Relevant bibliographies by topics / Float sensor

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Float sensor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Float sensor"

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Johnson, Kenneth S., Joshua N. Plant, Stephen C. Riser, and Denis Gilbert. "Air Oxygen Calibration of Oxygen Optodes on a Profiling Float Array." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 11 (November 2015): 2160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0101.1.

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AbstractAanderaa optode sensors for dissolved oxygen show remarkable stability when deployed on profiling floats, but these sensors suffer from poor calibration because of an apparent drift during storage (storage drift). It has been suggested that measurement of oxygen in air, during the period when a profiling float is on the surface, can be used to improve sensor calibration and to determine the magnitude of sensor drift while deployed in the ocean. The effect of air calibration on oxygen measurement quality with 47 profiling floats that were equipped with Aanderaa oxygen optode sensors is assessed. Recalibrated oxygen concentration measurements were compared to Winkler oxygen titrations that were made at the float deployment stations and to the World Ocean Atlas 2009 oxygen climatology. Recalibration of the sensor using air oxygen reduces the sensor error, defined as the difference from Winkler oxygen titrations in the mixed layer near the time of deployment, by about tenfold when compared to errors obtained with the factory calibration. The relative error of recalibrated sensors is <1% in surface waters. A total of 29 floats were deployed for time periods in excess of one year in ice-free waters. Linear changes in the percent of atmospheric oxygen reported by the sensor, relative to the oxygen partial pressure expected from the NCEP air pressure, range from −0.9% to +1.3% yr−1 with a mean of 0.2% ± 0.5% yr−1. Given that storage drift for optode sensors is only negative, it is concluded that there is no evidence for sensor drift after they are deployed and that other processes are responsible for the linear changes.
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Barker, Paul M., Jeff R. Dunn, Catia M. Domingues, and Susan E. Wijffels. "Pressure Sensor Drifts in Argo and Their Impacts." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1036–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jtecho831.1.

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Abstract In recent years, autonomous profiling floats have become the prime component of the in situ ocean observing system through the implementation of the Argo program. These data are now the dominant input to estimates of the evolution of the global ocean heat content and associated thermosteric sea level rise. The Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) is the dominant type of Argo float (~62%), and a large portion of these floats report pressure measurements that are uncorrected for sensor drift, the size and source of which are described herein. The remaining Argo float types are designed to automatically self-correct for any pressure drift. Only about 57% of the APEX float profiles (or ~38% Argo profiles) can be corrected, but this typically has not been done by the data centers that distribute the data (as of January 2009). A pressure correction method for APEX floats is described and applied to the Argo dataset. A comparison between estimates using the corrected Argo dataset and the publically available uncorrected dataset (as of January 2009) reveals that the pressure corrections remove significant regional errors from ocean temperature, salinity, and thermosteric sea level fields. In the global mean, 43% of uncorrectable APEX float profiles (or ~28% Argo profiles) appear to largely offset the effect of the correctable APEX float profiles with positive pressure drifts. While about half of the uncorrectable APEX profiles can, in principle, be recovered in the near future (after inclusion of technical information that allows for corrections), the other half have negative pressure drifts truncated to zero (resulting from firmware limitations), which do not allow for corrections. Therefore, any Argo pressure profile that cannot be corrected for biases should be excluded from global change research. This study underscores the ongoing need for careful analyses to detect and remove subtle but systematic errors in ocean observations.
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Nezlin, Nikolay P., Mathieu Dever, Mark Halverson, Jean-Michel Leconte, Guillaume Maze, Clark Richards, Igor Shkvorets, Rui Zhang, and Greg Johnson. "Accuracy and Long-Term Stability Assessment of Inductive Conductivity Cell Measurements on Argo Floats." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 12 (December 2020): 2209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0058.1.

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AbstractThis study demonstrates the long-term stability of salinity measurements from Argo floats equipped with inductive conductivity cells, which have extended float lifetimes as compared to electrode-type cells. New Argo float sensor payloads must meet the demands of the Argo governance committees before they are implemented globally. Currently, the use of CTDs with inductive cells designed and manufactured by RBR, Ltd., has been approved as a Global Argo Pilot. One requirement for new sensors is to demonstrate stable measurements over the lifetime of a float. To demonstrate this, data from four Argo floats in the western Pacific Ocean equipped with the RBRargo CTD sensor package are analyzed using the same Owens–Wong–Cabanes (OWC) method and reference datasets as the Argo delayed-mode quality control (DMQC) operators. When run with default settings against the standard DMQC Argo and CTD databases, the OWC analysis reveals no drift in any of the four RBRargo datasets and, in one case, an offset exceeding the Argo target salinity limits. Being a statistical tool, the OWC method cannot strictly determine whether deviations in salinity measurements with respect to a reference hydrographic product (e.g., climatologies) are caused by oceanographic variability or sensor problems. So, this study furthermore investigates anomalous salinity measurements observed when compared with a reference product and demonstrates that anomalous values tend to occur in regions with a high degree of variability and can be better explained by imperfect reference data rather than sensor drift. This study concludes that the RBR inductive cell is a viable option for salinity measurements as part of the Argo program.
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Wojtasiewicz, BoŻena, Ian D. Walsh, David Antoine, Dirk Slawinski, and Nick J. Hardman-Mountford. "Inferring and Removing a Spurious Response in the Optical Backscattering Signal from an Autonomous Profiling Float." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 11 (November 2018): 2137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0027.1.

