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Journal articles on the topic 'Flood, 1927'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zemanek, Alicja, and Piotr Köhler. "Historia Ogrodu Botanicznego Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie (1919–1939)." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 15 (November 24, 2016): 301–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23921749shs.16.012.6155.

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The university in Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius), now Vilniaus universitetas, founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780-1832 and 1919-1939. The Botanic Garden established by Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814) in 1781 (or, actually, from 1782) survived the loss of independence by Poland (1795), and a later closure of the University (1832), and it continued to function until 1842, when it was shut down by Russian authorities. After Poland had regained independence and the University was reopened as the Stefan Batory University (SBU), its Botanic Garden was established on a new location (1919, active since 1920). It survived as a Polish institution until 1939. After the Second World War, as a result of changed borders, it found itself in the Soviet Union, and from 1990 – in the Republic of Lithuania. A multidisciplinary research project has been recently launched with the aim to create a publication on the history of science at the Stefan Batory University. The botanical part of the project includes, among others, drafting the history of the Botanic Garden. Obtaining electronic copies of archival documents, e.g. annual reports written by the directors, enabled a more thorough analysis of the Garden’s history. Piotr Wiśniewski (1884–1971), a plant physiologist, nominated as Professor in the Department of General Botany on 1 June 1920, was the organiser and the first director of the Garden. He resigned from his post in October 1923, due to financial problems of the Garden. From October 1923 to April 1924, the management was run by the acting director, Edward Bekier (1883–1945), Professor in the Department of Physical Chemistry, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. For 13 subsequent years, i.e. from 1 May 1924 to 30 April 1937, the directorship of the Garden was held by Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), a mycologist and one of the pioneers of phytopathology in Poland, Head of the Department of Botany II (Agricultural Botany), renamed in 1926 as the Department of Plant Taxonomy, and in 1937 – the Department of Taxonomy and Geography of Plants. From May 1937 to 1939, his successor as director was Franciszek Ksawery Skupieński (1888–1962), a researcher of slime moulds. Great credit for the development of the Garden is due to the Inspector, i.e. Chief Gardener, Konstanty Prószyński (Proszyński) (1859–1936) working there from 1919, through his official nomination in 1920, until his death. He was an amateur-naturalist, a former landowner, who had lost his property. Apart from the work on establishing and maintaining the Garden’s collection, as well as readying seeds for exchange, he published one mycological paper, and prepared a manuscript on fungi, illustrated by himself, containing descriptions of the new species. Unfortunately, this work was not published for lack of funds, and the prepared material was scattered. Some other illustrations of flowering plants drawn by Prószyński survived. There were some obstacles to the further development of the institution, namely substantially inadequate funds as well as too few members of the personnel (1–3 gardeners, and 1–3 seasonal workers). The area of the Garden, covering approx. 2 hectares was situated on the left bank of the Neris river (Polish: Wilia). It was located on sandy soils of a floodplain, and thus liable to flooding. These were the reasons for the decision taken in June 1939 to move the Garden to a new site but the outbreak of the Second World War stood in the way. Despite these disadvantageous conditions, the management succeeded in setting up sections of plants analogous to these established in other botanical gardens in Poland and throughout the world, i.e. general taxonomy (1922), native flora (1922), psammophilous plants (1922), cultivated plants (1924/1925), plant ecology (1927/1928), alpinarium (1927–1929), high-bog plants (1927–1929), and, additionally – in the 1920s – the arboretum, as well as sections of aquatic and bog plants. A glasshouse was erected in 1926–1929 to provide room for plants of warm and tropical zones. The groups representing the various types of vegetation illustrated the progress in ecology and phytosociology in the science of the period (e.g. in the ecology section, the Raunkiaer’s life forms were presented). The number of species grown increased over time, from 1,347 in 1923/1924 to approx. 2,800 in 1936/1937. Difficult weather conditions – the severe winter of 1928 as well as the snowless winter and the dry summer of 1933/34 contributed to the reduction of the collections. The ground collections, destroyed by flood in spring of 1931, were restored in subsequent years. Initially, the source of plant material was the wild plant species collected during field trips. Many specimens were also obtained from other botanical gardens, such as Warsaw and Cracow (Kraków). Beginning from 1923, printed catalogues of seeds offered for exchange were published (cf. the list on p. ... ). Owing to that, the Garden began to participate in the national and international plant exchange networks. From its inception, the collection of the Garden was used for teaching purposes, primarily to the students of the University, as well as for the botanical education of schoolchildren and the general public, particularly of the residents of Vilna. Scientific experiments on phytopathology were conducted on the Garden’s plots. After Vilna was incorporated into Lithuania in October 1939, the Lithuanian authorities shut down the Stefan Batory University, thus ending the history of the Polish Botanic Garden. Its area is now one of the sections of the Vilnius University Botanic Garden (“Vingis” section – Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodas). In 1964, its area was extended to 7.35 hectares. In 1974, after establishing the new Botanic Garden in Kairenai to the east of Vilnius, the old Garden lost its significance. Nevertheless, it still serves the students and townspeople of Vilnius, and its collections of flowering plants are often used to decorate and grace the university halls during celebrations.
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2

