Journal articles: 'Flexible solar panel'

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Budiyanto, Budiyanto, and Hery Setiawan. "Analisa Perbandingan Kinerja Panel Surya Vertikal Dengan Panel Surya Fleksibel Pada Jenis Monocrystalline." RESISTOR (Elektronika Kendali Telekomunikasi Tenaga Listrik Komputer) 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/resistor.4.1.77-86.

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Permasalahan utama dari solar cell adalah perbedaan jenis solar cell yang mengakibatkan perbedaan kinerja pada solar cell tersebut. Besarnya daya keluaran yang dihasilkan relatif tidak konstan karena dipengaruhi oleh besarnya intensitas matahari serta suhu lingkungan di sekitarnya. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut maka tugas akhir ini dirancang untuk melakukan perbandingan panel surya monocrystalline jenis vertikal dan jenis fleksibel.Pada hasil pengujian dengan pencahayaan matahari panel surya fleksibel menghasilkan efisiensi lebih tinggi dibanding dengan panel surya vertikal, yaitu 20,8774%, sedangkan panel surya vertikal meghasilkan efisiensi sebesar 19,2844%. Dalam penggunaan simulasi pencahayaan lampu panel surya vertikal menghasilkan efisiensi yang cukup tinggi dan lebih tinggi dibanding panel surya fleksibel, yaitu 20,4818% sedangkan panel surya fleksibel menghasilkan efisiensi sebesar 16,4044%. Pada panel surya fleksibel dengan bentuk cembung 25° menghasilkan efisiensi sebesar 15,3200. Pada bentuk cekung 25° menghasilkan efisiensi 15,6265%.The main problem with solar cells is the different types of solar cells that result in differences in the performance of the solar cell. The amount of output power produced is relatively not constant because it is influenced by the intensity of the sun and the temperature of the surrounding environment. To overcome this problem, this final project is designed to compare the vertical and flexible monocrystalline solar panels. In the test results with solar lighting, flexible solar panels produce higher efficiency than vertical solar panels, which is 20.8774%, while vertical solar panels resulted in an efficiency of 19.2844%. In the use of simulated lighting, vertical solar panel lights produce high and higher efficiency than flexible solar panels, namely 20.4818%, while flexible solar panels produce an efficiency of 16.4044%. In a flexible solar panel with a convex shape of 25° it produces an efficiency of 15.3200. In the concave shape of 25° it produces an efficiency of 15.6265%.

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Xu, Rui, Dong Xu Li, and Jian Ping Jiang. "Fuzzy Vibration Control of Flexible Solar Panel Using Piezoelectric Stack." Applied Mechanics and Materials 50-51 (February 2011): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.50-51.214.

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To effectively suppress vibrations of the flexible solar panel, the fuzzy logic control with piezoelectric smart structure is studied. The bending moment induced in the solar panel by the PZT stack actuator is formulated. The dynamical equations of the solar panel are derived. A fuzzy logic controller which uses universal fuzzy sets is designed. Considered the characteristic of the PZT stack, only positive control voltages were loaded to it. The finite element method simulation results demonstrate that the fuzzy logic controller can suppress the vibrations of the flexible spacecraft solar panel effectively.

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Wang, Nabawy, Cioncolini, and Revell. "Solar Panels as Tip Masses in Low Frequency Vibration Harvesters." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 3815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203815.

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Tip masses are used in cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters to shift device resonance towards the required frequency for harvesting and to improve the electric power generation. Tip masses are typically in the form of concentrated passive weights. The aim of this study is to assess the inclusion of solar panels as active tip masses on the dynamics and power generation performance of cantilevered PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)-based vibration energy harvesters. Four different harvester geometries with and without solar panels are realized using off-the-shelf components. Our experimental results show that the flexible solar panels considered in this study are capable of reducing resonance frequency by up to 14% and increasing the PVDF power generated by up to 54%. Two analytical models are developed to investigate this concept; employing both an equivalent concentrated tip mass to represent the case of flexible solar panels and a distributed tip mass to represent rigid panels. Good prediction agreement with experimental results is achieved with an average error in peak power of less than 5% for the cases considered. The models are also used to identify optimum tip mass configurations. For the flexible solar panel model, it is found that the highest PVDF power output is produced when the length of solar panels is two thirds of the total length. On the other hand, results from the rigid solar panel model show that the optimum length of solar panels increases with the relative tip mass ratio, approaching an asymptotic value of half of the total length as the relative tip mass ratio increases significantly.

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Nguyen, The Luong. "Effects of Using Nitrile Rubber Foam and Solar Panels on Cover for Cooling Outdoor Sparking Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.371.

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In the summer, the cars are exposed to strong sun when it is parked outdoor without the sunscreen, it has had accelerated the auto parts, interior aging and damage. In order to prevent that exposure, the solutions showed such as car awning, car sunshade and car sunscreen etc…, the above devices showed low effectivity for car sun protection. This paper will study effects of cooling system for outdoor sparking car using solar panels cover. A new covering car with multi-layers structure attaching flexible solar panels were designed to increase effectively sun protection, the nitrile rubber foam divided the light and heat radiation of the sun, the flexible solar panel converted solar energy into electric energy and supplied for the air conditioner to regulate inside car temperature. The results showed that, at nitrile rubber foam layer thickness of 4mm, the car maximum temperature of 41.5°C was observed for solar panel-awning-nitrile rubber cover which is much lower than it is exposed directly by sun radiation and commercial cover. The six solar panels (100W) were adapted on car cover, the solar electric energy supplied enough for a mini air conditioner of 340W. Performance of cooling system using solar panels was also investigated and it showed that the temperature inside car could be down to 24°C.

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Rukman, Nurul Shahirah, Ahmad Fudholi, Putri Adia Utari, Cheku Nurul Aisyah, Andri Joko Purwanto, Rakhmad Indra Pramana, Erie Martides, et al. "Bi-fluid cooling effect on electrical characteristics of flexible photovoltaic panel." Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 12, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2021.v12.51-56.

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A photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with a bi-fluid cooling mechanism, which is known as photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system, was investigated. The electrical characteristics of flexible solar panel were evaluated for PV and PV with bi-fluid (air and water) cooling system. The integration of monocrystalline flexible solar panel into both systems was tested under a fixed solar radiation of 800 W/m2. A total of 0.04–0.10 kg/s of air flow was utilised in PV with cooling system with a fixed water mass flow rate of 0.025 kg/s. The efficiencies of flexible panel for PV and PV with cooling system were explored. For PV with bi-fluid flow, the highest obtained efficiency of module was 15.95% when 0.08 kg/s of air and 0.025 kg/s of water were allowed to flow through the cooling system. Compared with PV without cooling mechanism, the highest efficiency of module was 13.35% under same solar radiation. Current–voltage and power graphs were also plotted to present the electrical characteristics (current, voltage and power) generated by both systems.

