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Journal articles on the topic 'Floc properties'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Mehta, Ashish J., William H. McAnally, Farzin Samsami, and Andrew J. Manning. "REVISITING THE ROLE OF AGGREGATION IN THE SETTLING OF COHESIVE FLOCS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.sediment.17.

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The settling velocity is the single-most important property governing the transport of cohesive flocs in the marine environment. In that regard, the instantaneously changing diameter, density and shear strength of flocs are the defining properties which distinguish floc transport from that of cohesionless particles. Thus, consideration of aggregation, which includes the dynamics of floc growth and breakup due to floc-floc collisions as well as flow-induced shearing of flocs, is a critical component of floc transport modeling.

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2

Ding, Yanmei, Jianhai Zhao, Lei Wei, Wenpu Li, and Yongzhi Chi. "Effects of Mixing Conditions on Floc Properties in Magnesium Hydroxide Continuous Coagulation Process." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050973.

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Magnesium hydroxide continuous coagulation process was used for treating simulated reactive orange wastewater in this study. Effects of mixing conditions and retention time on the coagulation performance and floc properties of magnesium hydroxide were based on the floc size distribution (FSD), zeta potential, and floc morphology analysis. Floc formation and growth in different reactors were also discussed. The results showed that increasing rapid mixing speed led to a decrease in the final floc size. The floc formation process was mainly carried out in a rapid mixer; a rapid mixing speed of 30

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3

Nielsen, P. H., T. R. Thomsen, and J. L. Nielsen. "Bacterial composition of activated sludge - importance for floc and sludge properties." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0606.

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Activated sludge flocs consist of numerous constituents which, together with other factors, are responsible for floc structure and floc properties. These properties largely determine the sludge properties such as flocculation, settling and dewaterability. In this paper we briefly review the present knowledge about the role of bacteria in relation to floc and sludge properties, and we present a new approach to investigate the identity and function of the bacteria in the activated sludge flocs. The approach includes identification of the important bacteria and a characterization of their physiol

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4

Yukselen, M. A., and J. Gregory. "Properties of flocs formed using different coagulants." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0156.

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The effects of shear on the formation and break-up of flocs generated using aluminium sulphate (“alum”), polyaluminium chloride and a cationic polyelectrolyte have been investigated using conventional jar test procedure and by continuous optical monitoring. Using the experimentally determined optimum dosage, the breakage of flocs was followed at a high stirring speed, corresponding to average shear rate (G) of about 330-520 s-1. Most of the breakage occurred within a few seconds of increasing the shear rate. After each breakage the stirring rate was reduced to the original value to allow the f

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5

Ehlers, G. A. C., D. Wagachchi, and S. J. Turner. "Nutrient conditions and reactor configuration influence floc size distribution and settling properties." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.849.

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Floc formation and settleability is critical for effective solid–liquid separation in many wastewater treatment processes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between particle size distribution and nutrient conditions in different bioreactor configurations. Size distribution profiles of flocs that formed in continuous (B1), continuous with clarifier and return sludge (B2) and SBR (B3) reactors were investigated in parallel under identical nutrient conditions. An eight-fold dilution of the influent COD of a synthetic dairy processing wastewater resulted in a ‘feast and famine’ regi

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6

Zhao, Jianhai, Anmin Wang, Lei Wei, Wenqi Ge, Yongzhi Chi, and Yanping Lai. "Effect of kaolin on floc properties for reactive orange removal in continuous coagulation process." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 3 (July 24, 2018): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.327.

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Abstract Magnesium hydroxide was used as a coagulant for treating reactive orange wastewater in a real continuous process. Effects of kaolin on coagulation performance and floc properties were investigated with controlled experiments through floc size distribution, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Kaolin had significant influence on magnesium hydroxide-reactive orange floc formation and growth. The results showed that average floc size reached 16.31, 12.88 and 20.50 μm, respectively, in the rapid mixer, flocculation basin and sedimentati

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7

Chen, Bo, Daisuke Tatsumi, and Takayoshi Matsumoto. "Floc Structure and Flow Properties of Pulp Fiber Suspensions." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 30, no. 1 (2002): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.30.19.

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8

Moon, B. H., G. T. Seo, T. S. Lee, S. S. Kim, and C. H. Yoon. "Effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0017.