Peña, J. C., L. Schulte, A. Badoux, M. Barriendos, and A. Barrera-Escoda. "Influence of solar forcing, climate variability and modes of low-frequency atmospheric variability on summer floods in Switzerland." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 10, 2015): 3807–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3807-2015.

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Abstract. The higher frequency of severe flood events in Switzerland in recent decades has given fresh impetus to the study of flood patterns and their possible forcing mechanisms, particularly in mountain environments. This paper presents a new index of summer flood damage that considers severe and catastrophic summer floods in Switzerland between 1800 and 2009, and explores the influence of external forcings on flood frequencies. In addition, links between floods and low-frequency atmospheric variability patterns are examined. The flood damage index provides evidence that the 1817–1851, 1881–1927, 1977–1990 and 2005–present flood clusters occur mostly in phase with palaeoclimate proxies. The cross-spectral analysis documents that the periodicities detected in the coherency and phase spectra of 11 (Schwabe cycle) and 104 years (Gleissberg cycle) are related to a high frequency of flooding and solar activity minima, whereas the 22-year cyclicity detected (Hale cycle) is associated with solar activity maxima and a decrease in flood frequency. The analysis of low-frequency atmospheric variability modes shows that Switzerland lies close to the border of the principal summer mode. The Swiss river catchments situated on the centre and southern flank of the Alps are affected by atmospherically unstable areas defined by the positive phase of the pattern, while those basins located in the northern slope of the Alps are predominantly associated with the negative phase of the pattern. Furthermore, a change in the low-frequency atmospheric variability pattern related to the major floods occurred over the period from 1800 to 2009; the summer principal mode persists in the negative phase during the last cool pulses of the Little Ice Age (1817–1851 and 1881–1927 flood clusters), whereas the positive phases of the mode prevail during the warmer climate of the last 4 decades (flood clusters from 1977 to present).
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3

Peña, J. C., L. Schulte, A. Badoux, M. Barriendos, and A. Barrera-Escoda. "Influence of solar forcing, climate variability and atmospheric circulation patterns on summer floods in Switzerland." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 19, 2014): 13843–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-13843-2014.

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Abstract. The higher frequency of severe flood events in Switzerland in recent decades has given fresh impetus to the study of flood patterns and their possible forcing mechanisms, particularly in mountain environments. This paper presents an index of summer flood damage that considers severe and catastrophic summer floods in Switzerland between 1800 and 2009, and explores the influence of solar and climate forcings on flood frequencies. In addition, links between floods and low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns are examined. The flood damage index provides evidence that the 1817–1851, 1881–1927, 1977–1990 and 2005–present flood clusters occur mostly in phase with palaeoclimate proxies. The cross-spectral analysis documents that the periodicities detected in the coherency and phase spectra of 11 (Schwabe cycle) and 104 years (Gleissberg cycle) are related to a high frequency of flooding and solar activity minima, whereas the 22 year cyclicity detected (Hale cycle) is associated with solar activity maxima and a decrease in flood frequency. The analysis of atmospheric circulation patterns shows that Switzerland lies close to the border of the summer principal mode: the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation. The Swiss river catchments situated on the centre and southern flank of the Alps are affected by atmospherically unstable areas defined by the positive phase of the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation pattern, while those basins located in the northern slope of the Alps are predominantly associated with the negative phase of the pattern. Furthermore, a change in the low-frequency atmospheric circulation pattern related to the major floods occurred over the period from 1800 to 2009: the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation persists in negative phase during the last cool pulses of the Little Ice Age (1817–1851 and 1881–1927 flood clusters), whereas the positive phases of SNAO prevail during warmer climate of the last four decades (flood clusters from 1977 to present).
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4

EVANS, DAVID. "Bessie Smith's ‘Back-Water Blues’: the story behind the song." Popular Music 26, no. 1 (January 2006): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143007001158.

