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Journal articles on the topic 'Floc'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Mehta, Ashish J., William H. McAnally, Farzin Samsami, and Andrew J. Manning. "REVISITING THE ROLE OF AGGREGATION IN THE SETTLING OF COHESIVE FLOCS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.sediment.17.

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The settling velocity is the single-most important property governing the transport of cohesive flocs in the marine environment. In that regard, the instantaneously changing diameter, density and shear strength of flocs are the defining properties which distinguish floc transport from that of cohesionless particles. Thus, consideration of aggregation, which includes the dynamics of floc growth and breakup due to floc-floc collisions as well as flow-induced shearing of flocs, is a critical component of floc transport modeling.

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2

Zhu, Zhongfan, Dingzhi Peng, and Jie Dou. "Changes in the two-dimensional and perimeter-based fractal dimensions of kaolinite flocs during flocculation: a simple experimental study." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 4 (November 28, 2017): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.603.

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Abstract In this study, Couette flow experiments were performed to estimate the temporal evolution of the 2D and perimeter-based fractal dimension values of kaolinite flocs during flocculation. The fractal dimensions were calculated based on the projected surface area, perimeter length and length of the longest axis of the flocs as determined by sampling observation and an image-processing system. The 2D fractal dimension, which relates the longest axis length and projected surface area of flocs, was found to decrease with the flocculation time, corresponding to the production of some porous f

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3

Gorczyca, Beata, and Jerzy Ganczarczyk. "Flow Rates Through Alum Coagulation and Activated Sludge Flocs." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.025.

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Abstract The liquid velocity inside alum and activated sludge flocs was calculated using the size, settling velocity and permeability of activated sludge flocs. The permeability of activated sludge flocs has been determined experimentally. The permeability of alum coagulation flocs was assumed to be half of the permeability of activated sludge flocs based on the size of the pores in these flocs. The average flow velocity inside an activated sludge floc was calculated to be 1575 µm/s, which is in the range of the flow experimentally measured inside biofilms at a distance of about 100 µm from th

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4

Bache, D. H., and S. H. Al-Ani. "Development of a System for Evaluating Floc Strength." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1989): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0255.

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A scheme is described as a basis for estimating floc strength by hydrodynamic shearing in a turbulent flow. Preliminary theory indicates the need to evaluate the floc size, its porosity (linked to its effective density in water) and the rate of energy dissipation in a turbulent flow (ɛ). The design and calibration of a vertical vibrating water column is described. Force transducer measurements gave estimates of (the average over the column) whereas a calorimetric technique and fluid tracer analysis provided additional information about ɛ as a function of vertical position. Flocs sedimenting th

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5

Fukushi, K., N. Tambo, and Y. Matsui. "A kinetic model for dissolved air flotation in water and wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0514.

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A kinetic model for DAF is presented. The author's kinetic model consists of the equations for describing a process of bubble-floc collision and attachment in a mixing zone, and a rise velocity of bubble-floc agglomerates in a flotation tank. The attachment process is formulated on a population balance model with bubbles and flocs as a flocculation in a turbulent flow. The rise velocity of bubble-floc agglomerates is formulated with size of flocs and composition of flocs including the floc density function and attached bubble number. The experimental verification was carried out, using a batch

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6

Bache, D. H., E. Rasool, D. Moffat, and F. J. McGilligan. "On the Strength and Character of Alumino-Humic Flocs." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 9 (November 1, 1999): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0448.

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The paper describes the size, density and strength of flocs gained from a humic acid suspension coagulated with aluminium sulphate over a range of dose and pH. Flocs were generated on a continuous flow basis in an oscillatory mixer. Particle size measurements were gained using CCTV and image analysis. From this, a maximum floc size (d95) was identified. A second series of experiments examined the floc sizes of the bulk precipitate alone under equivalent conditions. It was found that the overall floc sizes of the two suspensions were broadly similar, suggesting that the floc strength was domina

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7

Ren, T. T., F. Xiao, W. J. Sun, F. Y. Sun, K. M. Lam, and X. Y. Li. "Investigation of the shape change of bio-flocs and its influence on mass transport using particle image velocimetry." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 8 (February 8, 2014): 1648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.063.