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FUKUDOME, Hiroyuki, Kazuma SEKIKAWA, and Hironori FUJII. "238 Vibration Control of Flexible Solar Panel by Tether Tension." Proceedings of the Dynamics & Design Conference 2004 (2004): _238–1_—_238–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedmc.2004._238-1_.

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Ma, G., M. Xu, J. Tian, and X. Kan. "The vibration suppression of solar panel based on smart structure." Aeronautical Journal 125, no. 1283 (June 22, 2020): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2020.51.

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ABSTRACTThis paper provides a solution to the active vibration control of a microsatellite with two solar panels. At first, the microsatellite is processed as a finite element model containing a rigid body and two flexible bodies, according to the principles of mechanics, and that the dynamic characteristics are solved by modal analysis. Secondly, the equation involving vibration control is established according to the finite element calculation results. There are several actuators composed of macro fibre composite on the two solar panels for outputting control force. Furthermore, the control voltage for driving actuator is calculated by using fuzzy algorithm. It is clear that the smart structure consists of the flexible bodies and actuators. Finally, the closed-loop control simulation for suppressing harmful vibration is established. The simulation results illustrate that the responses to the external excitation are decreased significantly after adopting fuzzy control.

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SHEN, ZHENXING, and GENGKAI HU. "THERMALLY INDUCED VIBRATIONS OF SOLAR PANEL AND THEIR COUPLING WITH SATELLITE." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 05, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825113500312.

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A coupled thermal-structural model of a laminated composite plate is proposed by using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation, the transverse shear and normal deformations through element thickness are included. The dynamic equations of structure are established by applying the d'Alembert's principle and then solved numerically to determine dynamic responses and transient heat conduction in the structure due to the nonlinear elastic force and thermal radiation. A cantilevered flexible solar panel subjected suddenly to a solar radiation is examined, it is found that by considering the coupling between the thermal and structural responses, thermal flutter of the composite panel can be well predicted. The coupled behavior of the composite solar panel with a satellite is also analyzed by idealizing it as a rigid-flexible multibody system in the low earth orbit, in which a natural coordinate formulation is established to analyze the attitude of the satellite rigid hub, the thermal snap phenomenon is also well predicted.

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Mikhaylenko, L. A., V. V. Ustimenko, and A. V. Chubar. "Designing a control system for the orientation of solar panels in the dynamic simulation environment of SimInTech technical systems." Spacecrafts & Technologies 4, no. 3 (September 2020): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/j.st.2020.3.06.

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The energy efficiency of solar panels is largely determined by the accuracy of their orientation to the Sun. The article presents the results of the development of a software control system for the orientation of the solar panel, depending on the geographical location and calendar date. The system model is implemented in the environment of dynamic modeling of SimInTech technical systems and includes a model of a complex of electromechanical devices for solar panel orientation, a discrete PID controller and a software control unit, which are implemented on the basis of standard SimInTech blocks and submodels. The panel orientation system allows to change the coordinates of the azimuth and location that determine the orientation of the panel in three-dimensional space and control them according to a given program. The system is implemented as a package of projects that interact through a common signal base, which provides information exchange between projects, making the system model flexible and universal. The result of the control system is presented in the 3D module of the visual editor, which allows you to visually track the results of management and the efficiency of equipment use. To confirm the quality indicators of the orientation control of the solar panel the percentage of the received energy capacity is calculated.

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Ovchinnikov, M. Yu, S. S. Tkachev, D. S. Roldugin, A. B. Nuralieva, and Y. V. Mashtakov. "Angular motion equations for a satellite with hinged flexible solar panel." Acta Astronautica 128 (November 2016): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.07.038.

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Kong, Yongfang, and Hai Huang. "Design and experiment of a passive damping device for the multi-panel solar array." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 2017): 168781401668796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016687965.

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With the space technology development, large flexible space deployable structures have been used widely. Studying on the vibration control for large flexible space deployable structures becomes very important. In this study, a novel passive vibration damping device is developed for the multi-panel sun-orientated deployable solar array. Its upper strut contains a viscous damper while the lower strut is rigid. The device is lockable and located near the solar array root hinge to increase the structural damping without reducing the fundamental frequency. This design will not influence the original functions of the solar array, such as folding, deploying, and sun tracking. The corresponding finite element models are established, and the properties of the damping device are investigated by modal analysis and transient response analysis. The damping mechanism design for a certain type of solar array is presented. The associated modal tests based on a solar array test sample verify the effectiveness of the device. Conclusions are drawn to help define design guidance for future damping device implementations.

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Ivanov, D. S., S. V. Meus, A. B. Nuralieva, A. V. Ovchinnikov, M. Yu Ovchinnikov, D. S. Roldugin, S. S. Tkachev, A. I. Shestoperov, S. A. Shestakov, and E. N. Yakimov. "Attitude control and determination algorithms for the spacecraft with two flexible appendages." Spacecrafts & Technologies 3, no. 3 (2019): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/2618-7957-2019-3-132-139.

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The paper covers the attitude control and determination algorithms of the satellite equipped with two flexible appendages. One of the appendages is an antenna. It is connected to the satellite bus inelastically. The antenna itself is a major disturbance factor. Its dimensions by far exceed the dimensions of the bus, and the eigen frequencies of the antenna oscillations are low. The second appendage is a solar panel. The spacecraft moves on the geostationary orbit. The panel is connected via the one degree of freedom hinge. It rotates with the constant rate to provide continuous solar panel attitude towards the Sun. Attitude control and determination is achieved with the hardware installed on the satellite bus only. Moreover, the oscillations of the flexible elements have no natural damping. The control and determination algorithms are provided that stabilize the satellite bus and reduce the flexible appendages oscillations alongside. Special control algorithm is proposed that does not excite the oscillations and lowers the computational burden on the onboard computer. Different eigen forms are considered to represent the error in the appendages models.

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Sekikawa, Kazuma, Hironori A. Fujii, Takeo Watanabe, and Hirohisa Kojima. "Mission Function Control of Flexible Solar Panel by Employment of Tether Tension." Proceedings of the Symposium on the Motion and Vibration Control 2003.8 (2003): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemovic.2003.8.69.

