Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flexural tests

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Flexural tests'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flexural tests"

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Li, Gui Bing, Ai Hui Zhang, and Wei Liang Jin. "Experimental Investigation on Effective Bond Length of Flexurally CFRP-Strengthened RC Beams Failed by Intermediate Crack Debonding." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.977.

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The models to calculate the effective bond length determined by single-lap or double-lap shear tests are more suitable for the end-debonding failure; and the improved models based on the simply shear test models to calculate the effective bond length of flexural CFRP-strengthened beams failed by intermediate crack debonding (IC debonding) are also lack of the support of experimental data. To investigate the effective bond length of flexural CFRP-strengthened beams, a total of 9 flexurally CFRP-strengthened beams were tested. The experimental results show that the existing models are very conservative for calculating the effective bond length in flexural FRP-strengthened RC beams failed by IC debonding. Based on the experimental results, this paper presents a model to calculate the effective bond length of flexural FRP-strengthened RC beams failed by IC debonding, and a model to calculate the plastic hinge length at the shear-flexure span.
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Brattland, Anita, and D. J. Laurie Kennedy. "Flexural tests of two full-scale composite trusses." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 2 (1992): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-033.

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Steel trusses acting compositely with concrete slabs on wide rib profile steel deck have proven to be an economical system for long span floors. The flexural behaviour of two composite trusses with a span of 11.5 m was studied. The truss configuration consisted of hollow structural section chords with double angle web members welded on either side. The flexural tests showed that ductile behaviour up to failure can be obtained without failure of the web members, provided that the design is based on the ultimate tensile strength of the bottom chord, and the web members and shear connection are designed for the concomitant forces. The maximum moments attained were about 1.2 times the unfactored ultimate moment predicted by CSA Standard S16.1. The maximum strain in the bottom chord of both trusses was significantly higher than the yield strain, but did not reach the ultimate strain due to premature shear connection failure. The failure mode of the first composite truss demonstrated the need for additional rules for establishing the length of stud shear connectors for use in slabs on ribbed deck, as has been incorporated in S16.1-M89. A design procedure for double angle web members was developed, based on the test results. Key words: behaviour, composite steel–concrete trusses, flexure, long span, ultimate moment resistance.
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Timco, G. W. "Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness of Urea Model Ice." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 4 (1985): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231225.

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In many tests of ice-structure interactions performed using physical modeling techniques, the ice can fail in bending, flexure or by tensile cracking. Because of this, it is necessary to know and understand the flexural and fracture toughness properties of the model ice used in the test in order to be able to better interpret the results. In spite of this, to date there has been only a limited number of tests to measure the flexural behavior and the parameters influencing the flexural response of the model ice. The fracture toughness of model ice has not been measured. In this paper, the flexural behavior and fracture toughness of both freshwater ice and sea ice are reviewed in order to establish the prototype values and behavior which must be scaled for the model test. The results of a series of tests on the flexural properties of the model ice are presented and discussed in terms of the parameters which influence the strength including warmup time and temperature, test type (cantilever or simple beam), loading rate and loading direction. The fracture toughness of the model ice has been measured and the results are presented and compared to the prototype values for freshwater ice and sea ice. A comparison is made to assess the accuracy of the scalability of these properties of the ice.
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Kwon, Young Bong, Jin Hwan Cheung, Byung Seung Kong, Hwan Woo Lee, and Kwang Kyu Choi. "Flexural Tests on the H-Section Simple Beams with Local Buckling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1677.

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This paper describes a series of flexural tests conducted on the H-section beams fabricated from SM490 plate of thickness 0.6mm with nominal yield stress 315 MPa. Flexural members with large width-to-thickness ratios in the flanges or the web may undergo local buckling before lateral-torsional buckling. The local buckling has a negative effect on the moment capacity based on the lateral-torsional buckling. Simple bending moment capacity formulas for flexural members were calibrated to the test results to account for interaction between local buckling and lateral-torsional buckling. The ultimate flexural strengths predicted by the proposed formulas for direct strength method were compared with the AISC (2005) and Eurocode3 (2003). The comparison showed that the moment formulas proposed can predict conservatively the bending moment capacity of H-section flexural members with local buckling.
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Figueredo, Stacy L., William R. Brugge, and Alexander H. Slocum. "Design of an Endoscopic Biopsy Needle With Flexural Members." Journal of Medical Devices 1, no. 1 (2006): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2355693.

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As a minimally invasive means of extracting a tissue sample from a patient, current endoscopic biopsy needles generally do not preserve tissue histology and often require multiple attempts to obtain a tissue sample. This paper presents an endoscopic biopsy needle with internal flexures that enables tissue to enter the hollow needle and then be severed from the surrounding tissue when the needle is withdrawn. Using force-deflection and sample weight data from 10× scaled prototypes, variations of a flexural design captured 1.1grams of a tissue phantom on average, as compared to wedge-type designs that averaged 0.7-0.8grams. Sample mass exhibited an increase in mass as the feature angle decreased. Peak entrance forces (P2) for the flexure design were lower than for both wedge and extended wedge designs, and resistance forces (S2) were higher upon needle extraction. A low-angle (15 and 30deg) feature also produced a lower entrance friction (S1) and higher exit resistance (S2) compared with 45 and 60deg features. These results suggest that a biopsy needle with 15deg flexures could increase sample length and mass as well as sampling success rates for core biopsy procedures. Future tests of the flexural biopsy needle design will use this information to determine dimensions for laser cut features of 1× scale needles.
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Miura, Daisuke, Yoshiki Ishida, Taira Miyasaka, Harumi Aoki, and Akikazu Shinya. "Reliability of Different Bending Test Methods for Dental Press Ceramics." Materials 13, no. 22 (2020): 5162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225162.