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Most seafood wastewater has been treated by the activated sludge process. Due to changes in salt concentration, pollutant loadings and raw materials, the process is not operated satisfactorily to meet effluent regulation. Most problems faced at present are solid liquid separation. In this study, effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies were investigated in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR. For analyzing fractal dimension of flocs, the small angle laser light scattering (SALLS) method was applied using a Diffraction Particle Sizer (Malvern

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9

Eriksson, Leif, Inga Steen, and Marta Tendaj. "Evaluation of Sludge Properties at an Activated Sludge Plant." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (March 1, 1992): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0127.

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Composition of pre-settled water, sludge properties in two different lines of an activated sludge plant, and suspended solids (SS) content in outgoing water were followed three times a week during one year. Sludge characteristics were: settling properties, residual turbidity, floc strength, filtration resistance, amount of extracellular polymers, microscope appearance and total length of filamentous organisms. The outgoing SS could be related to residual turbidity and sludge volume. These factors depended on the floc structure and the filament length. These were determined by sludge load or sl

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10

Gregory, J., and V. Dupont. "Properties of flocs produced by water treatment coagulants." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 10 (November 1, 2001): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0628.

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Hydrolyzing coagulants are extensively used in water and wastewater treatment, often under conditions where hydroxide precipitation is important, giving “sweep flocculation”. Pre-hydrolyzed coagulants, such as polyaluminium chloride (PACl) are also widely used and have several advantages over traditional additives, such as aluminium sulfate. Their action is usually discussed in terms of cationic species and charge neutralization. However, precipitation may also be important and this aspect has not been considered in detail. The present work has compared the action of alum and three commercial

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11

Wilén, B. M., B. Jin, and P. Lant. "Relationship between flocculation of activated sludge and composition of extracellular polymeric substances." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0633.

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Activated sludge flocs are a flocculated mass of microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and adsorbed organic and inorganic material. The structure of the flocs is very heterogeneous and flocs with very different properties and morphologies may occur, depending on the conditions in the activated sludge treatment plant and wastewater composition. Present thinking suggests that cations, such as calcium, create cationic bridges with EPS excreted by the bacteria and thereby hold the various floc constituents together. However, due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of activat

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12

Liu, Xinliang, Hailiang Yin, Jian Zhao, Ziqi Guo, Zhen Liu, and Yizhou Sang. "Understanding the coagulation mechanism and floc properties induced by Fe(VI) and FeCl3: population balance modeling." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 10 (April 19, 2021): 2377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.150.

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Abstract Coagulation kinetics and floc properties are of great fundamental and practical importance in the field of water treatment. To investigate the performance of Fe(VI) and Fe(III) salt on particle coagulation, Malvern Mastersizer 2000 was employed to continuously and simultaneously monitor the kaolin floc size and structure change, and population balance modeling was used to investigate the coagulation mechanism. The results show dosage increase had positive effect on collision efficiency and floc strength and negative effect on restructure rate. Low shear rate resulted in higher collisi

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13

de Ridder, D. J., and D. van Halem. "Influence of particle properties on iron flocculation." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 1617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.216.

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Abstract In this study, the importance of charge interactions during flocculation of Fe3+ in the presence of particles and anions/cations at various pH values was investigated. SiO2, (s) and ZnO(s) were dosed as particles to promote charge interactions and/or serve as a nucleus to accelerate floc formation. In the pH range 6–9, SiO2, (s) is negatively charged, while ZnO(s) carries a positive charge. Ca2+ and HPO42− were selected to investigate charge interactions in the water phase. A significant delay in floc growth due to charge repulsion between negatively charged iron species was observed

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14

Kjellerup, B. V., K. Keiding, and P. H. Nielsen. "Monitoring and troubleshooting of non-filamentous settling and dewatering problems in an industrial activated sludge treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0765.

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A large industrial activated sludge wastewater treatment plant had temporary problems with settling and dewatering of the sludge. Microscopical investigations revealed that the poor settling properties were not due to presence of filamentous bacteria, but poor floc properties. In order to characterise the changes in floc properties that led to settling and dewatering problems and to find reasons for this taking place, a comprehensive monitoring program was conducted during more than one year. The monitoring program included various measurements of floc settleability, floc strength and sludge d

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15

Lintern, G., and G. Sills. "Techniques for Automated Measurement of Floc Properties." Journal of Sedimentary Research 76, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2006.085.

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16

Larsen, P., P. S. Eriksen, M. A. Lou, T. R. Thomsen, Y. H. Kong, J. L. Nielsen, and P. H. Nielsen. "Floc-forming properties of polyphosphate accumulating organisms in activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.394.