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Kazantsev, Z. A., A. M. Eroshenko, L. A. Babkina, and A. V. Lopatin. "Analysis of design of spacecraft solar arrays." Spacecrafts & Technologies 5, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/j.st.2021.3.01.

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Solar arrays supply electrical power to spacecraft equipment and also provide charging of electrochemical batteries used in the shadow sections of the orbit. Photovoltaic converters of light energy of solar radiation form the basis of the solar battery. Their principle of operation is based on the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect. The article provides an overview of the development of solar cells and the classification of modern designs of solar cells for spacecraft. The review considers stationary and deployable solar batteries used both on the first spacecraft and on space stations. The classification of solar cell designs is made taking into account their characteristic features. These features are the rigidity of the supporting structure, the method of placement in the starting position and the method of orientation towards the light source. The classification covered rigid panel solar arrays, flexible substrate solar panels, inflatable solar arrays, self-expanding solar arrays, and solar concentrator panels. In each design group of this classification, corresponding examples of solar cells are presented. The presented review and classification makes it possible to track trends in the development of solar array designs for spacecraft.

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Wang, Dini, Fanwei Meng, Shengya Meng, and Aiping Pang. "Design of Stable Controller for Flexible Solar Panel by H∞ Loop-Shaping Method." Complexity 2020 (June 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6540167.

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Flexible solar panels play an essential role in the field of aerospace. However, many difficulties appear in the control design due to the existence of a weakly damped resonance module. The design for flexible systems often causes an unstable controller so that the systems after design still have trouble in putting into practice. We adopt H∞ loop-shaping design and put forward a directive method for selecting the weighting function. The simulation results indicate that system bandwidth is optimized based on the stable controller. In this way, the control precision and response speed of the system are improved. In the meantime, the system is easy to put into use.

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Tran, Thang Viet, and Wan-Young Chung. "High-Efficient Energy Harvester With Flexible Solar Panel for a Wearable Sensor Device." IEEE Sensors Journal 16, no. 24 (December 15, 2016): 9021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2016.2616114.

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Satharasinghe, Hughes-Riley, and Dias. "Solar Energy-Harvesting E-Textiles to Power Wearable Devices." Proceedings 32, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019032001.

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This work presents an innovative solar energy harvesting fabric and demonstrates its suitability for powering wearable and mobile devices. A large solar energy harvesting fabric containing 200 miniature solar cells has been shown to charge a 110 mF textile supercapacitor bank within 37 s. A series of solar energy harvesting fabrics with different design features, such as using red or black fibres, were tested and compared to a commercially available flexible solar panel outside under direct sunlight. The results showed that the solar energy harvesting fabrics had power densities that were favorable when compared to the commercially available solar cell.

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Wang, Tien-Chin, and Su-Yuan Tsai. "Solar Panel Supplier Selection for the Photovoltaic System Design by Using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approaches." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081989.

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The period of industrialization and modernization has increased energy demands around the world. As with other countries, the Taiwanese government is trying to increase the proportion of renewable energy, especially solar energy resources. Thus, there are many solar power plants built in Taiwan. One of the most important components of a solar power plant is the solar panel. The solar panel supplier selection process is a complex and multi-faceted decision that can reduce the cost of purchasing equipment and supply this equipment on time. In this research, we propose fuzzy MCDM approach that includes fuzzy analytical hierarchy process model (FAHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) for evaluation and selection of solar panel supplier for a photovoltaic system design in Taiwan. The main objective of this work is to design a fuzzy MCDM approach for solar panel supplier selection based on qualitative and quantitative factors. In the first step of this research, FAHP is applied to define the priority of suppliers. The AHP combined with fuzzy logic (FAHP) can be used to rank suppliers; however, the disadvantages of the FAHP model is that input data, expressed in linguistic terms, depends on experience of experts and the number of suppliers is practically limited, because of the number of pairwise comparison matrices. Thus, we applied several DEA models for ranking potential suppliers in the final stages. As the result, decision making unit 1 (DMU 1) is the optimal solar panel supplier for photovoltaic system design in Taiwan. The contribution of this research is a new fuzzy MCDM for supplier selection under fuzzy environment conditions. This paper also lies in the evolution of a new approach that is flexible and practical to the decision maker. It provides a useful guideline for solar panel supplier selection in many countries as well as a guideline for supplier selection in other industries.

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Ma, Weiting, Xinyi Li, Hongbo Lu, Maoqin Zhang, Xiaofei Yang, Tingting Zhang, Lifeng Wu, Guozhong Cao, and Weixing Song. "A flexible self-charged power panel for harvesting and storing solar and mechanical energy." Nano Energy 65 (November 2019): 104082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104082.

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D’Ambrogio, Walter, and Annalisa Fregolent. "Use of experimental dynamic substructuring to predict the low frequency structural dynamics under different boundary conditions." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 23, no. 11 (August 28, 2017): 1444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286517727147.

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Flexible structural components can be attached to the rest of the structure using different types of joints. For instance, this is the case of solar panels or array antennas for space applications that are joined to the body of the satellite. To predict the dynamic behaviour of such structures under different boundary conditions, such as additional constraints or appended structures, it is possible to start from the frequency response functions in free-free conditions. In this situation, any structure exhibits rigid body modes at zero frequency. To experimentally simulate free-free boundary conditions, flexible supports such as soft springs are typically used: with such arrangement, rigid body modes occur at low non-zero frequencies. Since a flexible structure exhibits the first flexible modes at very low frequencies, rigid body modes and flexible modes become coupled: therefore, experimental frequency response function measurements provide incorrect information about the low frequency dynamics of the free-free structure. To overcome this problem, substructure decoupling can be used, that allows us to identify the dynamics of a substructure (i.e. the free-free structure) after measuring the frequency response functions on the complete structure (i.e. the structure plus the supports) and from a dynamic model of the residual substructure (i.e. the supporting structure). Subsequently, the effect of additional boundary conditions can be predicted using a frequency response function condensation technique. The procedure is tested on a reduced scale model of a space solar panel.

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Wei, Yi, Zhuyan Shao, Xingqiu Zhang, and Jiankang Liu. "Coupled Orbit-Attitude Dynamics of Tethered-SPS." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (September 26, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6721301.