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Objective: This study investigates the reliability of different flexural tests such as three-point-bending, four-point bending, and biaxial tests, in strengthening the dental pressed ceramics (DPCs) frequently used in clinical applications. Methods: The correlations between the three types of bending tests for DPCs were investigated. Plate-shaped specimens for the three-point and four-point bending tests and a disc-shaped specimen for the biaxial bending test were prepared. Each bending test was conducted using a universal testing machine. Results: The results for six DPCs showed that the flexural strength in descending order were the three-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, and four-point flexural strength, respectively. Then, a regression analysis showed a strong correlation between each of the three test methods, with the combination of four-point and biaxial flexural strength showing the highest values. The biaxial flexural strength was not significantly different in the Weibull coefficient (m) compared to the other tests, with the narrowest range considering the 95% interval. The biaxial bending test was found to be suitable for materials with small plastic deformation from the yield point to the breaking point, such as DPCs.
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Yang, Keun-Hyeok, Ju-Hyun Mun, and Jae-Sam Lee. "Flexural tests on pre-tensioned lightweight concrete beams." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 167, no. 4 (2014): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.12.00003.

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Leong, E. C., and Z. Y. Cheng. "Timoshenko beam effect in flexural resonant column tests." Soils and Foundations 59, no. 1 (2019): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.09.005.

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Ghazijahani, Tohid Ghanbari, Hui Jiao, and Damien Holloway. "Fatigue tests of damaged tubes under flexural loading." Steel and Composite Structures 19, no. 1 (2015): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.19.1.223.

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Chen, Q., G. L. Kulak, and A. E. Elwi. "Flexural tests of longitudinally stiffened fabricated steel cylinders." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 34, no. 1 (1995): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(94)00020-i.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flexural tests"

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Liesen, Justin Adam. "Repair of Impact-Damaged Prestressed Bridge Girders Using Strand Splices and Fiber-Reinforced Polymer." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54598.

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This study is part of a VDOT sponsored project focusing on repair techniques for impact damaged prestressed bridge girders. The investigation included evaluation of the repair installation and flexural strength of four AASHTO Type III girders that were intentionally damaged and repaired. In addition, nonlinear finite element modeling was used to aid in the development of design protocols for each repair method. This report discusses two of the three repair techniques. Three Master of Science students report on the project results: Justin Liesen, Mark Jones, and Michael Gangi. Liesen and Jones (2015) had responsibility for the installation and testing of the repaired girders and Gangi (2015) performed the finite element modeling of the girders. Three repair methods were identified for experimental investigation: strand splice, bonded FRP, and FRCM. During this investigation the repair methods were evaluated by conducting six flexural tests on four AASHTO Type III girders. Flexural tests were conducted instead of shear tests because typical impact damage from overheight vehicles occurs around the mid-span and flexural strength dominated region of bridge girders. The cracking and failure moments for each test were evaluated and compared to predictions of the girder's behavior using AASHTO calculations, a moment-curvature diagram, and non-linear finite element modeling.<br>Master of Science
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Napoli, Annalisa. "RC Structures Strengthened with Mechanically Fastened FRP Systems." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/184.

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Recently, the use of Mechanically Fastened Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (MF-FRP) systems has emerged as a viable means for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete members. The technique is suitable for emergency repairs where constructability and speed of installation are critical requirements. The MF-FRP system consists of pre-cured FRP laminates with enhanced longitudinal bearing strength that are attached to the concrete substrate by means of mechanical steel anchors. This research project presents an experimental investigation comprising a series of flexural tests on scaled one-way RC slabs. The test matrix includes MF-FRP strengthened specimens, a counterpart with the externally bonded (EB) FRP reinforcement, and a control specimen. The effects of fastener layout and laminate length on strength increase and failure mode were studied. It is shown that with proper selection of fastener layout the MF-FRP system results in a significant deformability and strength increase, where the latter is comparable to that attained using EB-FRP sheets. Specific gaps on the existing analytical procedures for flexural strengthening with MF-FRP systems are finally discussed.
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Mansour, Marwan. "Experimental tests on the effect of temperature on the short term behavior of FRC beams." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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The effect of temperature under short term behavior on macro-synthetic polypropylene fibers reinforced concrete (MSFRC) was evaluated, to understand how this condition may affect the performance of this material. An experimental campaign of three-point bending, compressive tests and elastic modulus tests have been performed on prisms, cubes and cylinders cured at 6 temperatures, ranging from -30°C to +60°C. The results highlighted that, for the material tested, the increment of temperature causes a decrement of the peak and post-peak flexural strength. Further analysis have been done on the fibers number and failure type.
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Wanniarachchi, Somadasa. "Flexural behaviour and design of cold-formed steel beams with rectangular hollow flanges." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29810/.