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AbstractDevelopment of autonomous profiling floats, allowing for long-term continuous measurement of bio-optical variables, promises to significantly increase our knowledge of the variability of the particulate optical backscattering coefficient bbp in marine environments. However, because autonomous floats are designed for unattended data collection and only rarely are recovered for analysis of the condition of the sensors in situ, the quality-control analysis of float data streams is of paramount importance in both a particular dataset and the larger understanding of the response of sensors over the lifetime of the floats. Anomalous data from a backscattering sensor (MCOMS) mounted on autonomous profiling floats are reported here. The observed sensor behavior, which presents itself as significant differences in the values observed at the parking depth between profiles, caused by a steady increase in the signal during the profiling time, is neither common to all sensors nor can it be a function of changes in the particle population. A simple quality-control procedure that is able to detect this spurious sensor response is proposed. Further characterization of this effect will require laboratory experimentation under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure.
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Fiedler, Björn, Peer Fietzek, Nuno Vieira, Péricles Silva, Henry C. Bittig, and Arne Körtzinger. "In Situ CO2 and O2 Measurements on a Profiling Float." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00043.1.

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Abstract In recent years, profiling floats, which form the basis of the successful international Argo observatory, are also being considered as platforms for marine biogeochemical research. This study showcases the utility of floats as a novel tool for combined gas measurements of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and O2. These float prototypes were equipped with a small-sized and submersible pCO2 sensor and an optode O2 sensor for high-resolution measurements in the surface ocean layer. Four consecutive deployments were carried out during November 2010 and June 2011 near the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO) in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. The profiling float performed upcasts every 31 h while measuring pCO2, O2, salinity, temperature, and hydrostatic pressure in the upper 200 m of the water column. To maintain accuracy, regular pCO2 sensor zeroings at depth and surface, as well as optode measurements in air, were performed for each profile. Through the application of data processing procedures (e.g., time-lag correction), accuracies of floatborne pCO2 measurements were greatly improved (10–15 μatm for the water column and 5 μatm for surface measurements). O2 measurements yielded an accuracy of 2 μmol kg−1. First results of this pilot study show the possibility of using profiling floats as a platform for detailed and unattended observations of the marine carbon and oxygen cycle dynamics.
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Pan, Xu Dong, Bo Li, Guang Lin Wang, and Guo Yue Zhang. "The Research on Red Light Ranging Float Pneumoelectric Conversion Technology." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.413.

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This document explains how to transform an ordinary float-type pneumatic measuring instrument by adding a right lights sensor on it. Then we design a suitable float for it through the theoretical calculation and the simulation with Fluent. At last, the research do a series of experiments and by the experiments, its nonlinear error is less than the ordinary float-type pneumatic measuring instrument. So the whole instrument is feasible. The final purpose of designing the float-type pneumatic measuring instrument based on the red lights sensor is to measure the overlap of the valve core & sleeve of the slide valve.
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Majdalani, Samer, Jean-Philippe Chazarin, and Roger Moussa. "A New Water Level Measurement Method Combining Infrared Sensors and Floats for Applications on Laboratory Scale Channel under Unsteady Flow Regime." Sensors 19, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071511.

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In this paper, we studied water transport under an unsteady flow regime in an experimental channel (4 m in length; 3 cm in width). Our experiments implicated some measuring requirements, specifically, a water level (WL) detection technique that is able to measure WL in a range of 2 cm with a precision of 1 mm. The existing WL detection techniques could not meet our measurement requirements. Therefore, we propose a new measurement method that combines two approaches: An “old” water contact technique (float) with a “new” remote non-contact technique (infrared sensor). We used an extruded polystyrene (XPS Foam) that needed some adequate treatment before using it as float in experimental measurements. The combination of IR-sensors with treated float foam lead to a sensitive measurement method that is able to detect flat and sharp flow signals, as well as highly dynamic variations of water surface level. Based on the experimental measurements of WL and outflow at the channel output, we deduced a loop rating curve that is suitable with a power law adjustment. The new measurement method could be extended to larger scale applications like rivers and more complicated cross section geometry of irregular shape.
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Okada, Tokuji, Kuniyasu Kimura, and Nobuharu Mimura. "Fundamental Study on a Float-type Balance Sensor." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 17, no. 4 (1999): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.17.587.

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Send, Uwe, George Fowler, Greg Siddall, Brian Beanlands, Merle Pittman, Christoph Waldmann, Johannes Karstensen, and Richard Lampitt. "SeaCycler: A Moored Open-Ocean Profiling System for the Upper Ocean in Extended Self-Contained Deployments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00168.1.