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In this paper, a dynamic model for long-term on-orbit operation of the tethered solar power satellite (Tethered-SPS) is established. Because the Tethered-SPS is a super-large and super-flexible structure, the coupling among the orbit, attitude, and structure vibration of the system should be considered in comparison with the traditional spacecraft dynamic models. Based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), the dynamic equation of the Tethered-SPS is established by Hamiltonian variational principle, and the dual equations of the Hamiltonian system are established by introducing generalized momentum through Legendre transformation. The symplectic Runge–Kutta method is used for numerical simulation, and the validation of the modeling method is verified by a numerical example. The effects of orbital altitude, initial attitude angle, length of solar panel, and orbital eccentricity on the orbit and attitude of the Tethered-SPS are analyzed. The numerical simulation results show that the effect of orbital altitude and length of solar panel on the orbital error of midpoint of beam is small. However, the initial attitude angle has a significant effect on the orbital error of midpoint of solar panel. The effect of the length of solar panel on the attitude angle of the system is not significant, but orbital altitude, orbital eccentricity, and initial attitude angle of the system severely affect the attitude angle of the system. Then, the stability of the system is affected.

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Tian, Qianqian, Shasha Yi, Chuanqi Li, Yan Liu, Zhulin Niu, Xinzheng Yue, and Zhongyi Liu. "Design of charge transfer channels: defective TiO2/MoP supported on carbon cloth for solar-light-driven hydrogen generation." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 8 (2021): 2017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qi01527j.

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We successfully integrated MoP and TiO₂ on flexible carbon cloth (CC) to construct a panel photoreactor with efficient charge transfer channels, where CC acts as an electron collector and guides directional migration of electrons (TiO₂ → MoP → CC).

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Kensek, Karen M. "TEACHING VISUAL SCRIPTING IN BIM: A CASE STUDY USING A PANEL CONTROLLED BY SOLAR ANGLES." Journal of Green Building 13, no. 1 (January 2018): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.1.113.

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Programming and scripting can be used to activate a 3D parametric model to create a more intelligent and flexible building information model. There has been a trend in the building industry towards the use of visual scripting that allow users to create customized, flexible, and powerful programs without having to first learn how to write traditional code. Using visual scripting, users graphically interact with program elements instead of typing lines of text-based code. Nodes are created and virtually wired together; they can be numbers, sliders for adjusting values, operators and functions, list manipulation tools, graphic creators, and other types. Text based coding programs such as Python can also be used for the creation of custom nodes when greater flexibility is desired. Examples from professional firms include scripts that help automate work in the office to increase efficiency and accuracy (e.g. create escape routes, renumber rooms by levels, create documentation), assist in form generation (e.g. parametric design of metal panels, rebar generation, coordination between Revit and Rhino), analyze BIM files (e.g. terminal airflow, visual loads and capacity), and provide analysis results (e.g. daylighting, thermal comfort, window optimization). One can learn the basic steps of learning a visual programming language through the use of Dynamo within Autodesk Revit. The example used is for a façade component that changes based on the sun's altitude.

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Rani, Pratibha, Arunodaya Raj Mishra, Abbas Mardani, Fausto Cavallaro, Dalia Štreimikienė, and Syed Abdul Rehman Khan. "Pythagorean Fuzzy SWARA–VIKOR Framework for Performance Evaluation of Solar Panel Selection." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 4278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104278.

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The age of industrialization and modernization has increased energy demands globally. Solar energy has been recognized as an inexhaustible source of energy and has been applied for desalination and electricity generation. Among different non-conventional energy resources, Solar Energy (SE) is one of the main contributors to the global energy system. A photovoltaic system (PS) is applied to produce SE using photovoltaic cells. The selection of a solar panel includes many intricate factors involving both subjective and quantifiable parameters; therefore, it can be regarded as a complex Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problem. As the uncertainty commonly occurs in the selection of an ideal solar panel, the theory of Pythagorean fuzzy sets has been proven as one of the flexible and superior tools to deal with the uncertainty and ambiguity that arise in real-life applications. The aim of the study is to present an MCDM framework for solving the Solar Panel Selection (SPS) problem within the Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) environment. For this, first, a new integrated method is proposed based on the Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and VlseKriterijumska Optimizcija I Kaompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) approaches in the Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) context. In the proposed approach, subjective weights of the evaluation criteria are calculated by the SWARA method, and the preference order of alternatives is decided by the VIKOR method in the PF context. The criteria weights evaluated by this approach involve the imprecision of experts’ opinions, which makes them more comprehensible. The computational procedure of the proposed methodology is established through a case study of the SPS problem under PF environment, which proves the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method. Furthermore, this study performs sensitivity analysis to reveal the stability of the developed framework. This analysis signifies that the solar panel option R4 constantly secures its highest ranking despite how the parameter values vary. In addition, a comparative study is discussed to analyze the validity of the obtained result. The results show that the proposed approach is more efficient and applicable with previously developed methods in the PFS environment.

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Alnahhas, Mutaz, and Abdul Wali Abdul Ali. "Design and Implementation of a Solar Panel Inverter as STATCOM Compensator." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 20, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v20n1.234.

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A power system suffers from different losses, which can cause tragic consequences. Reactive power presence in the power system increases system losses delivered power quality and distorts the voltage. As a result, many researches are concerned with reactive power compensation. Moreover, reactive power should not be transmitted through a transmission line to a longer distance. Thus, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices such as static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static volt-ampere compensator (SVC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) are utilized to overcome these issues. The necessity of balancing resistive power generation and absorption throughout a power system becomes a big concern in the electrical systems for reactive power compensation. Static synchronous compensator STATCOM is a shunt device used for the generation or absorption of reactive power as desired. STATCOM provides smooth and fast compensation and power factor correction. In this thesis, a solar Static synchronous compensator takes the DC input from the solar panel and inverted utilizing an H-bridge inverter. This topology is used for reactive power compensation and power factor correction at the load side. The simulation was done using MATLAB Simulink simulation tools. The system model was built using a single solar array for DC input and controlled using perturbation and observe method to maximize its power output. The STATCOM model was built using for high power MOSFETs to perform H- bridge inverter. The STATCOM was controlled using a hysteresis band current control using a PI controller to inject the current into the system. A hardware prototype of STATCOM was built and controlled using an Arduino microcontroller. The simulation results have demonstrated the STATCOM model of reactive power compensation and correcting the power factor under different loads of conditions. It also highlighted the proportional relation between reactive power presence and the increased cost of electricity bills. The proposed smart meter of STATCOM gives accurate reading and measurement. Overall, the simulated results showed a satisfactory level of compensation of reactive power and power factor correction. The system contained three significant parts; solar array, H- bridge inverter, and the PI controller. The smart meter circuit was capable of displaying readings regarding input solar voltage, current, and power factor on the LCD screen.

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Paredes-Parra, José, Antonio Mateo-Aroca, Guillermo Silvente-Niñirola, María Bueso, and Ángel Molina-García. "PV Module Monitoring System Based on Low-Cost Solutions: Wireless Raspberry Application and Assessment." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113051.

