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Journal articles on the topic 'Flocculate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Xu, Kun, Yao Liu, Yang Wang, et al. "A novel poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/diatomite composite flocculant with outstanding flocculation performance." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 6 (2015): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.290.

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Series of anionic flocculants with outstanding flocculation performance, poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/diatomite composite flocculants (PAAD) were successfully prepared through aqueous solution copolymerization and applied to flocculate from oil-field fracturing waste-water. The structure of PAAD was characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy , 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction tests, and its properties were systematically evaluated by viscometer, thermogravimetry analysis and flocculation measurements. Furthermore, the influences of various reaction parameters on the apparent viscosity of flocculant solution were studied, and the optimum synthesis condition was determined. The novel composite flocculants exhibited outstanding flocculation properties. Specifically, the dosage of composite flocculants that could make the transmittance of treated wastewater exceed 90% was only approximately 12–35 ppm, which was far lower than that of conventional flocculants. Meanwhile, the settling time was lower than 5 s, which was similar to that of conventional flocculants. This was because PAAD flocculants had a higher absorption capacity, and larger chain extending space than conventional linear flocculants, which could refrain from the entanglement of linear polymer chains and significantly improve flocculation capacity.

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Li, Yu, Leigang Li, Reham Yasser Farouk, and Yuanyuan Wang. "Optimization of Polyaluminum Chloride-Chitosan Flocculant for Treating Pig Biogas Slurry Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (2019): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060996.

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Flocculation can remove large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater, and the resulting nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich floc can be used to produce organic fertilizer. For biogas slurries containing high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, ordinary flocculants can no longer meet the flocculation requirements. In this study, to fully utilize the advantages of the two flocculants and achieve efficient removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus from a biogas slurry, chitosan (CTS) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were used as a composite flocculation agent to flocculate pig biogas slurries. The response surface method was used to study the effect of PAC added (PACadded) to the composite flocculant (CF), composite flocculant added (CFadded) to the biogas slurry and the pH on flocculation performance, and optimize these three parameters. In the tests, when the PACadded was 6.79 g·100 mL−1CF, the CFadded was 20.05 mL·L−1 biogas slurry and the pH was 7.50, the flocculation performance was the best, with an absorbance of 0.132 at a wavelength of 420 nm. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration was reduced from 214.10 mg·L−1 to 1.38 mg·L−1 for a removal rate of 99.4%. The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration was reduced from 1568.25 mg·L−1 to 150.27 mg·L−1 for a removal rate of 90.4%. The results showed that the CF could form larger flocs, and had greater adsorption capacity and more stable flocculation performance than ordinary flocculants. Furthermore, the CF could exhibit better chelation, electrical neutralization and bridge adsorption.

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Кручинина, Nataliya Kruchinina, Войновский та ін. "Process Optimization оf Obtaining Solidified Forms оf Alumosilicic Flocculant-Coagulant For Application In Wastewater Tr". Safety in Technosphere 1, № 4 (2012): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/136.

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The solidified forms of alumosilicic flocculant-coagulant were obtained by spray drying. It is established that the solid product contains aluminum sulfate and insoluble silicon dioxide. During investigation were found the optimum conditions of receiving the alumosilicic flocculate-coagulant solids forms as well as the compromise point between product yield and energy consumption. The product losses were 5–7 %.

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Dong, Ming, and Qiong Fang Shao. "Study of a Novel Honeycomb Continuous Flocculator." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.435.

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The continuous flocculator described in this article refers to a kind of continuous flocculation device designed to flocculate fermentation liquid. The honeycomb continuous flocculator is composed of a vessel and built-in trapezoid subassemblies, which divide the space within the vessel into multiple honeycomb channels. The length ratio between the longest diagonal of the regular hexagon and the axial length of the channel is within the range 0.01–0.04; and the internal surface roughness (Ra) of the channels should be 0 < Ra ≤ 0.2 μm. In contrast to current flocculator designs, the channels of the honeycomb continuous flocculator could control the floc grain size, grain fineness distribution in the fermentation liquid and flocculating time and decrease the flow resistance of the flocculating fermentation liquid and increase handling capacity. These capabilities improve solid-liquid separation efficiency for fermentation liquids. The flocculator could be used either for purification of industrial fermentation liquids or sewage treatment.

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Wang, Moxi, Li Feng, Xiaowei Fan, et al. "Fabrication of Bifunctional Chitosan-Based Flocculants: Characterization, Assessment of Flocculation, and Sterilization Performance." Materials 11, no. 10 (2018): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102009.

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In this study, a series of chitosan-based quaternary ammonium graft flocculants, namely chitosan-graft-poly(acrylamide and methacryloyl ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) [CTS-g-P(AM-DMC)], was successfully synthesized by plasma initiation, and the as-prepared [CTS-g-P(AM-DMC)] had both flocculation and sterilization functions. Various characterization techniques were used to study the structure and physicochemical properties of the chitosan-based flocculants. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC) confirmed the successful synthesis of CTS-g-P(AM-DMC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis exhibited that CTS-g-P(AM-DMC) contained a smooth convex and porous structure with an enormous surface area. CTS-g-P(AM-DMC) was then used to flocculate the simulated wastewater of the kaolin suspension and the Salmonella suspension. Besides external factors, such as the dosage of flocculant and pH, the effect of the internal factor graft ratio was also evaluated. The experimental results showed that CTS-g-P(AM-DMC) also revealed a strong sterilization effect, aside from the excellent flocculation effect. Moreover, the sterilization mechanism was investigated through a series of conductivity measurements and the analysis of fluorescence-based cell live/dead tests. The results indicated that CTS-g-P(AM-DMC) destroyed the cell membrane of Salmonella through its grafted quaternary ammonium salt, thereby exhibiting sterilization property.

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Olubayi, Olubayi, Rodulio Caudales, Amy Atkinson, and Carlos A. Neyra. "Differences in chemical composition between nonflocculated and flocculated Azospirillum brasilense Cd." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 4 (1998): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-002.