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Abstract The upper ocean, including the biologically productive euphotic zone and the mixed layer, has great relevance for studies of physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem processes and their interaction. Observing this layer with a continuous presence, sampling many of the relevant variables, and with sufficient vertical resolution, has remained a challenge. Here a system is presented that can be deployed on the top of deep-ocean moorings, with a drive mechanism at depths of 150–200 m, which mechanically winches a large sensor float and smaller communications float tethered above it to the surface and back down again, typically twice per day for periods up to 1 year. The sensor float can carry several sizeable sensors, and it has enough buoyancy to reach the near surface and for the communications float to pierce the surface even in the presence of strong currents. The system can survive mooring blowover to 1000-m depth. The battery-powered design is made possible by using a balanced energy-conserving principle. Reliability is enhanced with a drive assembly that employs a single rotating part that has no slip rings or rotating seals. The profiling bodies can break the surface to sample the near-surface layer and to establish satellite communication for data relay or reception of new commands. An inductive pass-through mode allows communication with other mooring components throughout the water column beneath the system. A number of successful demonstration deployments have been completed.
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Tian, Chuan, Z. Daniel Deng, Xiaoyang Xu, Qingxuan Yang, and Wei Zhao. "Timed Communication Buoy System: A Subsurface Mooring System for Efficient Sensor Data Recovery." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.3.7.

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Abstract An ocean subsurface mooring system is an effective platform for acquiring information that would advance our understanding of essential ocean processes and impacts of climate changes. Unlike a surface mooring system, data acquired from a subsurface mooring system cannot be downloaded until the whole system is retrieved. To achieve efficient sensor data recovery, a new, low-cost subsurface mooring system named the Timed Communication Buoy System (TCBS) was designed and implemented. The TCBS is usually integrated in the main float, and designated sensor data can be downloaded by the control system using a noncontact communication method termed Inductively Coupled Link. After data acquisition, an autonomous communication float in the TCBS can be released from the main float. Upon release, the communication float rises to the sea surface and transmits sensor data by satellite communication. To evaluate the performance of the TCBS, a short-term sea trial in the South China Sea (SCS) was conducted. Seawater temperature data over 30 days were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrated valid measurements of vertical wavenumber spectrum and frequency spectrum of internal waves in the SCS. TCBS will lead to important information needed to support fundamental research to better understand the characteristics of internal wave spectrum in the SCS.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Float sensor"

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Бойчук, Дмитро Романович, and Dmytro Boychuk. "Розробка автоматизованого лабораторного стенду для перевіряння метрологічних характеристик давачів рівня води." Bachelor's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя, Факультет прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії, Кафедра автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв, 2021. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/35485.

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Робота виконана на кафедрі автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв факультету прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України. Захист відбудеться «24» червня 2021 р. о 9.00 год. на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №21 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя.
Дана кваліфікаційній робота складається з таких розділів: – вступу, де проводиться опис актуальності автоматизації лабораторного стенду для вимірювання рівня води за допомогою різних давачів рівня; – аналітичної частини, в якій проведено аналіз а також порівняння відомих давачів рівня води, а також, контролю і регулювання їх за допомогою Ардуїно та інших модулів підтримки; – проектної частини, в якій проводиться опис роботи обладнання і всіх вузлів, що використовується в лабораторному стенді для вимірювання рівня води; – спеціальної частини, в якій приведено опис використаних в дипломній роботі систем автоматизованого проектування; – безпеки життєдіяльності, основи охорони праці, де подано заходи по забезпеченню захисту робітників та безпечної роботи за лабораторним стендом.
This qualification work consists of the following sections: - introduction, which describes the relevance of automation of the laboratory stand for measuring the water level using various level sensors; - analytical part, in which the analysis and comparison of known water level sensors, as well as their control and regulation using Arduino and other auxiliary modules; - design part describing the operation of the equipment and all components used in the laboratory stand for measuring the water level; - a special part containing a description of automated design systems used in the thesis; - life safety, basics of labor protection, where measures are taken to ensure the protection of workers and safe work on the laboratory stand.
Вступ...8 1 Аналітична частина 1.1 Основні засоби вимірювання рівня води...9 1.2 Загальні типи вимірювання давачів рівня води...11 1.3 Використання мікроконтролерів...18 2 Проектна частина 2.1 Розробка структурної схеми...26 2.2 Розробка електричної принципової схеми...27 2.3 Обгрунтування вибору платформи Arduino Uno...28 2.4 Давач рівня води KJ342 та його взаємодія з Arduino...30 2.5 Рідкокристалічний РК-модуль 16 × 2 символів з Arduino...34 2.6 Двоканальний релейний модуль з Arduino...38 2.7 Регістр 74HC595 і взаємодія його з Arduino...41 3 Спеціальна частина 3.1 Аналіз роботи пристрою...46 3.2 Прошивка мікроконтролера та складання пристрою...46 3.3 Додаткові компоненти мікропроцесора Arduino...57 4 Безпека життєдіяльності, основи охорони праці 4.1 Загальні вимоги безпеки...61 4.2 Вимоги безпеки перед початком роботи...62 4.3 Вимоги безпеки під час роботи...63 4.4 Аналіз потенційно небезпечних та шкідливих виробничих факторів...65 4.5 Забезпечення нормальних умов праці...68 4.6 Розрахунок освітлення в приміщенні...69 4.7 Вимоги безпеки в аварійних ситуаціях...70 4.8 Вимоги безпеки після закінчення роботи...70 Висновки...74 Список використаних джерел...75
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Svoboda, Luděk. "Systém včasné výstrahy před lokální povodní." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219710.