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The integration of renewables into power systems has led to multiple studies and analysis in terms of grid-power quality, reliability, and/or feasibility. Among different resources to be considered as alternative energy systems, wind and solar emerge as the most mature technologies. With regard to photovoltaic (PV) installations, monitoring problems requires detailed analysis, since solar-radiation fluctuations, soiling on solar panels, or deficiency of PV-panel performance can involve unexpected power-output oscillations and, subsequently, undesirable power-generation oscillations. Under this framework, this paper describes and assesses a wireless low-cost PV-module monitoring system based on open-source solutions. Our proposal allows us to monitor installations at the PV-module level, giving detailed information regarding PV power-plant performance. The proposed monitoring system is based on the IEC-61724 standard requirements, as a flexible and ad hoc solution with relevant connectivity options. Meteorological and electrical data are collected from the developed nodes and available for subsequent analysis. Detailed information of the solution, as well as extensive results collected in Spanish PV power plants connected to the grid, are also included in the paper.

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Wang, Len, Robert Kiwak, Lonny Kauder, and Gregory Greer. "AES and SEM/EDS Analysis of Silvered Teflon Laminates of Optical Solar Reflector." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600017153.

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The Optical Solar Reflector (OSR) of Earth Observing System-PM (EOS-PM) is made of a flexible function layer of silvered Teflon/Inconel/Kapton laminate bonded to a honeycomb panel. After having been thermal cycled in vacuum, the laminate/panel was irradiated in air with UV at 2.2 equivalent suns intensity for 500 hours. Severe darkening was observed in areas exposed to UV but little or no darkening occurred in adjacent but shaded areas. Drastic increase of absorptance was observed-due to the darkening.In order to investigate the cause of the degradation, test samples were irradiated at different configurations for 1000 equivalent sun hours (ESH). These samples were freestanding laminates and irradiated in vacuum and air, respectively. No darkening was observed on the sample that was irradiated in vacuum. Severe darkening was observed on the sample that was irradiated in the air. A laminate sample was irradiated in dry nitrogen for 1000 ESR and found no darkening either.

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Deng, Huaxia, Guoce Hu, Jin Zhang, Mengchao Ma, Xiang Zhong, and Ze Yang. "An Initial Dot Encoding Scheme with Significantly Improved Robustness and Numbers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 4915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224915.

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Coded mark point, as an important part of automatic matching, is widely used in stereo vision and photogrammetry. An encoding scheme named the Initial Dot encoding scheme, has been designed based on the programme of concentric rings, and which is able to solve restrictions on the number of codes and promote the stability of decoding. The designed coding pattern includes three functional points: locating point, start point and coded point. The maximum coding number of the Initial Dot scheme can reach 262,144 when the number of code bits is 18. The recognition experiments show that the Initial Dot encoding scheme can achieve 100% recognition rate at a 75 degree angle, which is very difficult for other coding schemes. By comparing experiments with the Schneider encoding scheme for a large flexible panel, the recognition rate of the proposed scheme is 99%, which is higher than the recognition rate of 90% of the Schneider scheme. The experimental results indicate that the Initial Dot encoding scheme can be successfully applied on flexible solar panels under a 1000 mm × 500 mm field of view.

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Pakere, Ieva, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Solar Energy in Low Temperature District Heating." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0085.

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Abstract Solar technologies are flexible and can be used for both centralized and decentralized energy production. The main aim of this article is to compare different solar technologies and configurations for integration into the DH system. The multi-criteria analyses method is used to rank different alternatives based on several criterions. The evaluation of criterions has been based on previous studies conducted. The multi-criteria analyses allow to compare different solar system alternatives that cannot be compared directly due to differences in their scale, type of energy produced and consumed, investment levels, etc. For the particular DH system researched, the most desirable solution is the PVT panel integration with an area of 1000 m2 which is aligned with the actual DH company’s power consumption. However, the results are strongly impacted by the assumed investment levels, efficiency of the technologies and other assumptions that could be further analysed by the help of sensitivity analyses.

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Wu, Tsung-Ta, Chia-ho Chang, Cheng-Hung Hsu, Wen-Chi Tsai, Hsu-Sheng Tsai, Yu-Ting Yen, Chang-Hong Shen, Jia-Min Shieh, and Yu-Lun Chueh. "30×40 cm2 flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar panel by low temperature plasma enhanced selenization process." Nano Energy 24 (June 2016): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.023.

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Al-Adhami, Yasir, and Ergun Erçelebi. "Plasmonic metamaterial dipole antenna array circuitry based on flexible solar cell panel for self-powered wireless systems." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 9 (June 27, 2017): 2365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30747.

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Wu, Xiaoli, Zhimin Zhou, Yuehui Wang, and Jingze Li. "Syntheses of Silver Nanowires Ink and Printable Flexible Transparent Conductive Film: A Review." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090865.

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Nowadays, flexible transparent conductive film (FTCF) is one of the important components of many flexible electronic devices. Due to comprehensive performances on optoelectronics, FTCF based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) networks have received great attention and are expected to be a new generation of transparent conductive film materials. Due to its simple process, printed electronic technology is now an important technology for the rapid production of low-cost and high-quality flexible electronic devices. AgNWs-based FTCF fabricated by using printed electronic technology is considered to be the most promising process. Here, the preparation and performance of AgNW ink are introduced. The current printing technologies are described, including gravure printing, screen printing and inkjet printing. In addition, the latest methods to improve the conductivity, adhesion, and stability of AgNWs-based FTCF are introduced. Finally, the applications of AgNWs-based FTCF in solar cells, transparent film heaters, optoelectronic devices, touch panel, and sensors are introduced in detail. Therefore, combining various printing technologies with AgNWs ink may provide more opportunities for the development of flexible electronic devices in the future.

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Lim, Byung-Wook, Young-Jun Lee, Joo-Hyung Kim, Hyeon-Taek Jeong, Tae-Won Ha, Eun-Mi Kim, Gi-Seok Heo, Young-Baek Kim, Hyeon-Ju Kim, and Ho-Saeng Lee. "Effect of Oxygen on the Structural/Electrical Properties of NIZO Films on Transparent Flexible Substrates." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11149.