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The physico-chemical characteristics of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) involved in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was investigated in order to find a novel method for phosphorus recovery. If the physico-chemical characteristics of PAO are different from those of other main floc components, it may be possible to enrich PAO in bulk water or in the floc material for improved recovery of phosphorus. A combination of shear tests, chemical manipulation, and quantification of PAO by fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied. The microcolony strength of both Rhodocyclus

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17

Govoreanu, R., D. Seghers, I. Nopens, B. De Clercq, H. Saveyn, C. Capalozza, P. Van der Meeren, W. Verstraete, E. Top, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Linking floc structure and settling properties to activated sludge population dynamics in an SBR." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0622.

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Over a period of 227 days properties of activated sludge grown in an aequencing batch reactor (SBR) operated under stable conditions were analyzed. Settling properties (sludge volume index (SVI)) of the activated sludge were compared with on-line measurements of floc size and size distribution obtained by using a laser light scattering technique (Malvern Mastersizer/S, Malvern, UK), and with measurements of microbial community dynamics analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns of 16S rRNA genes. In addition, microscopical observations were used to confirm the results.

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18

Wang, Zhenbei, Jun Nan, Meng Yao, Pengfei Ren, and Yueming Yang. "Evaluation of kaolin floc characteristics during coagulation process: a case study with a continuous flow device." RSC Advances 6, no. 54 (2016): 48745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06046c.

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19

Oliveira, Pedro, Marion Alliet, Carole Coufort-Saudejaud, and Christine Frances. "New insights in morphological analysis for managing activated sludge systems." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 10 (April 26, 2018): 2415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.189.

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Abstract In activated sludge (AS) process, the impact of the operational parameters on process efficiency is assumed to be correlated with the sludge properties. This study provides a better insight into these interactions by subjecting a laboratory-scale AS system to a sequence of operating condition modifications enabling typical situations of a wastewater treatment plant to be represented. Process performance was assessed and AS floc morphology (size, circularity, convexity, solidity and aspect ratio) was quantified by measuring 100,000 flocs per sample with an automated image analysis tech

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20

Andreadakis, Andreas D. "Physical and chemical properties of activated sludge floc." Water Research 27, no. 12 (December 1993): 1707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(93)90107-s.

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21

Lin, Qintie, Huanlong Peng, Qinlu Lin, and Guangcai Yin. "Formation, breakage and re-formation of flocs formed by cationic starch." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 6 (September 1, 2013): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.377.

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The efficiency of flocculation can be significantly improved through floc breakage and re-formation under appropriate conditions. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and to relate floc properties to separation efficiency, the effects of mixing conditions on the formation, breakage and re-formation of flocs formed by kaolin and cationic starch were investigated through conventional jar test procedure and continuous optical monitoring. It has been found that the breakage of flocs was fully reversible and the polymer flocculant could resist strong shear; even having been s

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22

Wilén, B. M., M. Onuki, M. Hermansson, D. Lumley, and T. Mino. "Influence of flocculation and settling properties of activated sludge in relation to secondary settler performance." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.382.

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Floc characteristics were studied at a full scale activated sludge treatment plant with a unique process solution incorporating pre-denitrification with post-nitrification in nitrifying trickling filters. Since greater nitrogen removal is achieved when more secondary settled wastewater is recirculated to the trickling filters, the secondary settlers are always operated close to their maximal capacity. The flocculation and settling properties are therefore crucial and have an effect on the overall plant performance. Since the plant is operated at a short sludge age, these properties change quic

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23

Liu, Jian, Junguo He, Yixing Yuan, and Jie Zhang. "Effects of different coagulants on flocculation performance and floc properties in northwest China raw water treatment." Water Supply 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2015): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.012.

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The water of northwest China, characterized by low turbidity, low temperature, and micro-pollution, has posed difficult problems for water treatment plants. This study deployed a pilot-scale grid flocculation system to treat melt water from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in northwest China. A range of traditional coagulants were used on the low temperature, low turbidity, and micro-polluted melt water, to investigate the effect of coagulant types on flocculation performance and floc properties. Flocculation performance varied, depending upon the coagulant used. Turbidity and organic matter were rem

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24

Langer, Stefan J., Rudolf Klute, and Hermann H. Hahn. "Mechanisms of floc formation in sludge conditioning with polymers." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0396.

