panels convert solar energy into energy. With the development of photovoltaic technology, requirements of photovoltaic grid control strategy are getting higher and higher. This article examines adaptive disturbance observed method integrated control combined BOOST boosted circuit, in order to achieve the maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic panels .The photovoltaic inverter control structure is to meet the photovoltaic conversion efficiency and power quality of the main technical indicators. It put to use double topology and feed forward decoupling control strategy, which provides protection for the flexible grid.

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Tafti, Hossein Dehghani, Ariya Sangwongwanich, Yongheng Yang, Josep Pou, Georgios Konstantinou, and Frede Blaabjerg. "An Adaptive Control Scheme for Flexible Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 6 (2019): 5451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2869172.

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Yenduri, Kalyan, and Parthasarathi Sensarma. "Maximum Power Point Tracking of Variable Speed Wind Turbines With Flexible Shaft." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7, no. 3 (2016): 956–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2015.2510422.

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Tafti, Hossein Dehghani, Georgios Konstantinou, Christopher D. Townsend, et al. "Extended Functionalities of Photovoltaic Systems With Flexible Power Point Tracking: Recent Advances." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35, no. 9 (2020): 9342–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2020.2970447.

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E., Sarathchandra Reddy, and Chengaiah Ch. "Flexible Active Power Control Strategy for Photovoltaic System Based on Current Limiting Control Method." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 11, no. 2 (2021): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.B9668.1211221.

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India is country with abundant solar energy availability. The annual solar energy output exceeds the total energy output of India's non renewable energy sources. As increasing installation of renewable energy sources into the grid. The fluctuations of power based on operating climate conditions like solar insulation and temperature is highly depends as it is not possible to limit such installations with time the penetration level of renewable sources will increase to meet demand with green energy. This paper proposed a flexibly power point tracking (FPPT) control of active power in photovoltaic system to achieve reserve capacity with Power Limiting Control (PLC) which will provide high stability to existing system without overloading it thus a proper integration to the grid and to mitigate adverse negative effects of high level integrations are possible with modified grid codes in stand of replacement of existing grid. Matlab/Simulink software package is used to make the model and effectiveness of the propose system is tested with Simulink environment.

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Ouatman, Hamid, and Nour-Eddine Boutammachte. "Comparative Study of Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization for Flexible Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Systems under Partial Shading." E3S Web of Conferences 601 (2025): 00058. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560100058.

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This study conducts a comparative analysis of Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for Flexible Power Point Tracking (FPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The GA-based FPPT algorithm exhibits superior performance in power output, tracking accuracy, and convergence speed compared to conventional methods. In contrast, the PSO-based FPPT algorithm is designed to mitigate oscillations around steady-state operating points under partial shading conditions (PSC) by incorporating power limitation control. This allows the FPPT-PSO algorithm to effectively track the global maximum power point (GMPP) without fluctuating around steady-state points. The findings of this comparative analysis highlight the significance of adaptive FPPT algorithms in enhancing system reliability and maximizing power extraction under dynamic environmental conditions. The GA-based approach excels in optimizing power generation metrics, while the PSO-based approach specializes in maintaining stability and precision under challenging operational scenarios such as partial shading. By exploring the strengths and limitations of each algorithm, this study provides valuable in-sights into the selection and implementation of FPPT strategies in PV systems.

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Ma, Chuang, Hong Li, and Zhenyu Gong. "Research on MPPT Based on Fuzzy Auto-disturbance Rejection." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802077.

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For the classical maximum power point tracking algorithm, the setting of small step increases the speed of maximum power tracking of photovoltaic power generation system and the stability of operation in stable state. To solve this problem, this paper designs a maximum power point tracking system based on booster circuit, and adopts fuzzy auto-disturbance rejection control to improve the conductance increment method with variable step length. Based on the relationship between the rate of conductance change and the maximum power point conductance, the step size of the adrc is adjusted by using the fuzzy logic control. The MPPT system of photovoltaic power generation is designed by combining the incremental conductance method and the improved fuzzy control method with the correction factor. The control method does not depend on the mathematical model of the system, the design is flexible, the control effect is robust, stable and accurate. It can be used for reference for other types of solar photovoltaic power generation control system.

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Nusrat, Maaz, Saad Mekhilef, Marizan Mubin, et al. "Advancements in flexible power point tracking and power control strategies for photovoltaic power plants: A comprehensive review." Energy Reports 12 (December 2024): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.06.012.

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Mbonu, Charles Ibeabuchi, and John Saah Tamba. "AI-Driven MPPT Optimization for Perovskite-Based Flexible Solar PV Panels in Partial Shading Conditions." IDOSR JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES 10, no. 1 (2025): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.59298/idosrjas/2025/101.364300.

