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Journal articles on the topic 'Flippers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Muscutt, Luke E., Gareth Dyke, Gabriel D. Weymouth, Darren Naish, Colin Palmer, and Bharathram Ganapathisubramani. "The four-flipper swimming method of plesiosaurs enabled efficient and effective locomotion." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 30, 2017): 20170951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0951.

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The extinct ocean-going plesiosaurs were unique within vertebrates because they used two flipper pairs identical in morphology for propulsion. Although fossils of these Mesozoic marine reptiles have been known for more than two centuries, the function and dynamics of their tandem-flipper propulsion system has always been unclear and controversial. We address this question quantitatively for the first time in this study, reporting a series of precisely controlled water tank experiments that use reconstructed plesiosaur flippers scaled from well-preserved fossils. Our aim was to determine which limb movements would have resulted in the most efficient and effective propulsion. We show that plesiosaur hind flippers generated up to 60% more thrust and 40% higher efficiency when operating in harmony with their forward counterparts, when compared with operating alone, and the spacing and relative motion between the flippers was critical in governing these increases. The results of our analyses show that this phenomenon was probably present across the whole range of plesiosaur flipper motion and resolves the centuries-old debate about the propulsion style of these marine reptiles, as well as indicating why they retained two pairs of flippers for more than 100 million years.

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2

Sukada, I. Ketut, I. Nyoman Tirta Ariana, and I. Gede Suarta. "Length Plastron Correlation towards Ridley Turtles Long Flipper that Given Lemuru and Seaweed Feeds." International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (September 3, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v2i9.232.

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A turtle security that was released their habitat in conserving, it was determined by their speed and agility to swimming and diving at avoiding predators even chasing prey to be eaten. The most an important part of turtle organs for agile swimming and diving was a flipper. Flippers forward more function as paddles when swimming and diving while the rear flippers serves as a rudder to steer the direction of movement of swimming and diving. The front flippers are unlike paddle when swimming and diving, whereas, the back flippers as a rudder at direction when swimming and diving. At front flippers, there was belong a strong nails for ripping or tearing their prey, therefore, it was easy eaten. The study was intended to know a feeding effect of lemuru and seaweed on different percentage towards length plastron correlation to in front length flippers both. An experiment material that was used in the research was 75 ridley turtles, having by the ranch turtle, PT. Moncot Sari, located in Desa Tanjung Benoa, South Kuta subdistrict, Badung regency. The experiments were designed using RAL, the analysis of correlation, regression, and data processing applied Costat Statistics. The research results were obtained the highest long plastron average rows on treatment E: 36.4 cm, D: 28.7 cm, A: 28,6 cm, B: 27.6 cm and C: 26.6 (P <0.01), a length plastron correlation and regression towards long front flippers were significant both front and back. A length plastron correlation (X) with front flippers r = 0.7768, b = 03 223 and a = 18.2499 very significant (p <0:01), whereas, the correlation between long front flippers (X) and long back flippers r = 0.6346 , b = 0.9814, a = 14.6368 highly significant (P <0.01).

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3

Licari, Giuseppe, Karolina Strakova, Stefan Matile, and Emad Tajkhorshid. "Twisting and tilting of a mechanosensitive molecular probe detects order in membranes." Chemical Science 11, no. 22 (2020): 5637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc02175j.

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4

Fish, F. E., S. Innes, and K. Ronald. "Kinematics and estimated thrust production of swimming harp and ringed seals." Journal of Experimental Biology 137, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.137.1.157.