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A two-step broth replacement method was used to induce Azospirillum brasilense Cd bacteria to flocculate in vitro. Nonflocculated and flocculated cells were compared with regard to total cellular lipid composition, fatty acid profiles, and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), protein, and carbohydrate contents. The fatty acid profiles of nonflocculated and flocculated cells were qualitatively identical. Two unsaturated fatty acids, octadecanoate (18:1 cis-9) and hexadecanoate (16:1 cis-9), accounted for approximately 80% of the total fatty acid content in both phenotypes. The major lipids in nonflocculated and flocculated A. brasilense Cd cells were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine. The process of flocculation also resulted in the synthesis de novo of a glycolipid and cardiolipin. Flocculation also resulted in a decrease in total cellular protein and lipid content and a proportional increase in total cellular PHB and carbohydrate content. Results indicated that the two-step broth replacement procedure was an effective means for the in vitro production of the stress-tolerant A. brasilense Cd cells with high PHB contents, which are desirable in commercial agricultural inocula. The PHB content of flocculated cells reached 60-65% of cell dry weight.Key words: Azospirillum, flocculation, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, PHB, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid.

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Chen, Xia, Xiao Ling Li, and Xuan Zhang. "Research on Flocculation of Protein-Bearing Wastewater by Alga Flocculant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (January 2014): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.730.

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A flocculation adsorption process was used to treat protein-bearing wastewater. The alga flocculant was made from seaweed and the treatment effects of various flocculants were compared. The experimental results show that the flocculants is used for treating the protein-bearing wastewater has good effects, while the amounts of the new flocculants is 15g/L and the pH is adjusted to the range of 2 to 4 at the room temperature, the highest efficiency of COD can be up to 69.1%. The flocculants can be applied to treat protein-bearing wastewater in food industry. The flocculated sediment can be recovered and have effective utilization of resources.

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Zhou, Haiyan, Zeheng Tang, Guoqing Li, and Xiangrong Dai. "Research on the Settlement Performance of Flocculants on the Sediment of Mine River." E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129902013.

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In view of adding different flocculant to the mine river sediment, the influence of different flocculants on the sedimentation performance of the mine river sediment was investigated. The experimental results show that the selected flocculant, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), has an evident effect on the flocculation and settlement of the mine river sediment. The final flocculation effect was enhanced with faster settling speed. The flocculation effect was optimized when 10 mL CPAM flocculant (0.2wt%) was added, followed by 3 minutes of stirring. The dewatering effect of the flocculated sediment can be enhanced with decreased solid content of the sediment.

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Rui, Yan Nian, Ming Wang, W. J. Liu, Dun Wen Zuo, and M. Wang. "A New Method with Supersonic Focalize Decomposition and Chemical Flocculate Floating-Air to Process the Dyeing and Printing Wastewater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 10-12 (December 2007): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.10-12.588.

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According to dyeing and printing wastewater of high chroma and difficult decomposition, a new ultrasonic focalize decomposition method is provide, which can decompose those are difficult to do. In this article, Dynamic adding-pressure dissolving-air, ultrasonic focalize and flocculate floating-air are assembled to advance the treatment effect. Through the research, the dynamic models of adding pressure and dissolving air and flocculate floating-air are constructed. Based on the theory research, a experiment device is designed. The effect and influence factors are discussed, which provides a new way to process dyeing and printing wastewater of high chroma and difficult decomposition.

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Min, Fanlu, Dengfeng Wang, Jiarui Du, et al. "Laboratory Study of Flocculation and Pressure Filtration Dewatering of Waste Slurry." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2423071.

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In the process of large-scale urban construction, large amounts of waste slurry are produced. The slurry has a high water content and is difficult to precipitate naturally, resulting in low treatment efficiency. To improve the treatment efficiency of slurry, a variety of inorganic and organic polymer flocculants were used to carry out flocculation settlement tests on the slurry. The changes in the slurry properties and the filtration dewatering effect after flocculation were tested. The results show that the addition of flocculant makes the slurry particles form aggregates, which leads to rapid precipitation of the slurry. The use of an inorganic flocculant significantly reduced the zeta potential of the slurry. Organic polymer flocculant, however, had little effect on the slurry potential, but did cause the slurry to produce larger size aggregates, resulting in a better flocculation effect than inorganic flocculant. Inorganic flocculants and organic flocculants can improve the pressure filtration dewatering performance of slurry. CPAM12 (cationic polyacrylamide, with a relative molecular weight of 12 million Daltons) had the best overall effect. The formation of aggregates after flocculation and the change in the nonuniformity coefficient (Cu) were the main cause of improvement of pressure filtration dewatering performance of the slurry. When Cu decreases from 11.85 to 8.75, the time required for pressure filtration stabilization is shortened by 70%. The nonuniformity coefficient of flocculated slurry can be used to evaluate flocculants, determine the optimal dosage, and predict the dewatering effect.

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Sun, De Shuai, Long Fang, and Ya Li Liu. "Influence of Surfactant Sparys on Agglomeration of Inhalable Particle." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.344.

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Inhalable particles suspended in air were an important pollution of atmospheric Environment. Because of very small in size, they were different to be captured by conventional filter. Chemical active agent, surfactant and flocculate, were introduced into chamber and encouraged the agglomeration of inhalable particles. Nonionic surfactant could reduce more than 30% of particles, while ionic surfactant could lead to the decrement of 23-26%. The particle removal efficiencies were only 15-18% in the presence of polymer flocculate and slightly above that of water. The larger droplet of spray favored the agglomeration of inhalable particles. Increasing the surfactant concentration resulted in the higher removal of inhalable particle.

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Wang, Fei, Hongmei Lü, Xiujun Wang, et al. "Preparation of a selective flocculant for treatment of oily wastewater produced from polymer flooding and its flocculant mechanism." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 9 (2019): 1648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.154.

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Abstract There are residual polymers in the oily wastewater produced from polymer flooding (OWPF); keeping the residual polymer in the water during the flocculation is meaningful and challenging. In this paper, a selective flocculant (denoted as PDC10) which can remove the oil while keeping partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) in water was prepared by copolymerization of decyl two methyl vinylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C10MVBA) and dimethyl aminopropyl methacryamide (DMAPMA). By using oil removal and HPAM retention as evaluation indexes, the synthesis condition of PDC10 was optimized. The optimum PDC10 exhibited oil removal of 98.0% and HPAM retention of 80.5%. Its HPAM retention is much higher than that of a regular cationic flocculant. Measurements of zeta potential, interfacial tension, interfacial dilational modulus and a dual polarization interferometry (DPI) test were carried out for investigating the flocculation mechanism of PDC10. The mechanism of PDC10 was that it can bridge and flocculate oil droplets by electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction. It also preferred to distribute at the interface, and its interaction with HPAM in bulk water was weak, which confirms its selective flocculation properties.