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In this laboratory study, an advanced flow visualization technique – particle image velocimetry (PIV) – was employed to investigate the change of shape of activated sludge flocs in water and its influence on the material transport characteristics of the flocs. The continuous shape change of the bio-flocs that occurred within a very short period of time could be captured by the PIV system. The results demonstrate that the fluid turbulence caused the shift of parts of a floc from one side to the other in less than 200 ms. During the continuous shape change, the liquid within the floc was forced

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8

Jarvis, P., B. Jefferson, and S. A. Parsons. "Characterising natural organic matter flocs." Water Supply 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0064.

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Using a dynamic optical technique and settling column apparatus, natural organic matter floc structural characteristics were monitored and evaluated over a one year period to monitor the seasonal variation in floc structure at optimum coagulation dose and pH. The results show that flocs changed seasonally with different growth rates, size, response to shear and settling rate. Autumn and summer flocs were shown to be larger and less resistant to floc breakage when compared to the other seasons, suggesting reduced floc strength. Floc strength was observed to increase with smaller median floc siz

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9

Tsou, G. W., R. M. Wu, P. S. Yen, D. J. Lee, and X. F. Peng. "Advective Flow and Floc Permeability." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 250, no. 2 (June 2002): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2002.8317.

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10

Yang, Z., X. F. Peng, D. J. Lee, and S. Ay. "Advective flow in spherical floc." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 308, no. 2 (April 2007): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.023.

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11

Chu, C. P., D. J. Lee, and J. H. Tay. "Floc model and intrafloc flow." Chemical Engineering Science 60, no. 2 (January 2005): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.132.

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12

Gorczyca, Beata, and Jerzy Ganczarczyk. "Fractal Analysis of Pore Distributions in Alum Coagulation and Activated Sludge Flocs." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.036.

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Abstract The information on floc porosity is essential for estimation of the permeability of the aggregate. The average porosity of alum and activated sludge flocs determined in this study on thin sections of the aggregates was similar, varying in the range from 8 to 9%. Similar porosity of the two different types of aggregates suggested that the permeability of these flocs could also be similar. However, the experimental observations of floc settling rates and floc shape factors did not support this expectation and led to a conclusion that the permeability of an aggregate cannot be estimated

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13

Boller, Markus, and Stefan Blaser. "Particles under stress." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 10 (May 1, 1998): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0367.

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The complex nature of particulate matter in natural water resources and in waste waters is characterized by the heterogeneous distribution of particle size, shape, density, and shear strength. Among these parameters, floc strength is most important in the last stages of flocculation. Experimental data on floc strength based on different methods are assessed and correlated with shear gradients in different aquatic environments. The analysis of turbulent motion reveals that the energy which affects particle agglomerates is only a small portion of the totally dissipated energy. Among the differen

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14

Woodfield, D., and G. Bickert. "Separation of flocs in hydrocyclones—significance of floc breakage and floc hydrodynamics." International Journal of Mineral Processing 73, no. 2-4 (February 2004): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-7516(03)00076-0.

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15

Jin, Pengkang K., Xiaochang C. Wang, and Haixia Chai. "Evaluation of floc strength by morphological analysis and PDA online monitoring." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 10 (November 1, 2007): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.781.

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This paper established a method for the evaluation of floc strength by morphological analysis and PDA online monitoring. Theoretically, the binding force of a floc can be expressed as B=k1d2Df/3, where k1 is a coefficient, d is floc size and Df is the fractal dimension of the floc. In order to calculate the binding force under a given flocculation condition, a jar test was conducted and d and Df were measured by image analysis. A shear force was exerted on the grown flocs by introducing the flocculated suspension through a transparent tube where the velocity gradient value of the flow could be

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16

Garcia-Aragon, Juan, Ian G. Droppo, Bommanna Krishnappan, Brian Trapp, and Christina Jaskot. "Experimental assessment of Athabasca River cohesive sediment deposition dynamics." Water Quality Research Journal 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.030.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originating from natural sources, and potentially from the Athabasca Oil Sands development, are of concern for the Athabasca River and Lake Athabasca delta ecosystems. In order to model the transport of fine sediments (and associated PAHs), it is important to describe the sediment dynamics within the river system. Flocs possess different settling characteristics compared to individual particles. A key aspect in modelling floc settling behaviour is the mathematical linkage of the floc density to floc size. In this paper, a rotating annular flume is used t

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17

Gorczyca, B., and J. Ganczarczyk. "Structure and Porosity of Alum Coagulation Flocs." Water Quality Research Journal 34, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.034.