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The propulsive motions of swimming harp seals (Phoca groenlandica Erxleben) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida Schreber) were studied by filming individuals in a flume. The seals swam at velocities ranging from 0.6 to 1.42 m s-1. Locomotion was accomplished with alternate lateral sweeps of the hind flippers generated by lateral flexions of the axial body in conjunction with flexion of the flippers. The frequency of the propulsive cycle increased linearly with the swimming velocity, and the maximum angle of attack of the flipper decreased, but the amplitude remained constant. The kinematics and morphology of this hind flipper motion indicated that phocid seals do not swim in the carangiform mode as categorized by Lighthill (1969), but in a distinct mode that mimics swimming by thunniform propulsors. The hind flippers acted as hydrofoils, and the efficiency, thrust power and coefficient of thrust were calculated from unsteady wing theory. The propulsive efficiency was high at approximately 0.85. The thrust power increased curvilinearly with velocity. The drag coefficient ranged from 0.012 to 0.028 and was found to be 2.8-7.0 times higher than the theoretical minimum. The drag coefficient was high compared with that of phocid seals examined during gliding or towing experiments, indicating an increased drag encumbered by actively swimming seals. It was determined that phocid seals are capable of generating sufficient power for swimming with turbulent boundary layer conditions.

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5

Tytell, E. "HUMPBACKS' BUMPY FLIPPERS." Journal of Experimental Biology 207, no. 21 (October 1, 2004): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01249.

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6

Jaffe, Nick. "Script Flippers/Flip Scripters." Teaching Artist Journal 7, no. 4 (September 28, 2009): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15411790903158548.

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7

Dubbers, D., R. Vlaming, and E. Klemt. "Bistable neutron spin flippers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 270, no. 1 (July 1988): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90014-9.

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8

Knight, K. "DOLPHINS' FLIPPERS ACT LIKE AEROFOILS." Journal of Experimental Biology 212, no. 14 (June 26, 2009): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.034413.

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9

Galatius, Anders, and Carl Christian Kinze. "Ankylosis patterns in the postcranial skeleton and hyoid bones of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Baltic and North Sea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-181.

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The onset and timing of epiphyseal ankylosis in the vertebral column and flippers and ankylosis of the hyoid and sternal bones were studied in 350 skeletons of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) originating from the Baltic and North Sea and held in the collections of the Zoological Museum (University of Copenhagen), the Museum of Natural History (Gothenburg), the National Museum of Natural History (Stockholm), and the German Oceanographic Museum (Stralsund). Epiphyseal ankylosis in the vertebral column started in the anterior cervical region and then initiated around the 23rd to 26th caudal vertebrae from where it proceeded in both directions. The progression of vertebral epiphyseal ankylosis eventually terminated in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Epiphyseal ankylosis in the flippers began at the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and ulna. The timing of ankylosis in the flippers was more consistent across the specimens than the timing of vertebral ankylosis. Males and females had similar timing of ankylosis in the vertebral column and the flippers. Complete fusion of the hyoid and sternal bones occurred within the first year of life in most specimens. The early development of the hyoid apparatus may be linked to use of suction in feeding.

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10

Holmes, Bob. "How the seal got its flippers." New Scientist 202, no. 2705 (April 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)61093-9.

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11

Dal Molin, Marta, Quentin Verolet, Adai Colom, Romain Letrun, Emmanuel Derivery, Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan, Eric Vauthey, Aurélien Roux, Naomi Sakai, and Stefan Matile. "Fluorescent Flippers for Mechanosensitive Membrane Probes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 137, no. 2 (January 13, 2015): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja5107018.

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12

Fatima, Syeda Sadia, Zehra Jamil, Faiza Alam, and Kulsoom Ghias. "Flipping the classroom: training the flippers." Medical Education 52, no. 11 (September 26, 2018): 1202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/medu.13719.

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13

Neuhaus, Frederik, Fabio Zobi, Gerald Brezesinski, Marta Dal Molin, Stefan Matile, and Andreas Zumbuehl. "Correlation of surface pressure and hue of planarizable push–pull chromophores at the air/water interface." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (June 8, 2017): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.109.

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It is currently not possible to directly measure the lateral pressure of a biomembrane. Mechanoresponsive fluorescent probes are an elegant solution to this problem but it requires first the establishment of a direct correlation between the membrane surface pressure and the induced color change of the probe. Here, we analyze planarizable dithienothiophene push–pull probes in a monolayer at the air/water interface using fluorescence microscopy, grazing-incidence angle X-ray diffraction, and infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy. An increase of the lateral membrane pressure leads to a well-packed layer of the ‘flipper’ mechanophores and a clear change in hue above 18 mN/m. The fluorescent probes had no influence on the measured isotherm of the natural phospholipid DPPC suggesting that the flippers probe the lateral membrane pressure without physically changing it. This makes the flipper probes a truly useful addition to the membrane probe toolbox.