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Chandan, K. K., and G. P. Karmakar. "Drilling fluid waste treatment using polysaccharide-grafted copolymers." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18229.

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A large amount of drilling fluid waste is produced as effluents during exploration and production of oil and gas. Such effluents need to be treated before their final disposal. Efficient coagulation/flocculation can reduce the total amount of disposed effluent, and both coagulation by inorganic salts and flocculation by synthetic flocculants are found to be very effective. The graft-copolymers-based flocculants were prepared using a potassium persulfate initiator solution made by grafting copolymerisation of polyacrylamide onto polysaccharide backbones (starch, guar gum and amylose) in our laboratory. The synthesised graft copolymers have been characterised using various instrumental methods of analysis. The effects of various synthetic flocculants and their concentrations have been studied in combination with the coagulants on coagulation/flocculation of bentonite-based drilling fluid waste have been studied. The effects of coagulant/flocculant dosage, electrolyte concentration and pH on the degree of flocculation of bentonite-based drilling fluid waste was investigated. It was observed that the increase in coagulant/flocculant dosage reduces the residual turbidity and improves the settling rate of the drilling fluid waste. At higher pH conditions, drilling fluid waste dispersions are highly flocculated and have high settling rates and low supernatant turbidity. The combined effect of salt concentration and coagulant/flocculant dosage improves the overall flocculation efficiency of the system.

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Xu, Chenxiao. "Application of microbial flocculants in sewage treatment." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 02031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016502031.

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At present, sewage from agriculture, industry and urban life has become the three major sources of sewage today. As global wastewater emissions continue to increase, people are trying to find more effective solutions. Among them, flocculation technology is widely favored as a more economical and simple one among many water treatment technologies. Inorganic and organic polymer flocculants are two types of chemical flocculants developed and applied in China for a long time. Both types of flocculants have their own advantages in different fields. However, in the process of using these two types of sewage treatment technology, it will bring many adverse effects on human health and ecological environment. Inorganic flocculants have a fast flocculation speed, and have a high specific gravity of alum flowers, and they are easy to sink, but they will bring a large amount of inorganic ions such as aluminum and iron into the treated liquid, and excessive intake of aluminum ions by the human body may cause dementia A series of diseases. Strong corrosiveness is the biggest problem of iron salt flocculants in use. It will shorten the service life of the equipment and bring color to the treated water. Organic polymer flocculant flocculates faster than inorganic flocculant, and has more advantages in terms of dosage, separation process, adaptability, etc., because some polymer flocculants monomer itself is toxic, even its hydrolysis or degradation the product is also toxic (such as polyacrylamide monomer). Therefore, researchers are committed to finding efficient, safe, and non-polluting flocculants to meet the requirements for safe use of flocculants and the reduction of secondary pollution during wastewater treatment. Compared with chemical flocculants, the outstanding advantages have caused the rapid development of microbial flocculants, and its outstanding advantages without secondary pollution have attracted the attention of many researchers, and the development prospect is broad.

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Shestopalov, Oleksii, Oleksandr Briankin, Nadegda Rykusova, Oksana Hetta, Valentina Raiko, and Musii Tseitlin. "OPTIMIZATION OF FLOCCULAR CLEANING AND DRAINAGE OF THIN DISPERSED SLUDGES." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (May 11, 2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2020.001239.

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The efficiency of solid phase retention and dehydration of finely dispersed products of a coal processing plant and a metallurgical enterprise on the module for cleaning and dewatering sludge is investigated. A technique for selecting the operating parameters of equipment based on the determination of the strength criterion of flocs is proposed. A methodology for technological tests has been developed to control the flocculation process and optimize the flow of flocculant depending on the concentration of the solid phase. Industrial tests on the module for wastewater treatment and sludge dewatering using flocculants proved the effectiveness of the developed methodology. It is shown that the conditions for conducting tests on flocculation should correspond to the operating conditions of the circuit apparatus for cleaning and dewatering sludge. These conditions include sludge performance, sludge flow rate in the cross section of pipes and apparatuses, and the flow time from the flocculator to the centrifuge. During the testing of the Module, the solids retention efficiency of 97–99 % was achieved with the strength criteria of flocs in front of a centrifuge of 2–2.5 mm/s. The conditions for the high efficiency of the apparatus chain are the optimization of the aggregation process itself. It is revealed that for the formation of strong flocs it is necessary to regulate the concentration of the solid phase. For coal sludge, the concentration of the solid phase before the flocculant is fed must be maintained no higher than 50–60 g/l, and for gas treatment sludge – no higher than 20–25 g/l. Correction of the concentration of sludge before the flocculator is possible by diluting it with clarified water to the optimum concentration for aggregation. It is found that the moisture content of the sediment and the efficiency of the retention of the solid phase depend on the strength criterion of the flocs. Therefore, the optimization of the flocculant flow rate is possible by controlling and the residual floccule deposition rate after mechanical action in front of the dewatering equipment. The flocculant flow rate must be adjusted depending on the concentration of the solid phase in the sludge to achieve the desired criterion for the strength of the flocs

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Douglas, Lois M., Li Li, Yang Yang, and A. M. Dranginis. "Expression and Characterization of the Flocculin Flo11/Muc1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mannoprotein with Homotypic Properties of Adhesion." Eukaryotic Cell 6, no. 12 (2007): 2214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00284-06.

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ABSTRACT The Flo11/Muc1 flocculin has diverse phenotypic effects. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells of strain background Σ1278b require Flo11p to form pseudohyphae, invade agar, adhere to plastic, and develop biofilms, but they do not flocculate. We show that S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus strains, on the other hand, exhibit Flo11-dependent flocculation and biofilm formation but do not invade agar or form pseudohyphae. In order to study the nature of the Flo11p proteins produced by these two types of strains, we examined secreted Flo11p, encoded by a plasmid-borne gene, in which the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences had been replaced by a histidine tag. A protein of approximately 196 kDa was secreted from both strains, which upon purification and concentration, aggregated into a form with a very high molecular mass. When secreted Flo11p was covalently attached to microscopic beads, it conferred the ability to specifically bind to S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus cells, which flocculate, but not to Σ1278b cells, which do not flocculate. This was true for the 196-kDa form as well as the high-molecular-weight form of Flo11p, regardless of the strain source. The coated beads bound to S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus cells expressing FLO11 and failed to bind to cells with a deletion of FLO11, demonstrating a homotypic adhesive mechanism. Flo11p was shown to be a mannoprotein. Bead-to-cell adhesion was inhibited by mannose, which also inhibits Flo11-dependent flocculation in vivo, further suggesting that this in vitro system is a useful model for the study of fungal adhesion.