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In flocculation of dilute suspensions a period of slow mixing is necessary to increase the probability of particle collisions that are necessary for flocculation to occur. When flocculating sludges, the collision frequency is so high that flocs are formed immediately after rapid mixing. However, controlled mixing of the flocculated sludge for some time period does improve dewaterability. The mechanisms that are involved have been studied in detail and the subject of this paper. The results show that after rapid mixing and initial floc formation there might still be polymer in solution, dependi

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25

Jiwani, Ashifa, Nigel J. D. Graham, and Martin C. Day. "Activated sludge process control via particle monitoring." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0135.

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The interrelationships between activated sludge plant operation and floc characteristics were examined in order to determine process control mechanisms for the effective treatment of domestic wastewaters and surplus activated sludge. A quantitative indicator of the physiological floc characteristics was developed and termed the morphological index. This may be evaluated by plant operators using a simple assessment form and matching photographic guide of various floc structures. The morphological index and floc size distribution were found to be useful tools for activated sludge process control

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26

Adachi, Yasuhisa, Azusa Kobayashi, and Motoyoshi Kobayashi. "Structure of Colloidal Flocs in relation to the Dynamic Properties of Unstable Suspension." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/574878.

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Dynamic behaviors of unstable colloidal dispersions are reviewed in terms of floc formation. Geometrical structure of flocs in terms of chemical conditions and formation mechanics is a key to predict macroscopic transportation properties. The rate of sedimentation and rheological properties can be described with the help of fractal dimension (D) that is the function of the number of contacts between clusters (Nc). It is also well known that the application of water soluble polymers and polyelectrolytes, which are usually used as a conditioner or flocculants in colloidal dispersions, critically

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27

Barbusinski, K., and H. Koscielniak. "Activated sludge floc structure during aerobic digestion." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 11 (December 1, 1997): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0400.

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Additional observations of the physical characteristics have been introduced to current monitoring of aerobic digestion of sludges coming from two wastewater treatment plants. New parameters have included determination of floc size and sludge specific surface. The internal floc structure was also examined with the use of microtome technique for slicing flocs into very thin sections. During aeration, considerable changes in floc dispersion occurred. Analysis of floc size distribution enables observation of regroupment of different sludge fractions and successive increase in frequency occurrence

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28

Seo, Dongil, Wan Hee Im, Hye Jung Youn, and Hak Lae Lee. "The effects of process variables for GCC pre-flocculation on floc and handsheet properties." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p382-387.

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Abstract Pre-flocculation is a technique that aggregates filler particles by means of polyelectrolytes. The size of the filler flocs is a critical factor affecting the properties of the paper. Process variables including the concentration of the flocculants, the stirring speed, and the dilution of the suspension change the size of the flocculated fillers. Ground calcium carbonate and cationic polyacrylamide were used to investigate the influence of these variables on flocculation. The median particle size and size distribution were examined and the tensile and optical properties influenced by

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29

Curran, K. J., P. S. Hill, and T. G. Milligan. "Time variation of floc properties in a settling column." Journal of Sea Research 49, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-1101(02)00195-8.

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30

Moudgil, B. M., and T. V. Vasudevan. "Evaluation of floc properties for dewatering fine particle suspensions." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 6, no. 3 (August 1989): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402705.

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31

Bura, R., M. Cheung, B. Liao, J. Finlayson, B. C. Lee, I. G. Droppo, G. G. Leppard, and S. N. Liss. "Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge floc matrix." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1998): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0657.

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The precise role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in relation to the formation and physicochemical properties of microbial floc in wastewater treatment systems is not well known. Studies were undertaken to provide more comprehensive descriptions of EPS and properties of microbial floc. Acidic polysaccharides and DNA were relatively labile components of the EPS when biomass was stored at 4°C or at −20°C, and significant losses of these components were observed within 24 hours. The composition and properties of activated sludge were found to vary between different full-scale treatment

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32

Tsai, CH, and SC Hwang. "Flocculation of sediment from the Tanshui River estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950383.

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Experiments on the flocculation of fine-grained sediments from the Tanshui River estuary, Taiwan, were carried out. The effects of fluid shear, sediment concentration and salinity on floc growth were investigated. The ranges of these parameters were 12.5 to 400 s-1 for the shear, 50 to 600 mg L-1 for the sediments concentration and 0% to 100% sea water for the salinity. The results showed the following. (1) The time required to reach a steady state ranges from 2 to 44 h and median floc sizes range from 100 to 520 μm. (2) The steady-state median floc size decreases with the increase in sediment

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33

Liu, Meile, Jingfang Lu, Lei Wei, Kang Wang, and Jianhai Zhao. "Magnesium hydroxide coagulation performance and floc properties in treating high pH reactive orange wastewater." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 9 (February 21, 2015): 1310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.083.