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Until recently, the hot-rolled steel members have been recognized as the most popular and widely used steel group, but in recent times, the use of cold-formed high strength steel members has rapidly increased. However, the structural behavior of light gauge high strength cold-formed steel members characterized by various buckling modes is not yet fully understood. The current cold-formed steel sections such as C- and Z-sections are commonly used because of their simple forming procedures and easy connections, but they suffer from certain buckling modes. It is therefore important that these buckling modes are either delayed or eliminated to increase the ultimate capacity of these members. This research is therefore aimed at developing a new cold-formed steel beam with two torsionally rigid rectangular hollow flanges and a slender web formed using intermittent screw fastening to enhance the flexural capacity while maintaining a minimum fabrication cost. This thesis describes a detailed investigation into the structural behavior of this new Rectangular Hollow Flange Beam (RHFB), subjected to flexural action The first phase of this research included experimental investigations using thirty full scale lateral buckling tests and twenty two section moment capacity tests using specially designed test rigs to simulate the required loading and support conditions. A detailed description of the experimental methods, RHFB failure modes including local, lateral distortional and lateral torsional buckling modes, and moment capacity results is presented. A comparison of experimental results with the predictions from the current design rules and other design methods is also given. The second phase of this research involved a methodical and comprehensive investigation aimed at widening the scope of finite element analysis to investigate the buckling and ultimate failure behaviours of RHFBs subjected to flexural actions. Accurate finite element models simulating the physical conditions of both lateral buckling and section moment capacity tests were developed. Comparison of experimental and finite element analysis results showed that the buckling and ultimate failure behaviour of RHFBs can be simulated well using appropriate finite element models. Finite element models simulating ideal simply supported boundary conditions and a uniform moment loading were also developed in order to use in a detailed parametric study. The parametric study results were used to review the current design rules and to develop new design formulae for RHFBs subjected to local, lateral distortional and lateral torsional buckling effects. Finite element analysis results indicate that the discontinuity due to screw fastening has a noticeable influence only for members in the intermediate slenderness region. Investigations into different combinations of thicknesses in the flange and web indicate that increasing the flange thickness is more effective than web thickness in enhancing the flexural capacity of RHFBs. The current steel design standards, AS 4100 (1998) and AS/NZS 4600 (1996) are found sufficient to predict the section moment capacity of RHFBs. However, the results indicate that the AS/NZS 4600 is more accurate for slender sections whereas AS 4100 is more accurate for compact sections. The finite element analysis results further indicate that the current design rules given in AS/NZS 4600 is adequate in predicting the member moment capacity of RHFBs subject to lateral torsional buckling effects. However, they were inadequate in predicting the capacities of RHFBs subject to lateral distortional buckling effects. This thesis has therefore developed a new design formula to predict the lateral distortional buckling strength of RHFBs. Overall, this thesis has demonstrated that the innovative RHFB sections can perform well as economically and structurally efficient flexural members. Structural engineers and designers should make use of the new design rules and the validated existing design rules to design the most optimum RHFB sections depending on the type of applications. Intermittent screw fastening method has also been shown to be structurally adequate that also minimises the fabrication cost. Product manufacturers and builders should be able to make use of this in their applications.
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Alves, Junior Carlos Alfredo. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização mecânica de compósitos de matriz poliéster com gravetos ou fibras de taquara (Merostachys sp.)." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1616.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1 - Introducao.pdf: 683948 bytes, checksum: 323bfbfe06d963d7bfbecaaf890583ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-14<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The aim of this work was the development of polyester matrix and taquara-lixa (Merostachys sp.) sticks or fibers composites and mechanical characterization by means of flexural tests for the composites and tension tests for taquara. First, it was determined the average mass distribution from a group of taquara sticks with 150 mm length, taquara medium moisture content and tension tests. Billets measuring 150 x 50 x 50 mm were prepared and were characterized by flexural tests. After the observation of the delamination effect in the composites, due to the poor interaction between matrix and fiber, a study of a chemical treatment of the sticks with sodium hydroxide was performed, for the partial removal of lignin and hemicellulose and to allow the stick s fibers to reorganize and reduce its hydrophilicity. Taquara specimens were made and suffered chemical treatment, varying the type of washing for each group, and flexural tests were performed to verify its mechanical properties. In another experiment, the average mass of a stick with 280 mm length was determined and the composites were made in a mold with 280 x 60 x 50 mm dimensions. To check the effect of the chosen treatment and the compression force during the confection of the composites, it was produced composites with dried taquara sticks and without compression, chemically treated sticks and without compression, dried sticks and with compression, chemically treated sticks and with compression and chemically treated taquara pieces that have its fibers separated by a rolling machine, and with compression. Specimens were extracted from the composites and flexural tests were performed to determine the maximum flexural stress, 1st rupture flexural stress, maximum displacement, 1st rupture displacement and flexural modulus. It was observed that both chemical treatment and the compression force had influence on composites mechanical properties, raising its flexural stress and elasticity modulus and reducing its displacement during flexural tests.<br>Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de compósitos de matriz de resina poliéster e gravetos ou fibras de taquara-lixa (Merostachys sp.) e a caracterização mecânica por ensaios de flexão dos compósitos e por ensaios de tração da taquara. Inicialmente, foi realizada a determinação da massa média de um lote de gravetos de taquara de 150 mm de comprimento, o seu teor de umidade médio e a realização de ensaios de tração da taquara. Os compósitos confeccionados foram feitos em um molde de 150 x 50 x 50 mm e caracterizados por ensaios de flexão. Após a observação do efeito de delaminação nos compósitos, devido a fraca interação entre a matriz e a taquara, foi realizado um estudo de tratamento químico dos gravetos com hidróxido de sódio, para realizar a remoção parcial da lignina e hemicelulose e permitir que as fibras do graveto se reorganizassem e reduzissem a sua hidrofilicidade. Corpos de prova de taquara foram confeccionados e sofreram tratamento químico, variando o tipo de enxágüe em cada lote, e os mesmos foram ensaiados na máquina de flexão para verificar as suas propriedades mecânicas. Em outro experimento, foi determinada a massa média de um lote de gravetos de taquara de 280 mm de comprimento e os compósitos foram produzidos em um molde de dimensões de 280 x 60 x 50 mm. Para verificar o efeito do tratamento escolhido e da força de compressão durante a confecção dos compósitos, foram produzidos compósitos com gravetos in natura e sem compressão, gravetos tratados e sem compressão, gravetos in natura e sem compressão, gravetos tratados e com compressão, e pedaços de taquara tratados quimicamente e que tiveram as fibras separadas com o auxílio de uma calandra e com compressão. Os corpos de prova foram extraídos dos compósitos e foram realizados ensaios de flexão para a determinação da tensão máxima de flexão, tensão de flexão na 1ª delaminação, o deslocamento máximo e o deslocamento sofrido no momento da 1ª delaminação e o módulo de elasticidade em flexão. Foi observado que tanto o tratamento químico quanto a força de compressão exerceram influência nas propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos, aumentando sua tensão de flexão e seu módulo de elasticidade e reduzindo o deslocamento durante o ensaio de flexão.
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Wu, Jiawei. "Study on Epoxidized Poly (Styrene-butadiene-styrene) Modified Epoxy Resins." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1571671436341218.