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Blom, Hans, Mia Bennemo, Mikael Berg, and Raf Lemmens. "Flocculate removal after alkaline lysis in plasmid DNA production." Vaccine 29, no. 1 (2010): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.021.

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Yang, Zhen, Bo Yuan, Haijiang Li, et al. "Amphoteric starch-based flocculants can flocculate different contaminants with even opposite surface charges from water through molecular structure control." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 455 (August 2014): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.04.043.

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Walsch, J., and S. Dultz. "Effects of pH, Ca- and SO4-concentration on surface charge and colloidal stability of goethite and hematite – consequences for the adsorption of anionic organic substances." Clay Minerals 45, no. 1 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2010.045.1.01.

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AbstractSoil solution chemistry, especially pH and the presence of multivalent ions, affects the surface charge (SC) of Fe oxides and accordingly colloidal stability and sorption properties. The SC of synthetic goethite and hematite was quantified in the presence of different electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4and CaSO4) by combining the streaming potential with polyelectrolyte titration. The point of zero charge (PZC) for goethite was observed at pH 8.2 and the stability field around the PZC, where colloids are flocculated, is more extended (±1 pH unit) than that of hematite with a PZC at pH 7.1 (±0.5 pH unit). The SC decreases with increasing SO4concentration, indicating adsorption of SO4on the oxide, whereas the presence of Ca increases the SC. At pH 4, the addition of 0.1 mmol l–1Na2SO4induced a decrease in SC from 1.5 to 0.380 μmolcm–2for goethite and from 0.85 to 0.42 μmolcm–2for hematite. In a suspension with 0.1 mmol l–1Na2SO4, the number of colloids is already reduced, and both oxides flocculate rapidly and completely at >0.5 mmol l–1Na2SO4. While the addition of SO4did not affect charge titrations with the cationic polyelectrolyte, the anionic polyelectrolyte formed complexes with Ca, resulting in an overestimation of positive SC. The electrolyte CaSO4is most efficient at keeping goethite and hematite in the pH range 4–10 in the flocculated state. Besides pH, the presence of multivalent ions should also be considered when predicting colloid mediated transport and adsorption properties of anionic substances by Fe oxides in soil systems.

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Seredkina, Olga R., Olesya V. Rakhimova, and Sergey V. Lanovetskiy. "INFLUENCE OF FLOCCULANT TYPE ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOCS IN CLAY-SALT SUSPENSIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 6 (2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206306.6085.

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The results of studies on the effect of the flocculant type on the strength characteristics of floccules in clay-salt suspensions, obtained using a laser analyzer of particle size Lasentec D600L FBRM systems were presented in the article. The coefficients of strength and reduction of aggregates formed by polyacrylamide and its anionic and cationic copolymers were determined. Increasing the speed of mixing by using of polymers various types leads to the destruction of the formed aggregates in the flocculated suspension. The size of flocs induced by a cationic flocculant is reduced from 250 to 110 mm, for anionic and non-ionic flocculants - from 500 to 250 mm. The dependence of floc strength on the macromolecules adsorption mechanism on a solid surface was established. The decrease in hydrodynamic effects entails the partial restoration of floccules. It was shown that the recovery of flocs for all studied polymers was limited, which indicates a significant irreversibility of the aggregates destruction process. When using cationic flocculant, the ability to restore the aggregates is 2.5 times lower compared to anionic and non-ionic polymers. For nonionic and anionic polymers, the dependence of flocs coefficients of strength and recovery on the flocculant dosage was established. Dosage of cationic polymer does not affect these indicators. The dynamics of flocculation, destruction and reflocculation processes using various flocculants was considered. The influence of the charge type and polymer consumption on the mechanism of particles interaction was established. The potential possibility of using the obtained results to improve the technology of potassium chloride production at the stages of thickening and dehydrating clay-salt sludge was shown.

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Fujita, M., M. Ike, J. H. Jang, S. M. Kim, and T. Hirao. "Bioflocculation production from lower-molecular fatty acids as a novel strategy for utilization of sludge digestion liquor." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 10 (2001): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0630.

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We propose the bioproduction of a bioflocculant from lower-molecular fatty acids as an innovative strategy for utilizing waste sludge digestion liquor. Fundamental studies on the production, characterization and application of a novel bioflocculant were performed. Citrobacter sp. TKF04 was screened out of 1,564 natural isolates as a bacterial strain capable of a bioflocculant from acetic and propionic acids. TKF04 produced the bioflocculant during the logarithmic growth in the batch cultivation, and it could be recovered from the culture supernatant by ethanol precipitation. The fed-batch cultivation with feeding of acetic acid: ammonium 10;1 (mole) to maintain pH 8.5 led to the hyper-production of the bioflocculant. The bioflocculant was found to be effective for flocculating a kaolin suspension, when added at a final concentration of 1-10 mg/l, over a wide range of pHs (2-8) and temperatures (3-95°C), while the addition of cations was not required. It could flocculate a variety of inorganic and organic suspended particles including kaolin, diatomite, bentonite, activated carbon, soil and activated sludge. These indicated that the bioflocculant possesses flocculating activity comparable or superior to that of synthetic flocculants. The bioflocculation was identified as a chitosan-like biopolymer.

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Zhang, Dong Chen, Jia Yan, Tao Wang, and Qian Qian Zhou. "Research Progress of Coal Flocculat in Recent Years." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.440.

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Flocculant put in coal slime water is an important method to improve the sedimentation effect of fine coal. This paper analyses the application type and characteristic of coal flocculants, and the research progress of coal flocculants in recent years. The results show that a large number of coal inorganic electrolyte flocculant and organic macromolecule flocculant will lead to environment pollution and harming people’s health. But coal microorganism flocculant not only has characteristic of traditional coal flocculating agent, but also has many special characteristic such as biodegradation. The coal microorganiam flocculants will make a great development and application in the future.