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The aim of this Master's thesis is to design a local flood warning system. The system consists of two basic types of units. The first unit is placed in the field usingsensors and evaluates the presence of water in an otherwise dry area. In the event of flooding sends a warning message using wireless technology. The second unit evaluates the warning messages and informs the personabout the situation via text messaging. Outdoor equipment is fullyautonomous and permanently placed in an outdoor environment. The system is designed based 8-bit microcontrollers. The main parametersinclude low power devices, mechanical durability and reliability.
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Dutoit, Bertrand Michel. "Flat electromagnetic force-feedback pressure sensor /." Lausanne, 2001. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2437.

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Bhakta, Vikrant. "Performance analysis of an adaptive flat multi-aperture computational imaging sensor." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1440436.

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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--S.M.U., 2007.
Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 18, 2008). Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-03, page: 1589. Adviser: Marc P. Christensen. Includes bibliographical references.
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Virk, Akashdeep Singh. "Heat Transfer Characterization in Jet Flames Impinging on Flat Plates." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52985.

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The experimental work involves calculation of radial distribution of heat transfer coefficient at the surface of a flat Aluminium plate being impinged by a turbulent flame jet. Heat transfer coefficient distribution at the surface is computed from the measured heat flux and temperature data using a reference method and a slope method. The heat transfer coefficient (h) has a nearly bell shaped radial distribution at the plate surface for H/d =3.3. The value of h drops by 37 % from r/d =0 to r/d= 2. Upon increasing the axial distance to H/d = 5, the stagnation point h decreased by 15%. Adiabatic surface temperature (AST) distribution at the plate surface was computed from the measured heat flux and temperature. AST values were found to be lower than the measured gas temperature values at the stagnation point. Radial distribution of gas temperature at the surface was estimated by least squares linear curve fitting through the convection dominated region of net heat flux data and was validated by experimental measurements with an aspirated thermocouple. For low axial distances (H/d =3.3), the gas temperature dropped by only 15 % from r/d = 0 to r/d = 2. Total heat flux distribution is separated into radiative and convective components with the use of calculated heat transfer coefficient and estimated gas temperatures. At H/d = 3.3, the radiation was found to be less than 25 % of the net heat flux for r/d ≤ 2.
Master of Science
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Homola, Jan. "Penzion pro seniory." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391996.

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This diploma thesis deals with the project documentation for the execution of the pension for seniors. The land is located in the village of Kozlany. Pension serves long-term accommodation for 30 people. The building has one underground and three above-ground floors. The stop is done with a single-shell surface impermeable roof. The construction is designed as a monolithic skeleton.
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Výtisková, Jana. "Senior cohousing." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227285.

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Senior cohousing is situated in the Moravian-Silesian Region in city Orlová and it is designed as complex. It is a new form of living for seniors in the Czech Republic. The loose translation could be „close neighbourly living for senior people. “ Access road to the complex is from Tešínská Street and then down the main road from the southeast on the car park. Near the car park there are three main buildings. Building A is the main common building for seniors’ meetings. Building B has a private doctor and a small gym. Building C is designed as technical premises. There are four types of family houses for seniors. Family house type 1 - in the complex 3x is suitable for two seniors. Family house type 2 - in the complex 2x is suitable for two seniors with moving difficulties. Family house type 3 - in the complex 3x is designed as semi-detached house for two senior couples. Family houses accommodate 30 seniors in 15 housing units. All the objects are brick, single-storey without cellar built up from HELUZ system with footings from plain concrete with foundation slab, flat roofs, contact insulation of perimeter walls, partly wood tiling. What is more, in senior cohousing there are senior playground, orchard park, lake, road inside the complex, pavements and paths.
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Qureshi, Waqas. "Integrating Conductive Threads into Different Knitting Construction by Flat Knitting Machine to Create Stretch Sensitive Fabrics for Breathing Monitoring." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20938.

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During the last decade medical applications of textile sensors have been growing rapidly and textile sensors are the focal research point for many sensor projects. Textile sensors are still not available as a mainstream product to replace conventional electric sensors and electrodes. Textile sensors can be integrated in a textile garment to measure vital signs of a human being. In this regard stretch sensors are able to measure breathing rate of a person. In this project we use seamless knitting technique to make stretch sensors using conductive fibers. The resistance difference between stretching and relaxing of these sensors gives a pattern for human breathing. Four knitting structures with different conductive fibers are made and tested with cyclic tester to construct a graph between resistance and time to find the knitting structure which gives the best results. Tests are also done to check the results after washing. These sensors can be used in breathing monitoring of patients during daily life.
Program: Master Programme in Textile Technology
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QURESHI, WAQAS. "Integrating Conductive Threads into Different Knitting Construction by Flat Knitting Machine to Create Stretch Sensitive Fabrics for Breathing Monitoring." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17449.