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14

Maldonado-Gasca,, A., and M. Zapata-Rosales. "PRIMEROS REGISTROS DE TORTUGAS BLANCAS Chelonia mydas CON FIBROPAPILOMAS, EN YUCATÁN, MÉXICO." CICIMAR Oceánides 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v22i1-2.35.

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First reports of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomas, in Yucatán, México Fibropapillomas are cutaneous tumors that affect the health of marine turtles worldwide. In July 11th of 1998, a juvenile green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with tumors was captured by fishermen in the Sea Turtles Sanctuary of Rio Lagartos, Yucatán. The straight carapace length of this turtle was 44.6 cm, and we found 30 tumors with a size from 1 cm - 10 cm on the back flippers, neck, front flippers and in both eyes. On July 10th, 1999, another juvenile green turtle with fibropapillomatosis was captured by fishermen in the same area. This turtle was smaller (S.C.L. = 40.8 cm) with 5 small tumors (1 cm - 4 cm) on the back flippers and tail. The prevalence of fibro papillomatosis in Yucatan is low (2.4%). Considering the migratory route of this species and the high prevalence of green turtles with fibropapillomas in Florida, USA, we suggest an initial contagion between the populations of these peninsulas. Those are the first documented reports of green turtles with fibropapillomas in Yucatán, México.

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15

Maldonado-Gasca,, A., and M. Zapata-Rosales. "PRIMEROS REGISTROS DE TORTUGAS BLANCAS Chelonia mydas CON FIBROPAPILOMAS, EN YUCATÁN, MÉXICO." CICIMAR Oceánides 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v22i1-2.35.

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First reports of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomas, in Yucatán, México Fibropapillomas are cutaneous tumors that affect the health of marine turtles worldwide. In July 11th of 1998, a juvenile green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with tumors was captured by fishermen in the Sea Turtles Sanctuary of Rio Lagartos, Yucatán. The straight carapace length of this turtle was 44.6 cm, and we found 30 tumors with a size from 1 cm - 10 cm on the back flippers, neck, front flippers and in both eyes. On July 10th, 1999, another juvenile green turtle with fibropapillomatosis was captured by fishermen in the same area. This turtle was smaller (S.C.L. = 40.8 cm) with 5 small tumors (1 cm - 4 cm) on the back flippers and tail. The prevalence of fibro papillomatosis in Yucatan is low (2.4%). Considering the migratory route of this species and the high prevalence of green turtles with fibropapillomas in Florida, USA, we suggest an initial contagion between the populations of these peninsulas. Those are the first documented reports of green turtles with fibropapillomas in Yucatán, México.

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16

Bleuel, M., M. R. Fitzsimmons, and J. Lal. "Quasi-elastic measurements using neutron spin flippers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 592, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.03.117.

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17

Lebedev, V. T., and Gy Török. "Broadband neutron spin-flippers on magnetized foils." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 195, no. 3-4 (October 2002): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(02)01144-8.

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18

Weber, P. W., M. M. Murray, L. E. Howle, and F. E. Fish. "Comparison of real and idealized cetacean flippers." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 4, no. 4 (October 16, 2009): 046001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/4/4/046001.

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19

Koop, I. A., A. V. Otboyev, P. Yu Shatunov, and Yu M. Shatunov. "Two examples of in-flight spin flippers." Physics of Particles and Nuclei 45, no. 1 (January 2014): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106377961401050x.

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20

Sisinni, Giuseppe, Domenico Pietrogiacomi, and Giovanni Paolo Romano. "Biomimetic Wings." Advances in Science and Technology 84 (September 2012): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.84.72.