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Thin film transparent oxides have attracted considerable attention over the last few decades for transparent electronic applications, such as flat panel displays, solar cells, touch-pads, and mobile devices. Metallic doped InZnO (IZO) films have been suggested for the transparent layer exhibiting semiconducting or metallic properties because of its controllable mobility and excellent electrical properties, but they show a degradation of the electrical performance under bending conditions. This study assessed Ni doped IZO (NIZO) films as a flexible transparent electrode on different flexible transparent substrates for flexible electronic applications. Thin NIZO films were deposited on cellulose, PES and glass substrates using a sputtering system with a single NIZO target (In2O3 73.8/ZnO 15.7/NiO 10.5 mol.%) at room temperature. During deposition of the NIZO films, the total flow rate of the carrier gas was maintained using a regulating system. The effects of the oxygen content in the carrier gas on the structural, electrical and optical properties of the thin films deposited on flexible substrates was characterized. The results highlight the feasibility of the transparent NIZO oxide layer on flexible substrates as a flexible electrode with a relatively high sheet resistance, which is strongly related to the crystallographic structure and oxygen content during the film deposition process.

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Ding, You, Zhou Zhou, ZhengPing Wang, HongJun Liu, and KeLei Wang. "Bionic Stiffener Layout Optimization with a Flexible Plate in Solar-Powered UAV Surface Structure Design." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 5196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235196.

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A cellular-based evolutionary topology optimization scheme over a small curvature big contour wing surface is proposed for the design of an ultralight surface structure. Using this method, a ground-structure technique is first applied to obtain homogeneous mesh generation with a predefined weight value over the design domain. Secondly, the stiffener path’s description is guided by a modified map L system topology method that simulates the growth of the bionic branch, and the structural components are obtained by the specified searching method according to weights of the previous mesh vertexes. Thirdly, an optimal curved stiffener layout is achieved using an agent-based algorithm to create individual instances of designs based on a small number of input parameters. These parameters can then be controlled by a genetic algorithm to optimize the final design according to goals like minimizing weight and structural weakness. A comparison is implemented for long-span panel stiffener layout generation between an initial straight case and a bionic optimal case via our method, thereby indicating the significant improvement of the buckling loads by steering the stiffener’s path. Finally, this bionic method is applied to the wing box structure design and achieves remarkable weight loss at last.

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Vargas, J. V. C. "EDITORIAL." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 11, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2012): 02. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v11i1-2.61972.

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Around the end of the twentieth century, nanotechnology appeared to be the new breakthrough, after the internet, for example. At that time, more efficient and affordable solar cells, green chemistry, quantum computing, lightweight composite aircraft, cell-size robots for medical applications were expected to be available soon. When the financial milestones did not become real, investors got disappointed and decided to rethink their plans. Yet today the perspectives are surprisingly upbeat. Currently, it is well known that restructuring matter at the nanoscale chemical and thermophysical properties change, so that systems that have no purpose at the macroscale, at the nanoscale become useful. In fact, several applications have already begun to appear such as in the oil and gas sector components, structured coatings, nanofluids, new cancer treatment drugs, and nanoviricides. Computer processor and memory manufacturers are already producing products with 32 nanometer components, so that the first commercial memristor (memory resistor) is expected to be launched at the end of 2013. In the renewable energy area, just to cite a few examples, low energy consumption nanostructured inexpensive LEDs are being developed to potentially last for years, carbon nanotubes have been used to drastically reduce precious materials content in proton-exchange fuel cell (PEMFC) electrodes and increase efficiency, and nanostructured thin films are being developed to boost photovoltaic performance and reduce costs, which demonstrated a 23.5 % efficient flexible solar panel operating a 2 MW pilot line at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the US. In comparison to market available 10 % efficient solar panels, this is a remarkable efficiency increase in capturing solar energy for practical use due to nanotechnology. This nanotechnological achievement challenges scientists to possibly change the currently fuel (fossil and bio) energy driven world into a solar energy driven one.

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Saleem, Adeel, Nain Liu, Hu Junjie, Atif Iqbal, and Ali Waqar. "Comprehensive equation-based design of photovoltaic module to investigate its physical parameters and operating conditions used for small application." Measurement and Control 53, no. 5-6 (February 26, 2020): 850–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294020905040.

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Solar photovoltaic is clean and green energy for renewable power generation, which plays a vital role to fulfil the power shortage for any region. Photovoltaic array is quite expensive and has non-linear characteristics. Under varying conditions, it takes much time to give operating curves. Before mount photovoltaic for any application or at any location, there is a vital phase of analysis, modelling, and simulation of the photovoltaic system, which helps to understand the actual behaviour in real conditions. This paper emphasizes on the stepwise procedure of modelling and simulation for the photovoltaic panel, which is proposed to use for the small application. The proposed system provides a reliable, accurate, and simple method to model the photovoltaic system. It takes a flexible solar panel of 180 W as a reference model. The I–V and P–V characteristics are further investigated at different operating conditions such as a variation of irradiance from 1000 to 400 W/m2, variation of temperature from 15 to 70 °C, and vary shunt resistance from higher to low values. The equation-based modelling of the photovoltaic system is built in the MATLAB/Simulink. This methodology allows investigating the photovoltaic system on different operating conditions (varying temperature and irradiance) and physical parameters (ideality factor, series and shunt resistance) along with partial shading effect.

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Manoharan, Premkumar, Karthick K, and Sowmya R. "A Comparative Study and Analysis on Conventional Solar PV Based DC-DC Converters and MPPT Techniques." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i3.pp831-838.

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<p>As electricity demand escalated with supply, though there are lot of thermal power station, nuclear energy and other conventional power sources. Yet, there is exhaustion in the above assets and adding dangerous impacts to the atmospheric conditions. The world searches for sustainable power source that it is normally accessible such as sun and wind. Apart from all the renewable energy resources, solar energy is readily harnessed for domestic application to meet demand. To increase the power conversion efficiency from the solar PV system it is better have a perfect DC to DC converters. The proposed outcome of this paper is to outline the DC to DC converter with MPPT algorithms to concentrate on extreme productivity at roof-top for solar PV application which decreases the cost of energy. In addition to that it also prevents panel miss matching at all environmental conditions for safer DC Voltage with flexible site design especially for domestic applications from the solar photovoltaic module. It is necessary to analyze the converters and MPPT algorithms under closed loop condition for the design and installation of solar PV system to the load or to the grid. This review summarizes few DC to DC converter topologies, maximum power point tracking algorithm and also paid attention on the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms and topologies.</p>

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Luscombe, Christine K., Uday Maitra, Michael Walter, and Susanne K. Wiedmer. "Theoretical background on semiconducting polymers and their applications to OSCs and OLEDs." Chemistry Teacher International 3, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cti-2020-0020.