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Abstract It is generally assumed that flocs grow according to the following model: primary particles form compact flocculi which assemble themselves into microflocs. Microflocs bind together to form floc aggregates. The main difference between flocculi, microflocs and floc aggregates is their structure. Porosity can be used to indicate differences in this structure. The objective of this study was to establish whether alum flocs disperse into floc components that represent different structures, as indicated by different porosities. Alum coagulation floes were broken up with increasing amounts

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18

Ohno, K., M. Uchiyama, M. Saito, T. Kamei, and Y. Magara. "Practical design of flocculator for new polymeric inorganic coagulant - PSI." Water Supply 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0008.

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Physical characteristics of flocs formed by new polymeric inorganic coagulant, polysilicato-iron coagulant (PSI) were investigated using kaolinite clay suspended water as test water. Floc density was determined by measuring floc settling velocity and spherical equivalent floc diameter. The floc density function proposed by Tambo and Watanabe could be applied to PSI. Flocs formed by PSI showed higher floc density than those formed by alum at the same floc size. Floc size distribution after the rapid mixing as also determined. PSI could produce well-grown flocs at the stirring speed of 300 rpm.

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19

Haarhoff, J., and J. K. Edzwald. "Modelling of floc-bubble aggregate rise rates in dissolved air flotation." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 8 (April 1, 2001): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0492.

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The use of relatively simple, but conceptually sound mathematical models, is a powerful tool to identify and understand parameters that are critical to a process. In this paper, a model is presented which addresses the rise rate of floc-bubble aggregates in the DAF separation zone. The model uses Stoke's Law as a point of departure, which is then progressively extended to incorporate the non-sphericity of the aggregates, the non-laminar nature of their movement, the fractal nature of the flocs, the physical constraints of attaching bubbles to a floc, and the limit on bubble numbers imposed by

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20

Wu, Rome-Ming, Gian-Wei Tsou, Pei-Shan Yen, Duu-Jong Lee, and Xiao-Feng Peng. "Tracking Advective Flow Through Floc Interior." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 35, no. 6 (2002): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.35.540.

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21

Chu, C. P., and D. J. Lee. "Advective flow in a sludge floc." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 277, no. 2 (September 2004): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.04.036.

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22

Ding, Yanmei, Jianhai Zhao, Lei Wei, Wenpu Li, and Yongzhi Chi. "Effects of Mixing Conditions on Floc Properties in Magnesium Hydroxide Continuous Coagulation Process." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050973.

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Magnesium hydroxide continuous coagulation process was used for treating simulated reactive orange wastewater in this study. Effects of mixing conditions and retention time on the coagulation performance and floc properties of magnesium hydroxide were based on the floc size distribution (FSD), zeta potential, and floc morphology analysis. Floc formation and growth in different reactors were also discussed. The results showed that increasing rapid mixing speed led to a decrease in the final floc size. The floc formation process was mainly carried out in a rapid mixer; a rapid mixing speed of 30

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23

Coufort, C., and A. Liné. "Hydrodynamic conditioning of aluminium–bentonite flocs." Water Supply 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.002.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of hydrodynamics in flocculation. The effects of a hydrodynamic sequencing (flocculation–break-up–reflocculation–break-up–reflocculation) on the evolution of aluminium–bentonite floc size distributions and structure are investigated by image analysis in a Taylor–Couette reactor. The flocculation phenomena analysed in this study mainly occur in the viscous subrange, with floc size below the Kolmogorov micro-scale. The high sensitivity of steady-state floc size distribution to initial floc size distribution (elementary particles or flocs formed issuin

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24

Fitzpatrick, C. S. B., E. Fradin, and J. Gregory. "Temperature effects on flocculation, using different coagulants." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0710.