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Reis, Elton Garcia dos. "Compósitos de fibras de taquara (Merostachys sp.) e matriz de poliéster e epóxi." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1633.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elton G dos Reis.pdf: 2166812 bytes, checksum: 384c9af44058a93b40c48b5b2bf1e226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-04<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanical properties of the fiber and taquaralixa (Merostachys sp.) composites with polyester and epoxy matrixes by means of tensile, pull out and flexural tests. Initially, the stalks of taquara went through a drying process to determine the moisture content. Afterwards, the taquara sticks were chemically treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide 10% w/w and hydrogen peroxide 10% v/v, causing softening of the sticks that later were crushed with a rolling machine, in order to partially remove lignin and separate the fibers. To determine the tensile strength of the fiber, tensile tests were performed. And fiber was tested by means of pull out test for determining the shear stress and critical length in the polyester and epoxy matrixes. An optic microscope and an application software were used to determine the cross-sectional area and the perimeter of the fiber. Composites with long fibers and matrixes of polyester and epoxy were prepared through the compression molding process. The fiber concentrations used in the polyester matrix were: 40, 60, 70 and 75% w/w; and for the epoxy matrix 40, 60 and 75% w/w of fiber were used. Composites with random and short fibers were produced with epoxy matrix. Fibers with 13 mm in length were used at the concentrations of 50 and 60% w/w; fibers with 25 mm in length at concentrations of 50 and 60% w/w and fibers with 60 mm in length at a concentration of 50% w/w. Flexural tests were performed for the composites and it was possible to determine the flexural stress, Young s Modulus, strain and density for each specimen. From the results of the long fibers composites and using the values of tensile and strain within the linear region, the Young s modulus of the fiber was estimated through interpolation of the rule of mixtures lower limit and Halpin-Tsai equations. For the results of composites with random and short fibers together with the results of composites with long fibers and epoxy matrix, the rule of mixtures lower limit equation was interpolated in order to obtain an estimate of the Young s modulus or tensile strength in function of the volumetric fraction and fiber length. With the results of tensile strength, Young s modulus and density, it was possible to perform a comparison among the mechanical properties of wood Angicovermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina), Peróba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron), Piquiá (Caryocar villosum) and Eucalipto (Eucalyptus Grandis and Citriodora). Composites with long fibers and composites with 60 mm in lenght of fibers presented superior properties in comparison to these woods.<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as propriedades mecânicas da fibra e os compósitos de fibra de taquara-lixa (Merostachys sp.) com matriz poliéster e epóxi por meio de ensaios de tração, pull out e flexão de três pontos. Inicialmente, os colmos da taquara passaram por um processo de secagem para a determinação do teor de umidade. Em seguida, os gravetos da taquara foram tratados quimicamente com solução de hidróxido de sódio a 10% m/m e peróxido de hidrogênio a 10% v/v que provocou o amolecimento dos gravetos que na sequência foram esmagados com auxílio de uma calandra, com o objetivo de retirar parcialmente a lignina e separar as fibras. Os ensaios de tração da fibra foram realizados para a determinação da tensão de ruptura. E ensaios de pull out da fibra foram realizados para a determinação da tensão cisalhante de ruptura e comprimento crítico nas matrizes poliéster e epóxi. Para a determinação da área transversal e perímetro da fibra foi utilizado um microscópio óptico e um aplicativo de tratamento de imagem. Compósitos com fibras longas e matrizes de poliéster e epóxi foram confeccionados por meio do processo de moldagem por compressão. As concentrações de fibras utilizadas para a matriz poliéster foram 40, 60, 70 e 75% m/m e para a matriz epóxi foram 40, 60 e 75% m/m. Compósitos com fibras curtas e aleatórias também foram produzidos com matriz epóxi. Foram utilizadas fibras com 13 mm de comprimento nas concentrações de 50 e 60% m/m de fibra, 25 mm de comprimento nas concentrações de 50 e 60% m/m e 60 mm de comprimento na concentração de 50% m/m. Ensaios de flexão de 3 pontos foram realizados para os compósitos, e determinou-se a tensão de flexão, o módulo de elasticidade, a deformação e a massa específica para cada corpo de prova. A partir dos resultados obtidos dos compósitos com fibras longas e utilizando-se os valores de tensão e deformação dentro do regime linear, foi possível estimar o módulo de elasticidade da fibra por meio da interpolação das equações da regra das misturas limite inferior e equação de Halpin-Tsai. Para os resultados dos compósitos com fibras curtas e aleatórias juntamente com os resultados dos compósitos com fibras longas e matriz epóxi foi interpolada a equação da regra das misturas limite inferior com o objetivo de obter uma estimativa do módulo de elasticidade ou da tensão de flexão em função da fração volumétrica, e comprimento da fibra. Com os resultados de tensão de flexão, módulo de elasticidade e massa específica foi possível realizar uma comparação em relação as propriedades mecânicas das madeiras Angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera peregrina), Peróba-rosa (Aspidosperma Polyneuron), Piquiá (Caryocar villosum) e Eucalipto (Eucaliptus Citriodora e Grandis). Os compósitos com fibras longas e fibras curtas de 60 mm apresentaram propriedades superiores em comparação com estas madeiras.
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Rojas, Mariana. "Energy Efficient Composites for Automotive Industry." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86091.

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Hybrid composites play a key role in sustainable development. For many years, carbon fibres in an epoxy matrix have been an attractive option for many structural applications because of their higher specific mechanical properties mostly. However, recycling and sustainability are some of the composite shortcomings; and in that context, natural fibres have gained popularity.  The present study aimed to design and manufacture short carbon/flax hybrid composites. Two different arrangements were chosen: random and layers configuration. Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) was used to fabricate these hybrid composites. Mechanical tests and optical microscopy technique were conducted to understand the effect of the interaction of these two different reinforcements. Mechanical tests showed a remarkable difference between the hybrid configurations under flexural loadings. Furthermore, outstanding property values were observed in the hybrid configurations compared to single fibre composites. The resultant materials have seemed an attractive combination of fibres with a remarkable balance between mechanical performance and eco-friendliness.
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MAHMOUD, TAREK IBRAHIM. "Evaluation of the degradation process of cement-based materials exposed to aggressive environment by using ultrasonic techniques and physical characterisation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/27550.