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The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) systems has emerged as a transformative solution for enhancing energy efficiency in perovskite-based flexible solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, particularly under partial shading conditions. This study explores the design, implementation, and evaluation of AI-driven MPPT techniques tailored for dynamic urban environments. Fabricated using advanced perovskite materials and encapsulated for flexibility and durability, these panels exhibit high power conversion efficiency and adaptability to non-traditional surfaces. Comparative analyses reveal that AI-based MPPT outperforms conventional methods in tracking accuracy, response time, and energy yield. The findings underscore the scalability and robustness of AI-driven systems, highlighting their potential for urban applications such as rooftop PV installations, solar-integrated windows, and portable solar devices. The study concludes that AI-enhanced MPPT systems significantly improve the viability of solar energy solutions in environments with non-uniform illumination, paving the way for sustainable urban energy infrastructures. Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking, Solar PV, Artificial Intelligence, partial shading condition

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Xie, Zongkui, and Zhongqiang Wu. "A flexible power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic system under partial shading condition." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 49 (February 2022): 101747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101747.

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Ouatman, Hamid, and Nour-Eddine Boutammachte. "A genetic algorithm approach for flexible power point tracking in partial shading conditions." Results in Engineering 24 (December 2024): 102940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102940.

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Ahmed, Sajib, Saad Mekhilef, Marizan Mubin, Kok Soon Tey, and Mostefa Kermadi. "An enhanced scanning technique for flexible power point tracking under partial shading condition." Solar Energy 262 (September 2023): 111817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.111817.

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Gao, Fang, Zuchang Lin, Linfei Yin, and Qing Gao. "Flexible power point tracking for photovoltaic systems based on the linear jump method." Energy Conversion and Management 333 (June 2025): 119805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119805.

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Kozalakis, Konstantinos, Ioannis Sofianidis, Vasileios Konstantakos, Kostas Siozios, and Stylianos Siskos. "73.5 uW Indoor-Outdoor Light Harvesting System with Global Maximum Power Point Tracking." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 11, no. 1 (2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea11010010.

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This work introduces a light harvesting system with battery management. In contrast to relevant solutions that operate in limited ranges, the proposed system covers a wide operating input power range from 10 uW up to 300 mW. Specifically, experimental results highlight that, combined with a 73 × 94 mm flexible light harvester, it can harness light in a range from 50 LUX (indoor lighting) up to 120,000 LUX (outdoor lighting). The introduced system consists of a boost converter and an ultra-low power microcontroller (MCU). The MCU performs Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT), using a resistor-free time-based input power sensing method, to calculate the input power of the converter, which does not interfere with the operation of the boost converter. The efficiency of the GMPPT system was evaluated with detailed experimentation, where we achieved 99.75% average GMPPT tracking efficiency while consuming only 73.5 uW at 4.2 V.

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Cristaldi, Loredana, Marco Faifer, Christian Laurano, et al. "Model-Based Algorithm for Flexible Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Participation in Primary Frequency Regulation." Energies 17, no. 9 (2024): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092049.

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Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the nominal value. Nevertheless, full participation in PFR of PV systems, without battery storage, would require operating with a dedicated active power reserve to be utilized in the event of underfrequency conditions. This paper presents a model-based (MB) flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for PV systems. Results of a microgrid simulation show that the proposed algorithm enables a PV system with a nominal power of 100 kW to maintain a 20 kW active power reserve under various irradiation and temperature conditions, with a relative error lower than 3%. Furthermore, a simulation of the PV system assisting in primary frequency regulation is presented. Thanks to the proposed strategy, when employing the algorithm, the frequency deviation is reduced both in the event of underfrequency and overfrequency conditions. By enabling operation with a constant active power reserve, as well as a quick adjustment of the produced active power, in the event of frequency imbalance, the proposed MB algorithm is an interesting candidate for achieving complete PFR capabilities of PV systems.

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Wang, Manliang, and Bingtuan Gao. "Model-based flexible power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions." Computers and Electrical Engineering 123 (April 2025): 110148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110148.

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Sarkar, Vaskar, and Vinay Kumar Kolakaluri. "Two-part power referencing for an efficient serially coordinated distributed flexible power point tracking of photovoltaic plants." Renewable Energy 238 (January 2025): 121935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121935.

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Li, Xingshuo, Huiqing Wen, Bingqing Chen, Shuye Ding, and Weidong Xiao. "A cost-effective power ramp rate control strategy based on flexible power point tracking for photovoltaic system." Solar Energy 208 (September 2020): 1058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.08.044.

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Gomez, Jishu Mary, and Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam. "Flexible Power Point Tracking Using a Neural Network for Power Reserve Control in a Grid-Connected PV System." Energies 15, no. 21 (2022): 8234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218234.

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Renewable energy penetration in the global energy sector is in a state of steady growth. A major criterion imposed by the regulatory boards in the wake of electronic-driven power systems is frequency regulation capability. As more rooftop PV systems are under installation, the inertia response of the power utility system is descending. The PV systems are not equipped inherently with inertial or governor control for unseen frequency deviation scenarios. In the proposed method, inertial and droop frequency control is implemented by creating the necessary power reserve by the derated operation of the PV system. While, traditionally, PV systems operate in normal MPPT mode, a derated PV system follows a flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for creating virtual energy storage. The point of operation for the FPPT of the PV is determined by using a neural network block set available in MATLAB. For the verification of the controller, it is applied to a PV array in a modified IEEE-13 bus system modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The simulation results prove that when the proposed control is applied to the test network with renewable energy penetration, there is an improved system inertia response.

