Journal articles: 'Float sensor'

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Johnson, Kenneth S., Joshua N. Plant, Stephen C. Riser, and Denis Gilbert. "Air Oxygen Calibration of Oxygen Optodes on a Profiling Float Array." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 11 (November 2015): 2160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0101.1.

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AbstractAanderaa optode sensors for dissolved oxygen show remarkable stability when deployed on profiling floats, but these sensors suffer from poor calibration because of an apparent drift during storage (storage drift). It has been suggested that measurement of oxygen in air, during the period when a profiling float is on the surface, can be used to improve sensor calibration and to determine the magnitude of sensor drift while deployed in the ocean. The effect of air calibration on oxygen measurement quality with 47 profiling floats that were equipped with Aanderaa oxygen optode sensors is assessed. Recalibrated oxygen concentration measurements were compared to Winkler oxygen titrations that were made at the float deployment stations and to the World Ocean Atlas 2009 oxygen climatology. Recalibration of the sensor using air oxygen reduces the sensor error, defined as the difference from Winkler oxygen titrations in the mixed layer near the time of deployment, by about tenfold when compared to errors obtained with the factory calibration. The relative error of recalibrated sensors is <1% in surface waters. A total of 29 floats were deployed for time periods in excess of one year in ice-free waters. Linear changes in the percent of atmospheric oxygen reported by the sensor, relative to the oxygen partial pressure expected from the NCEP air pressure, range from −0.9% to +1.3% yr−1 with a mean of 0.2% ± 0.5% yr−1. Given that storage drift for optode sensors is only negative, it is concluded that there is no evidence for sensor drift after they are deployed and that other processes are responsible for the linear changes.

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Barker, Paul M., Jeff R. Dunn, Catia M. Domingues, and Susan E. Wijffels. "Pressure Sensor Drifts in Argo and Their Impacts." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1036–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jtecho831.1.

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Abstract In recent years, autonomous profiling floats have become the prime component of the in situ ocean observing system through the implementation of the Argo program. These data are now the dominant input to estimates of the evolution of the global ocean heat content and associated thermosteric sea level rise. The Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) is the dominant type of Argo float (~62%), and a large portion of these floats report pressure measurements that are uncorrected for sensor drift, the size and source of which are described herein. The remaining Argo float types are designed to automatically self-correct for any pressure drift. Only about 57% of the APEX float profiles (or ~38% Argo profiles) can be corrected, but this typically has not been done by the data centers that distribute the data (as of January 2009). A pressure correction method for APEX floats is described and applied to the Argo dataset. A comparison between estimates using the corrected Argo dataset and the publically available uncorrected dataset (as of January 2009) reveals that the pressure corrections remove significant regional errors from ocean temperature, salinity, and thermosteric sea level fields. In the global mean, 43% of uncorrectable APEX float profiles (or ~28% Argo profiles) appear to largely offset the effect of the correctable APEX float profiles with positive pressure drifts. While about half of the uncorrectable APEX profiles can, in principle, be recovered in the near future (after inclusion of technical information that allows for corrections), the other half have negative pressure drifts truncated to zero (resulting from firmware limitations), which do not allow for corrections. Therefore, any Argo pressure profile that cannot be corrected for biases should be excluded from global change research. This study underscores the ongoing need for careful analyses to detect and remove subtle but systematic errors in ocean observations.

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Nezlin, Nikolay P., Mathieu Dever, Mark Halverson, Jean-Michel Leconte, Guillaume Maze, Clark Richards, Igor Shkvorets, Rui Zhang, and Greg Johnson. "Accuracy and Long-Term Stability Assessment of Inductive Conductivity Cell Measurements on Argo Floats." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 12 (December 2020): 2209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0058.1.

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AbstractThis study demonstrates the long-term stability of salinity measurements from Argo floats equipped with inductive conductivity cells, which have extended float lifetimes as compared to electrode-type cells. New Argo float sensor payloads must meet the demands of the Argo governance committees before they are implemented globally. Currently, the use of CTDs with inductive cells designed and manufactured by RBR, Ltd., has been approved as a Global Argo Pilot. One requirement for new sensors is to demonstrate stable measurements over the lifetime of a float. To demonstrate this, data from four Argo floats in the western Pacific Ocean equipped with the RBRargo CTD sensor package are analyzed using the same Owens–Wong–Cabanes (OWC) method and reference datasets as the Argo delayed-mode quality control (DMQC) operators. When run with default settings against the standard DMQC Argo and CTD databases, the OWC analysis reveals no drift in any of the four RBRargo datasets and, in one case, an offset exceeding the Argo target salinity limits. Being a statistical tool, the OWC method cannot strictly determine whether deviations in salinity measurements with respect to a reference hydrographic product (e.g., climatologies) are caused by oceanographic variability or sensor problems. So, this study furthermore investigates anomalous salinity measurements observed when compared with a reference product and demonstrates that anomalous values tend to occur in regions with a high degree of variability and can be better explained by imperfect reference data rather than sensor drift. This study concludes that the RBR inductive cell is a viable option for salinity measurements as part of the Argo program.

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Wojtasiewicz, BoŻena, Ian D. Walsh, David Antoine, Dirk Slawinski, and Nick J. Hardman-Mountford. "Inferring and Removing a Spurious Response in the Optical Backscattering Signal from an Autonomous Profiling Float." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 11 (November 2018): 2137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0027.1.

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AbstractDevelopment of autonomous profiling floats, allowing for long-term continuous measurement of bio-optical variables, promises to significantly increase our knowledge of the variability of the particulate optical backscattering coefficient bbp in marine environments. However, because autonomous floats are designed for unattended data collection and only rarely are recovered for analysis of the condition of the sensors in situ, the quality-control analysis of float data streams is of paramount importance in both a particular dataset and the larger understanding of the response of sensors over the lifetime of the floats. Anomalous data from a backscattering sensor (MCOMS) mounted on autonomous profiling floats are reported here. The observed sensor behavior, which presents itself as significant differences in the values observed at the parking depth between profiles, caused by a steady increase in the signal during the profiling time, is neither common to all sensors nor can it be a function of changes in the particle population. A simple quality-control procedure that is able to detect this spurious sensor response is proposed. Further characterization of this effect will require laboratory experimentation under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure.

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Fiedler, Björn, Peer Fietzek, Nuno Vieira, Péricles Silva, Henry C. Bittig, and Arne Körtzinger. "In Situ CO2 and O2 Measurements on a Profiling Float." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00043.1.