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El hormigón armado compuesto de cemento Portland fue inventado hace algo más de un siglo aproximadamente y se ha convertido en el material más utilizado en la construcción. La durabilidad de este hormigón es una de las consideraciones más importantes a ser tenidas en cuenta en el diseño de nuevas estructuras y en la evaluación estructural de las ya existentes. Cuando un hormigón sujeto a un ambientes o cargas que puede degradarlo, como puede ser su uso en puentes y ambientes marinos o si contiene grandes cantidades de alúmina o áridos reciclados, el conocimiento o predicción de su durabilidad es una aspecto crítico para su comportamiento en servicio. Los ensayos no destructivos se han mostrado como unos de los ensayos preceptivos con una importancia económica y social más relevante desde que se han aplicado para la auscultación de la durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón pertenecientes a la ingeniería civil, donde estos materiales son ampliamente utilizados. En cualquier caso, el uso de las técnicas no destructivas en estos materiales no está suficientemente implementado, hecho este motivado por las características heterogéneas de su microestructura. De todos los métodos no destructivos aplicables para el hormigón, el uso de pulsos ultrasónicos es de gran interés para la caracterización de la microestructura y las propiedades de materiales heterogéneos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es obtener un procedimiento de evaluación del ciclo de vida del hormigón preparado y puesto en servicio para ambientes marinos. Además, será estudiado y analizado la incorporación de varias metodologías (destructivas y non destructivas) para caracterizar el proceso de degradación de morteros y hormigones expuestos a disolución de sulfato de sodio y a exposición en disolución de nitrato amónico. Con esta finalidad, una integración adecuada de diferentes técnicas será usada para la caracterización de propiedades y el seguimiento del proceso de degradación que afectan al hormigón. Como objetivos adicionales, destaca que fueron estudiadas las relaciones entre los parámetros destructivos y no destructivos, así como la relación entre los distintos parámetros no destructivos entre sí. Muchos de los estudios anteriores que han usado la inspección ultrasónica las cuáles fueron utilizadas para determinar la relación agua/cemento del mortero, de la pasta de cemento y del hormigón, o para monitorizar los cambios estructurales, para diferentes relaciones a/c, en el proceso de curado. En este trabajo de investigación fue analizado el efecto que tiene para diferentes relaciones a/c en los parámetros ultrasónicos durante el proceso de degradación. Para este objetivo, se utilizaron un Cemento Portland tipo II A L 42.5 (LPC), y otro sulforresistente tipo I 42.5R/SR (SRPC) que fueron usados en la fabricación de dos marcos de hormigón, los cuales fueron utilizados como hormigón en servicio (caso real). Para el estudio del efecto de la variación de a/c en los parámetros ultrasónicos durante la degradación se utilizaron muestras de mortero con deferentes relaciones agua cemento 0.525- 0.45- 0.375 and 0.30 a partir de LPC para obtener diferentes niveles de degradación. Para monitorizar el proceso de degradación se utilizó la inspección por pulso/eco (1 y 3.5 MHz) para la obtención del parámetro del área del perfil de atenuaciones (APA) el cual fue estimado por L Vergara et al., 2003 y usado por Fuente et al, 2004. Para seguir el proceso de curado de pasta de cemento y morteros, este parámetro ha demostrado una alta sensibilidad para caracterizar los cambios microestructurales de materiales derivados del cemento a lo largo de su curado. El método de transmisión se ha utilizado para la determinación de las velocidades de ondas longitudinales con la frecuencia de 1MHz y transversales con la frecuencia de 500 kHz. La velocidad ultrasónica también ha demostrado la capacidad para seguir los cambios microestructurales de un modo sencillo porque dicho parámetro está relacionado con la variación de las propiedades mecánicas, y bajo ciertas premisas, con la variación de la porosidad. El análisis con la imagen ultrasónica con 2 MHz fue también usada para la consecución de los mismos objetivos. Como métodos destructivos, los ensayos de resistencia a la compresión y flexión fueron los utilizados para determinar la pérdida de actividad resistente de morteros y hormigones, y la porosidad conectada al agua para analizar los cambios en la matriz porosa por el efecto de la difusión de elementos agresivos que penetran en el material provocando su degradación. La porosimetría de mercurio (MIP) fue usada para observar las variaciones del volumen y tamaño de poro y, por último, la microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) que fue utilizada para cuantificar y detectar los cambios en la microestructura por el ataque de elementos agresivos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, la degradación producida por exposición a sulfato de sodio, tiene dos etapas, en la primera etapa se forma la etringita que llena los poros pero que no produce microfisuración. En esta etapa se observó una variación en los parámetros obtenidos por ejemplo, incremento de la velocidad de la onda ultrasónica, de las resistencias a compresión y a la flexión o la disminución de la porosidad. Esta variación en los parámetros podría indicar una mejora en las prestaciones mecánicas del material objeto de la investigación, pero en realidad esto no es cierto porque los poros están llenos de etringita, provocando una expansión, que es la causa de la degradación en la segunda etapa. En dicha segunda etapa, se produce una microfisuración generalizada por la expansión de la etringita e incrementando su volumen dentro de los poros. Este hecho produjo un cambio en los parámetros medidos que contrastan con la evolución en la primera etapa, disminución de la velocidad de las ondas ultrasónicas, y de las resistencias mecánicas y consecuentemente un aumento de la porosidad. Por otro lado, la degradación por ataque de nitrato amonio tiene una única etapa debida al proceso de descalificación que comienza desde el principio del proceso de exposición y es lineal durante todo el periodo de exposición. Para ambos casos, la integración de las diversas técnicas se revela como satisfactoria para el seguimiento del proceso de degradación, encontrando buenas correlaciones entre los parámetros no destructivos y los parámetros destructivos de técnicas de análisis físico-químico.<br>Mahmoud, TI. (2013). Evaluation of the degradation process of cement-based materials exposed to aggressive environment by using ultrasonic techniques and physical characterisation [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/27550<br>TESIS
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Vidotti, Hugo Alberto. "O papel da concentração de nanofibras e da composição da matriz resinosa nas propriedades flexurais de compósitos experimentais baseados em nanofibras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25146/tde-26042016-104952/.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar a influência de soluções de resina com diferentes proporções de monômeros e diferentes concentrações em massa de nanofibras nas propriedades flexurais de compósitos resinosos experimentais reforçados com nanofibras de poliacrilonitrila (PAN). Materiais e métodos: Nanofibras de PAN foram produzidas pelo processo de eletrofiação e caraterizadas por teste de tração e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os compósitos experimentais foram produzidos pela infiltração das mantas de nanofibras com diferentes misturas de BisGMA-TEGDMA (BisGMA/TEGDMA: proporções em % massa de 30/70, 50/50, e 70/30). Foram incorporadas diferentes concentrações em massa de nanofibras (de 0% a 8%). Espécimes em forma de barra foram seccionados a partir de blocos do compósito experimental e armazenados em água na temperatura de 37oC por 24h anteriormente à realização dos testes de flexão de três pontos. Foram avaliados a resistência flexural (RF), o módulo flexural (MF) e o trabalho de fratura (TF). Resultados: Os testes de tração das nanofibras de PAN demonstraram um comportamento anisotrópico das mantas de nanofibras. As propriedades mecânicas exibiram maiores valores na direção perpendicular ao eixo de rotação do coletor metálico utilizado na produção das fibras por eletrofiação. Maiores proporções de BisGMA nas misturas de resina resultaram em maiores valores de RF e MF, o que não ocorreu para os valores de TF. A adição de diferentes concentrações de nanofibras não afetou as propriedades de RF e MF em comparação com o grupo controle (resina pura) (p>0.05). No entanto, a adição das nanofibras promoveu um aumento significante do TF, principalmente para as misturas de resina com maior proporção de TEGDMA (p<0,05). Significância: A inclusão de nanofibras de PAN em resinas de modo a formar compósitos resinosos reforçados por nanofibras não afetou negativamente as propriedades flexurais do material e resultou em um aumento significativo da tenacidade, uma propriedade desejável para um material a ser utilizado para aplicação restauradora.<br>The present study had the objectives to evaluate the influence of different resin blends concentrations and nanofibers mass ratio on flexural properties of experimental Poliacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers reinforced composite. Materials and Methods: Poliacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers mats were produced by electrospinning and characterized by tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental resin-fiber composite beams were manufactured by infiltrating PAN nanofiber meshs with varied concentrations of BisGMA-TEGDMA resin blends (BisGMA/TEGDMA: 30/70, 50/50 and 70/30 weight %). The mass ratio of fiber to resin varied from 0% to 8%. Beams were cured and stored in water at 37oC. Flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM) and work of fracture (WF) were evaluated by three-point bending test after 24 hs storage. Results: The tensile properties of the PAN nanofibers indicated an anisotropic behavior being always higher when tested in a direction perpendicular to the rotation of the collector drum. Except for WF, the other flexural properties (FS and FM) were always higher as the ratio of BisGMA to TEGDMA increased in the neat resin beams. The addition of different ratios of PAN fibers did not affect FS and FM of the composite beams as compared to neat resin beams (p>0.05). However, the addition of fibers significantly increased the WF of the composite beams, and this was more evident for the blends with higher TEGDMA ratios (p<0.05). Significance: The inclusion of PAN nanofibers into resin blends did not negatively affect the properties of the composite and resulted in an increase in toughness that is a desirable property for a candidate material for restorative application.
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Books on the topic "Flexural tests"