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An experimental analysis is performed in a wind tunnel on wings with wavy leading edge derived from humpback whale flippers. The major peculiarity of such flippers is given by the presence of several bumps placed along the leading edge, called tubercles, giving rise to a sort of wing with irregular wavy leading edge. Specifically, the important question to be solved is if the tubercles are able to delay wing stall and to attain higher lift in comparison to a standard wing without them. The present investigations employ different measurement techniques in order to evaluate the amount of possible gain, the potential drawbacks and the physics under such a phenomenon.

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21

Limpus, CJ. "Estimation of tag loss in marine turtle research." Wildlife Research 19, no. 4 (1992): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920457.

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From the results from long-term multiple tagging studies of marine turtles in eastern Australia, the probability of tag loss was estimated for standard monel and titanium turtle tags applied at different tagging positions on Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas in nesting and feeding-ground studies. Tag loss was variable, being a function of tag design, tagging position, species, study type and tag age. Tag loss was greatest from the more distal tagging positions on the trailing edge of the front flippers. Rear flipper tags were lost at a higher rate than tags in the axillary-tagging position on the front-flipper. Tag loss was greater for turtles tagged in nesting studies than in feeding-ground studies. Monel tags, in general, were lost at a greater rate than titanium tags. There was a species contribution to titanium tag loss but not to monel tag loss. The probabilities of tag loss calculated for this study can be used as correction factors for tag loss in those marine-turtle studies where recapture rates have been measured.

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22

Fishe, Raymond P. H. "How Stock Flippers Affect IPO Pricing and Stabilization." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 37, no. 2 (June 2002): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595008.

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23

Rekveldt, M. T., W. G. Bouwman, W. H. Kraan, S. Grigoriev, J. Plomp, and O. Uca. "Magnetised foils as ?-flippers in spin-echo spectrometry." Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 74 (December 1, 2002): s94—s96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390201641.

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24

Pynn, Roger. "Broadband spin flippers constructed from thin magnetic films." Physica B: Condensed Matter 356, no. 1-4 (February 2005): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2004.10.072.

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25

Holloway, Steven A. "Editorial: The Oomycetes-Fungi with Teeth and Flippers?" Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17, no. 5 (September 2003): 607–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02490.x.

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26

Chong, Fennee. "Disposition Effect and Flippers in the Bursa Malaysia." Journal of Behavioral Finance 10, no. 3 (July 2009): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427560903167712.

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27

Weber, P. W., L. E. Howle, M. M. Murray, and F. E. Fish. "Lift and drag performance of odontocete cetacean flippers." Journal of Experimental Biology 212, no. 14 (June 26, 2009): 2149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.029868.

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28

Sorbie, Charles. "From Duck Paste and Seal Flippers to Hollywood." Orthopedics 26, no. 2 (February 2, 2003): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-20030201-11.

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29

Forero, M. G., J. L. Tella, J. A. Donázar, G. Blanco, M. Bertellotti, and O. Ceballos. "Phenotypic assortative mating and within-pair sexual dimorphism and its influence on breeding success and offspring quality in Magellanic penguins." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-088.

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We examined within-pair sexual dimorphism and phenotypic assortative mating in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) breeding in six colonies located on the Patagonian coast (Argentina). All measured phenotypic traits except the number of pectoral spots differed between the sexes; bill depth and flipper length were the most and least dimorphic traits, respectively. We found assortative mating by bill depth and body mass. The similarity in body condition within pairs was close to significant. When we performed separate correlations for birds that bred successfully, i.e., raised one or two offsprings, and birds that did not attempt to breed or bred unsuccessfully, only the successful breeders showed assortative mating by body mass. In addition, we attempted to relate the body size of each member of the pair and the degree of sexual dimorphism within pairs to the breeding performance of individuals, which was measured as brood size, and body condition and immunocompetence of offspring. We found that pairs that were less dimorphic in flipper length raised more offspring. This effect was due to female flipper length per se and not to the relative difference in flipper length between members of the pair. Females with larger flippers had a higher probability of raising two chicks. No effects of body measurements or degree of sexual dimorphism on body condition or T-cell-mediated immune response of offspring were found. We discuss these results in the context of potential factors responsible for the maintenance of sexual size dimorphism in this species.