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Abstract In recent years, profiling floats, which form the basis of the successful international Argo observatory, are also being considered as platforms for marine biogeochemical research. This study showcases the utility of floats as a novel tool for combined gas measurements of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and O2. These float prototypes were equipped with a small-sized and submersible pCO2 sensor and an optode O2 sensor for high-resolution measurements in the surface ocean layer. Four consecutive deployments were carried out during November 2010 and June 2011 near the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO) in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. The profiling float performed upcasts every 31 h while measuring pCO2, O2, salinity, temperature, and hydrostatic pressure in the upper 200 m of the water column. To maintain accuracy, regular pCO2 sensor zeroings at depth and surface, as well as optode measurements in air, were performed for each profile. Through the application of data processing procedures (e.g., time-lag correction), accuracies of floatborne pCO2 measurements were greatly improved (10–15 μatm for the water column and 5 μatm for surface measurements). O2 measurements yielded an accuracy of 2 μmol kg−1. First results of this pilot study show the possibility of using profiling floats as a platform for detailed and unattended observations of the marine carbon and oxygen cycle dynamics.

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Pan, Xu Dong, Bo Li, Guang Lin Wang, and Guo Yue Zhang. "The Research on Red Light Ranging Float Pneumoelectric Conversion Technology." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.413.

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This document explains how to transform an ordinary float-type pneumatic measuring instrument by adding a right lights sensor on it. Then we design a suitable float for it through the theoretical calculation and the simulation with Fluent. At last, the research do a series of experiments and by the experiments, its nonlinear error is less than the ordinary float-type pneumatic measuring instrument. So the whole instrument is feasible. The final purpose of designing the float-type pneumatic measuring instrument based on the red lights sensor is to measure the overlap of the valve core & sleeve of the slide valve.

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Majdalani, Samer, Jean-Philippe Chazarin, and Roger Moussa. "A New Water Level Measurement Method Combining Infrared Sensors and Floats for Applications on Laboratory Scale Channel under Unsteady Flow Regime." Sensors 19, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071511.

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In this paper, we studied water transport under an unsteady flow regime in an experimental channel (4 m in length; 3 cm in width). Our experiments implicated some measuring requirements, specifically, a water level (WL) detection technique that is able to measure WL in a range of 2 cm with a precision of 1 mm. The existing WL detection techniques could not meet our measurement requirements. Therefore, we propose a new measurement method that combines two approaches: An “old” water contact technique (float) with a “new” remote non-contact technique (infrared sensor). We used an extruded polystyrene (XPS Foam) that needed some adequate treatment before using it as float in experimental measurements. The combination of IR-sensors with treated float foam lead to a sensitive measurement method that is able to detect flat and sharp flow signals, as well as highly dynamic variations of water surface level. Based on the experimental measurements of WL and outflow at the channel output, we deduced a loop rating curve that is suitable with a power law adjustment. The new measurement method could be extended to larger scale applications like rivers and more complicated cross section geometry of irregular shape.

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Okada, Tokuji, Kuniyasu Kimura, and Nobuharu Mimura. "Fundamental Study on a Float-type Balance Sensor." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 17, no. 4 (1999): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.17.587.

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Send, Uwe, George Fowler, Greg Siddall, Brian Beanlands, Merle Pittman, Christoph Waldmann, Johannes Karstensen, and Richard Lampitt. "SeaCycler: A Moored Open-Ocean Profiling System for the Upper Ocean in Extended Self-Contained Deployments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00168.1.

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Abstract The upper ocean, including the biologically productive euphotic zone and the mixed layer, has great relevance for studies of physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem processes and their interaction. Observing this layer with a continuous presence, sampling many of the relevant variables, and with sufficient vertical resolution, has remained a challenge. Here a system is presented that can be deployed on the top of deep-ocean moorings, with a drive mechanism at depths of 150–200 m, which mechanically winches a large sensor float and smaller communications float tethered above it to the surface and back down again, typically twice per day for periods up to 1 year. The sensor float can carry several sizeable sensors, and it has enough buoyancy to reach the near surface and for the communications float to pierce the surface even in the presence of strong currents. The system can survive mooring blowover to 1000-m depth. The battery-powered design is made possible by using a balanced energy-conserving principle. Reliability is enhanced with a drive assembly that employs a single rotating part that has no slip rings or rotating seals. The profiling bodies can break the surface to sample the near-surface layer and to establish satellite communication for data relay or reception of new commands. An inductive pass-through mode allows communication with other mooring components throughout the water column beneath the system. A number of successful demonstration deployments have been completed.

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Tian, Chuan, Z. Daniel Deng, Xiaoyang Xu, Qingxuan Yang, and Wei Zhao. "Timed Communication Buoy System: A Subsurface Mooring System for Efficient Sensor Data Recovery." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.3.7.

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Abstract An ocean subsurface mooring system is an effective platform for acquiring information that would advance our understanding of essential ocean processes and impacts of climate changes. Unlike a surface mooring system, data acquired from a subsurface mooring system cannot be downloaded until the whole system is retrieved. To achieve efficient sensor data recovery, a new, low-cost subsurface mooring system named the Timed Communication Buoy System (TCBS) was designed and implemented. The TCBS is usually integrated in the main float, and designated sensor data can be downloaded by the control system using a noncontact communication method termed Inductively Coupled Link. After data acquisition, an autonomous communication float in the TCBS can be released from the main float. Upon release, the communication float rises to the sea surface and transmits sensor data by satellite communication. To evaluate the performance of the TCBS, a short-term sea trial in the South China Sea (SCS) was conducted. Seawater temperature data over 30 days were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrated valid measurements of vertical wavenumber spectrum and frequency spectrum of internal waves in the SCS. TCBS will lead to important information needed to support fundamental research to better understand the characteristics of internal wave spectrum in the SCS.

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Goyal, Ranjan, K. Naresh, R. Kannadasan, N. Prabakaran, and R. Manoov. "Gas Level Detection Using Mangnetic Reed Float Level Sensor." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 15, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2018.7542.

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Johnson, Kenneth S., Joshua N. Plant, Luke J. Coletti, Hans W. Jannasch, Carole M. Sakamoto, Stephen C. Riser, Dana D. Swift, et al. "Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122, no. 8 (August 2017): 6416–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012838.

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Yugi Wibowo, Muhammad, and Sandy Bhawana Mulia. "Perancangan Alat Simulasi SILO VISCOSE Otomatis Berbasis Kendali Elektro Pneumatik." Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Manufaktur 1, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48182/jtrm.v1i2.8.