1

Maurer, Michael B. Shrinkage and flexural tests of a full-scale composite truss. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 1994.

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Riggle, Peter. Investigation of axial positioning for flexural compressors: Final technical report. Tri-Cities University Center, University of Washington, 1991.

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Lucas, Jeremy L. Final report: Structural load testing and flexure analysis of the Route 701 Bridge in Louisa County, Virginia. Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2004.

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Crews, John H. Measurement of multiaxial ply strength by an off-axis flexure test. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1992.

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Crews, John H. Measurement of multiaxial ply strength by an off-axis flexure test. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1992.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Transverse flexural tests as a tool for assessing damage to PMR-15 composites from isothermal aging in air at elevated temperatures. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Durability testing of commercial ceramic materials: Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Durability testing of commercial ceramic materials: Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Durability testing of commercial ceramic materials: Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (D790). Astm Intl, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flexural tests"

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Leal, Luisa Natalia Peña, Miloš Drdácký, and Zuzana Slížková. "Flexural Tests on Consolidation Effects on Stone." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_78.

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Kusterle, Wolfgang. "Flexural Creep Tests on Beams—8 Years of Experience with Steel and Synthetic Fibres." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1001-3_3.

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Bierögel, C., and W. Grellmann. "Long-term Loading – Flexural Creep Test - Introduction." In Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts–Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_57.

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Zafiu, Victor-Marin, Diana-Maria Cotorobai, Ana Maria Eulampia Rolea, and Andrei Cristian Dinu. "Flexural Test of 3D Printed Mecanum Rollers." In International Conference on Reliable Systems Engineering (ICoRSE) - 2021. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83368-8_26.

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Brown, Roger. "Shear and Flexure." In Physical Test Methods for Elastomers. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66727-0_12.