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30

Brown, Alan S. "From Whales to Fans." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 05 (May 1, 2011): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-may-1.

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This article discusses a story about a man named Fish who noticed something unusual about whale flippers and who, after nearly 30 years, turned it into a technology platform. This technology takes its inspiration from the natural design of the bumps, or tubercles, on humpback whale flippers. The 24-foot-diameter fans, based on tubercle technology, use half the number of blades and move 25% more air and consume 25% less power than fans with conventional blades turning at the same speed. After thousands of years of hiding in plain sight, tubercles are emerging as a real, if limited, technology platform. Research has shown tubercles work only on thick, tapered wings operating in a very narrow laminar-to-turbulent transition regime. Whale-inspired fans are already available, and wind and tidal power blades could be the next.

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31

Stobo, Wayne T., and John K. Horne. "Tag loss in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and potential effects on population estimates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-075.

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Cumulative tag loss among 4064 grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups observed on Sable Island was less than 1% during the first 5 months of life, 13% by the end of the first year, and continued to increase with age. Cumulative tag loss among grey seals aged 6 and older was over 40.0%. A double-tagging study indicated that pre-punching of flippers, the colour of tags applied, and application to the left or right flipper significantly affected tag loss. The addition of a flag to the tag had no significant effect. A comparison of scientific observations of tag loss with commercial bounty return data indicated that casual observers probably missed tags on double-tagged animals. Overlooked tags in single-tagging experiments result in population overestimates. In double-tagging experiments, overlooked tags result in correction factor overestimates and population underestimates. Age-specific tag loss correction factors should be used if population estimates include more than one age group.

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32

Hocking, David P., Felix G. Marx, Renae Sattler, Robert N. Harris, Tahlia I. Pollock, Karina J. Sorrell, Erich M. G. Fitzgerald, Matthew R. McCurry, and Alistair R. Evans. "Clawed forelimbs allow northern seals to eat like their ancient ancestors." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 172393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172393.

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Streamlined flippers are often considered the defining feature of seals and sea lions, whose very name ‘pinniped’ comes from the Latin pinna and pedis , meaning ‘fin-footed’. Yet not all pinniped limbs are alike. Whereas otariids (fur seals and sea lions) possess stiff streamlined forelimb flippers, phocine seals (northern true seals) have retained a webbed yet mobile paw bearing sharp claws. Here, we show that captive and wild phocines routinely use these claws to secure prey during processing, enabling seals to tear large fish by stretching them between their teeth and forelimbs. ‘Hold and tear’ processing relies on the primitive forelimb anatomy displayed by phocines, which is also found in the early fossil pinniped Enaliarctos . Phocine forelimb anatomy and behaviour therefore provide a glimpse into how the earliest seals likely fed, and indicate what behaviours may have assisted pinnipeds along their journey from terrestrial to aquatic feeding.

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33

Price, Samantha. "Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals." Aquatic Mammals 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.33.2.2007.254.

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34

Kraan, W. H., S. V. Grigoriev, R. Kreuger, F. M. Mulder, and M. Th Rekveldt. "Zero-field precession induced by adiabatic RF spin flippers." Physica B: Condensed Matter 297, no. 1-4 (March 2001): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(00)00832-2.

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35

Stonaha, P., J. Hendrie, W. T. Lee, and Roger Pynn. "Neutron spin evolution through broadband current sheet spin flippers." Review of Scientific Instruments 84, no. 10 (October 2013): 105113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4826086.

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36

Stor, Thaís, Ginger A. Rebstock, Pablo García Borboroglu, and P. Dee Boersma. "Lateralization (handedness) in Magellanic penguins." PeerJ 7 (May 20, 2019): e6936. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6936.