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Li, Na, Yongfeng Tuo, Honghai Shen, and Shiquan Liu. "Vitrification of a waste water flocculate from a petroleum catalyst manufacturer." Ceramics International 39, no. 8 (2013): 8667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.046.

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Marques, Luiz Carlos do Carmo, and Daniel Monteiro Pimentel. "Pitfalls of CO₂ Injection in Enhanced Oil Recovery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 830 (March 2016): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.830.125.

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The intent of this paper is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the pitfalls associated with CO2-rich gas injection during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. An emphasis is placed, however, on the interactions between this gas and crude oil asphaltenes, because these later compounds are heavy organic molecules which can destabilize, flocculate and precipitate in CO2-rich environments, thus triggering a major field problem: injectivity loss due to near-wellbore (inflow) formation damage: an Achilles heel for any EOR process.

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OYAMA, Hiroyuki, Tomoya OGINO, Toru SATO, Hisato YASUDA, Norio TEMMA, and Jiro NAGAO. "Shape Reconstruction of Mud Flocculate in the Sand and Mud Alternate Layer." Transactions of the Visualization Society of Japan 38, no. 6 (2018): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/tvsj.38.17.

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Artemiev, A. V. "ESTIMATION OF FLOCCULATE EFFICIENCY IN TREATMENT OF PROCESS WATER OF DRESSING PLANT." MINING INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL BULLETIN 7 (May 20, 2017): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2017-7-0-203-210.

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Nowicki, Waldemar, and Grażyna Nowicka. "Sedimentation of fine colloidal particles adsorbed onto a long polymer chain." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 9 (1997): 1248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-151.

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A system containing aggregates composed of several fine colloidal particles attached to a single very long polymer molecule is considered. It is shown that the sedimentation equilibrium of the system depends on the extent of restriction over the Brownian motions of particles. On the basis of analysis of sedimentation equilibrium, a simple stability model for such systems is developed. The model elucidates the deterioration of the ability of ultralarge polymers to flocculate fine suspensions. Keywords: high polymers, fine colloidal particles, sedimentation, diffusion, flocculation, stabilization of suspensions.

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Schechter, LeeAnn, Bruce K. Bernard, Frank W. Barvenik, et al. "Evaluation of the Toxicological Risk Associated with the Use of Polyacrylamides in the Recovery of Nutrients from Food Processing Waste (I)." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 13, no. 4 (1994): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819409140598.

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Trivalent metal ions such as iron and aluminum are currently employed to flocculate liquid-borne solids from food-processing waste streams. These captured nutrient-rich waste solids are disposed of mainly through land applications (e.g., subsoil injection) because of the potential toxicity associated with the metal salts. Low-toxicity, water-soluble polyacrylamide polymers are currently approved for and employed as flocculants in potable water applications. The use of these polymers in food-processing waste streams could enable the captured solids to be recycled as components of animal feed, thus decreasing the burden on landfills and making good use of the proteinaceous matrix. However, polyacrylamides contain very low concentrations of acryl-amide monomer, which is highly toxic and can cause neurotoxicity, cytogenic lesions, and an increase in tumor rates in experimental animals. With use of two industrial food processing wastes, experiments were conducted to determine how acrylamide monomer would partition during a solids/liquid separation and subsequent rendering. Based on the analytical data, 96% of the acrylamide monomer was measured in the water portion after separation. Because of background interferences, acrylamide could not be directly measured in the solids portion. With use of these results and worst-case calculations, <2 ppb of acrylamide could be present in animal feed, thereby making the associated risk de minimis.

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Heviánková, Silvie, Radek Souček, Miroslav Kyncl, and Naděžda Surovcová. "Contribution To The Study Of Flocculation Of Digestate." GeoScience Engineering 61, no. 3 (2015): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0021.

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Abstract The paper deals with the intensification of separating the solid phase of digestate using flocculants only. The separated solid phase should subsequently be used in agriculture for fertilising. Flocculants (polyacrylamides) are difficult to biodegrade. In this respect, they should not deteriorate the properties of the solid phase and the flocculant dose must be as low as possible. The research aimed to identify the optimal cationic flocculant and its application procedure which would enable a dosage that would be both economically and ecologically acceptable. We tested 21 cationic flocculants of different charge density and molecular weight and 1 mixture of two selected flocculants (Sokoflok 53 and Sokoflok 54) with the aim to discover the lowest possible dose of flocculating agent to achieve the effective aggregation of digestate particles. The lowest flocculant doses were obtained using the mixture of flocculants labelled Sokoflok 53 and Sokoflok 54 in 4:1 proportion, both of a low charge density and medium molecular weight, namely 14.54 g/kg of total solids for a digestate from the biogas plant Stonava and namely 11.80 g/kg of total solids for a digestate from the biogas plant Vrahovice. The findings also reveal that flocculation is most effective during two-stage flocculant dosing at different mixing time and intensity.

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Zhang, Yizhuo, Qinhuan Yang, Hongxia Gao, et al. "Application of a modified biological flocculant in total nitrogen treatment of leather wastewater." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 12 (2021): 2901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.192.

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Abstract Leather wastewater harms the ecological environment and human health. In this study, a modified bio-flocculant was prepared to facilitate treatment of leather wastewater. A bio-flocculant produced by Bacillus cereus was combined with amphoteric starch and modified using a cerium ammonium nitrate initiator. Single factor optimization and orthogonal optimization were used to determine the optimal preparation conditions as follows: amphoteric starch-to-flocculant ratio = 22:30; reaction temperature = 64 °C; initiator dosage = 2.00%; reaction time = 15 min; stirring speed = 600 rpm; and flocculation system pH = 8.0. At a dosage of 1 g/L added to simulated leather industry wastewater, the flocculation efficiency (98.17%) and the total nitrogen removal efficiency (100.00%) of modified bio-flocculant was superior to that achieved by 1 g/L of unmodified bio-flocculant (72.16% and 50.00%, respectively), amphoteric starch (8.50% and 0.00%) and polyacrylamide (95.55% and 75.00%). Analysis of natural and flocculated precipitates in the wastewater showed that the modified bio-flocculant significantly changed several characteristics of the flocculated particles; in addition, it promoted the removal of nitrogenous substances in the process of denitrification. These changes helped explain the material's flocculating ability. The results confirmed that the modified bio-flocculant was an effective additive for treating leather wastewater.