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Bellopede, Rossana, Paola Marini, and Lorenzo Collaro. "Size Effect in Flexural Strength Test on Dimension Stones." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09048-1_58.

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Anna Carolina, C. Neves, A. Rohen L´zaro, M. Margem Frederico, F. Vieira Carlos Maurício, and N. Monteiro Sergio. "Flexural Test in Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced With Hemp Fiber." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2016. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119263722.ch52.

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Neves, Anna Carolina C., Lázaro A. Rohen, Frederico M. Margem, Carlos Maurício F. Vieira, and Sergio N. Monteiro. "Flexural Test in Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Hemp Fiber." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2016. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48210-1_52.

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Deliktaş, Babür, Hakan Tacettin Türker, Faiz Agh Shareef, and Ferhun Cem Caner. "Size Effect on Damage Response of Triangular Flexural Test Method." In Handbook of Damage Mechanics. Springer New York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8968-9_89-1.

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Hsueh, Chun-Hway. "Modeling of Multilayered Disc Subjected to Biaxial Flexure Tests." In Handbook of Mechanics of Materials. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6884-3_69.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flexural tests"

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Di Prisco, M. "Fiber reinforced concrete: from flexural tests to solid slabs." In 10th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. IA-FraMCoS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21012/fc10.238113.

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Sheehan, Therese, Xianghe Dai, Jie Yang, Kan Zhou, and Dennis Lam. "Flexural behaviour of composite slim floor beams." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.6963.

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Composite slim floor beams comprise a steel section embedded in a concrete slab, offering the advantages of a steel-concrete composite structure combined with a reduced floor depth. Several mechanisms contribute to the shear connection in this type of beam, such as headed studs, friction and clamping effects and the using of reinforcement bars passing through holes in the steel beam web. However, to date, nobody has systematically identified these mechanisms and Eurocode 4 does not provide specific design guidance for slim floor beams. Hence, a series of shear beam tests and flexural beam tests were carried out in order to assess the degree of shear connection and connector capacity in these beams. The test set-up is described including different arrangements of shear connectors for each specimen. The paper presents the findings from the flexural beam tests. The results are compared with those from the previous shear beam tests. Numerical models will be developed in future to extend the data and include a wider range of parameters. The data will also be used to improve understanding of this type of beam and will lead to the provision of specific design guidelines for slim floor beams.
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Xiao, Xinran (Sharon), Ching-Kuo Hsiung, and Zhong Zhao. "Flexural Response of Laminated Steel." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79287.

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Steel/polymer/steel laminate sheets, commonly known as laminated steel, received renewed interest recently for their superior noise damping properties in automotive applications. Earlier work in the literature indicates that the tensile properties of the laminated steel follow the prediction of the rule of mixtures. The flexural response of the laminated steel, however, depends on the type of the sandwich configuration. The flexural rigidity of the vibration-damping type of laminated steel is lower than the value calculated using beam theory. The finite element (FE) modeling techniques that might be suitable for a particular type of laminated steel are directly linked to how the flexural rigidity of the laminated steel conforms to the prediction using the beam theory. This paper examines the flexural response of the vibration-damping type of laminated steel through comparison of beam theory predictions with the experimental results for cantilever beam and three-point bending configurations. In addition, tensile and shear tests were conducted. The paper evaluates some FE modeling techniques in LS-DYNA for the analysis of laminated steel under flexural loading. The recommended modeling method was also examined for tensile loading.
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Shan, Wei, Yushun Li, Huangying Shen, and Tianyuan Jiang. "Tests and analysis on flexural strength of lightweight bamboo-steel composite floor slab." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5774339.

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Colajanni, Piero, Lidia La Mendola, Salvatore Priolo, Nino Spinella, Adolfo Santini, and Nicola Moraci. "Experimental Tests and FEM Model for SFRC Beams under Flexural and Shear Loads." In 2008 SEISMIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE: Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2963926.

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Coy, Johannes A., Clara-Maria Kuball, Daniel B. Roppenecker, and Tim C. Lueth. "Flexural Modulus of Lasersintered PA 2200." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64696.

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With the evolving of rapid manufacturing methods, new fields of application become feasible. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), an additive process, allows the production of medical devices made out of PA 2200, a biocompatible plastic powder. Due to the fast production cycle, medical robots or devices can be highly customised. However, those new production methods force the engineer to design robots and mechanisms adapted for this process. In particular the use of compliant structures is necessary if small mechanisms are to be created. Creating laparoscopic grippers out of flexible hinges revealed that there are properties unknown for the particular material used. Lasersintered PA 2200 parts seem to have a flexural modulus, which varies with their thickness and build orientation during the production process. This paper investigates those phenomenons with three-point loading tests. A dependency could be found and has been characterised for five orientations allowing the engineer to estimate the flexural modulus of lasersintered PA 2200 parts according to their thickness.
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Jordaan, Ian, Rocky Taylor, and Ahmed Derradji-Aouat. "Scaling of Flexural and Compressive Ice Failure." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84033.

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Physical model tests are a powerful means of obtaining solutions to a variety of engineering problems. The applications in hydraulics and aerospace engineering are prominent, where the use of similitude and dimensionless numbers is well developed. The first step is to understand the mechanics of the process. In the case of ice, the theory has not been developed to the same degree as in fluid mechanics. The use of scale models in test basins has often focused on resistance to ship motion and on flexural failure of the ice. This has been reasonably well addressed. The properties of the model ice have often been modified to permit scaling of flexural strength as well as elastic modulus to achieve appropriate behaviour. Extension of testing to situations where ice fails in compression or combined flexure and crushing leads to additional complication. At low rates of loading, ice creeps and also demonstrates enhanced rates of creep if the stress is sufficient to cause damage (microstructural change) in the ice. At higher rates of loading, fracture processes result in a localization of loading, and in the formation of high-pressure zones, which have their own special failure process. In the paper a review of scaled ice testing is given, with associated mechanics including flexural failure. This is followed by a discussion of the failure processes in compression and related mechanics such as creep, damage and fracture. Suggestions as to scaling of these processes are made. An important aspect that is considered is the randomness of ice loads as measured in the full scale. Modelling this aspect and determination of appropriate extreme values is discussed. The Weibull modulus is suggested as an appropriate parameter.
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Şener, Özgün, Oğuzhan Dede, Oğuz Atalay, Mert Atasoy, and Altan Kayran. "Evaluation of Transverse Shear Moduli of Composite Sandwich Beams Through Three-Point Bending Tests." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87636.