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During the last decade medical applications of textile sensors have been growing rapidly and textile sensors are the focal research point for many sensor projects. Textile sensors are still not available as a mainstream product to replace conventional electric sensors and electrodes. Textile sensors can be integrated in a textile garment to measure vital signs of a human being. In this regard stretch sensors are able to measure breathing rate of a person. In this project we use seamless knitting technique to make stretch sensors using conductive fibers. The resistance difference between stretching and relaxing of these sensors gives a pattern for human breathing. Four knitting structures with different conductive fibers are made and tested with cyclic tester to construct a graph between resistance and time to find the knitting structure which gives the best results. Tests are also done to check the results after washing. These sensors can be used in breathing monitoring of patients during daily life.
Program: Master programme in Textile Technology
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Stejskalová, Markéta. "Penzion pro seniory." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372260.

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This work aims to develop projekt documentation for building construction. The projekt addresses the new construkction of a pension for seniors. Pension is located in the city of Kutná Hora in the Central Region. The object is designed for 34 people throughout the year. Pension has one underground and free above ground floors. The shape of the object is unspecified at several height levels. It is a reversed L-shaped with mid-point projections. Pension is bricked from ceramic blocks. The roof is a combination of a sliding flat roof and a console roof. The building is situated in a place of flat terrain.
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Books on the topic "Float sensor"

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Chalamala, Babu R., Richard H. Friend, Thomas N. Jackson, and Frank R. Libsch. Flat-Panel Displays and Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Processes. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2014.

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Novel approach for positioning sensor lead wires on SiC-based monolithic ceramic and FRCMC components/subcomponents having flat and curved surfaces. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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R, Chalamala Babu, ed. Flat-panel displays and sensors: Principles, materials, and processes : symposium held April 4-9, 1999, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Warrendale, Pa: Materials Research Society, 2000.

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Mercati, Flavio. Solutions of Shape Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0013.

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This chapter deals with the most important results in SD, namely, the classical solutions of the theory in which the equivalence with (GR) breaks down. Firstly, I study the case of homogeneous but not isotropic cosmologies, known as ‘Bianchi IX’ universes in detail. In this case, each solution that reaches the big bang singularity can be continued uniquely through it, just by requiring continuity of the conformally- and scale-invariant degrees of freedom. The result is a couple of cosmological solutions with opposite orientation glued at the big bang. This result is more general than the homogeneous case, and can be extended to a large class of solutions if the BKL conjecture is valid. In the case of spherically symmetric solutions one has to couple gravity to some form of matter in order to have dynamically non-trivial degrees of freedom. The simplest case is a series of concentric infinitely thin shells of dust in a universe with the topology of a three-sphere. In this case too a departure from the dynamics of (GR) is seen, that manifests itself in a failure of the CMC slicing when one of the shells collapses (no spacetime corresponding to that solution of SD exists). The conformally invariant degrees of freedom, again, seem to still be regular when this happens. In the last part of the chapter I will discuss the sense in which one can talk about asymptotically flat solutions of SD, and past results in this regime.
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Book chapters on the topic "Float sensor"

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Laimböuck, Paul R., and Ruud G. C. Beerkens. "On-Line Oxygen Sensor for the Tin Bath in Float Glass Production Lines." In A Collection of Papers Presented at the 66th Conference on Glass Problems: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 27, Issue 1, 19–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470291306.ch2.

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Zeil, Jochen, Gerbera Nalbach, and Hans-Ortwin Nalbach. "Spatial Vision in a Flat World: Optical and Neural Adaptations in Arthropods." In Neurobiology of Sensory Systems, 123–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2519-0_10.

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Nakamura, Fabíola Guerra, Frederico Paiva Quintão, Gustavo Campos Menezes, and Geraldo Robson Mateus. "An Optimal Node Scheduling for Flat Wireless Sensor Networks." In Networking - ICN 2005, 475–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31956-6_56.

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Echoukairi, Hassan, Khalid Bourgba, and Mohammed Ouzzif. "A Survey on Flat Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 311–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-990-5_25.

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Krupadanam, Sireesha, and Huirong Fu. "Localization Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks for Non-flat Terrains." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 175–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02080-3_18.

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Kim, Sarah, Paul Hofmann, Hermann Finckh, Röder Uwe, Albrecht Dinkelmann, Michael Haupt, and Götz T. Gresser. "Flat Knitted Sensory Work Glove for Process Monitoring and Quality Assurance." In Advances in Automotive Production Technology – Theory and Application, 256–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62962-8_30.

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Tokatli, Nebahat. "Networks as Facilitators of Innovation in Technology-Based Industries: The Case of Flat Glass." In Knowledge for Governance, 441–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_19.