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Temperature is known to affect flocculation and filter performance. Jar tests have been conducted in the laboratory, using a photometric dispersion analyser (PDA) to assess the effects of temperature on floc formation, breakage and reformation. Alum, ferric sulphate and three polyaluminium chloride (PACl) coagulants have been investigated for temperatures ranging between 6 and 29°C for a suspension of kaolin clay in London tap water. Results confirm that floc formation is slower at lower temperatures for all coagulants. A commercial PACl product, PAX XL 19, produces the largest flocs for all t

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Jin, Peng Kang, Yong Ning Feng, Jie Xu, and Xian Bao Wang. "The Effect of Polyacrylamide on Floc Structure of Typical Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.887.

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Based on that floc structure is an important factor that influencing the coagulation effect and the post-treatment load, the effect of PAM on floc structure of typical system is analyzed and evaluated in this paper. The results show that PAM has a notable influence on floc morphological structure characteristics. For inorganic turbid system, the fractal dimension and diameter of kaolin flocs adding PAM are bigger than that formed by adding aluminum sulfate merely, and the shear-resistant ability of flocs is stronger. With regard to dissolved organic system, adding PAM under two typical pH cond

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Jarvis, P., B. Jefferson, and S. Parsons. "The duplicity of floc strength." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0696.

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The breakage of flocs is dependent upon the strength of the bonds holding the aggregate together. The present work describes the breakage and re-growth behaviour of three different types of floc, these were: 1) coagulant precipitate flocs, 2) turbidity flocs and 3) organic matter flocs. Floc aggregates were exposed to increased levels of shear on a conventional jar tester and the sizes of the flocs were observed dynamically using a laser diffraction instrument. The organic flocs showed most resistance to breakage across the whole range of shears under investigation. The dynamic procedure provi

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27

Finlayson, J. C., B. Liao, I. G. Droppo, G. G. Leppard, and S. N. Liss. "The relationship between the structure of activated sludge flocs and the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1998): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0664.

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The relationships between the structure of minimally perturbed activated sludge flocs and the sorption of organic contaminants were studied. Sorption, settling velocity, size distributions, floc structure and EPS composition were all examined. The results show significant removal of selected halogenated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by biosorption to activated sludge flocs. However, statistically significant effects on the settling or size of the flocs caused by this sorption were not observed. The addition of chromium (Cr(III)) metal ions to the biomass caused observable c

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28

Lauri, Janne, Sanna Haavisto, Juha Salmela, Arttu Miettinen, Tapio Fabritius, and Antti I. Koponen. "Online measurement of floc size, viscosity, and consistency of cellulose microfibril suspensions with optical coherence tomography." Cellulose 28, no. 6 (February 18, 2021): 3373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03745-6.

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AbstractIn this study, cellulose microfibril (CMF) suspensions were imaged during pipe flow at consistencies of 0.4%, 1.0%, and 1.6% with optical coherence tomography (OCT) to obtain images of the structure and the local velocity of the suspension. The viscosities obtained by combining pressure loss measurement with the OCT velocity data showed typical shear thinning behavior and were in excellent agreement with viscosities obtained with ultrasound velocity profiling. The structural OCT images were used to calculate the radial and the axial floc sizes of the suspension. A fit of power law to t

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29

Lee, S. A., T. D. Waite, A. G. Fane, and R. Amal. "Membrane fouling control through aggregate design and trans-membrane pressure selection." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0188.

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Treatment of waters and wastewaters by microfiltration (MF) requires the addition of chemical coagulants to enhance the removal of dissolved substances. Under these conditions the feed to the MF contains flocculated particulates which must be retained by the membrane. While an extensive knowledge base on the effect of dispersed particles on membrane cake formation and fouling exists, much less information is available on the impact of aggregates on cake characteristics. Results of impact of the size and structure (as characterized by the fractal dimension) of particulate aggregates on microfil

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30

Zhao, Jianhai, Anmin Wang, Lei Wei, Wenqi Ge, Yongzhi Chi, and Yanping Lai. "Effect of kaolin on floc properties for reactive orange removal in continuous coagulation process." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 3 (July 24, 2018): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.327.

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Abstract Magnesium hydroxide was used as a coagulant for treating reactive orange wastewater in a real continuous process. Effects of kaolin on coagulation performance and floc properties were investigated with controlled experiments through floc size distribution, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Kaolin had significant influence on magnesium hydroxide-reactive orange floc formation and growth. The results showed that average floc size reached 16.31, 12.88 and 20.50 μm, respectively, in the rapid mixer, flocculation basin and sedimentati

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Zhao, Bingqing, Dongsheng Wang, Tao Li, and Chihpin Huang. "Effect of floc structure and strength on membrane permeability in the hybrid coagulation-microfiltration process." Water Supply 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.014.