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Application of magnesium hydroxide as a coagulant for treating high pH reactive orange wastewater was studied. The coagulation performance and magnesium hydroxide-reactive orange floc properties were investigated under different dosages, feeding modes and pH values. Flocculation index (FI) was then discussed with controlled experiments using an intelligent particle dispersion analyzer and optimum coagulant dose of 150 mg/L (magnesium ion) was obtained for pH value 12. The results showed that the optimum magnesium ion dose tended to decrease with the increase of initial pH value. One time addit

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Liu, J. R., and S. N. Liss. "The impact of reduced phosphorus levels on microbial floc properties during biological treatment of pulp and paper wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.214.

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The effect of limiting P in activated sludge was investigated in laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed effluent from a container board mill. Floc characterization included measurement of hydrophobicity, surface charge, and analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Reactor performance was assessed by monitoring COD and inorganic P removal, MLSS, and sludge settleability (SVI and batch settling flux) over a period of eight months. Control reactors (BOD:N:P of 100:5:1) were compared to reactors run under P-limited conditions (100:5:0.3; 100:5:0.1). Reactor performance

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Jenkins, David. "Towards a Comprehensive Model of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (March 1, 1992): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0124.

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The physiological properties of filamentous and floc-forming microorganisms found in activated sludge are reviewed. From this review four model microorganisms - two floc formers and two filamentous organisms - are proposed for use in an activated sludge model that predicts activated sludge “quality”.

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36

Shi, Mingming, Yunjie Ruan, Binxin Wu, Zhangying Ye, and Songming Zhu. "Performance evaluation of Hydrodynamic Vortex Separator at different hydraulic retention times applied in Recirculating Biofloc Technology system." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 5 (2017): 1737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12415.

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Abstract. Recirculating biofloc technology (RBFT) has been gradually acknowledged for its positive effect on the control of biofloc concentration using a hydrodynamic vortex separator (HDVS). To operate an RBFT system at maximum performance, the removal efficiency of an HDVS at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) must be fully predictable. Hence, a numerical study of the fluid flow and particle dynamics was performed to characterize the performance of an HDVS at varying HRTs. First, flow simulation was conducted to determine an economical mesh size at an HRT of 248 s. Then, with respect

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Jenné, R., E. N. Banadda, I. Y. Smets, and J. F. Van Impe. "Monitoring activated sludge settling properties using image analysis." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 7 (October 1, 2004): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0471.

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The goal of this study is to develop a monitoring system for activated sludge properties, as this is an essential tool in the battle against filamentous bulking. A fully automatic image analysis procedure for recognising and characterising flocs and filaments in activated sludge images has been optimised and subsequently used to monitor activated sludge properties in a lab-scale installation. The results of two experiments indicate that the image information correlates well with the Sludge Volume Index. It is shown that, at the onset of filamentous bulking, there is an increase in total filame

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Droppo, I. G., G. G. Leppard, D. T. Flannigan, and S. N. Liss. "The freshwater floc: A functional relationship of water and organic and inorganic floc constituents affecting suspended sediment properties." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 99, no. 1-4 (October 1997): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02406843.

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Murthy, Sudhir N., and John T. Novak. "Factors Affecting Floc Properties During Aerobic Digestion: Implications for Dewatering." Water Environment Research 71, no. 2 (March 1999): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143098x121879.

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Clémençon, Isabelle, and Alessandra Gerli. "The effect of flocculant/microparticles retention programs on floc properties." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1999-14-01-p023-029.

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Negro, C., E. Fuente, A. Blanco, and J. Tijero. "Flocculation mechanism induced by phenolic resin/PEO and floc properties." AIChE Journal 51, no. 3 (2005): 1022–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10352.

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Clauss, F., D. Helaine, C. Balavoine, and A. Bidault. "Improving activated sludge floc structure and aggregation for enhanced settling and thickening performances." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1998): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0788.