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AbstractIn this chapter, I question the extent to which the networks of the flat glass industry facilitated innovation in the past and continue to do so now. So far, students of technology-based industries have focused their attention on a number of high-technology industries including, for example, biotechnology. Since the manufacturing and secondary processing of flat glass require the application of a degree of technological expertise, the flat glass industry is also considered a technology-based industry, though not a high-technology industry in the sense that biotechnology is. This particularity of the industry enables me not only to provide a reasonably complete account of the extent to which the networks of the flat glass industry facilitate innovation, but also to explore whether or not we need a different sort of network thinking for this particular industry—different from the thinking that the students of high-technology industries subscribe to as they study, for example, biotechnology.
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Yadav, Mamta, Preeti Sethi, Dimple Juneja, and Naresh Chauhan. "An Agent-Based Solution to Energy Sink-Hole Problem in Flat Wireless Sensor Networks." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 255–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6005-2_27.

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Satyanarayana Raju, T., T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar, J. Pavan Kumar, and K. S. Deepthi. "Detecting and Correcting the Degradations of Sensors on Argo Floats Using Artificial Neural Networks." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 299–308. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3226-4_30.

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Marinov, Sam G. "Analysis of Flat Coils’ System with Displaced Sensors for Eddy Current NDE of Ferromagnetic Metals." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 443–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9421-5_50.

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Conference papers on the topic "Float sensor"

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Bhar, Ishita, and Nirupama Mandal. "An ANN Based Temperature Compensation Technique for Level Measurement Using Float and Hall Sensor." In 2018 15th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indicon45594.2018.8987122.

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Langley, Lawrence W. "High Temperature Heat Flux Calibration." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0907.

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Abstract Today heat flux sensors are available with temperature ratings up to 800°C. In many situations these sensors do not have to be cooled at all, and therefore do not produce aerodynamic or thermal disturbances. However, the variation of their sensitivity with temperature can be an important source of error. The High Temperature Heat Flux Calibration System described here is designed to perform calibrations of heat flux sensors at ambient temperatures up to 816°C and heat fluxes up to 341 watts/cm2. The response of the sensor being calibrated is compared with that of a reference sensor, with the two sensors located on opposite sides of a thin heated flat plate. Calibrations with this system are performed in a vacuum of about 1 torr, effectively eliminating convective heat transfer and heated flat plate oxidation. A controlled temperature heated stage is provided for the sensor on test, and a constant temperature cooled stage for the reference sensor. The heated flat plate is powered by direct current, and shielded from the sensors during warm-up by a bifurcated water-cooled graphite shutter. After the temperature of the heated flat plate has stabilized, the shutter is opened. This exposes the sensor on test and the reference sensor simultaneously to steep wavefronts of heat flux. After a few seconds the shutter is closed again and power to the heated flat plate is cut off. All functions of the calibration system are performed under control of Labview® software. After mounting the sensor to be tested, the operator enters a list of desired temperatures and heat fluxes. Tests are then performed automatically in the sequence which will utilize the resources of the system most efficiently. At the end of the test sequence, calculations are performed and a report of calibration results is generated and printed. During the test the operator may monitor system functions and intervene at any point if desired. Problems encountered in the design of this system and typical results of calibrations performed during its development will be presented.
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Zielinski, Oliver, Barbara Cembella, and Ru¨diger Heuermann. "Bio-Optical Sensors Onboard Autonomous Profiling Floats." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92482.

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The perspective of an array of thousands of floats drifting in the world ocean offers the possibility to monitor global ocean currents via the distribution of oceanographic parameters like temperature and salinity (WOCE – ARGO programme). Deploying these floats with advanced bio-optical sensors for the detection of bio-geochemical parameters offers a potential for large scale assessment of the pelagic primary productivity and the bio-geochemical processes involved. Technical specifications to be met by these sensors will be: low power consumption, long-term stability and reliability, standardized interfaces and protocols together with an intelligent data handling. However, these requirements also demand sophisticated capabilities of the float as a platform. Enhanced interfaces, algorithmic power and memory including new telemetry and docking solutions are necessary to provide a flexible and yet reliable platform for bio-geochemical sensors onboard floats. Within this work an overview of bio-optical sensors, which were integrated in autonomous profiling systems, will be given. This introduction will be followed by first results from hyperspectral irradiance and radiance data from the Navigating European Marine Observer (NEMO) float which were obtain during a two-day lake experiment. Finally, future integrations of sensors and general requirements for floating profiling drifter in the context of coastal and open ocean observatories will be discussed.
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Hossain, A., and A. Mian. "Sensitivity Analysis of Planar Piezoresistive Sensors for MEMS Applications." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65117.