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The relative importance of floc property on microfiltration and fouling mechanism remains a field of arguments. The effects of floc structure and strength on fouling rate of coagulation-microfiltration were investigated in dead-end microfiltration. Flocs varying in size, fractal structure and strength were prepared by AlCl3 and PACl (Polyaluminum Chloride) coagulation at various dosages followed by different slow mixing rates and filtration without any sedimentation step. The rates of flux decline for flocs formed under same coagulant dosage but different shear conditions showed only limited s

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32

Zhu, Zhongfan. "A formula for the settling velocity of cohesive sediment flocs in water." Water Supply 19, no. 5 (January 16, 2019): 1422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.007.

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Abstract A simple formula is developed to relate the size and settling velocity of cohesive sediment flocs in both the viscous and inertial settling ranges. This formula maintains the same basic structure as the existing formula but is amended to incorporate the fact that the flocculated sediment has an internal fractal architecture and is composed of different-sized primary particles. The input parameters needed for calculating the settling velocity include the median size and size distribution of the primary particles, the fractal dimension of the floc, the density of the sediment, and two c

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Liu, Linshuang, Guolu Yang, and Minghui Yu. "Simulation for Sludge Flocculation I: Brownian Dynamic Simulation for Perikinetic Flocculation of Charged Particle." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/527384.

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To investigate sludge drying process, a numerical simulation based on Brownian dynamic for the floc with uncharged and charged particles was conducted. The Langevin equation is used as dynamical equation for tracking each particle in a floc. An initial condition and periodic boundary condition which well conformed to reality is used for calculating the floc growth process. Each cell consists of 1000 primary particles with diameter 0.1 ∼ 4 μm. Floc growth is related to the thermal force and the electrostatic force. The electrostatic force on a particle in the simulation cell is considered as th

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Vesga-Rodríguez, Claudia Patricia, Leonardo David Donado-Garzón, and Monroe Weber-Shirk. "Evaluation of high rate sedimentation lab-scale tank performance in drinking water treatment." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 90 (December 14, 2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.n90a02.

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The Cornell University AguaClara program researches ways to improve the process of potable water treatment at low cost and no energy dependent. A High Rate Sedimentation (HRS) process that uses upward flow and less area than traditional tanks was investigated. The objective was to analyze parameters affecting HRS tank performance including velocity, density of the floc blanket and location of plate settlers in a laboratory scale HRS tank. Different velocities were set during the experiment, and the resulting performance of the floc blanket was evaluated through continuous turbidity measurement

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35

Li, B., and P. Bishop. "Structure-function dynamics and modeling analysis of the micro-environment of activated sludge floc." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 11 (June 1, 2003): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0614.

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Biodegradation by microorganisms and mass transfer resistance in the micro-environment of activated sludge floc can cause changes in substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations within the floc and can contribute to stratification of microbial processes inside the flocs. In this study, an integrated model of the microenvironment of the activated sludge floc was developed for floc from wastewaters from several sources and of varying strengths for dynamic simulation of the combined biological processes of COD and nitrogen removal. The model simulation results and measured profiles show the hete

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Krishnappan, B. G., J. Marsalek, W. E. Watt, and B. C. Anderson. "Seasonal size distributions of suspended solids in a stormwater management pond." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0103.

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Three seasonal surveys of suspended solids were carried out in an on-stream stormwater management pond, by means of a submersible laser particle size analyser. Size distributions were measured at up to 17 points in the pond, and water samples collected at the same locations were analysed for primary particles aggregated in flocs. Observed suspended solids were mostly composed of flocs, with maximum sizes ranging from 30 to 212 μm for winter and summer surveys, respectively. Using a relationship defining the floc density as a function of floc size and Stokes' equation for settling, an empirical

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37

François, R. J., and A. A. Van Haute. "The Role of Rapid Mixing Time on a Flocculation Process." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1985): 1091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0204.