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Transverse shear moduli of the sandwich core and flexural stiffness of all-composite sandwich constructions are determined with three-point beam bending tests, and compared with the analytical and finite element analysis solutions. Additionally, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system is employed to validate the experimental results by monitoring the displacements. The effect of orientation of the composite core material with respect to the beam axis on the shear modulus of the core material itself, flexural stiffness of the sandwich beam, maximum loading, and the maximum stresses on the sandwich panel are also examined. Comparable results are achieved through experiments, finite element and analytical analyses.
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Zhong, Jian, Ping Yang, Jian-ping Li, et al. "Mechanical Test of FPCB and Failure Analysis by Simulation." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87200.

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The paper mainly presented mechanical test and failure analysis methods to reliability study of a new FPCB (Flexible Printed Circuit Boards). Mechanical tests include flexural test, tensile test and flexural fatigue and ductility test. As to simulation analysis, the stress distributions of FPCB under bending and tensile conditions were gained by simulations. Through in-depth analysis of the testing results, the mechanical reliability of FPCB was known detailed. The research provides an approach to improve FPCB performance.
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Kuklinski, Mariusz. "Determination of tensile and compressive moduli of laminae in unidirectionally reinforced laminate by flexural tests." In SCIENTIFIC SESSION OF APPLIED MECHANICS IX: Proceedings of the IX Polish National Conference on Applied Mechanics. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4977683.

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Reports on the topic "Flexural tests"

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Strizak, J., C. Brinkman, and G. Ludtka. Plate Weldment Flexural Fatigue Tests in Support of Advanced Aluminum Bridge Deck Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770423.

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Ragalwar, Ketan, William Heard, Brett Williams, Dhanendra Kumar, and Ravi Ranade. On enhancing the mechanical behavior of ultra-high performance concrete through multi-scale fiber reinforcement. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41940.

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Steel fibers are typically used in ultra-high performance concretes (UHPC) to impart flexural ductility and increase fracture toughness. However, the mechanical properties of the steel fibers are underutilized in UHPC, as evidenced by the fact that most of the steel fibers pull out of a UHPC matrix largely undamaged during tensile or flexural tests. This research aims to improve the bond between steel fibers and a UHPC matrix by using steel wool. The underlying mechanism for fiber-matrix bond improvement is the reinforcement of the matrix tunnel, surrounding the steel fibers, by steel wool. Single fiber pullout tests were performed to quantify the effect of steel wool content in UHPC on the fiber-matrix bond. Microscopic observations of pulled-out fibers were used to investigate the fiber-matrix interface. Compared to the control UHPC mixture with no steel wool, significant improvement in the flexural behavior was observed in the UHPC mixtures with steel wool. Thus, the addition of steel wool in steel fiber-reinforced UHPC provides multi-scale reinforcement that leads to significant improvement in fiber-matrix bond and mechanical properties of UHPC.
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Weiss, Charles, William McGinley, Bradford Songer, Madeline Kuchinski, and Frank Kuchinski. Performance of active porcelain enamel coated fibers for fiber-reinforced concrete : the performance of active porcelain enamel coatings for fiber-reinforced concrete and fiber tests at the University of Louisville. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40683.

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A patented active porcelain enamel coating improves both the bond between the concrete and steel reinforcement as well as its corrosion resistance. A Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program to develop a commercial method for production of porcelain-coated fibers was developed in 2015. Market potential of this technology with its steel/concrete bond improvements and corrosion protection suggests that it can compete with other fiber reinforcing systems, with improvements in performance, durability, and cost, especially as compared to smooth fibers incorporated into concrete slabs and beams. Preliminary testing in a Phase 1 SBIR investigation indicated that active ceramic coatings on small diameter wire significantly improved the bond between the wires and the concrete to the point that the wires achieved yield before pullout without affecting the strength of the wire. As part of an SBIR Phase 2 effort, the University of Louisville under contract for Ceramics, Composites and Coatings Inc., proposed an investigation to evaluate active enamel-coated steel fibers in typical concrete applications and in masonry grouts in both tension and compression. Evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of coated fibers into Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) was examined using flexural and compressive strength testing as well as through nanoindentation.
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Varma, Amit H., Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Dan Huang, and Tom Bradt. Post-Fire Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317290.

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This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface are damaged after 40 minutes and 80 minutes of heating, respectively. Prestressed concrete girders exposed to about 50 minutes of hydrocarbon fire undergo superficial concrete material damage with loss of CH and extensive cracking and spalling extending to the depth of 0.75–1.0 in. from the exposed surface. These girders do not undergo significant reduction in flexural strength or shear strength. The reduction in the initial stiffness may be notable due to concrete cracking and spalling. Bridge inspectors can use these findings to infer the extent of material and structural damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders in the event of a fire and develop a post-fire assessment plan.
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Katoh, Yutai, Sosuke Kondo, Lance Lewis Snead, and John D. Hunn. Strength Evaluation of PyC for TRISO Particles: Development of Equibiaxial Flexural Test. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1244179.

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Borland, Sharon L. A Comparison of Test Methods for Determination of Flexural Strength in Urea Model Ice. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227781.

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Krause, Ralph F. Jr. Proposed ASTM standard test method for elevated temperature flexural strength, creep strain, and creep time to failure for advanced ceramics. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4127.

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