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Yan, Xiaoqian, and Xunjiang Zhang. "Interactive effects of clay and polyacrylamide properties on flocculation of pure and subsoil clays." Soil Research 52, no. 7 (2014): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14106.

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Turbidity reduction is essential for improving surface water quality. Eroded fine sediments not only increase surface water turbidity, they also carry pollutants such as heavy metals and pathogens. The objectives of this study were to investigate the mechanisms of adsorption and desorption of polyacrylamide (PAM) by pure kaolinite and montmorillonite, and to test the ability of PAM to flocculate the two pure clays as well as four subsoils having distinct clay mineralogy. PAMs with different charge type, density, and molecular weights were used, and a standard flocculation series test and an isotherm adsorption method were employed. The results showed that the flocculating power of PAM for the two sodium (Na)-saturated clays followed the order cationic > non-ionic > anionic. Cationic PAM was the most effective flocculent and anionic PAM the least. The magnitude of PAM adsorption by pure clays was strongly affected by PAM charge, clay charge, and clay surface areas. Once adsorbed, desorption was almost impossible. The flocculation series test with natural subsoils showed that all six PAMs with different charge properties and molecular weights were more effective in flocculating the two kaolinitic loam soils than the two smectitic sand soils. The optimal flocculation concentration range was 1–3 mg L–1. The results also indicated that the presence of cation bridges was essential for anionic PAMs to flocculate montmorillonite-dominant soils effectively. The overall results showed that clay–PAM interactions were complex and dynamic, and such complexity necessitates that the optimal flocculation concentration be varied with clay mineralogy and PAM type.

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RAINEY, THOMAS J., WILLIAM O. S. DOHERTY, D. MARK MARTINEZ, RICHARD J. BROWN, and ALAN DICKSON. "The effect of flocculants on the filtration of bagasse pulp pads." May 2010 9, no. 5 (2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.5.7.

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This study examined the effect of flocculants on the filtration parameters of bagasse pulp. In the first phase, flocculants were effective for improving the fiber retention of three different bagasse pulp slurries, based on flocculant system studies using a dynamic drainage jar. In the second phase, pulp pads were formed using these flocculants and the steady-state permeability and compressibility parameters were measured. The results showed that the flocculant system that was effective for a pulp slurry was entirely ineffective in improving pulp pad permeability or compressibility during the second experimental phase for two of the bagasse pulp samples.

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Araújo, Diana, Patrícia Concórdio-Reis, Ana C. Marques, et al. "Demonstration of the ability of the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol to flocculate kaolin suspensions." Environmental Technology 41, no. 3 (2018): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1497710.

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Chang, You-Im, and Ming-Hung Ku. "Can colloidal particles flocculate at two energy minima simultaneously in a quiescent medium?" Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 271, no. 1 (2004): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.11.055.

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Kihn, Jean Claude, Charlotte L. Masy, Michèle M. Mestdagh, and Paul G. Rouxhet. "Yeast flocculation: factors affecting the measurement of flocculence." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 6 (1988): 779–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-132.

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The physical meaning of the residual absorbance of a yeast suspension after flocculation and settling has been investigated. Starting with a dispersed suspension, agitation accelerates flocculation by increasing the probability of collision between particles. As flocculation advances, agitation also breaks the flocs. A stationary state is reached when flocculence (tendency to flocculate) is counterpoised by agitation. If the intensity of agitation is maintained constant, the free cell concentration reflects the flocculence, provided the stationary state is reached. The residual absorbance, determined after settling of the flocs, is a measure of the free cell concentration and represents an adequate parameter to characterize yeast flocculence.

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Al Hassani, Ahmed Aleiwi, Adil Ibadi AL-Luhaiby, and Mohammed Jasim Al-Shamarti. "Molecular Physical Properties of Cryogloblin in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus in Al-Najaf Province." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 10, no. 04 (2019): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.10.4.19.

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Cryoglobulins (CGs) are cold precipitating abnormal immunoglobulins. The incidence of hepatitis B was discovered to be greater in age groups (46-55 years) relative to other age groups. CGs were detected in 50 (33.3%) out of 150 patients with Hepatitis B. Three types of CGs precipitation nature were identified. Gelatinous (76%), flocculate (20%), and crystalline (4%). No relation was found between the patient’s age and CGs molecular physical properties.The cryoconite test of 50 serum samples revealed that their reversible precipitation characterizes cGs at 4ºC between 12 hours to five days, and solubility time at 37ºC ranged between half an hour and three hours.

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McLeish, Duncan F., Anthony E. Williams-Jones, Olga V. Vasyukova, James R. Clark, and Warwick S. Board. "Colloidal transport and flocculation are the cause of the hyperenrichment of gold in nature." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (2021): e2100689118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100689118.

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Aqueous complexation has long been considered the only viable means of transporting gold to depositional sites in hydrothermal ore-forming systems. A major weakness of this hypothesis is that it cannot readily explain the formation of ultrahigh-grade gold veins. This is a consequence of the relatively low gold concentrations typical of ore fluids (tens of parts per billion [ppb]) and the fact that these “bonanza” veins can contain weight-percent levels of gold in some epithermal and orogenic deposits. Here, we present direct evidence for a hypothesis that could explain these veins, namely, the transport of the gold as colloidal particles and their flocculation in nanoscale calcite veinlets. These gold-bearing nanoveinlets bear a remarkable resemblance to centimeter-scale ore veins in many hydrothermal gold deposits and give unique insight into the scale invariability of colloidal flocculation in forming hyperenriched gold deposits. Using this evidence, we propose a model for the development of bonanza gold veins in high-grade deposits. We argue that gold transport in these systems is largely mechanical and is the result of exceptionally high degrees of supersaturation that preclude precipitation of gold crystals and instead lead to the formation of colloidal particles, which flocculate and form much larger masses. These flocculated masses aggregate locally, where they are seismically pumped into fractures to locally form veins composed largely of gold. This model explains how bonanza veins may form from fluids containing ppb concentrations of gold and does not require prior encapsulation of colloidal gold particles in silica gel, as proposed by previous studies.

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Li, Yunhui, Heather Kaminsky, Xue Yuki Gong, Yijia Simon Sun, Mohammed Ghuzi, and Ardalan Sadighian. "What Affects Dewatering Performance of High Density Slurry?" Minerals 11, no. 7 (2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070761.