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The influence of the duration of rapid mixing on a flocculation process is evaluated by investigating the characteristics of the hydroxide flocs formed under carefully controlled conditions. Two different methods are used for measuring floc dimensions and their distribution. From the experimental results other floc characteristics such as floc strength and size of the flocculi are deduced. Also the reaction constant, the destabilization factor and the growing constant of the coagulation and flocculation process are calculated. Using the influence of rapid mixing time on all floc characteristic

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Moon, B. H., G. T. Seo, T. S. Lee, S. S. Kim, and C. H. Yoon. "Effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0017.

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Most seafood wastewater has been treated by the activated sludge process. Due to changes in salt concentration, pollutant loadings and raw materials, the process is not operated satisfactorily to meet effluent regulation. Most problems faced at present are solid liquid separation. In this study, effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies were investigated in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR. For analyzing fractal dimension of flocs, the small angle laser light scattering (SALLS) method was applied using a Diffraction Particle Sizer (Malvern

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Ehlers, G. A. C., D. Wagachchi, and S. J. Turner. "Nutrient conditions and reactor configuration influence floc size distribution and settling properties." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.849.

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Floc formation and settleability is critical for effective solid–liquid separation in many wastewater treatment processes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between particle size distribution and nutrient conditions in different bioreactor configurations. Size distribution profiles of flocs that formed in continuous (B1), continuous with clarifier and return sludge (B2) and SBR (B3) reactors were investigated in parallel under identical nutrient conditions. An eight-fold dilution of the influent COD of a synthetic dairy processing wastewater resulted in a ‘feast and famine’ regi

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Ding, Shi Qiang, Yuan Yuan Wei, Xin Rong Pang, and Ji Run Xu. "A Research on the Morphology and Composition of Flocs (Part 2: Floc Breakage Included)." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1585.

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The floc breakage plays an important role in the flocculation, the stable floc size or morphology distribution is the result of the equilibrium of formation and breakage. In this paper, the breakage approaches or models for different kind and size of flocs have been discussed. By introducing special breakage functions and comparing their relative values, the numbers of various flocs are verified to be still proportional to the suspension concentration compared with the situation in which the breakage is neglected. However, as illustrated in this paper, the total number of every kind of floc is

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Liu, Xinliang, Hailiang Yin, Jian Zhao, Ziqi Guo, Zhen Liu, and Yizhou Sang. "Understanding the coagulation mechanism and floc properties induced by Fe(VI) and FeCl3: population balance modeling." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 10 (April 19, 2021): 2377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.150.

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Abstract Coagulation kinetics and floc properties are of great fundamental and practical importance in the field of water treatment. To investigate the performance of Fe(VI) and Fe(III) salt on particle coagulation, Malvern Mastersizer 2000 was employed to continuously and simultaneously monitor the kaolin floc size and structure change, and population balance modeling was used to investigate the coagulation mechanism. The results show dosage increase had positive effect on collision efficiency and floc strength and negative effect on restructure rate. Low shear rate resulted in higher collisi

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Jiwani, Ashifa, Nigel J. D. Graham, and Martin C. Day. "Activated sludge process control via particle monitoring." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0135.

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The interrelationships between activated sludge plant operation and floc characteristics were examined in order to determine process control mechanisms for the effective treatment of domestic wastewaters and surplus activated sludge. A quantitative indicator of the physiological floc characteristics was developed and termed the morphological index. This may be evaluated by plant operators using a simple assessment form and matching photographic guide of various floc structures. The morphological index and floc size distribution were found to be useful tools for activated sludge process control

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Tsai, CH, and SC Hwang. "Flocculation of sediment from the Tanshui River estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950383.

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Experiments on the flocculation of fine-grained sediments from the Tanshui River estuary, Taiwan, were carried out. The effects of fluid shear, sediment concentration and salinity on floc growth were investigated. The ranges of these parameters were 12.5 to 400 s-1 for the shear, 50 to 600 mg L-1 for the sediments concentration and 0% to 100% sea water for the salinity. The results showed the following. (1) The time required to reach a steady state ranges from 2 to 44 h and median floc sizes range from 100 to 520 μm. (2) The steady-state median floc size decreases with the increase in sediment

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Nielsen, P. H., T. R. Thomsen, and J. L. Nielsen. "Bacterial composition of activated sludge - importance for floc and sludge properties." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0606.