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Hu, Bo, and Zai Lin Piao. "Research on the System Modeling and Control of Single-Phase Pv Flexible Grid-Connected." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1367.

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Photovoltaic systems can not meet the needs in the power grid without the impact, due to its penriodicity, intermittent and randomness, thus the key to solve the core technology of photovoltaic power generation system is important to achieve PV grid-connected. This article explains the two-stage topology system control and modeling of single-phase PV grid-connected: Modeling of DC / DC converter provides basis for maximum power point tracking; DC / AC inverter in grid-connected modeling offer efficient communication basis for grid-connected, it research on the control strategies for DC / DC and DC / AC circuit: that PV grid-connected complete alternating current of unit power factor using the booster circuit and inverter control structure, in order to offer photovoltaic systems flexible grid-connected the foundation.

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Poornima, Penumala, and Kannan Boopathy. "Development and evaluation of artificial intelligence based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems across diverse weather conditions." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 15, no. 4 (2024): 2443–51. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i4.pp2443-2451.

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An essential control mechanism for solar panels, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) constantly adjusts the operating point to maximize power extraction from changing environmental conditions, ensuring that the panels run at peak efficiency. To maximize energy yield, improve overall system performance, and add to the financial feasibility of solar installations, MPPT is crucial in today's energy landscape, which is increasingly focused on clean and renewable sources. In this study, we test four popular photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms in different weather scenarios: perturb and observe (P&O), fuzzy logic, grey wolf optimizer (GWO), and horse herd optimization (HHO). Key parameters such as efficiency, responsiveness to partial shading, and adaptability to changing environmental conditions are analyzed using MATLAB models to evaluate each algorithm's performance in depth. The results show where each algorithm excels and where it falls short, and the research stands out by incorporating new features into the models. Our study seeks to provide valuable insights for the development of photovoltaic (PV) MPPT algorithms, guiding future research and applications in the ever-changing field of renewable energy systems. We will focus on making these algorithms more flexible in dynamic environments and resilient in partial shading situations.

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Tanabe, Shunsuke, and Toru Tanzawa. "Battery-Assisted Battery Charger with Maximum Power Point Tracking for Thermoelectric Generator: Concept and Experimental Proof." Electronics 12, no. 19 (2023): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194102.

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This paper proposes a concept of battery-assisted battery charger with maximum power point tracking for DC energy transducer such as thermoelectric generator and photo voltaic generator, and shows experimental results to prove the concept. The DC energy transducer is connected in series with a battery to increase the voltage. The plus terminal for the DC energy transducer is connected with the input terminal of a DC-DC buck converter, whereas the battery is connected with the output terminal of the converter. Thus, the current is boosted from the input to the output. When the net current to the battery is positive, the system works as a battery charger. To extract the as much power from the DC energy transducer as possible for high charging efficiency, maximum power point tracking is introduced. The converter was designed in 180 nm 3V CMOS with a silicon area of 1.05 mm2. The concept was experimentally proven by varying the reference voltages to control the input voltage. An all-solid-state battery was charged up from 2.2 V to 2.3 V in two hours by the converter with a flexible thermoelectric generator which had an open-circuit voltage of 0.6 V.

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Nkambule, Mpho Sam, Ali N. Hasan, Ahmed Ali, and Thokozani Shongwe. "A Novel Control Strategy in Grid-Integrated Photovoltaic System for Power Quality Enhancement." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155645.

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The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and utility grids has gradually gained significant interest in improving the sustainability of clean power supply for society. However, power quality remains a challenge due to partial shading conditions and harmonics. To overcome these drawbacks, a flexible radial movement optimization based on a dynamic safety perimeter maximum power point tracking algorithm is employed to track maximum power out of a PV system and to ensure that the optimum voltage level at the common DC bus is obtained under partial shading conditions using fixed-tilt installation configuration. Furthermore, a novel inverter control loop system with a double second order generalized integrator phase-locked loop (DSOGI-PLL) is also proposed to mitigate harmonics and improve the power quality of the grid interfacing PV system using MATLAB SIMULINK software. The proposed system has several merits, such as better harmonic suppression capability, control adaptivity, rapid tracking speed, low computational burden and phase and grid synchronization.

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S., Lahari*1 &. D. Narmitha2. "SIMULATION OF MODIFIED OCC CONTROLLER FOR THREE PHASE BOOST TYPE GRID CONNECTEDINVERTER WITH PHOTOVOLATIC ARRAY." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 9 (2017): 424–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.892145.