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Lateralization, or asymmetry in form and/or function, is found in many animal species. Brain lateralization is considered adaptive for an individual, and often results in “handedness,” “footedness,” or a side preference, manifest in behavior and morphology. We tested for lateralization in several behaviors in a wild population of Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus breeding at Punta Tombo, Argentina. We found no preferred foot in the population (each penguin observed once) in stepping up onto an obstacle: 53% stepped up with the right foot, 47% with the left foot (n = 300, binomial test p = 0.27). We found mixed evidence for a dominant foot when a penguin extended a foot for thermoregulation, possibly depending on the ambient temperature (each penguin observed once). Penguins extended the right foot twice as often as the left foot (n = 121, p < 0.0005) in 2 years when we concentrated our effort during the heat of the day. In a third year when we observed penguins early and late in the day, there was no preference (n = 232, p = 0.59). Penguins use their flippers for swimming, including searching for and chasing prey. We found morphological evidence of a dominant flipper in individual adults: 60.5% of sternum keels curved one direction or the other (n = 76 sterna from carcasses), and 11% of penguins had more feather wear on one flipper than the other (n = 1217). Right-flippered and left-flippered penguins were equally likely in both samples (keels: p = 0.88, feather wear: p = 0.26), indicating individual but not population lateralization. In fights, aggressive penguins used their left eyes preferentially, consistent with the right side of the brain controlling aggression. Penguins that recently fought (each penguin observed once) were twice as likely to have blood only on the right side of the face (69%) as only on the left side (31%, n = 175, p < 0.001). The proportion of penguins with blood only on the right side increased with the amount of blood. In most fights, the more aggressive penguin used its left eye and attacked the other penguin’s right side. Lateralization depended on the behavior tested and, in thermoregulation, likely on the temperature. We found no lateralization or mixed results in the population of Magellanic penguins in three individual behaviors, stepping up, swimming, and thermoregulation. We found lateralization in the population in the social behavior fighting.

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37

De Freitas, Manuel. "Poemas (Texto)." Em Tese 20, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1982-0739.20.3.285-290.

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<p>Quatro poemas de Manuel de Freitas: "Largo do Peneireiro", "Retrato de Helena de Tróia jogando <em>flippers</em> na Rua da Misericórdia", "<em>El Salsero" e "Quando sós à boleia do crepúsculo"</em>.</p><p> </p>

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38

Seminoff, Jeffrey A., T. Todd Jones, Antonio Resendiz, Wallace J. Nichols, and Milani Y. Chaloupka. "Monitoring green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at a coastal foraging area in Baja California, Mexico: multiple indices to describe population status." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 6 (December 2003): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008816.

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From June 1995 to August 2002 we assessed green turtle (Chelonia mydas) population structure and survival, and identified human impacts at Bahía de los Angeles, a large bay that was once the site of the greatest sea turtle harvest rates in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Turtles were captured live with entanglement nets and mortality was quantified through stranding surveys and flipper tag recoveries. A total of 14,820 netting hours (617·5 d) resulted in 255 captures of 200 green turtles. Straight-carapace length and mass ranged from 46·0–100·0 cm (mean=74·3±0·7 cm) and 14·5–145·0 kg (mean=61·5±1·7 kg), respectively. The size–frequency distribution remained stable during all years and among all capture locations. Anthropogenic-derived injuries ranging from missing flippers to boat propeller scars were present in 4% of captured turtles. Remains of 18 turtles were found at dumpsites, nine stranded turtles were encountered in the study area, and flipper tags from seven turtles were recovered. Survival was estimated at 0·58 for juveniles and 0·97 for adults using a joint live-recapture and dead-recovery model (Burnham model). Low survival among juveniles, declining annual catch per unit effort, and the presence of butchered carcasses indicated human activities continue to impact green turtles at this foraging area.

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39

Grigoriev, S. V., W. H. Kraan, F. M. Mulder, and M. Th Rekveldt. "Neutron wave interference in experiments with two resonance spin flippers." Physica B: Condensed Matter 283, no. 4 (June 2000): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(00)00349-5.

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40

Yamazaki, D. "A neutron spin interferometer using two RF-π/2 flippers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 488, no. 3 (August 2002): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)00567-3.

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41

Rekveldt, M. Theo, Wim G. Bouwman, and Wicher H. Kraan. "Magnetized foils as π flippers in neutron spin-echo spectrometry." Journal of Applied Physics 92, no. 6 (September 15, 2002): 3354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1499751.