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Activated sludge flocs consist of numerous constituents which, together with other factors, are responsible for floc structure and floc properties. These properties largely determine the sludge properties such as flocculation, settling and dewaterability. In this paper we briefly review the present knowledge about the role of bacteria in relation to floc and sludge properties, and we present a new approach to investigate the identity and function of the bacteria in the activated sludge flocs. The approach includes identification of the important bacteria and a characterization of their physiol

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Ding, Shi Qiang, Qing Na Li, Xin Rong Pang, and Ji Run Xu. "A Research on the Morphology and Composition of Flocs (Part 1: Floc Breaage Disregarded)." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1566.

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The characteristics of flocs aggregated in flocculation have been paid more and more attention for a long time. In this paper, a new classification and analyses method dealing with the flocs is developed. The flocs formed after flocculation is divided into four kinds, including the left primary particles, linear flocs with all component particles in a line, planar flocs with all component particles on a plane and volumetric flocs with all component particles in a three-dimensional space. By analyzing the formation approaches of different kind of flocs regardless of the floc breakage, the numbe

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Gorczyca, Beata, and Paul Klassen. "Optimization of Solids Separation in Dissolved Air Flotation." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 2-3 (May 1, 2008): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.027.

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Abstract Sizes of flocs were analyzed to identify characteristics of the particle size distribution optimal for separation by dissolved air flotation (DAF). Optical microscopes and two particle counters were used for floc sizing. A Brightwell Technologies particle counter was found to provide floc size measurements in agreement with improved microscopic methods. The particle counter provided distribution of flocs with sizes down to 1 micron (µm). This allowed for inclusion of flocs with size ranging from 5 to 1 µm, which were excluded from the analyses in the earlier study. Four alum dosages w

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Lin, Qintie, Huanlong Peng, Qinlu Lin, and Guangcai Yin. "Formation, breakage and re-formation of flocs formed by cationic starch." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 6 (September 1, 2013): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.377.

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The efficiency of flocculation can be significantly improved through floc breakage and re-formation under appropriate conditions. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and to relate floc properties to separation efficiency, the effects of mixing conditions on the formation, breakage and re-formation of flocs formed by kaolin and cationic starch were investigated through conventional jar test procedure and continuous optical monitoring. It has been found that the breakage of flocs was fully reversible and the polymer flocculant could resist strong shear; even having been s

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Kim, Sang-Soo, Byung-Hyun Moon, Gyu-Tae Seo, and Cho-Hee Yoon. "The effects of starvation on physical characteristics of flocs in SBR for treating saline wastewater." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 7 (October 1, 2007): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.691.

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This study focused on the effects of starvation on physical characteristics of flocs in SBR for treating saline wastewater. Feeding was stopped for 5 and 15 days. A time response of the floc to these starvation periods was monitored as well as the removal efficiencies of pollutants. Correlation between the physical characteristics of flocs and settling of sludge was conducted. As the starvation periods were increased, there was a shift in the floc size distribution from a high proportion of large flocs to the development of small size flocs. The fractal dimension of flocs also decreased, as st

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Bache, D. H., C. Johnson, J. F. McGilligan, and E. Rasool. "A conceptual view of floc structure in the sweep floc domain." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0084.

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Using a model suspension of rice starch granules coagulated with alum, the paper describes an experimental investigation into the factors which control strength by the sweep floc mechanism. Electron micrographs, backed by electrophoresis measurements, indicated that the precipitate exists both as a positively charged adhesive coating and also in a mobile state, possibly similar to ‘free’ precipitate without significant charge. A comparison of strength measurements on flocs derived from rice starch with those based on low charged latex particles, led to the conclusion that coulombic attraction

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Chu, K. H., H. M. van Veldhuizen, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Respirometric measurement of kinetic parameters: effect of activated sludge floc size." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0453.

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The variation of activated sludge floc size with the mixing intensity of a mechanically stirred respirometer, expressed in terms of the mean energy dissipation rate, was characterized using a photometric dispersion analyzer. The floc size decreased rapidly when the energy dissipation rate was increased from 1.33 × 10-3 to 2.68 × 10-3 W/kg. Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of floc size on the oxygen saturation coefficient measured under the condition of acetate oxidation. The respirometric data were interpreted by considering only the kinetics of biochemical reactions. The v

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