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Alat simulasi silo vicose merupakan suatu proses produksi yang dimana bertujuan untuk mengalirkan bubur kertas, dan proses produksi tersebut menggunakan kendali pneumatik sebagai pengganti dan meringankan kerja manusia secara langsung. Dalam makalah ini dirancang sistem kontrol untuk alat simulasi silo viscose dengan sistem close loop. Peralatan sistem kontrol yang dirancang menggunakan komponen sensor pelampung level air atau yang biasa disebut dengan water level float sensor. Water level float sensor digunakan untuk mendeteksi level penuh pada silo yang kemudian memberikan sinyal langsung ke PLC kemudian akan diproses dan keluar output ke solenoid valve untuk menggerakkan silinder yang digunakan untuk membuka dan menutup slide gate (pintu geser) pada saluran silo. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan alat ini yaitu perancangan desain kontruksi, perencanaan sistem elektro pneumatik, dan perakitan. Berdasarkan pengujian yang sudah dilakukan, sistem dapat bekerja dengan baik dan sesuai dengan perancangan.

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Lien, Ren-Chieh, and Eric A. D'Asaro. "Measurement of Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate with a Lagrangian Float." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 964–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1890.1.

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Abstract This study tests the ability of a neutrally buoyant float to estimate the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ɛ from its vertical acceleration spectrum using an inertial subrange method. A Lagrangian float was equipped with a SonTek acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV), which measured the vector velocity 1 m below the float's center, and a pressure sensor, which measured the float's depth. Measurements were taken in flows where estimates of ɛ varied from 10−8 to 10−3 W kg−1. Previous observational and theoretical studies conclude that the Lagrangian acceleration spectrum is white within the inertial subrange with a level proportional to ɛ. The size of the Lagrangian float introduces a highly reproducible spectral attenuation at high frequencies. Estimates of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy using float measurements ɛfloat were obtained by fitting the observed spectra to a model spectrum that included the attenuation effect. The ADV velocity measurements were converted to a wavenumber spectrum using a variant of Taylor's hypothesis. The spectrum exhibited the expected −5/3 slope within an inertial subrange. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ɛADV was computed from the level of this spectrum. These two independent estimates, ɛADV and ɛfloat, were highly correlated. The ratio ɛfloat/ɛADV deviated from one by less than a factor of 2 over the five decades of ɛ measured. This analysis confirms that ɛ can be estimated reliably from Lagrangian float acceleration spectra in turbulent flows. For the meter-sized floats used here, the size of the float and the noise level of the pressure measurements sets a lower limit of ɛfloat > 10−8 W kg−1.

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Assendelft, Rick, and H. J. van Meerveld. "A Low-Cost, Multi-Sensor System to Monitor Temporary Stream Dynamics in Mountainous Headwater Catchments." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 4645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214645.

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While temporary streams account for more than half of the global discharge, high spatiotemporal resolution data on the three main hydrological states (dry streambed, standing water, and flowing water) of temporary stream remains sparse. This study presents a low-cost, multi-sensor system to monitor the hydrological state of temporary streams in mountainous headwaters. The monitoring system consists of an Arduino microcontroller board combined with an SD-card data logger shield, and four sensors: an electrical resistance (ER) sensor, temperature sensor, float switch sensor, and flow sensor. The monitoring system was tested in a small mountainous headwater catchment, where it was installed on multiple locations in the stream network, during two field seasons (2016 and 2017). Time-lapse cameras were installed at all monitoring system locations to evaluate the sensor performance. The field tests showed that the monitoring system was power efficient (running for nine months on four AA batteries at a five-minute logging interval) and able to reliably log data (<1% failed data logs). Of the sensors, the ER sensor (99.9% correct state data and 90.9% correctly timed state changes) and flow sensor (99.9% correct state data and 90.5% correctly timed state changes) performed best (2017 performance results). A setup of the monitoring system with these sensors can provide long-term, high spatiotemporal resolution data on the hydrological state of temporary streams, which will help to improve our understanding of the hydrological functioning of these important systems.

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Jiang, Jing Bo, and Yong Hua Chen. "Autonomous Marine Monitoring System Based on Energy Convertor." Advanced Materials Research 709 (June 2013): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.709.387.

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A new marine monitoring system is introduced in this paper. This study is based on a taut single point mid-water mooring instrument which is packaged into a two-float assembly, with the lower float containing several times as much buoyancy as the upper float. During the system working in ocean water, an energy conserving transmission is designed under energy-balance principle. Battery pack and motor can supplement the energy dissipation which was engendered during the movement of observation vector in water. From this research, single sensor fixed on platform can meet the requirements of vertical profile measurement. Compared with other single-point marine monitoring system, the proposed system has the benefits both in technique and economy.

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Vince Leona .V, Abirami .M, Niriksha Sathianathan, and Dr. S. Ponmalar. "Tungsten DiSulphide FBG Sensor for Temperature Monitoring in Float Glass Manufacturing." December 2020 02, no. 04 (September 30, 2020): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jitdw.2020.4.001.

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In this paper, a temperature monitoring system for glass manufacturing process is proposed by using Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) approach. This system can be done by using OptiSystem simulation. FBG was used as it allows a reflects a wavelength of light that shifts according to variations in temperature. Generally, FBG sensors can be easily installed, it has higher accuracy, longer stability, small in size, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and the ability to measure ultra-high and speed events. The results indicated that wavelength shifting is depended on thermal expansion coefficient and thermo-optic coefficient of materials, from simulation results it was seen that, Tungsten DiSulfide(WS2) has a better sensitivity than Silica, Poly Methyl Methacrylate(PMMA) and Lead Sulfide(PbS).

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Guinehut, Stephanie, Christine Coatanoan, Anne-Lise Dhomps, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, and Gilles Larnicol. "On the Use of Satellite Altimeter Data in Argo Quality Control." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecho648.1.

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Abstract Satellite altimeter measurements are used to check the quality of the Argo profiling floats time series. The method compares collocated sea level anomalies from altimeter measurements and dynamic height anomalies calculated from Argo temperature and salinity profiles for each Argo float time series. Different kinds of anomalies (sensor drift, bias, spikes, etc.) have been identified on some real-time but also delayed-mode Argo floats. About 4% of the floats should probably not be used until they are carefully checked and reprocessed by the principal investigators (PIs). The method appears to be very complementary to the existing quality control checks performed in real time or delayed mode. It could also be used to quantify the impact of the adjustments made in delayed mode on the pressure, temperature, and salinity fields.