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42

Long, John H., Joseph Schumacher, Nicholas Livingston, and Mathieu Kemp. "Four flippers or two? Tetrapodal swimming with an aquatic robot." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/1/1/003.

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43

Segre, Paolo S., David E. Cade, Frank E. Fish, Jean Potvin, Ann N. Allen, John Calambokidis, Ari S. Friedlaender, and Jeremy A. Goldbogen. "Hydrodynamic properties of fin whale flippers predict maximum rolling performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 219, no. 21 (September 2, 2016): 3315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.137091.

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44

Joyce, Walter G., Matthias Mäuser, and Serjoscha W. Evers. "Two turtles with soft tissue preservation from the platy limestones of Germany provide evidence for marine flipper adaptations in Late Jurassic thalassochelydians." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e0252355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252355.

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Late Jurassic deposits across Europe have yielded a rich fauna of extinct turtles. Although many of these turtles are recovered from marine deposits, it is unclear which of these taxa are habitually marine and which may be riverine species washed into nearby basins, as adaptations to open marine conditions are yet to be found. Two new fossils from the Late Jurassic of Germany provide unusually strong evidence for open marine adaptations. The first specimen is a partial shell and articulated hind limb from the Late Jurassic (early Tithonian) platy limestones of Schernfeld near Eichstätt, which preserves the integument of the hind limb as an imprint. The skin is fully covered by flat, polygonal scales, which stiffen the pes into a paddle. Although taxonomic attribution is not possible, similarities are apparent with Thalassemys. The second specimen is a large, articulated skeleton with hypertrophied limbs referable to Thalassemys bruntrutana from the Late Jurassic (early Late Kimmeridgian) platy limestone of Wattendorf, near Bamberg. Even though the skin is preserved as a phosphatic film, the scales are not preserved. This specimen can nevertheless be inferred to have had paddles stiffened by scales based on the pose in which they are preserved, the presence of epibionts between the digits, and by full morphological correspondence to the specimen from Schernfeld. An analysis of scalation in extant turtles demonstrated that elongate flippers stiffed by scales are a marine adaptation, in contrast to the elongate but flexible flippers of riverine turtles. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Thalassemys bruntrutana is referable to the mostly Late Jurassic turtle clade Thalassochelydia. The marine adapted flippers of this taxon therefore evolved convergently with those of later clades of marine turtles. Although thalassochelydian fossils are restricted to Europe, with one notable exception from Argentina, their open marine adaptations combined with the interconnectivity of Jurassic oceans predict that the clade must have been even more wide-spread during that time.

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45

Kraan, W. H., S. V. Grigoriev, M. Th Rekveldt, H. Fredrikze, C. F. de Vroege, and J. Plomp. "Test of adiabatic spin flippers for application at pulsed neutron sources." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 510, no. 3 (September 2003): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01812-6.

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46

Rekveldt, M. T. "Magnetised foils as white beam π/2 flippers for polarised neutrons." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 791 (August 2015): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.04.034.

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47

Carter, Richard B., and Frederick H. Dark. "Underwriter Reputation and Initial Public Offers: The Detrimental Effects of Flippers." Financial Review 28, no. 2 (May 1993): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.1993.tb01349.x.

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Fish, F. E., P. W. Weber, M. M. Murray, and L. E. Howle. "The Tubercles on Humpback Whales' Flippers: Application of Bio-Inspired Technology." Integrative and Comparative Biology 51, no. 1 (May 15, 2011): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icr016.

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49

Tasaki, Seiji, Yuji Kawabata, Masahiro Hino, Ryuji Maruyama, and Toru Ebisawa. "Neutron Spin Echo Spectrometers for J-PARC with Resonance Spin Flippers." Journal of Neutron Research 13, no. 1-3 (March 1, 2005): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10238160412331299915.

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50

Wyss, Andre R. "FLIPPERS AND PINNIPED PHYLOGENY: HAS THE PROBLEM OF CONVERGENCE BEEN OVERRATED?" Marine Mammal Science 5, no. 4 (October 1989): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1989.tb00347.x.

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