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‘Back-Water Blues’, composed by Bessie Smith and recorded by her on 17 February 1927, has long been associated in the popular mind and even by some writers with the great flood of the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries that occurred that year. This is historically problematical because that flood began two months after Smith recorded her song. Through an examination of Smith's touring itinerary, the testimony of fellow entertainers who toured with her, newspaper reports, and other documents, it can be shown that the song was composed about a flood of the Cumberland River that struck Nashville, Tennessee, on Christmas morning, 1926. The lyrics of the song are interpreted with respect to the events of that flood.
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5

Bergman, Jonathan C. "The Flood Year 1927: A Cultural History." Journal of American History 104, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 1053–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax506.

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6

Bearden, Russell E. "The Great Flood of 1927: A Portfolio of Photographs." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 61, no. 4 (2002): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40022647.

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7

Smith, James A., and Mary Lynn Baeck. "“Prophetic vision, vivid imagination”: The 1927 Mississippi River flood." Water Resources Research 51, no. 12 (December 2015): 9964–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017927.

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8

Nasar-u-Minallah, Muhammad. "Geo Spatial Assessment of Flood Hazard in Jhang District, Pakistan." Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 13 (November 8, 2017): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2017.13.93.

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9

Randolph, Ned. "River Activism, “Levees-Only” and the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927." Media and Communication 6, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i1.1179.

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This article investigates media coverage of 19th and early 20th century river activism and its effect on federal policy to control the Mississippi River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ “levees-only” policy—which joined disparate navigation and flood control interests—is largely blamed for the Great Flood of 1927, called the largest peacetime disaster in American history. River activists organized annual conventions, and later, professional lobbies organized media campaigns up and down the Mississippi River to sway public opinion and pressure Congress to fund flood control and river navigation projects. Annual river conventions drew thousands of delegates such as plantation owners, shippers, bankers, chambers of commerce, governors, congressmen, mayors and cabinet members with interests on the Mississippi River. Public pressure on Congress successfully captured millions of federal dollars to protect property, drain swamps for development, subsidize local levee districts and influence river policy.
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10

Niebling, William, Jonathan Baker, Laila Kasuri, Sarah Katz, and Kim Smet. "Challenge and response in the Mississippi River Basin." Water Policy 16, S1 (March 1, 2014): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.005.

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This paper discusses the historic and contemporary challenges in the management of the lower Mississippi River Basin, and describes the evolving role of the federal government in addressing these challenges. In the early eighteenth century, the federal government was responsible for maintaining a navigable channel. After repeated calls by states for federal assistance with flood control and a devastating flood in 1927, the federal government additionally became the primary body responsible for protecting the Delta from floods. Although the resulting flood control system provided greater protection, it also brought new challenges, such as an increasingly large hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico, land subsidence in southern Louisiana and water quality issues. The confluence of these environmental concerns and changing national values have once again broadened the scope of federal responsibility to include environmental management and ecosystem restoration, along with its original involvement in navigation and flood control. This triad of responsibility carries with it often-competing objectives that must be balanced within legal and institutional constraints, most notably a deficit of available funding for inland waterway projects and what appears to be a lack of political will for continued investment in the maintenance of existing and development of new projects.
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11