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Abstract Organic electronics has developed rapidly over the past 40 years. In 1977, a seminal discovery was reported that showed that a polymer known as polyacetylene could conduct electricity as well as metals could. This was a groundbreaking discovery that led to a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000. The polymers that are used in organic electronics have now been widely studied for use in organic solar cells (OSCs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), printable electronics, flexible electronics, antistatic coatings, actuators, and more recently in bioelectronics. In particular, the utility of organic electronics is seen in the commercial success of using organic electronic materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) where OLED displays can be seen in mobile phones and as flat panel displays. In this paper, we provide a tutorial targeting upper secondary students describing how these special classes of polymers function, and how they can be synthesized. The paper further discusses the use of these materials in two applications: organic solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes. The paper ends with a brief discussion about hands-on activities that can be carried out in the upper secondary student science classroom.

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Prasad, Saradh, D. Devaraj, Rajender Boddula, Sunitha Salla, and Mohamad Saleh AlSalhi. "Fabrication, device performance, and MPPT for flexible dye-sensitized solar panel based on gel-polymer phthaloylchitosan based electrolyte and nanocluster CoS2 counter electrode." Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2, no. 2 (August 2019): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.02.004.

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West, John L., and Da Wei Lee. "Cracked ITO on Polyester Film Substrates for Electro-Optic Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 526 (February 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.526.15.

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Vacuum deposited indium tin oxide, ITO, is the material of choice for producing the transparent conducting electrodes used in a wide variety of electro-optic applications, including flat panel displays and solar cells. In addition to rigid substrates such as glass, ITO can be coated on flexible substrates for the production of flexible devices. Because the ITO is brittle it easily cracks if the flexible substrates are bent. The cracking of the ITO is therefore viewed within the industry as a major problem. Here we demonstrate how we can control the cracking of the ITO to produce uniform electrodes. This is accomplished by bending the film around a tight radius of curvature. The electrodes are narrow having a width of 5~10 μm. The cracks separating the electrodes are much narrower with a width of less than 0.05 μm. We demonstrate the use of these substrates using a polymer dispersed liquid crystal switchable window that can be switched in individual lines creating an electronic venetian blind effect. The addressed lines in the PDLC are defined by the contact electrode and by the applied field. Because the cracks are much smaller than the thickness of the active PDLC material they are not visible. In addition to switchable windows these substrates can be used to make passive matrix displays and touch screens. Uni-axially cracking can be easily integrated into a roll-to-roll manufacturing process.

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Widodo, Suprapto, and Nurman Ismail. "Solar Energy Electric 4400 Va, 3x220 Volts, 50 Hertzs with Sliver Cells and Changeover Switch Based PLC Festo FC-34." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 5420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.5420.

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This paper present about solar energy electric with the capacity 4400voltampere, 3x220volts, 50hertzs. This capacity is assumed enough for many household, home industry, polyclinic, offices. In this case that solar panel is used “sliver cells” type because, use less silicon, more efficient, flexible, transparent, bifacial, thin. This system is build with charge controller utility to battery bank and from battery bank to 3-phase inverter. The 3-phase inverter is useful to convert direct current to 3-phase alternating current voltage. 3phase inverter used is consist of six unit of IGBT components. The output of 3-phase inverter is connected to input 3-phase stabilizer, and the output of 3-phase stabilizer is to lead to the loads. The output voltage of 3-phase stabilizer is detected and to be input to PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) Festo FC-34, because PLC to control change over-switch that the function as actuator with 5 seconds setting time, is the load supplied by solar energy electric, electric from PGL (Public Grid Line) or the electric from generator set. The alternative is ordered according with sequence of operation cost. The result of research, the output voltage from stabilizer 218.5volts, the input voltage of charge controller 56.16volts, the input voltage of inverter 48.0volts, the output voltage of inverter 205.6volts, electric current to the load 9.5amperes. If the output voltage of stabilizer less than or equal 190volts, so the PLC will actuate change over switch as the actuator to active to PGL power or to generator set power. It is found that overall system works effectively.

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Kim, Moon Keun, Khalid Osman Abdulkadir, Jiying Liu, Joon-Ho Choi, and Huiqing Wen. "Optimal Design Strategy of a Solar Reflector Combining Photovoltaic Panels to Improve Electricity Output: A Case Study in Calgary, Canada." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 6115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116115.

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This study explores the combination of photovoltaic (PV) panels with a reflector mounted on a building to improve electricity generation. Globally, PV panels have been widely used as a renewable energy technology. In order to obtain more solar irradiance and improve electricity output, this study presents an advanced strategy of a reflector combining PV panels mounted on a building in Calgary, Canada. Based on an experimental database of solar irradiances, the simulation presents an optimal shape designed and tilt angles of the reflector and consequently improves solar radiation gain and electricity outputs. Polished aluminum is selected as the reflector material, and the shape and angle are designed to minimize the interruption of direct solar radiation. The numerical approach demonstrates the improvement in performance using a PV panel tilted at 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° and a reflector, tilted at 15.5° or allowed to be tilted flexibly. A reflector tilted at 15.5° can improve solar radiation gains, of the panel, by nearly 5.5–9.2% at lower tilt angles and 14.1–21.1% at higher tilt angles. Furthermore, the flexibly adjusted reflector can improve solar radiation gains on the PV panel, by nearly 12–15.6% at lower tilt angles and 20–26.5% at higher tilt angles. A reflector tilted at 15.5° improves the panel’s output electricity on average by 4–8% with the PV panel tilted at 30° and 45° respectively and 12–19% with the PV panel tilted at 60° and 75°, annually. Moreover, a reflector that can be flexibly tilted improves electricity output on average by 9–12% with the PV panel tilted at 30° and 45° and 17–23% with the PV panel tilted at 60° and 75°. Therefore, the utilization of a reflector improves the performance of the PV panel while incurring a relatively low cost.

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Oladigbolu, Jamiu Omotayo, Makbul A. M. Ramli, and Yusuf A. Al-Turki. "Techno-Economic and Sensitivity Analyses for an Optimal Hybrid Power System Which Is Adaptable and Effective for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Nigeria." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 4959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184959.

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This paper studies in detail a systematic approach to offering a combination of conventional and renewable energy that is adaptable enough to operate in grid-connected and off- grid modes to provide power to a remote village located in Nigeria. To this aim, the HOMER pro software tool was used to model two scenarios from the on-and off-grid systems, evaluating in detail the techno-economic effects and operational behavior of the systems and their adverse impacts on the environment. The impacts of varying load demand, grid power and sellback prices, diesel prices, and solar irradiation levels on system performance were discussed. Results showed that, for both cases, the optimum design consists of a diesel generator rated at 12 kW, with a photovoltaic (PV) panel of 54 kW, a 70 battery group (484 kWh nominal capacity battery bank), and a 21 kW converter. The cost of electricity (COE) and net present cost (NPC) were in the range of $0.1/kWh to 0.218 $/kWh and $117,598 to $273,185, respectively, and CO2 emissions ranged between 5963 and 49,393 kg/year in the two configurations. The results of this work provide a general framework for setting up a flexible and reliable system architecture to ensure continuous power supply to consumers under all conditions.