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Now-a-days serious concerns have been raised over the fossil fuel electricity generation, because it pollutes our environment and depletes the energy supply. As a result alternative energy sources such as solar energy and fuel cells have gained great attention because they are friendly to the environment and flexible for installation. In this paper, the one cycle control (OCC) method and the pulse width modulation (PWM) method have been proposed for a three phase boost type grid connected inverter. A cost effective maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) integrated within the OCC. When integrated with a three phase boost type inverter, the proposed method tracks MPP with good precision and solar power is converted into three phase ac power with a single phase power stage. One stage inverters for low dc voltage to high ac voltage conversion have been reported for non-grid connected inverters based on the topology of a current source inverter. The output current of the inverter can be adjusted according to the voltage of the photovoltaic array so as to extract the maximum power from it. Compared with previously proposed approaches, this OCC method preserves the advantages of simple circuitry, good stability, fast dynamic response and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) function can be conveniently integrated into the control core.

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Meng, Hongmin, Tingting Yang, Ji-zhen Liu, and Zhongwei Lin. "A Flexible Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Strategy Considering Both Conversion Efficiency and Power Fluctuation for Large-inertia Wind Turbines." Energies 10, no. 7 (2017): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10070939.

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Hua, Chih Chiang, Chih Wei Chuang, and Yu Chi Liao. "Design and Implementation of Flexible Control Strategy for Stand Alone Wind Generator System." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1169.

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This paper presents the design and implementation of the flexible control strategy for stand alone wind generator system controlled by a digital signal processor. The system is composed of a wind generator, a step-up dc/dc converter and battery energy storage system (BESS). The wind generator is the main power source of the system, and the BESS is used for energy storage and power compensation for the lack of stability of the wind power. Since the output power of wind generator varies with the change of wind speed, a flexible control strategy is used to determine the system working state and the operating mode of BESS. In charging mode, the battery is charged by multi-stage current charging method with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to raise the charging efficiency and completely employ the finite power. Fuzzy logic control algorithm is used to improve the transient response when the battery discharges in discharging mode. Finally, a 100 W power converter system is constructed and the performance is verified.

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Poornima, Penumala, and Kannan Boopathy. "Development and evaluation of artificial intelligence based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems across diverse weather conditions." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 15, no. 4 (2024): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i4.pp2443-2451.

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An essential control mechanism for solar panels, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) constantly adjusts the operating point to maximize power extraction from changing environmental conditions, ensuring that the panels run at peak efficiency. To maximize energy yield, improve overall system performance, and add to the financial feasibility of solar installations, MPPT is crucial in today's energy landscape, which is increasingly focused on clean and renewable sources. In this study, we test four popular photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms in different weather scenarios: perturb and observe (P&amp;O), fuzzy logic, grey wolf optimizer (GWO), and horse herd optimization (HHO). Key parameters such as efficiency, responsiveness to partial shading, and adaptability to changing environmental conditions are analyzed using MATLAB models to evaluate each algorithm's performance in depth. The results show where each algorithm excels and where it falls short, and the research stands out by incorporating new features into the models. Our study seeks to provide valuable insights for the development of photovoltaic (PV) MPPT algorithms, guiding future research and applications in the ever-changing field of renewable energy systems. We will focus on making these algorithms more flexible in dynamic environments and resilient in partial shading situations.

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Le, Xuan Chau, Minh Quan Duong, and Kim Hung Le. "Review of the Modern Maximum Power Tracking Algorithms for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator of Wind Power Conversion Systems." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010402.

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Wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are considered green generators, environmentally friendly, and fully suitable energy sources to replace fossil energy sources. WECS’s output power is hugely dependent on the random nature of the wind. There are many solutions to improve the output power for WECSs, such as adjusting the profile of turbine blades, locating installation places, improving generators, etc. Nevertheless, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for WECSs are optimal and the most effective because they are flexible in controlling different variable wind speeds and match all types of WECS. The parameters on the generator side control or the grid side control will be adjusted when MPPT algorithms are used, allowing the output power of WECSs to be maximized while maintaining stability in variable-speed wind. There are various MPPT algorithms, but the current problem is their efficiency and whether it requires deep knowledge to select the best MPPT solutions because each method has different advantages and disadvantages. This study has implemented an overview of modern maximum power tracking algorithms applied to permanent magnet synchronous generators in WECS with MPP methods based on speed convergence, efficiency, self-training, complexity, and measurement of wind parameters.

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Rezk, Hegazy, Abdul Ghani Olabi, Rania M. Ghoniem, and Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem. "Optimized Fractional Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Bald Eagle Search for Thermoelectric Generation System." Energies 16, no. 10 (2023): 4064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104064.