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In this study, the sensitivity of two-dimensional four-terminal piezoresistive sensors commonly referred to as “van der Pauw (VDP)” structure is investigated and analyzed. VDP sensors have the potential to obviate some of the limitations of resistor based sensors such as size and temperature effects. In this study, we will consider the VDP sensor to be fabricated on (100) silicon due to its potential application in MEMS pressure sensors or electronic packaging stress measurements. The sensitivity of the VDP sensor may be affected by misalignment (i.e., orientation) during the etching/diffusion process, the size of the sensor relative to the size of the underlying diaphragm, pad size where the current and voltage are determined, and on their global positions. In this study, we have presented how the VDP stress sensitivity is affected by variations in pad size and sensor orientation with respect to the wafer flat direction. First, a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) model is developed representing a piezoresistive VDP sensor fabricated on (100) silicon diaphragm. Then, the FEA model is validated with the closed form analytical solution for different bi-axial loads. Once the FEA model is validated, additional simulations are conducted to understand the influence of different parameters on the resistance measurements. The change in resistivity of the VDP will then be analyzed to predict its sensitivity under a certain set of sensor parameters.
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Aoni, Rifat Ahmmed, Shridhar Manjunath, Buddini I. Karawdeniya, Khosro Z. Kamali, Lei Xu, Adam Damry, Colin Jackson, et al. "Highly Sensitive Resonant Dielectric Metagrating Sensors." In Flat Optics: Components to Systems. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/flatoptics.2021.fm3c.5.

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Phan, Thaibao, Evan Wang, and Jonathan A. Fan. "CMOS-Compatible Circular Polarizers for Color Image Sensors." In Flat Optics: Components to Systems. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/flatoptics.2021.fm4b.2.

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Chui, Benjamin W., Thomas W. Kenny, H. Jonathon Mamin, Bruce D. Terris, and Daniel Rugar. "A Novel Dual-Axial AFM Cantilever With Independent Piezoresistive Sensors for Simultaneous Detection of Lateral and Vertical Forces." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0939.

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Abstract This paper describes a novel dual-axial AFM cantilever with independent piezoresistive sensors for simultaneous detection of lateral and vertical forces. The cantilever consists of a flat, triangular probe with a vertical direction of compliance, implanted with a piezoresistive layer to form a vertical deflection sensor. This probe is connected to the base by tall, narrow “ribs” that give the structure lateral compliance. Embedded on the side-walls of some of the ribs are a second set of piezoresistors that form a lateral deflection sensor. A special ion implant at approximately 45 degrees to the vertical is used to create the piezoresistive sensors and electrical connections. Both the vertical and the lateral deflection sensors exhibit measured piezoresistive sensitivities ΔR/R on the order of 5 × 10−7 per Å. The cantilever was successfully used to obtain AFM images of a known sample, yielding correlated z-signal and x-signal images of the sample topography.
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Genuer, Valentin, Romain Laberdesque, and Benoit Wattellier. "Flat Optics Optical Function and Fabrication Process Characterization using Quadri-Wave Lateral Shearing Interferometry based Wavefront Sensor." In Flat Optics: Components to Systems. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/flatoptics.2021.jtu1a.15.

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Oshman, C. J., B. Shi, C. Li, R. G. Yang, Y. C. Lee, and V. M. Bright. "Fabrication and testing of a flat polymer micro heat pipe." In TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2009.5285654.

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Коренбаум, В. И., С. В. Горовой, А. А. Тагильцев, and А. Е. Бородин. "DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL-SIZE LOW-FREQUENCY PRESSURE GRADIENT SENSORS." In Физики геосфер. Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35976/poi.2020.98.28.007.

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Проанализированы проблемы создания приемников градиента давления различных типов для использования в низкочастотном диапазоне, определяемые необходимостью достижения достаточной чувствительности к звуковому давлению в плоской волне, коэффициента деления дипольной характеристики направленности не хуже 26 дБ, динамического диапазона не менее 80–100 дБ. Теоретически оценены пределы применимости ПГД 2-гидрофонного (разностного) типов по волновым размерам. Разработаны высоко- эффективные ПГД инерционного и силового типов. Предложено комбинирование ПГД инерционного/силового и 2-гидрофонного типов в линейной антенне. The problems of development of pressure gradient sensors of various types for usage in low-frequency range are analyzed, which are connected to a necessity to provide acceptable sensitivity to sound pressure in a flat wave, minima of the dipole directivity pattern being nor less 26 dB, dynamic range being nor less 80–100 dB. The wavelength limits of acceptability of 2-hydrophone (differential) pressure gradient sensors are theoretically predicted. High effective pressure gradient sensors of inertial and force types are designed. It is suggested to combine a pressure gradient sensor of inertial or force type with the pressure gradient sensor of 2-hydrophone type in linear array.
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Reports on the topic "Float sensor"

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Upadhyaya, Shrini K., Abraham Shaviv, Abraham Katzir, Itzhak Shmulevich, and David S. Slaughter. Development of A Real-Time, In-Situ Nitrate Sensor. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586537.bard.