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Apriyanto, Heki. "Rancang Bangun Pintu Air Otomatis Menggunakan Water Level Float Switch Berbasis Mikrokontroler." Jurnal Sisfokom (Sistem Informasi dan Komputer) 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2015): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32736/sisfokom.v4i1.132.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun sistem pintu air otomatis membuka ataupun menutup pintu berdasarkan ketinggian air pada bendungan yang sebelumnya masih bersifat konvensional atau masih menggunakan tenaga manusia. Pintu air yang bersifat konvensional dinilai kurang efektif, mengingat curah hujan yang cukup tinggi disertai sulitnya memperkirakan ketinggian air yang selalu berubah-ubah, selain faktor tersebut ketinggian air pada suatu bendungan dipengaruhi juga oleh banjir kiriman didaerah lain. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dengan menggunakan pengumpulan data dan pengembangan perangkat yang terdiri dari perencanaan, analisis, perancangan dan implementasi, dimana dalam analisis menggunakan analisis SWOT untuk menilai layak atau tidaknya rancangan ini diterapkan. Hasil yang diharapkan adalah terwujudnya pintu air otomatis untuk meringankan manusia dalam menjalankan tugas serta membuat sistem yang berjalan dengan lebih efisien. Rancang bangun pintu air otomatis ini menggunakan mikrokontroler arduino uno dan nano sebagai alat pemroses, serta dilengkapi dengan sensor ultrasonik, water level float switch sensor, LCD display, motor servo. Water level float switch sensor yang berfungsi untuk memutar motor servo untuk mengangkat atau menurunkan pintu air sesuai batas ketinggian air. Hasil yang diharapkan adalah terciptanya sistem pintu air otomatis pada suatu bendungan dan dapat mengurangi kelalaian manusia dalam bertugas mengingat sulitnya memperkirakan ketinggian air yang selalu berubah-ubah dalam waktu tertentu.

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Tombeng, Marchel Thimoty, Clarissa Angelica Tedjo, and Natasya Andani Lembat. "Implementasi Sistem Pengontrolan Tower Air Universitas Klabat Menggunakan Mikrokontroler." CogITo Smart Journal 4, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31154/cogito.v4i1.102.60-71.

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Implementasi system pengontralan tower air di Universitas Klabat dilakukan untuk mengontrol pengisian air dalam bak penampungan. Implementasi penelitian ini dibuat untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan air yang sering terjadi di Universitas Klabat yaitu terbuangnya air secara percuma atau habisnya persediaan air dalam bak penampungan sehingga warga kampus tidak mendapatkan pasokan air. Permasalahan tersebut muncul karena pengontrolan yang masih dilakukan secara manual. Sistem ini dapat menggantikan peranan petugas dalam pengontrolan pengisian bak penampungan sehingga permasalahan air yang sering terjadi terhindar. Metode yang digunakan didalam penelitian ini adalah metode Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak (RPL) serta menggunakan proses model Prototyping. Perancangan sistem ini diimplementasikan menggunakan beberapa alat yaitu Mikrokontroler, menggunakan water level float sensor switch untuk mendeteksi ketersediaan air dalam bak, dan juga menggunakan Sim900 sehingga memungkinkan sistem mengirimkan SMS pemberitahuan kepada petugas. Hasil akhir dari penilitian ini adalah implementasi Sistem Pengontrolan Tower Air Universitas Klabat menggunakan mikrokontroler.Keywords : Pengontrolan, Mikrokontroler, SMS Gateway, Icomsat SIM900, Water Level Float Sensor Switch, Universitas Klabat.

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Wang, Zheng, Qiang Gao, Yingting Wang, Jianlong Wang, Yuqi Wang, Tinghai Cheng, and Zhong Lin Wang. "Triboelectric Flow Sensor with Float–Cone Structure for Industrial Pneumatic System Monitoring." Advanced Materials Technologies 4, no. 12 (November 11, 2019): 1900704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900704.

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Mezikov, A. K., V. K. Mezikov, B. G. Khusainov, and A. I. Nikiforov. "Determining the shape of a sensor for a float-type level gauge." Measurement Techniques 36, no. 1 (January 1993): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00986178.

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Adam, W., T. Bergauer, D. Blöch, M. Dragicevic, R. Frühwirth, V. Hinger, H. Steininger, et al. "Selection of the silicon sensor thickness for the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): P11028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/p11028.

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Abstract During the operation of the CMS experiment at the High-Luminosity LHC the silicon sensors of the Phase-2 Outer Tracker will be exposed to radiation levels that could potentially deteriorate their performance. Previous studies had determined that planar float zone silicon with n-doped strips on a p-doped substrate was preferred over p-doped strips on an n-doped substrate. The last step in evaluating the optimal design for the mass production of about 200 m2 of silicon sensors was to compare sensors of baseline thickness (about 300 μm) to thinned sensors (about 240 μm), which promised several benefits at high radiation levels because of the higher electric fields at the same bias voltage. This study provides a direct comparison of these two thicknesses in terms of sensor characteristics as well as charge collection and hit efficiency for fluences up to 1.5 × 1015 neq/cm2. The measurement results demonstrate that sensors with about 300 μm thickness will ensure excellent tracking performance even at the highest considered fluence levels expected for the Phase-2 Outer Tracker.

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Le Reste, Serge, Vincent Dutreuil, Xavier André, Virginie Thierry, Corentin Renaut, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, and Guillaume Maze. "“Deep-Arvor”: A New Profiling Float to Extend the Argo Observations Down to 4000-m Depth." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 5 (May 2016): 1039–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0214.1.

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AbstractThe international Argo program, consisting of a global array of more than 3000 free-drifting profiling floats, has now been monitoring the upper 2000 m of the ocean for several years. One of its main proposed evolutions is to be able to reach the deeper ocean in order to better observe and understand the key role of the deep ocean in the climate system. For this purpose, Ifremer has designed the new “Deep-Arvor” profiling float: it extends the current operational depth down to 4000 m, and measures temperature and salinity for up to 150 cycles with CTD pumping continuously and 200 cycles in spot sampling mode. High-resolution profiles (up to 2000 points) can be transmitted and data are delivered in near–real time according to Argo requirements. Deep-Arvor can be deployed everywhere at sea without any preballasting operation and its light weight (~26 kg) makes its launching easy. Its design was done to target a cost-effective solution. Predefined spots have been allocated to add an optional oxygen sensor and a connector for an extra sensor. Extensive laboratory tests were successful. The results of the first at-sea experiments showed that the expected performances of the operational prototypes had been reached (i.e., to perform up to 150 cycles). Meanwhile, the industrialization phase was completed in order to manufacture the Deep-Arvor float for the pilot experiment in 2015. This paper details all the steps of the development work and presents the results from the at-sea experiments.

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XU Junfei, 许俊飞, 肖锋 XIAO Feng, 赵振刚 ZHAO Zhengang, 代云洪 DAI Yunhong, 胡明耀 HU Mingyao, and 李川 LI Chuan. "Float-type fiber Bragg grating sensor for measuring the density of molten metal." Optical Technique 40, no. 3 (2014): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gxjs20144003.0214.

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MIZUHARA, Fugen, and Takahiro DOI. "Design of Inexpensive Joint Torque Sensor for Legged Robots using Float Differential Mechanism." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 1P1—D11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.1p1-d11.