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The amount of energy that a thermoelectric generator (TEG) is capable of harvesting mainly depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the TEG. To ensure that the TEG operates efficiently under any condition or temperature variation, it is crucial to have a reliable MPPT that keeps the TEG as close as possible to its MPP. Fractional control is usually preferred over integer control because it allows for more precise, flexible, and robust control over a system. The controller parameters in fractional control are not limited to integer values, but rather can have fractional values, which enables more precise control of the system’s dynamics. In this paper, an optimized fractional PID-based MPPT that effectively addresses two primary issues, dynamic response and oscillation around MPP, is proposed. Firstly, the five unknown parameters of the optimized fractional PID-based MPPT were estimated by the BES “bald eagle search” algorithm. To validate the superiority of the BES, the results were compared with those obtained using other optimization algorithms, such as ant lion optimizer (ALO), equilibrium optimizer (EO), cuckoo search (CS), and WOA “whale optimization algorithm”. The results demonstrate that BES outperforms ALO, EO, CS, and WOA. Additionally, the tracking performance of proposed MPPT was evaluated using two scenarios that involved variations in temperature differences and sudden changes in the load demanded. Overall, the proposed optimized fractional PID-based MPPT effectively improves dynamic performance and eliminates oscillation around MPP under steady state compared to other tracking methods, such as P&O “perturb and observe” and incremental conductance (INR).

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Lee, Hyunji, and Katherine Kim. "Design Considerations for Parallel Differential Power Processing Converters in a Photovoltaic-Powered Wearable Application." Energies 11, no. 12 (2018): 3329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123329.

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Solar photovoltaic (PV) power is a widely used to supply power to the electric grid but can also be used in lower-power emerging applications, like in wearables or the internet of things. One fundamental challenge of using PV power in flexible wearable applications is that individual PV modules point at various angles, thus receiving different light intensities. Using a series configuration for the PV modules greatly decreases power utilization under uneven irradiance conditions. Parallel differential power processing (DPP) converters are employed to address this power reduction problem, while maintaining individual PV control and maximizing output power. Two parallel DPP configurations, with and without a front-end converter, are analyzed and compared for a target battery-charging application. The DPP system without a front-end converter shows consistently high performance and operates properly over a wider range of lighting conditions. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are also examined for parallel DPP systems. When the MPPT parameters are properly calibrated, simulation results indicate that voltage-offset resistive control is the most effective at maximizing PV power under unbalanced lighting conditions.

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Zhang, Hong Bing. "Research on Application of a Multiple DC/DC Converter in Photovoltaic Power Generation System." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.154.

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In order to improve the photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system efficiency and electrical performance, the multiple DC/DC converter technology is introduced into the photovoltaic MPPT system. And a novel control strategy is proposed, which make the multiple DC/DC converter can change operating mode according to the ambient light intensity, to achieve a more flexible and effective photovoltaic MPPT control. The working process and implementation of the new photovoltaic MPPT system with multiple DC/DC converters was analyzed, and the experimental results are provided to verify the feasibility of superiority and the proposed system solutions.

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Reddy, E. Sarath Chandra, and Ch Chengaiah. "Flexible Active Power Control Strategy for Photovoltaic System Based on Current Limiting Control Method." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 11, no. 2 (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b9668.1211221.

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India is country with abundant solar energy availability. The annual solar energy output exceeds the total energy output of India's non renewable energy sources. As increasing installation of renewable energy sources into the grid. The fluctuations of power based on operating climate conditions like solar insulation and temperature is highly depends as it is not possible to limit such installations with time the penetration level of renewable sources will increase to meet demand with green energy. This paper proposed a flexibly power point tracking (FPPT) control of active power in photovoltaic system to achieve reserve capacity with Power Limiting Control (PLC) which will provide high stability to existing system without overloading it thus a proper integration to the grid and to mitigate adverse negative effects of high level integrations are possible with modified grid codes in stand of replacement of existing grid . Matlab/Simulink software package is used to make the model and effectiveness of the propose system is tested with Simulink environment..

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Wu, Hongwei, Fabrice Locment, and Manuela Sechilariu. "Experimental Implementation of a Flexible PV Power Control Mechanism in a DC Microgrid." Energies 12, no. 7 (2019): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071233.

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The intermittent and highly variable nature of photovoltaic (PV) sources is always the major obstacle to the growth of their deployment. Research work is increasingly demonstrating that PV generation should not only be maximized but also flexible based on the system requirements. This article presents a simple and flexible PV control mechanism, which can seamlessly switch between maximum power point tracking mode and power limiting mode. It can be integrated into a DC microgrid for efficient energy management. The proposed mechanism has two configurations that respectively converge to a lower and a higher PV panel voltage to perform PV shedding. The experimental validation carried out in this study shows that this control can effectively adjust the PV generation despite some physical constraints. The limitations of the control mechanism and the energy efficiency are also analyzed. It can be concluded that each configuration can be particularly useful depending on the different application scenarios.

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El Ouali, Achraf, Yassine Lakhal, Mohamed Benchagra, Hamid Chojaa, and Souleymane Samagassi. "Evaluating the Impact of Drivetrain Vibrations on MPPT Control Performance in Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines." E3S Web of Conferences 582 (2024): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202458203001.