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Although nitrate fertilizers are critical for enhancing crop production, excess application of nitrate fertilizer can result in ground water contamination leading to the so called "nitrate problem". Health and environmental problems related to this "nitrate problem" have led to serious concerns in many parts of the world including the United States and Israel. These concerns have resulted in legislation limiting the amount of nitrate N in drinking water to 10mg/g. Development of a fast, reliable, nitrate sensor for in-situ application can be extremely useful in dynamic monitoring of environmentally sensitive locations and applying site-specific amounts of nitrate fertilizer in a precision farming system. The long range objective of this study is to develop a fast, reliable, real-time nitrate sensor. The specific objective of this one year feasibility study was to explore the possible use of nitrate sensor based on mid-IR spectroscopy developed at UCD along with the silver halide fiber ATR (i.e. attenuated total internal reflection) sensor developed at TAU to detect nitrate content in solution and soil paste in the presence of interfering compounds. Experiments conducted at Technion and UCD clearly demonstrate the feasibility of detecting nitrate content in solutions as well as soil pastes using mid-IR spectroscopy and an ATR technique. When interfering compounds such as carbonates, bicarbonates, organic matter etc. are present special data analysis technique such as singular value decomposition (SYD) or cross correlation was necessary to detect nitrate concentrations successfully. Experiments conducted in Israel show that silver halide ATR fiber based FEWS, particularly flat FEWS, resulted in low standard error and high coefficient of determination (i.e. R² values) indicating the potential of the flat Fiberoptic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy (FEWS) for direct determinations of nitrate. Moreover, they found that it was possible to detect nitrate and other anion concentrations using anion exchange membranes and M1R spectroscopy. The combination of the ion-exchange membranes with fiberoptices offers one more option to direct determination of nitrate in environmental systems.
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Miles, Gaines E., Yael Edan, F. Tom Turpin, Avshalom Grinstein, Thomas N. Jordan, Amots Hetzroni, Stephen C. Weller, Marvin M. Schreiber, and Okan K. Ersoy. Expert Sensor for Site Specification Application of Agricultural Chemicals. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570567.bard.

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In this work multispectral reflectance images are used in conjunction with a neural network classifier for the purpose of detecting and classifying weeds under real field conditions. Multispectral reflectance images which contained different combinations of weeds and crops were taken under actual field conditions. This multispectral reflectance information was used to develop algorithms that could segment the plants from the background as well as classify them into weeds or crops. In order to segment the plants from the background the multispectrial reflectance of plants and background were studied and a relationship was derived. It was found that using a ratio of two wavelenght reflectance images (750nm and 670nm) it was possible to segment the plants from the background. Once ths was accomplished it was then possible to classify the segmented images into weed or crop by use of the neural network. The neural network developed for this work is a modification of the standard learning vector quantization algorithm. This neural network was modified by replacing the time-varying adaptation gain with a constant adaptation gain and a binary reinforcement function. This improved accuracy and training time as well as introducing several new properties such as hill climbing and momentum addition. The network was trained and tested with different wavelength combinations in order to find the best results. Finally, the results of the classifier were evaluated using a pixel based method and a block based method. In the pixel based method every single pixel is evaluated to test whether it was classified correctly or not and the best weed classification results were 81% and its associated crop classification accuracy is 57%. In the block based classification method, the image was divided into blocks and each block was evaluated to determine whether they contained weeds or not. Different block sizes and thesholds were tested. The best results for this method were 97% for a block size of 8 inches and a pixel threshold of 60. A simulation model was developed to 1) quantify the effectiveness of a site-specific sprayer, 2) evaluate influence of diffeent design parameters on efficiency of the site-specific sprayer. In each iteration of this model, infected areas (weed patches) in the field were randomly generated and the amount of required herbicides for spraying these areas were calculated. The effectiveness of the sprayer was estimated for different stain sizes, nozzle types (conic and flat), nozzle sizes and stain detection levels of the identification system. Simulation results indicated that the flat nozzle is much more effective as compared to the conic nozzle and its relative efficiency is greater for small nozzle sizes. By using a site-specific sprayer, the average ratio between the spraying areas and the stain areas is about 1.1 to 1.8 which can save up to 92% of herbicides, especially when the proportion of the stain areas is small.
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Bigorre, Sebastien P., Robert A. Weller, Byron Blomquist, Benjamin Pietro, Emerson Hasbrouck, and Sergio Pezoa. Stratus 16 Sixteenth Setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station Cruise on Board RV Ronald H. Brown May 5 - 20, 2017 Rodman, Panama - Arica, Chile. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27626.

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The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown. During the 2017 cruise on the Ronald H. Brown to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 15) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 16 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. Surface drifters and ARGO floats were also launched along the track.
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Bigorre, Sebastien P., Benjamin Pietro, Alejandra Gubler, Francesca Search, Emerson Hasbrouck, Sergio Pezoa, and Robert A. Weller. Stratus 17 Seventeenth Setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station Cruise on Board RV Cabo de Hornos April 3 - 16, 2018 Valparaiso - Valparaiso, Chile. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27245.

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The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the Chilean research vessel Cabo de Hornos. During the 2018 cruise on the Cabo de Hornos to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 16) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 17 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. The Stratus 17 had parted from its anchor site on January 4 2018, so its recovery was done in two separate operations: first the drifting buoy with mooring line under it, then the bottom part still attached to the anchor. Surface drifters and ARGO floats were also launched along the track.
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Cooper, Christopher, Jacob McDonald, and Eric Starkey. Wadeable stream habitat monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2018 baseline report. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286621.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...
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