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Aldridge, Robert L., Seth C. Britch, and Kenneth J. Linthicum. "Portable Battery Power and Small-Reservoir Modifications For Pesticide Misting Systems." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6764.1.

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ABSTRACT United States military personnel deployed in austere hot-arid, temperate, and tropical conditions in remote locations worldwide rely on the Department of Defense (DoD) Pest Management System measures such as application of pesticide residual and ultra-low–volume or thermal fog treatments for protection from routine exposure to nuisance and disease-vector insects. Timed pesticide misting systems originally developed for residential outdoor use show promise as potential enhancements to standard DoD Pest Management System measures, in particular to protect perimeters surrounding US military field encampments. To investigate the capabilities of misting systems in remote locations in diverse environments, this technical engineering report describes the development of 2 key modifications to a commercial residential misting system to enable us to operate the system away from a standard power grid, and to safely operate the system with small volumes of a variety of pesticide misting formulations. The components needed to modify the commercial misting system include the following: 5,000-W inverter, 12-V 100 Ah battery, 24-gal tote, solar panel with charge controller, 18 in. (45.7 cm) 0-gauge wire with ½-in. (1.27-cm) eyebolt connectors, 5-gal container (wide mouthed), ½-in.-to-½-in. connector, ½-in. tubing, ⅜-in.-to-⅜-in. connector, ⅜-in. tubing, ¼-in.-to-¼-in. connector, ¼-in. flexible tubing, securable patio box (80 gal), 5-gal (18.9-liter) bucket (modified), and a canning funnel.

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Pethuraja, Gopal G., Roger E. Welser, John W. Zeller, Yash R. Puri, Ashok K. Sood, Harry Efstathiadis, Pradeep Haldar, and Jennifer L. Harvey. "Advanced Flexible CIGS Solar Cells Enhanced by Broadband Nanostructured Antireflection Coatings." MRS Proceedings 1771 (2015): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.589.

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ABSTRACTFlexible copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells on lightweight substrates can deliver high specific powers. Flexible lightweight CIGS solar cells are also primary candidates for building-integrated panels. In all applications, CIGS cells can greatly benefit from the application of broadband and wide-angle AR coating technology. The AR coatings can significantly improve the transmittance of light over the entire CIGS absorption band spectrum. Increased short-circuit current has been observed after integrating AR coated films onto baseline solar panels. NREL’s System Advisor Model (SAM) has predicted up to 14% higher annual power output on AR integrated vertical or building-integrated panels. The combination of lightweight flexible substrates and advanced device designs employing nanostructured optical coatings together have the potential to achieve flexible CIGS modules with enhanced efficiencies and specific power.

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Lee, K. Wayne, Andrew J. Correia, Brett D. J. Neilan, and Ben Dahn. "Comparative Study of Solar Panels for Roadway Operations." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.594.

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All day long the transportation infrastructure receives solar energy from the sun rays, storing much of them as heat that is left to dissipate by nightfall. The concept of harvesting solar energy from transportation infrastructure is enticing because it offers a way to collect solar energy by utilizing an extensive infrastructure that already exists. Thus, an attempt was made to investigate novel methods for solar energy harvesting and conversion with potential economic efficiency substantially beyond that of current technology. Particularly, a comparative study was conducted between rigid and flexible solar panels.

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Dibb, George. "Developing the next generation of flexible solar panels." Renewable Energy Focus 17, no. 4 (July 2016): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2016.07.007.

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Wei, Jin, Dengqing Cao, Lianchao Wang, Hua Huang, and Wenhu Huang. "Dynamic modeling and simulation for flexible spacecraft with flexible jointed solar panels." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (September 2017): 558–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.06.037.

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Ji, Ning, and Jinkun Liu. "Vibration control for a flexible satellite with adaptive actuator fault-tolerant and input quantization." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 3 (October 6, 2019): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219874228.

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In this paper, we study the vibration control for a flexible satellite with adaptive actuator fault-tolerant and input quantization. The control objective is to suppress the vibration of a flexible satellite as well as considering actuator fault-tolerant and input signal quantization. The flexible satellite is composed of a centrebody and two symmetrical flexible solar panels. The symmetrical flexible solar panels are described as two Euler-Bernoulli beams modeled as partial differential equations (PDEs). Quantitative control combines control and communication to solve related control problems in modern engineering systems. Logarithmic quantitative controllers are used to realize input signal quantization. Meanwhile, an adaptive control scheme is designed to regulate the vibration of the satellite when the actuator fails partially. Simulation results are demonstrated for illustration. It is proved that the proposed control scheme can handle the vibration of the flexible satellite as well as considering actuator fault-tolerant and input signal quantization simultaneously.

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Diez, Francisco J., Andrés Martínez-Rodríguez, Luis M. Navas-Gracia, Leticia Chico-Santamarta, Adriana Correa-Guimaraes, and Renato Andara. "Estimation of the Hourly Global Solar Irradiation on the Tilted and Oriented Plane of Photovoltaic Solar Panels Applied to Greenhouse Production." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030495.

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Agrometeorological stations have horizontal solar irradiation data available, but the design and simulation of photovoltaic (PV) systems require data about the solar panel (inclined and/or oriented). Greenhouses for agricultural production, outside the large protected production areas, are usually off-grid; thus, the solar irradiation variable on the panel plane is critical for an optimal PV design. Modeling of solar radiation components (beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected) is carried out by calculating the extraterrestrial solar radiation, solar height, angle of incidence, and diffuse solar radiation. In this study, the modeling was done using Simulink-MATLAB blocks to facilitate its application, using the day of the year, the time of day, and the hourly horizontal global solar irradiation as input variables. The rest of the parameters (i.e., inclination, orientation, solar constant, albedo, latitude, and longitude) were fixed in each block. The results obtained using anisotropic models of diffuse solar irradiation of the sky in the region of Castile and León (Spain) showed improvements over the results obtained with isotropic models. This work enables the precise estimation of solar irradiation on a solar panel flexibly, for particular places, and with the best models for each of the components of solar radiation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flexible solar panel'

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