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Lakshmi, A. Vijaya. "IOT Early Flood Detection & Alerting System using Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 10, 2021): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34835.

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The technical and scientific advancements in the current industrial age have revolutionized our lives and provided us with plenty of comforts and conveniences. However, this industrial progress has come at a hefty cost of global warming and environmental disasters. The increasing carbon footprints and greenhouse gas emissions have severely disturbed the natural cycle of rains and floods. Hence, now we are facing the dangers of unwarned floods more than ever before. Flooding is typically brought on by an increased quantity of water during a water system, sort of a lake, river overflowing. On occasion a dam fractures, abruptly releasing a huge quantity of water. The outcome is that a number of the water travels into soil, and ‘flooding’ the region. In order to detect and reduce damages caused by floods in a timely manner, technology plays a crucial role. With the help of technology, we can reduce natural disasters caused by floods. In this system we make use of a Arduino Uno interfaced with 4 different sensors, named as Ultrasonic sensor for measuring water levels, float sensor detect full water, Flow sensor for knowing speed of water and humidity sensor. These combinations of sensor are used to predict flood and alert respective authorities with help of IOT and sound instant alarm in nearby villages to instantly transmit information about possible floods. These sensors provide information over the IOT using Wi-Fi module. On detection of conditions of flooding the system predicts the quantity of your time it migh take to arrive a specific area and alerts the villages/areas that would be affected by it.

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McNeil, Craig, Eric D’Asaro, Bruce Johnson, and Matthew Horn. "A Gas Tension Device with Response Times of Minutes." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1974.1.

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Abstract The development and testing of a new, fast response, profiling gas tension device (GTD) that measures total dissolved air pressure is presented. The new GTD equilibrates a sample volume of air using a newly developed (patent pending) tubular silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane interface. The membrane interface is long, flexible, tubular, and is contained within a seawater-flushed hose. The membrane interface communicates pressure to a precise pressure gauge using low dead-volume stainless steel tubing. The pressure sensor and associated electronics are located remotely from the membrane interface. The new GTD has an operating depth in seawater of 0–300 m. The sensor was integrated onto an upper-ocean mixed layer, neutrally buoyant float, and used in air–sea gas exchange studies. Results of laboratory and pressure tank tests are presented to show response characteristics of the device. A significant hydrostatic response of the instrument was observed over the depth range of 0–9 m, and explained in terms of expulsion (or absorption) of dissolved air from the membrane after it is compressed (or decompressed). This undesirable feature of the device is unavoidable since a large exposed surface area of membrane is required to provide a rapid response. The minimum isothermal response time varies from (2 ± 1) min near the sea surface to (8 ± 2) min at 60-m depth. Results of field tests, performed in Puget Sound, Washington, during the summer of 2004, are reported, and include preliminary comparisons with mass-spectrometric analysis of in situ water samples analyzed for dissolved N2 and Ar. These tests served as preparations for deployment of two floats by aircraft into the advancing path of Hurricane Frances during September 2004 in the northwest Atlantic. The sensors performed remarkably well in the field. A model of the dynamical response of the GTD to changing hydrostatic pressure that accounts for membrane compressibility effects is presented. The model is used to correct the transient response of the GTD to enable a more precise measurement of gas tension when the float was profiling in the upper-ocean mixed layer beneath the hurricane.

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Johnson, Kenneth S., Luke J. Coletti, Hans W. Jannasch, Carole M. Sakamoto, Dana D. Swift, and Stephen C. Riser. "Long-Term Nitrate Measurements in the Ocean Using the in situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer: Sensor Integration into the APEX Profiling Float." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00221.1.

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Abstract Reagent-free optical nitrate sensors [in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer (ISUS)] can be used to detect nitrate throughout most of the ocean. Although the sensor is a relatively high-power device when operated continuously (7.5 W typical), the instrument can be operated in a low-power mode, where individual nitrate measurements require only a few seconds of instrument time and the system consumes only 45 J of energy per nitrate measurement. Operation in this mode has enabled the integration of ISUS sensors with Teledyne Webb Research's Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) profiling floats with a capability to operate to 2000 m. The energy consumed with each nitrate measurement is low enough to allow 60 nitrate observations on each vertical profile to 1000 m. Vertical resolution varies from 5 m near the surface to 50 m near 1000 m, and every 100 m below that. Primary lithium batteries allow more than 300 vertical profiles from a depth of 1000 m to be made, which corresponds to an endurance near four years at a 5-day cycle time. This study details the experience in integrating ISUS sensors into Teledyne Webb Research's APEX profiling floats and the results that have been obtained throughout the ocean for periods up to three years.

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Presnyakov, K., G. Kerimkulova, and G. Askalieva. "Values estimation of deflection angle of a floating sensor for various objects (to the resistance to measuring the water surface rate)." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/39/25.

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A device is proposed for measuring the surface velocity of water, the use of which is based on the use of a new informative parameter — the deflection angle of the movable float sensor (together with the guide slide) from the vertical in the direction of the dynamic axis of the flow, allowing you to simply and reliably measure the surface velocity of water.

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Parseliunas, E., P. Viskontas, M. Grigas, R. Obuchovski, and L. Marozas. "Measurement Techniques of a European Sea Level Service Site in KLAIPEDA." Solid State Phenomena 113 (June 2006): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.113.483.

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The technical equipment including hardware and software of European Sea Level Service (ESEAS) station KLAIPEDA (KLPD) is presented in the paper. The tide gauge Klaipeda (previous name – Memel) was established in 1811 in the east part of the Baltic Sea, at the estuaries of Curonian Lagoon. KLAIPEDA ID number at the Permanent Service of Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) is 080161. Upgrading of the station is done according to the ESEAS-RI project (Contract No EVR1-CT-2002-40025). KLPD site was equipped with a digital float tide gauge, sea-water conductivity sensor, air temperature, pressure and humidity sensors, wind speed and direction sensor and GPS receiver with antenna. The four characters ID KLPD and IERS DOMES number 10802M001 was assigned to the permanent GPS station KLAIPEDA. Tide gauge KLAIPEDA was certified as ESEAS Operational Site in 2003. It provides near real time (hourly) data to corresponding data servers. The data warehouse system is built on Gentoo Linux, with Apache2, MySQL 4.0.22 and PHP 4.3.9. The communication structure and software applications are also presented in the paper.

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Togawa, Keiji, and Shigeo Hirose. "Design of Active Cord Mechanism ACM-R2 to Realize 3-D Motions." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 2 (April 20, 2001): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0176.