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The dewatering of flocculated high density slurry presents a significant challenge to most mining industries. The new technologies to treat high density slurry require a consistent and robust flocculation method in order to enter the market of tailings management. The flocculation of high density slurry, however, due to its complexity, is always a challenge to be undertaken appropriately and to evaluate the dewatering performance correctly. This paper probes the complexity by using a torque-controlled mixing technique to demonstrate the influence of feed properties, polymer type, polymer dosage, and mixing conditions on dewatering performance. The study shows that flocculant should be dosed at the optimal range to achieve the highest dewatering performance. A full dosage responsive curve including under dosage, optimal dosage, and overdosage is critical to evaluate the dewatering performance of high density slurries and flocculants. The mixing conditions such as mixing speed, mixing time, and geometry of the mixing impeller affect the flocculation efficacy. It was found that the dewatering performance of high density slurry is sensitive to solids content, water chemistry, and clay activity. High sodicity and high clay activity in the high density slurry decreases the dewatering performance. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate flocculants across multiple feeds and dosages with replication in order to select optimal dewatering performance. Using multiple key performance indicators (KPIs) to build technical and economic criteria is also critical for polymer evaluation.

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Xie, Hai Yun, Li Kun Gao, Shu Ming He, Dian Wen Liu, and Xiong Tong. "Flocculation and Sedimentation of Bauxite Flotation Tailings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 1179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.1179.

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Flocculation and sedimentation of fine bauxite from flotation tailing pulp were studied using different flocculants to investigate the possibility of its application. The results of this investigation indicate that inorganic flocculants of PAC and PAS have better flocculating effect than organic flocculants of PAM1# and PAM2# when keeping the original pH (7.5~8.0) of tailing pulp, however its consumption are large. It was found that the pH of pulp is important to the tailings settlement. The dosage of flocculants are greatly reduced and the velocity of floc settling is accelerated when the pH of tailing pulp is adjusted to 6.5~7.0 using sulfuric acid. PAM1# and PAM2# are effective flocculants for fine bauxite from the tailings pulp and improved the sedimentation performance compared with PAC and PAS at pH 6.5~7.0. It was also found that the flocculants can be used in combination to treat original bauxite tailing, and good sedimentation effect has been achieved, but the dosage of reagents is bigger when the organic flocculant is combined with inorganic flocculant.

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Fengjun, Zhang, Kong Cui, Sun Xianyang, Li Xuan, Liu Jin, and Chen Qianbao. "Study on preparation and properties of novel ternary flocculant for rapid separation of underground continuous wall waste mud." Pigment & Resin Technology 49, no. 6 (2020): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-08-2019-0073.

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Purpose A novel ternary flocculant was prepared by a simple compounding method to achieve efficient and rapid mud-water separation. This paper aims to discuss the possible mud-water separation mechanism. Design/methodology/approach This experimental study aims to investigate the effects of different types of flocculants on the separation of waste mud water and the degradation of flocculants in the supernatant. The flocculating component, the ratio of the flocculating accelerator to the flocculant and the addition amount of the novel ternary flocculant were optimized. Findings The experimental results show that the composition of the new ternary flocculant is cationic polyacrylamide (CP-02), grafted starch (GS-501) and flocculation sedimentation accelerator, the best effect, the mass ratio is 1:0.5: 0.75. According to 0.25:1 (volume ratio), the new ternary flocculant is pre-configured into a solution with a concentration of 3 kg/m3 to achieve efficient and rapid mud-water separation. Originality/value The new ternary flocculant is used for the separation of mud and water in the underground continuous wall waste mud, improving the level of civilized construction.

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Masy, Charlotte L., Myriam Kockerols, and Michèle M. Mestdagh. "Calcium activity versus "calcium threshold" as the key factor in the induction of yeast flocculation in simulated industrial fermentations." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 4 (1991): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-046.

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Yeast flocculation is regulated by two parameters: the free-calcium activity and the "calcium threshold" or the quantity of calcium at which cells flocculate in a turbidimetric test. The study of the influence of different factors such as calcium concentration, pH, and chelating agents on flocculation has led us to put forward the following hypothesis. Flocculation occurs when the calcium threshold becomes equal to free-calcium activity, i.e., when the medium contains the exact quantity of calcium necessary for flocculation to occur. This hypothesis has been confirmed under standard laboratory culture conditions and in simulated industrial fermentations. Key words: flocculation, yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, calcium induction.

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Marchesan, Melissa Andréia, Braulio Pasternak Júnior, Márcia Maisa de Freitas Afonso, Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto, and Cristina Paschoalato. "Chemical analysis of the flocculate formed by the association of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 103, no. 5 (2007): e103-e105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.11.008.

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Cai, Zhao-Sheng, Chun-Sheng Yang, and Xue-Mei Zhu. "Preparation of quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan and its capacity to flocculate COD from printing wastewater." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 118, no. 1 (2010): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.32323.

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KHUNAWATTANAKUL, W., S. PUTTIPIPATKHACHORN, T. RADES, and T. PONGJANYAKUL. "Chitosan–magnesium aluminum silicate composite dispersions: Characterization of rheology, flocculate size and zeta potential." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 351, no. 1-2 (2008): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.09.038.

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Horemans, Dante M. L., Yoeri M. Dijkstra, Henk M. Schuttelaars, Patrick Meire, and Tom J. S. Cox. "Unraveling the Essential Effects of Flocculation on Large-Scale Sediment Transport Patterns in a Tide-Dominated Estuary." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 7 (2020): 1957–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0232.1.

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AbstractSediment transport in estuaries and the formation of estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM) highly depend on the ability of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to flocculate into larger aggregates. While most literature focuses on the small-scale impact of biological flocculants on the formation of larger aggregates, the influence of the flocculation process on large-scale estuarine SPM profiles is still largely unknown. In this paper, we study the impact of flocculation of SPM on the formation of ETM. For this, a semianalytical width-integrated model called iFlow is utilized and extended by a flocculation model. Starting from a complex one-class flocculation model, we show that flocculation may be described as a linear relation between settling velocity and suspended sediment concentration to capture its leading-order effect on the ETM formation. The model is applied to a winter case in the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, Netherlands) and calibrated to a unique, long-term, two-dimensional set of turbidity (cf. SPM) observations. First, model results with and without the effect of flocculation are compared, showing that the spatial and temporal variations of the settling velocity due to flocculation are essential to reproduce the observed magnitude of the suspended sediment concentrations and its dependence on river discharge. Second, flocculation results in tidally averaged land-inward sediment transport. Third, we conduct a sensitivity analysis of the freshwater discharge and floc breakup parameter, which shows that flocculation can cause additional estuarine turbidity maxima and can prevent flushing of the ETM for high freshwater inflow.