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This study investigates the impact of drivetrain shift vibrations on the control performance of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Traditionally, PID controllers are tested on simplified rigid models, which do not account for the complex mechanical vibrations encountered in real-world applications. These vibrations, particularly those caused by drivetrain shifts, can significantly affect the stability and efficiency of the control system. Through detailed simulations involving both rigid and flexible drivetrain models, this paper evaluates how drivetrain vibrations influence the performance of the PID-based MPPT control algorithm. The results indicate that the flexible model, which incorporates drivetrain dynamics, experiences pronounced overshoot, oscillations, and significant drops in power coefficient (Cp) compared to the rigid model. These findings highlight the challenges of maintaining control stability and efficiency under varying vibration conditions, with the flexible model showing compromised stability and reduced power conversion efficiency during certain key intervals. This study emphasizes the importance of considering drivetrain dynamics in wind turbine control system design and provides insights into developing more robust and resilient PID control strategies.

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Wu, Bin, Roozbeh Naderi, and Keyue Smedley. "Analysis of a distributed maximum power point tracking tracker with low input voltage ripple and flexible gain range." IET Power Electronics 9, no. 6 (2016): 1220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2015.0645.

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Hosuru, Vinay Yadhu Vamsi, Nagaraju J., and K. Siva Kumar Dr. "Advanced Power Management and Control for EV Charging Using Magnetically Linked Converters with AC-DC Load Balancing and Grid-Connected Solar, Wind, and Battery Integration." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 11, no. 06 (2025): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15576837.

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This paper presents an advanced power management system for electric vehicle (EV) charging applications, integrating a magnetically linked power converter with grid-connected renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, and battery storage. The system aims to provide a reliable power supply with efficient AC and DC load balancing, supporting sustainable EV charging infrastructure. The solar PV array is connected to a DC-DC boost converter equipped with the Incremental Conductance (INC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, ensuring maximum power extraction under varying environmental conditions. Wind energy is harvested using an AC-to-DC rectifier with an MPPT technique, optimizing power conversion from the variable wind resource. Battery charging and discharging operations are controlled through a bidirectional DC-DC buck-boost converter, enabling flexible energy storage management and smooth power flow between sources and loads. The magnetically linked power converter plays a crucial role in this system due to its inherent advantages, such as flexible control, high efficiency in power transmission, and galvanic isolation. The system's design ensures soft-switching capability, high-density power transmission, and galvanic isolation, enabling efficient power management, reliable load sharing, and improved overall system performance under fluctuating renewable generation and load conditions.

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Srinivasan, R., C. R.Balamurugan, and N. Shanmugasundaram. "Design & Simulation of Flexible Control For 3-phase Grid Connected Solar PV System." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.25 (2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.25.20496.

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A non-linear control progression for 3-stage (phase) lattice (grid) associated of PV generator is proposed here. This system is designed with PV arrays; grid filter; a voltage source inverter and a stimulating lattice or network. The regulator purposes are classified into three sections: i) making sure that the Most power point tracking (MPPT) are having photovoltaic boards, ii) assuring for power or control factor entity or unit in the grid plane iii) ensuring large-scale asymptotic constancy of the closed loop system. Lyapunov modelling approach is used by the controller and carried out by considering nonlinear model of the integral method. It is formally shown that the projected system controller congregates the scope of the objectives using a hypothetical constancy with stability analysis as well as simulation results.

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Saeed, H., T. Mehmood, F. A. Khan, M. S. Shah, M. F. Ullah, and H. Ali. "An improved search ability of particle swarm optimization algorithm for tracking maximum power point under shading conditions." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2 (April 18, 2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2022.2.04.

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Introduction. Extracting maximum possible power from solar energy is a hot topic of the day as other sources have become costly and lead to pollution. Problem. Dependency on sunlight for power generation makes it unfeasible to extract maximum power. Environmental conditions like shading, partial shading and weak shading are the major aspect due to which the output of photovoltaic systems is greatly affected. Partial shading is the most known issue. Goal. There have been many proposed techniques and algorithms to extract maximum output from solar resources by use of photovoltaic arrays but every technique has had some shortcomings that couldn’t serve the complete purpose. Methodology. Nature inspired algorithms have proven to be good to search global maximum in a partially shaded multipeak curve which includes particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony algorithm, and flower pollination algorithm. Methods. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is best among these in finding global peaks with less oscillation around maximum power point, less complexity, and easy to implement nature. Particle swarm optimization algorithm has the disadvantage of having a long computational time and converging speed, particularly under strong shading conditions. Originality. In this paper, an improved opposition based particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to track the global maximum power point of a solar photovoltaic module. Simulation studies have been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink R2018a. Practical value. Simulation studies have proved that opposition based particle swarm optimization algorithm is more efficient, less complex, more robust, and more flexible and has better convergence speed than particle swarm optimization algorithm, perturb and observe algorithm, hill climbing algorithm, and incremental conductance algorithm.