Dadhich, G., H. Miyazaki, and M. Babel. "APPLICATIONS OF SENTINEL-1 SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGERY FOR FLOODS DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY OF NAKHON SI THAMMARAT, THAILAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 5, 2019): 1927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-1927-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Flooding is one of the major disasters occurring in various parts of the world. Estimation of economic loss due to flood often becomes necessary for flood damage mitigation. This present practice to carry out post flood survey to estimate damage, which is a laborious and time-consuming task. This paper presents a framework of rapid estimation of flood damage using SAR earth observation satellite data.</p><p>In Nakhon Si Thammarat, a southern province in Thailand, flooding is a recurrent event affecting the entire province, especially the urban area. Every year, it causes lives and damages to infrastructure, agricultural production and severely affects local economic development. In order to monitor and estimate flood damages in near-real time, numerous techniques can be used, from a simply digitizing on maps, to using detailed surveys or remote sensing techniques. However, when using the last-mentioned technique, the results are conditioned by the time of data acquisition (day or night) as well as by weather conditions. Although, these impediments can be surpassed by using RADAR satellite imagery. The aim of this study is to delineate the land surface of Chian Yai, Pak Phanang and Hua Sai districts of that was affected by floods in December 2018 and January 2019. For this case study, Sentinel-1 C-Band SAR data provided by ESA (European Space Agency) were used. The data sets were taken before and after the flood took place, all within 1 days and were processed using Sentinel Toolbox. Cropland mapping has been carried out to assess the agricultural loss in study area using Sentinel-1 SAR data. The thematic accuracy has been assessed for cropland classification for test site shows encouraging overall accuracy as 82.63 % and kappa coefficients (&amp;kappa;) as 0.78.</p>
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12

Jackson, Robert. "The Flood Year 1927: A Cultural History by Susan Scott Parrish." Modernism/modernity 25, no. 3 (2018): 616–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2018.0047.

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13

Boyle, Kevin. "The Flood Year 1927: A Cultural History by Susan Scott Parrish." Journal of Southern History 84, no. 2 (2018): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/soh.2018.0147.

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14

Storey, William K. "Two Rivers Unleashed. Part 1, "The 1927 Mississippi River Flood." Part 2,"The 1979 Pearl River Flood."." Public Historian 27, no. 1 (2005): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2005.27.1.90.

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15

Lipsitz, G. "Backwater Blues: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the African American Imagination." Journal of American History 102, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav321.

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16

Ellard, Peter. "Backwater blues: the Mississippi flood of 1927 in the African American imagination." International Journal of Environmental Studies 73, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2015.1082248.

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17

McFarland, Robert E., and John M. Barry. "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America." Environmental History 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985432.

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18

Watkins, Tri, and John M. Barry. "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 57, no. 4 (1998): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40027956.

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19

Salmond, John, and John M. Barry. "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America." Journal of American History 84, no. 4 (March 1998): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568184.

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20

Jr., Richard M. Mizelle,. "BLACK LEVEE CAMP WORKERS, THE NAACP, AND THE MISSISSIPPI FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT, 1927–1933." Journal of African American History 98, no. 4 (October 2013): 511–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.4.0511.

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21

Spencer, Robyn. "Contested Terrain: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 and the Struggle to Control Black Labor." Journal of Negro History 79, no. 2 (April 1994): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2717627.

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22

Miller, DeMond Shondell. "Book Review: Backwater blues: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the African American imagination." Journal of Black Studies 46, no. 7 (August 26, 2015): 742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934715602180.

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23

Hornbeck, Richard, and Suresh Naidu. "When the Levee Breaks: Black Migration and Economic Development in the American South." American Economic Review 104, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 963–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.3.963.

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In the American South, postbellum economic development may have been restricted in part by white landowners' access to low-wage black labor. This paper examines the impact of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 on black out-migration and subsequent agricultural development. Flooded counties experienced an immediate and persistent out-migration of black population. Over time, landowners in flooded counties modernized agricultural production and increased its capital intensity relative to landowners in nearby similar non-flooded counties. Landowners resisted black out-migration, however, benefiting from the status quo system of labor-intensive agricultural production. (JEL J15, J43, N32, N52, N92, Q54, R23)
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24

Hatch, John B. "The “Lenin Levy” and the Social Origins of Stalinism: Workers and the Communist Party in Moscow, 1921-1928." Slavic Review 48, no. 4 (1989): 558–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499783.

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Shortly before Lenin's death in early 1924, the Thirteenth Party Conference undertook an ambitious program to recruit thousands of workers into the Communist party. Subsequently known as the Lenin Levy—in memory, ironically, of the party's main adversary of mass worker recruitments—this campaign, which was repeated in 1925 and 1927, marked a key stage in the social and organizational history of the Soviet Communist party, for it brought the party into close contact with the shop floor for the first time since 1917.Western historians are divided over the significance to be attached to this episode. Many echo the views held by prominent party leftists that worker recruitments were a cosmetic response to the problem of bureaucratism and a convenient means to swamp the party with members obedient to the secretariat.
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25

Czaja, Stanisław W., Robert Machowski, and Mariusz Rzętała. "Floods in the Upper Part of Vistula and Odra River Basins in the 19th and 20th Centuries / Powodzie W Górnej Części Dorzeczy Wisły I Odry W XIX I XX Wieku." Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 19, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2014): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2014-0012.