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Gu, Na, Jin Long Gao, Kui Tao Wang, Wen Cui Dong, and Yu Lin Ma. "ZnO/SnO₂/Montmorillonite Composite for Inhibition of Cyanobacterial Bloom." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.166.

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ZnO/SnO2/montmorillonite that could flocculate and restrict the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa used as a probe of cyanobacterial was prepared and characterized by means of XRD and TEM. In ZnO/SnO2/montmorillonite, ZnO and SnO2nanoparticles disperse on montmorillonite surface. The determinations of chlorophyll a levels and total soluble protein content demonstrate that ZnO/SnO2/montmorillonite has stronger flocculation effect on Microcystis aeruginosa compared with natural montmorillonit under visible light, and has a good photocatalytic degradation effect on Microcystis aeruginosa under UV irradiation. Under UV, 96.79% removal efficiency is achieved for Microcystis aeruginosa in 1h using 50mg.L-1ZnO/SnO2/montmorillonite. The synergy of absorption flocculation and photocatalysis of ZnO/SnO2/montmorillonite promotes the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa.

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Chen, Zhou, Yong Yang, Tengzhou Xu, Junfeng Hu, and Shaoqiang Liu. "Morphologies and characteristic of glass fiber suspensions basing on various beating speeds." Materials Express 9, no. 9 (2019): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2019.1609.

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Glass fibers commonly flocculate in suspensions and slurries, which can be largely prevented by a beating process. In this paper, morphologies and characteristics of glass fiber suspensions resulting from various beating speeds are explored. By increasing the speed (ranging from 1500 revolutions to 12000 revolutions), glass fibers can be translated, rotated, bended and broken, which leads the drainage resistances of glass fiber suspensions increase dramatically from 19.5 °SR to 23.5 °SR, then fluctuate and settle close to 22.5 °SR. Decreasing the fiber length leads to reduction in fiber–fiber contact and improves the uniformity of fiber suspensions. The separation and random distribution of glass fibers decreases in the viscosity of the fiber suspension.

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Alias, Tuti Yasmin, Mohd Hasbullah Idris, Ahmad Zuraida, and Ali Ourdjini. "Rheological Behavior and Stability of Cassava Starch for Ceramic Mould Binder Application." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.162.

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Silica free binder was developed from cassava starch to correspond common ceramic mould binder for reactive metal casting application. Ceramic slurry rheology behavior and stability depends on both binder and refractory materials properties. Starch processing started from granule expansion or swelling, gelatinization, depolymerization via prolong heating and by adding plasticizer, citric acid is to improve viscosity. Pseudoplastic or shear thinning behavior for both binder and slurry were observed starting at 0.13 Pa.s and 2.5 Pa.s respectively. Calcium carbonate (aragonite) slurry from starch binder however, exhibited viscoelastic behavior compare to colloidal silica sol. Ceramic slurry aged as both cationic starch and CaCO3 flocculate and not exfoliate as indicated by increased in the pH of the slurry.

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AZZAM, Ahmed M., and Ahmed TAWFIK. "REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS USING BACTERIAL BIO-FLOCCULANTS OF BACILLUS SP. AND PSEUDOMONAS SP." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 23, no. 4 (2015): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1068781.

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Bio-flocculants produced by Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were evaluated as flocculating agents for the removal of Cu (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) from chemical and textile wastewater industries. Both bio-flocculants were very effective for removal of heavy metals at a dosage not exceeding 0.1 mg/ml. However, the removal efficiency of heavy metals was dependant on initial concentration and type of bio-flocculants. 84.0% of Cu2+ and 99.5% of Pb2+ were removed from industrial wastewater using Bacillus sp. Bio-flocculant resulting residual values of 28.5 and 1.13μg/l respectively in the treated effluent. Lower removal efficiencies of 70.4% for Cu2+ and 97.8% for Pb2+ occurred using Pseudomonas sp. bioflocculant. Nevertheless, Pseudomonas sp. bio-flocculant achieved a substantially higher removal efficiency of Cd2+ (93.5%) as compared to 72.9% using Bacillus sp. Based on these results bio-flocculants are considered as a viable alternative for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals.

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Rhea, Nicholas, John Groppo, and Czarena Crofcheck. "Evaluation of Flocculation, Sedimentation, and Filtration for Dewatering of Scenedesmus Algae." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 4 (2017): 1359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12116.

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Abstract. Algae can be used as a feedstock for agricultural fertilizers, livestock and poultry feeds, anaerobic digestion, and biofuel production. For each end product, the requirements for moisture content (or solids content) vary, such that a desirable water removal strategy needs to be adaptable to varying levels of water removal. Flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration were evaluated as possible strategies for thickening and dewatering of algae. The goal of this study was to validate that algae cells treated by such means could be processed by vacuum belt filters and to determine the conditions under which the solids content could be increased to 5 to 25 wt%. The flocculation and sedimentation studies focused on conditions needed to thicken algae from a culture concentration range of 0.4 to 1 g L-1 to an end-product concentration range of 15 to 50 g L-1. Sedimentation rates of were measured with varying flocculant dosages (0 to 25 ppm) for various flocculants. The highest level of compaction was achieved with a synthetic cationic polymeric flocculant with higher molecular weight at a dosage of 15 ppm, which provided 16.3 mL of compacted solids (3.3 wt% solids). Subsequently, solids were successfully separated as a cake via gravity and vacuum filtration. The filtration studies focused on the conditions needed to filter flocculated algae slurry from a concentration range of 15 to 50 g L-1 to a product at a concentration range of 50 to 250 g L-1. Filtration rates of were measured on algae slurry treated with 10 to 15 ppm of a synthetic cationic polymeric flocculant. Processing parameters such as cake formation time, filtration rate, and mass throughput were evaluated against variables such as cake thickness, feed concentration, and processing time. Keywords: Algae, Dewatering, Filtration, Flocculation, Scenedesmus sp., Sedimentation, Thickening.

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