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The effluent quality of a sewage plant using the activated sludge process depends upon the flocculation efficiency. Intensive research work has been devoted to understanding flocculation phenomena and to correct biological disorders. The addition of very fine but dense mineral particles to the aeration tank immediately improves floc formation and increases the weight of the new flocs created. The first consequence is an effective separation between the solid and the liquid phases in the secondary clarifier. In the longer term, the fine particles improve floc structuring and form stable and str

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Tauber, J., B. Flesch, V. Parravicini, K. Svardal, and J. Krampe. "Influence of road salt thawing peaks on the inflow composition and activated sludge properties in municipal wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.045.

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Abstract Operational data over 2 years from three large Austrian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with design capacities of 4 million, 950,000 and 110,000 population equivalent (PE) were examined. Salt peaks, due to thawing road salt were detected and quantified by electrical conductivity, temperature and chloride measurement in the inflow of the WWTPs. Daily NaCl inflow loads up to 1,147 t/d and PE-specific loads of 0.26–0.5 kg NaCl/(PE · y) were found. To mimic the plants' behaviour in a controlled environment, NaCl was dosed into the inflow of a laboratory-scale activated sludge plant. T

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Papavasilopoulos, E. N., and D. H. Bache. "Parallel studies on dewatering and conditioning of an alum sludge and an aluminium hydroxide suspension." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 10 (November 1, 2001): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0644.

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The paper shows a comparison between properties of an alum sludge gained from the coagulation of a coloured water with those of a suspension of aluminium hydroxide at a concentration equivalent to the coagulant fraction within the sludge. Background information is provided on composition and aspects of the source floc. The comparisons embraced floc size, polymer adsorption, and dewatering parameters including specific resistance to filtration, capillary suction time and the equilibrium moisture content under pressure. In all cases, there were strong similarities in the behaviour of the two sus

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Tarpley, Harris, Friedrichs, and Sherwood. "Tidal Variation in Cohesive Sediment Distribution and Sensitivity to Flocculation and Bed Consolidation in An Idealized, Partially Mixed Estuary." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100334.

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Particle settling velocity and erodibility are key factors that govern the transport of sediment through coastal environments including estuaries. These are difficult to parameterize in models that represent mud, whose properties can change in response to many factors, including tidally varying suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and shear stress. Using the COAWST (Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport) model framework, we implemented bed consolidation, sediment-induced stratification, and flocculation formulations within an idealized two-dimensional domain that represented the l

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Fuente, Elena, Angeles Blanco, Carlos Negro, María A. Pelach, Pere Mutje, and Julio Tijero. "Study of Filler Flocculation Mechanisms and Floc Properties Induced by Polyethylenimine." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 15 (July 2005): 5616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0503491.

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MacDonald, Iain T., and Julia C. Mullarney. "A Novel “FlocDrifter” Platform for Observing Flocculation and Turbulence Processes in a Lagrangian Frame of Reference." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 3 (March 2015): 547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00106.1.

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AbstractA novel drifter platform was used to measure the properties of aggregated particles called flocs—a key component of sediment transport in muddy environments. Also concurrently measured were turbulence, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), velocity, and salinity in both Lagrangian and Eulerian frames of reference. In Lagrangian mode the system performed well in a heavily sediment-laden river, providing measurements over a large spatial scale. The platform navigated itself through a complex geometry encompassing many bends and significant depth changes. Observed velocities relative to

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Malkoske, Tyler A., Pierre R. Bérubé, and Robert C. Andrews. "Coagulation/flocculation prior to low pressure membranes in drinking water treatment: a review." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 11 (2020): 2993–3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00461h.

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Wang, Ziyang, Yan Wang, Cong Yu, Yanxia Zhao, Meixia Fan, and Baoyu Gao. "The removal of silver nanoparticle by titanium tetrachloride and modified sodium alginate composite coagulants: floc properties, membrane fouling, and floc recycle." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 21 (May 16, 2018): 21058–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2240-7.

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Henderson, R., E. Sharp, P. Jarvis, S. Parsons, and B. Jefferson. "Identifying the linkage between particle characteristics and understanding coagulation performance." Water Supply 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.005.

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The coagulation/flocculation process is important for particle separation in water treatment. However, difficulties arise when coagulation is not optimised for the dominant particle. This paper investigates the surface characteristics and floc properties of three common systems– natural organic matter (NOM), algae and clay – in order to aid understanding of the coagulation/flocculation process. It was demonstrated that charge density and specific surface area are important parameters with respect to coagulant demand for charge neutralisation for all systems. However, extracellular organic matt

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