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This paper describes the development of ACM-R2, which is new version of Active Cord Mechanism with 3D mobility. This ACM-R2 is installed with a driving mechanism called ""M-drive"" This mechanism enables ACM-R2 to acquire a high output/mass ratio and torque limiting joints, which works as normal joint and deforms under the excessive torque. It is also installed with a new type of torque sensor ""float differential torque sensor"" on each joint. Additionally ACM-R2 has control computer in the joint units. These specific driving mechanisms enable ACM-R2 to demonstrate new propulsion methods and motions combining the ability of a manipulator and a locomotor.

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Kaszubkiewicz, Jarosław, Witold Wilczewski, Tibor József Novák, Przemysław Woźniczka, Krzysztof Faliński, Jerzy Belowski, and Dorota Kawałko. "Determination of soil grain size composition by measuring apparent weight of float submerged in suspension." International Agrophysics 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0027.

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AbstractTexture is one of the most significant physical properties of soils. Over the years, several methods of its measuring were developed. The paper presents a method for determining the particle size composition of soils, based on the separation of particles in the sedimentation process. Density of suspension is determined on the basis of apparent weight changes of a float submerged in it. The weight of the float suspended on a thin line, at a given depth in the suspension, is measured with a sensitive piezoelectric dynamometer. The Stokes equation is used to calculate the content of soil fractions with equivalent diameters in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 mm. Digital transmission of results from the dynamometer, the temperature sensor and measurements of the distance defining the depth of immersion of the float to the computer enable calculations of particle size composition to be performed automatically. This paper presents the results of measurements of the particle size composition of artificially generated mixtures of ‘silt’ and ‘clay’. The results are compared with results obtained with other methods (including the laser method). A high level of repeatability of the results and satisfactory compatibility in relation to the reference pipette method are noted.

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Miranto, Afit, Syamsyarief Baqaruzi, Amrina Mustaqim, and Fikar Tsaqib Adnan. "Perancangan Sistem Akuaponik Menggunakan SCADA." Jurnal Teknologi Elektro 12, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jte.2021.v12i2.001.

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Abstrak — Sistem akuaponik merupakan habitat buatan penggabungan yang saling mengguntungkan, penggabungan ini terbagi dua media yaitu sistem akuakultur dan sistem hidroponik. Dalam pengembangan konservasi khususnya tambahan teknologi yang membuatnya lebih cerdas, dengan menggunakan mikrokontroler yang di monitoring menggunakan Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) WinTr. Dimana dalam sistem akuaponik ini dapat mengendalikan dan memonitor media sekitar secara real time. Media yang dipakai dalam penelitian ialah budidaya ikan nila, sedangkan budidaya tanaman dengan memanfaatkan air sebagai media tanamnya dengan jenis sayuran kangkung. Selanjutnya Sensor yang berfungsi sebagai monitoring diantaranya sensor level air, level float switch, suhu air DS18B20, suhu udara, kelembapan dan komponen pendukung adalah RTC. Hasil perancangan membuat interface SCADA menampilkan berupa menu utama, ruangan kolam, ruangan filter, trending. Trending adalah berupa grafik data secara real time yang didapatkan dari sensor-sensor diterima oleh mikrokontroler. Hasil perancangan didapatkan untuk pH dalam budidaya akuaponik berkisar 7.29–7.35 sedangkan ikan nila didapatkan tumbuh pada suhu 26-31 °C,

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Cierpisz, Stanisław, Marek Kryca, Waldemar Sobierajski, and Marian Gola. "Radiometric Methods of Monitoring of a Coal Separation Process in a Pulsating Jig." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0020.

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Abstract A new monitoring system based on the monitoring of natural radiation emitted by the material in the separation zone of a jig compartment has been developed and tested in parallel with a radiometric density meter and a conventional float. The authors investigated the correlation between the separation density monitored by the meter and the intensity of the natural radiation. The measuring head of the radiometric density meter consists of a 137Cs radiation source and a detector in the form of a scintillation counter. The signal from the detector is measured over a period of 0.15 s at the end of each cycle of pulsations (1.2 s) when the material is compressed. The control systems were installed in the second compartment of the OM20-type jig. The aim of control was to stabilise the separation density at desired values. The separation process was monitored by a radiometric density meter (RDM) to indicate changes in the separation density over a given period of time. The RDM was installed close to the upper edge of the product overflow wall to measure the density of the material separation layer reporting in half to the product and in half to the refuse. A conventional float, indicating the position of the heavy fraction in the bed, was used as a basic sensor in the control system. After first experiments the RDM replaced the float as a main sensor in the closed loop control. In the third experiment a new monitor, based on the measurement of the natural radiation emitted by the material (NRM) accumulating below the product overflow wall was used. A good correlation between the NRM indications and the RDM measurements indicates that the radiometric density meter RDM can be replaced effectively by the NRM, especially in control systems where separation density is stabilised at desired values.

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Sukigara, C., T. Suga, T. Saino, K. Toyama, D. Yanagimoto, K. Hanawa, and N. Shikama. "Subsurface primary production in the western subtropical North Pacific as evidence of large diapycnal diffusivity associated with the Subtropical Mode Water." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (August 11, 2009): 1717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-1717-2009.

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Abstract. A profiling float equipped with a fluorometer, a dissolved oxygen sensor, and temperature and salinity sensors was deployed in the Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) formation region. It acquired quasi-Lagrangian, 5-day-interval time-series records from March to July 2006. The time-series distribution of chlorophyll a showed a sustained and sizable deep chlorophyll maximum at 50–80 m, just above the upper boundary of the STMW, throughout early summer (May–July). Vertically integrated chlorophyll values during this period consistently ranged from 15–30 mg m−2, indicating sustained primary production and a continuous supply of nutrients ranging from 10–30 mgN m−2 day−1. The time-series data showed no appreciable sporadic events of nutrient supply. Instead, our results support the recently measured large vertical diffusivity values (~5×10−4 m2 s

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Astapov, V. N., and I. N. Kozlova. "Hydrostatic Fiber Optic Liquid Level Sensor with position sensitive detector." Metrologiya, no. 4 (2020): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0132-4713.2020-4-38-51.