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H., Saeed, Mehmood T., A. Khan F., S. Shah M., F. Ullah M., and Ali H. "An improved search ability of particle swarm optimization algorithm for tracking maximum power point under shading conditions." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2 (April 18, 2022): 23–28. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2022.2.04.

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Introduction. Extracting maximum possible power from solar energy is a hot topic of the day as other sources have become costly and lead to pollution. Problem. Dependency on sunlight for power generation makes it unfeasible to extract maximum power. Environmental conditions like shading, partial shading and weak shading are the major aspect due to which the output of photovoltaic systems is greatly affected. Partial shading is the most known issue. Goal. There have been many proposed techniques and algorithms to extract maximum output from solar resources by use of photovoltaic arrays but every technique has had some shortcomings that couldn’t serve the complete purpose. Methodology. Nature inspired algorithms have proven to be good to search global maximum in a partially shaded multipeak curve which includes particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony algorithm, and flower pollination algorithm. Methods. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is best among these in finding global peaks with less oscillation around maximum power point, less complexity, and easy to implement nature. Particle swarm optimization algorithm has the disadvantage of having a long computational time and converging speed, particularly under strong shading conditions. Originality. In this paper, an improved opposition based particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to track the global maximum power point of a solar photovoltaic module. Simulation studies have been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink R2018a. Practical value. Simulation studies have proved that opposition based particle swarm optimization algorithm is more efficient, less complex, more robust, and more flexible and has better convergence speed than particle swarm optimization algorithm, perturb and observe algorithm, hill climbing algorithm, and incremental conductance algorithm.

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Honarbari, Amirsoheil, Sajad Najafi-Shad, Mohsen Saffari Pour, Seyed Soheil Mousavi Ajarostaghi, and Ali Hassannia. "MPPT Improvement for PMSG-Based Wind Turbines Using Extended Kalman Filter and Fuzzy Control System." Energies 14, no. 22 (2021): 7503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227503.

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Variable speed wind turbines are commonly used as wind power generation systems because of their lower maintenance cost and flexible speed control. The optimum output power for a wind turbine can be extracted using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategies. However, unpredictable parameters, such as wind speed and air density could affect the accuracy of the MPPT methods, especially during the wind speed small oscillations. In this paper, in a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), the MPPT is implemented by determining the uncertainty of the unpredictable parameters using the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Also, the generator speed is controlled by employing a fuzzy logic control (FLC) system. This study aims at minimizing the effects of unpredictable parameters on the MPPT of the PMSG system. The simulation results represent an improvement in MPPT accuracy and output power efficiency.

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Midhuna, A., and K. Baskaran. "A Robust Control of D-STATCOM for Voltage Stability." March 2022 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2022.1.001.

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Power Quality enhancement is a major topic among researchers as the usage of non-linear loads has increased vastly. The purpose of this work is to maintain constant DC link voltage in hybrid energy system which contains Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) and Photovoltaic (PV) system. Among the various available Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) provides better voltage stability with Voltage Source Converter (VSC). LUO converter is used as it has excellent voltage-gain ratio. The utilization of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) assures controlled output and supports the extraction of complete power from the PV panel. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed inverter through MATLAB simulation.

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Liu, Yuhang, Xiangxin Liu, Jianwei Zhang, Yufeng Zhang, and Guangchen Liu. "Compound control strategy for maximum power point tracking with flexible step-up converters for thin film photovoltaic module applications." Journal of Power Electronics 21, no. 9 (2021): 1259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43236-021-00269-x.

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Cao, Yu, Fan Wang, Xin Li, et al. "A Dual-Position Loop LLADRC Control Method Based on Harmonic Gear Drive." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (July 31, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9434247.

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High-resolution imaging has become a development trend and is widely used in military and civil fields. As the carrying equipment of imaging system, the speed stability of tracking turntable is the basis of high-resolution and stable imaging. At present, in the aerospace field, there are high requirements for peak power dissipation and holding torque, so flexible joints such as harmonic gear drive are mostly used to realize the function. The characteristics of flexible load have a great impact on the characteristics of motion control, which is easy to cause mechanical resonance, lead to system instability, and have a great impact on speed stability and position tracking accuracy. Therefore, it is necessary to study the servo system of flexible load. In order to solve the problems of high-precision position control and speed stability at low speed of flexible turntable with uncertain load, on the one hand, we comprehensively consider the advantages and disadvantages of semi-closed-loop and full closed-loop control and design a dual-position loop feedback control system combined with the analysis of dynamic equation to realize speed stability and high-precision position control. On the other hand, according to the requirements of the speed stability at low speed of the turntable, the tracking differentiator (TD) is designed innovatively through the language three-point interpolation subdivision and five-point pre-deduction calculation method. Finally, a dual-position loop LLADRC (language linear active disturbances rejection controller) control method based on harmonic gear drive is studied. By comparing the semi-closed loop, dual-position loop, dual-position loop LADRC (linear active disturbances rejection controller, ADRC), and dual-position loop LLADRC methods through simulation analysis, it can be shown that the double position LLADRC control method is obviously superior to other schemes in terms of rapidity, speed stability at low speed, and position tracking accuracy. The theoretical research is verified by experimental test. When the given speed is 0.1 ° / s , taking the pitch axis as an example, the pitch speed error is 0.0039 ° / s (3σ). When the maximum speed of the given curve is 20 ° / s and the maximum acceleration is 16 ° / s , the position tracking error is 0.0025° (3σ). This control method solves the problems of system instability and low-speed stability in high-precision control of turntable system based on harmonic gear drive and provides a method for high-precision control of high-resolution imaging turntable.