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This article presents the rationale and methodology for developing an intrinsically safe device, namely, a hydrostatic fiber optic sensor with a position-sensitive detector for monitoring the level of oil products in large-capacity tanks at oil depots and during pumping in a raw material warehouses. This device suitable for continuous monitoring of the liquid level, based on the measurement of a hydrostatic column of liquid with automatic offset of changes in the density of the liquid. Offset is carried out by means of a displacer (a fully submerged float), inside which a housing with a position-sensitive detector (PSD) is integrated. Theoretical validation of the bellows suspension usage for a displacer is given. During filling a container with a liquid whose level is measured, liquid bellows, the movement of which is recorded by an optical triangulation sensor using the reflected infrared ray incident on the bottom of the bellows. The principle of the triangulation sensor operation is based on the geometric properties of the triangles. The pulses of infrared radiation come through a fiber optic cable. In order to measure the movement of the surface (the bottom of the bellows) by measuring the movement of the reflected beam, a position-sensitive detector is used, which is located in a remote controller. In this device for the intrinsic safety problem solution, optical inputs of a fiber optic flat cable are located in the active zone of the sensor, which is connected to the optical inputs of a position-sensitive detector, operated on the principles of photoelectric effect. The light spot moving along the sensitive zone and converted by the detector into a one-dimensional signal proportional to the distance to the object. hydrostatically applies pressure over the entire effective area of the measuring

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Purba, Noir Primadona, Syawaludin A. Harahap, Donny J. Prihadi, Ibnu Faizal, Putri G. Mulyani, Candra A. Fitriadi, Isnan F. Pangestu, Prio D. Atmoko, Adam Alfath, and Joshua T. Sitio. "PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN LAGRANGIAN GPS DRIFTER COMBINED (GERNED) UNTUK OBSERVASI LAUT." Jurnal Kelautan Nasional 12, no. 3 (December 12, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkn.v12i3.6323.

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Instrumen Lagrangian telah banyak digunakan untuk pengumpulan data arus laut dan observasi di perairan Indonesia membutuhkan data yang langsung dapat diketahui (real time). Kajian ini menekankan pada pengembangan GPS Drifter Combined (GERNED) dari sisi desain dan sistem pengukuran. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa GERNED dapat digunakan di danau, perairan dangkal, dan laut terbuka. Konstruksi terdiri dari bahan akrilik, Polyethylene, dan aluminium. Desain konstruksi terdiri dari bagian atas sebagai penutup dan juga tempat sensor udara dan lampu indikator, bagian tengah yang merupakan pusat mikro-kontroller, catu daya, sensor-sensor, penyimpanan data manual dan pengiriman data via satelit. Biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat alat ini sekitar 15.000.000 (lima belas juta rupiah) dengan biaya terbesar adalah kontrol pengiriman data. Pada bagian bawah merupakan baling-baling statik. Pengujian yang dilakukan di laboratorium untuk melihat posisi lokasi sudah menunjukkan data yang sama dengan data lapangan sedangkan untuk pengujian lapangan yang dilakukan di pulau Untung Jawa menunjukkan bahwa arah dan pergerakan GERNED sama dengan pergerakan float tracking umumnya.

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Wang, Wei, and Zhao-Ba Wang. "A technological research of high temperature float glass thickness un-touch detection based on CCD sensor." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 15, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-150538.

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Wang, Wei. "Research on Detecting Thickness of High Temperature Float Glass by Laser Trigonometry Measurement of CCD Sensor." Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics 8, no. 1 (June 2015): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3993/jfbi03201517.

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Chen, Kuo, Ke Chen, and Lei Wang. "Research on Internet of Things Technology for Intelligent Three-Dimensional Online Monitoring System of Marine Ranch." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/3/032004.

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Abstract The online monitoring network of marine ranching ecological environment is one of the important development directions of marine ranching construction. Traditional marine monitoring systems are large in size, high in power consumption, and expensive. The investment in pasture construction cannot achieve a large amount of investment to form a monitoring network. There is an urgent need for a low-cost marine monitoring method that can afford a large area and high spatial density. This problem cannot be realized in traditional technology. Based on MEMS technology, this paper develops low-cost monitoring small floats that can be deployed in a large number of “swarm bees”, with high spatial and temporal resolution, and take into account environmental and biological population characteristics monitoring. Each small float is connected to a multi-node sensor chain and video monitoring node. The low-cost surface and underwater wireless transmission and wireless communication means are used for networking observation, which proposes a brand-new solution for the construction of the intelligent three-dimensional monitoring of the marine pasture environment.

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PITKÄNEN, TATU. "Temperature profile measurement applications of moving webs and roll structures with intelligent roll embedded sensor technology." November 2021 20, no. 11 (December 1, 2021): 695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj20.11.695.

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An intelligent roll for sheet and roll cover temperature profiles is a mechatronic system consisting of a roll in a web handling machine that is also used as a transducer for sensing cross-machine direction (CD) profiles. The embedded temperature sensor strips are mounted under or inside the roll cover, covering the full width of the roll’s cross-dimensional length. The sensor system offers new opportunities for online temperature measurement through exceptional sensitivity and resolution, without adding external measurement devices. The measurement is contacting, making it free from various disturbances affecting non-contacting temperature measurements, and it can show the roll cover’s internal temperatures. This helps create applications that have been impossible with traditional technology, with opportunities for process control and condition monitoring. An application used for process analysis services without adding a roll cover is made with “iRoll Portable Temperature” by mounting the sensor on the shell in a helical arrangement with special taping. The iRoll Temperature sensors are used for various purposes, depending on the application. The two main targets are the online temperature profile measurement of the moving web and the monitoring of the roll covers’ internal temperatures. The online sheet temperature profile has its main utilization in optimizing moisture profiles and drying processes. This enables the removal of speed and runnability bottlenecks by detecting inadequate drying capacity across the sheet CD width, the monitoring condition of the drying equipment, the optimization of drying energy consumption, the prevention of unnecessary over-drying, the optimization of the float drying of coating colors, and the detection of reasons for moisture profile errors. This paper describes this novel technology and its use cases in the paper, board, and tissue industry, but the application can be extended to pulp drying and industries outside pulp and paper, such as the converting and manufacture of plastic films.

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Martínez-Gramage, Javier, Juan Pardo Albiach, Iván Nacher Moltó, Juan José Amer-Cuenca, Vanessa Huesa Moreno, and Eva Segura-Ortí. "A Random Forest Machine Learning Framework to Reduce Running Injuries in Young Triathletes." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 6388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216388.

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Background: The running segment of a triathlon produces 70% of the lower limb injuries. Previous research has shown a clear association between kinematic patterns and specific injuries during running. Methods: After completing a seven-month gait retraining program, a questionnaire was used to assess 19 triathletes for the incidence of injuries. They were also biomechanically analyzed at the beginning and end of the program while running at a speed of 90% of their maximum aerobic speed (MAS) using surface sensor dynamic electromyography and kinematic analysis. We used classification tree (random forest) techniques from the field of artificial intelligence to identify linear and non-linear relationships between different biomechanical patterns and injuries to identify which styles best prevent injuries. Results: Fewer injuries occurred after completing the program, with athletes showing less pelvic fall and greater activation in gluteus medius during the first phase of the float phase, with increased trunk extension, knee flexion, and decreased ankle dorsiflexion during the initial contact with the ground. Conclusions: The triathletes who had suffered the most injuries ran with increased pelvic drop and less activation in gluteus medius during the first phase of the float phase. Contralateral pelvic drop seems to be an important variable in the incidence of injuries in young triathletes.

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Menna, Milena, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Doglioli, Giulio Notarstefano, Riccardo Gerin, Marie-Helene Rio, Rosalia Santoleri, Adam Gauci, and Aldo Drago. "New Insights of the Sicily Channel and Southern Tyrrhenian Sea Variability." Water 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071355.

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The dynamics of the Sicily Channel and the southern Tyrrhenian Sea are highly influenced by the seasonal variability of the Mediterranean basin-wide circulation, by the interannual variability of the numerous mesoscale structures present in the Channel, and by the decadal variability of the adjacent Ionian Sea. In the present study, all these aspects are investigated using in-situ (Lagrangian drifter trajectories and Argo float profiles) and satellite data (Absolute Dynamic Topography, Sea Level Anomaly, Sea Surface Temperature, wind products) over the period from 1993 to 2018. The availability of long time series of data and high-resolution multi-sensor surface currents allow us to add new details on the circulation features and on their driving mechanisms and to detect new permanent eddies not yet described in literature. The structures prevailing in winter are mainly driven by wind, whereas those prevailing in summer are regulated by topographical forcing on surface currents. The strength of the surface structures located at the western entrance of the Ionian Sea and of the mesoscale activity along the northern Sicily coast is modulated by the large-scale internal variability. The vertical hydrological characteristics of these mesoscale eddies are delineated using the Argo float profiles inside these structures.

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Zhang, Hongwei, Barry Lennox, Hongwei Zhang, Peter R. Goulding, and Andrew Y. T. Leung. "A float-encoded genetic algorithm technique for integrated optimization of piezoelectric actuator and sensor placement and feedback gains." Smart Materials and Structures 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/9/4/319.

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Tian, Huanhuan, Yixiao Liu, Jiqin Zhou, Ying Wang, Jing Wang, and Weigong Zhang. "Attitude Angle Compensation for a Synchronous Acquisition Method Based on an MEMS Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030483.

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As a new type of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensor, the Quartz Vibrating Beam Accelerometer (QVBA) is widely used in intelligent sweeping robots, small aircraft, navigation systems, etc. For these applications, correcting and compensating the attitude angle with the result of acceleration plays an important role to improve the measurement accuracy. The synchronization error between the measurement of the accelerometer and gyroscope attitude angle has an adverse impact on the accuracy of the attitude angle. In this paper, a synchronous acquisition scheme of the accelerometer and gyroscope attitude angle in a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) is proposed. At the same time, to improve the sampling accuracy and the conversion speed of QVBA, an improved equal-precision frequency measuring method is also implemented in this paper. The hardware float point unit (FPU) is used to accelerate the calculation of the frequency measurement value. The long-term cumulative error of the frequency measurement value is less than 10 − 4 . The calculation process time from sampling to attitude angle compensation calculation is reduced by 40.8%. This work has played a very good role in improving the measurement accuracy and speed of the SINS.

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Bondarenko, J. V., and E. Yu Zybin. "Sensitivity analysis of the nonparametric criterion of aircraft flght control system sensors failures detection and isolation." Civil Aviation High Technologies 24, no. 5 (November 1, 2021): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2021-24-5-32-48.

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Failures of the aircraft control system sensors can cause both deterioration of stability and controllability characteristics and the inability of safe automatic control. It is necessary to detect and isolate such failures to determine the time and place of their occurrence in order to disable failed sensors or to diagnose them subsequently for reconfiguration during the flight. The direct use of traditional parametric approaches for sensors health monitoring by using their mathematical models is impossible due to the lack of data about the true information input signals received by their sensitive elements. This leads to the necessity of solving the problem of modeling the aircraft flight dynamics with a high level of uncertainties, which makes it difficult to utilize the functional control methods and necessitate the use of excessive sensor hardware redundancy. Well-known nonparametric methods either require a priori knowledge base, preliminary training or long-term tuning on a large volume of real flight data or have low selective sensitivity for reliable detection of failed sensors. In this work, the original nonparametric criterion for detecting and isolating sensors failures is derived. Its sensitivity is analyzed by using a complete nonlinear mathematical model of aircraft flight dynamics with a regular flight control system. The theoretical value and the criterion sensitivity coefficients are determined. The formula for the automatic evaluation of the float criterion threshold value is given. A high convergence of the results with theoretical ones is shown. This makes it possible to use the obtained criterion not only for the instant detection and isolation of sensors failures, but also for preliminary diagnostics of their quantitative characteristics.

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Deputatova, E. A., D. M. Kalikhman, A. V. Polushkin, and Yu V. Sadomtsev. "Digital stabilization of motion of precision controlled base platforms with inertial sensitive elements. I. Application of float angular velocity sensor." Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International 50, no. 1 (February 2011): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064230710061024.

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Räsänen, Jari, and Kai-Erik Peiponen. "On-line measurement of the thickness and optical quality of float glass with a sensor based on a diffractive element." Applied Optics 40, no. 28 (October 1, 2001): 5034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.40.005034.

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Veras Guimarães, Pedro, Fabrice Ardhuin, Peter Sutherland, Mickael Accensi, Michel Hamon, Yves Pérignon, Jim Thomson, Alvise Benetazzo, and Pierre Ferrant. "A surface kinematics buoy (SKIB) for wave–current interaction studies." Ocean Science 14, no. 6 (November 26, 2018): 1449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1449-2018.

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Abstract:

Abstract. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) and modern motion-sensor packages allow the measurement of ocean surface waves with low-cost drifters. Drifting along or across current gradients provides unique measurements of wave–current interactions. In this study, we investigate the response of several combinations of GNSS receiver, motion-sensor package and hull design in order to define a prototype “surface kinematics buoy” (SKIB) that is particularly optimized for measuring wave–current interactions, including relatively short wave components that are important for air–sea interactions and remote-sensing applications. The comparison with existing Datawell Directional Waverider and Surface Wave Instrument Float with Tracking (SWIFT) buoys, as well as stereo-video imagery, demonstrates the performance of SKIB. The use of low-cost accelerometers and a spherical ribbed and skirted hull design provides acceptable heave spectra E(f) from 0.09 to 1 Hz with an acceleration noise level (2πf)4E(f) close to 0.023 m2 s−3. Velocity estimates from GNSS receivers yield a mean direction and directional spread. Using a low-power acquisition board allows autonomous deployments over several months with data transmitted by satellite. The capability to measure current-induced wave variations is illustrated with data acquired in a macro-tidal coastal environment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Float sensor'

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