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Ashok, Kumar.M, Rajesh A., and K. Siva Kumar Dr. "Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer for High and Low-Voltage EV Charging in a Hybrid Solar-Grid System Using Shared Converter and Magnetic Coupler." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 11, no. 05 (2025): 1224–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15511558.

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This paper proposes a novel bidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging at both high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) levels within a hybrid solar-grid energy framework. The system integrates a solar photovoltaic (PV) array and grid connection to ensure reliable, efficient, and flexible EV charging. A shared power converter combined with a magnetic coupler enables seamless wireless energy transfer, supporting power flow from grid to EV and EV to EV. The solar PV system employs a DC-DC boost converter with a Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to maximize renewable energy extraction under varying environmental conditions. The grid interface utilizes a bidirectional AC-DC voltage source converter controlled through a dq0 reference frame method to regulate active and reactive power, thereby maintaining grid stability, power quality, and frequency synchronization. An auxiliary power module facilitates energy transfer between HV and LV EVs, enhancing operational flexibility and enabling inter-vehicle power sharing. This feature enhances energy flexibility and offers a solution for off-grid or emergency charging scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in optimizing solar energy use, minimizing grid dependency, and ensuring stable operation under diverse load and generation scenarios. This integrated approach offers a promising solution for sustainable, resilient, and flexible EV charging infrastructure.

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Lazzerini, Guido, Jacob Deleuran Grunnet, Tobias Gybel Hovgaard, et al. "COFLEX: a novel set point optimiser and feedforward–feedback control scheme for large, flexible wind turbines." Wind Energy Science 10, no. 7 (2025): 1303–27. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1303-2025.

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Abstract. Large-scale wind turbines offer higher power output but present design challenges as increased blade flexibility affects aerodynamic performance and loading under varying conditions. Although flexible structures are considered in terms of (periodic) load control and aerodynamic stability, the impact of flexibility on the aerodynamic response of the blades is currently not fully addressed in conventional control strategies. The current state-of-the-art control strategy is the tip-speed ratio tracking scheme, which aims to maximise power production in the partial-load region by maintaining a constant ratio between blade velocity and wind speed. However, this approach fails under large deformations, where the deflection and structural twist of the blade impact aerodynamic performance. This work aims to redefine the state-of-the-art wind turbine control with the COntrol scheme for FLEXible wind turbines (COFLEX): a novel feedforward–feedback control scheme that leverages optimal operational set points computed by COFLEXOpt, which is a set point optimiser considering the effects of blade deformations on aerodynamic performance and turbine loading. The proposed combined strategy consists of two key modules. The first module, COFLEXOpt, is an optimisation framework that provides controller set points while allowing constraints to be imposed on various operational, structural, and load properties, such as blade deflection and other structural loads. Set points obtained using COFLEXOpt are agnostic to operating regions, meaning that the operating region boundaries are optimised rather than prescribed. The second module is a feedforward–feedback controller and uses the set point mappings generated with COFLEXOpt, scheduled on wind speed estimates, to evaluate feedforward inputs and feedback to correct modelling inaccuracies and ensure closed-loop stability. A set point smoothing technique enables smooth transitions from partial- to full-load operations. The IEA 15 MW turbine is used as an exemplary case to show the effectiveness of COFLEX in maximising rotor aerodynamic efficiency while imposing blade out-of-plane tip displacement constraints. An analysis of the steady-state optimisation results shows that accounting for blade flexibility leads to variable optimal tip-speed ratio operating points in the partial-load region, and the collective pitch angle can be used to counteract blade torsion, maximising power coefficient while complying with imposed constraints. The established controller, tailored to track these optimised set points and operating points, was evaluated through time-marching mid-fidelity HAWC2 simulations across the entire operational range of the IEA 15 MW reference wind turbine (RWT). These simulations, performed under uniform and turbulent wind inflows, demonstrate excellent agreement between optimised steady states and median values obtained from HAWC2 simulations. Furthermore, the generator power shows an increase of up to 5 % in the partial-load region compared to the reference scheme while maintaining blade deflection at a similar level.

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Raghu, Thumu, and Harinadha Reddy K. "A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connected PV System." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 1 (2017): 125–33. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i1.pp125-133.

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Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the Fuzzy Logic Controller is a control vector which is fine tuned by using Genetic Algorithm approach.

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