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Abstract The discussion of floods in this paper covers the section of the Odra River basin from its source down to the mouth of the Nysa Klodzka River and the section of the Vistula River basin down to the Krakow profile. The area of the upper part of Odra River basin is 13,455 km2 and the length of the river bed in this section is ca. 273.0 km. In the reach examined, the Vistula River is 184.8 km long and has a catchment area of approximately 8,101 km2. Geographical and environmental conditions in the upper part of the Vistula and Odra Rivers basins are conducive to floods both in the summer and winter seasons. The analyses conducted for the 19th and 20th centuries demonstrate that two main types of floods can be distinguished. Floods with a single flood wave peak occurred in the following years in the upper Odra River basin: 1813, 1831, 1879, 1889, 1890 and 1896, and on the Vistula River they were recorded in 1805, 1813, 1816, 1818, 1826, 1830, 1834, 1844 and 1845. In the 20th century, similar phenomena were recorded on the Odra River in 1903, 1909, 1911, 1915, 1925, 1960, 1970 and 1985, and on the Vistula River they occurred in 1903, 1908, 1925, 1931, 1934, 1939, 1948, 1951, 1970, 1972, 1991, 1996, 1997 and 1999. The second category includes floods with two, three or more flood wave peaks. These are caused by successive episodes of high rainfall separated by dry periods that last for a few days, a fortnight or even several weeks. Such floods occurred on the upper Odra River in 1847, 1854, 1880, 1888, 1892, 1897 and 1899; while on the Vistula River only two (1839 and 1843) floods featured two flood wave peaks. In the 20th century on the upper Odra River, floods of this type occurred in 1902, 1926, 1939, 1940, 1972, 1977 and 1997; on the upper Vistula River, they were recorded in 1906, 1915, 1919, 1920, 1940, 1958, 1960 and 1987.
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Welky, David. "Backwater Blues: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the African American Imagination by Richard M. Mizelle." Journal of Southern History 82, no. 4 (2016): 965–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/soh.2016.0297.

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27

Swanson, Drew. "Richard M. Mizelle Jr. Backwater Blues: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the African American Imagination." American Historical Review 120, no. 3 (June 2015): 1049–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.3.1049.

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Kherwar, Pramod Kumar, and Ajaya Bhattarai. "Conservation Efforts of Asian Wild Water Buffalo." Journal of Buffalo Science 10 (July 9, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2021.10.08.

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Asian Wild Water Buffalo with the scientific name Bubalus bubalis arnee is recorded as an imperiled species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN's) Red List of Threatened Species wetland-subordinate. More number Wild Water Buffalo in Nepal are found at the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), situated on the floodplain of the Koshi River in Province 1. This species is in danger because of a high anthropogenic pressing factor going from natural surroundings weakening to hybridization with homegrown Buffalo. Various preservation and work mediations have been attempted to shield the biodiversity, especially the wild buffalo populace in the KTWR. The people group-based supportable administration approach profiting both protection and work of neighborhood individuals is important to guarantee the drawn-out preservation of the species. But it is not happening, so the Government of Nepal translocated 18 Wild Water Buffaloes to Chitwan National Park, and the environment is not suitable for them. There is the possibility to translocate Wild Water Buffaloes in the Babai flood plain of Bardia National Park for conservation.
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29

Heath, Malcolm. "Greek Literature." Greece and Rome 67, no. 2 (October 2020): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383520000108.

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Academics have a professional need to be published; publishers have a commercial incentive to create demand. In recent years these convergent interests have released a flood of edited volumes, not all of which can demonstrate a compelling claim to intrinsic or lasting scholarly importance. So it is reassuring to be reminded that a publishing house that contributes liberally, if not recklessly, to the flood continues to produce heavyweight volumes of unquestionable scholarly importance. Consider, for example, the new edition of the Thucydides scholia, on which Alexander Kleinlogel worked from 1960 until a few months before his death on 1 January 2007. The complex task of bringing his material to publishable form was undertaken by Klaus Alpers; illness prevented Alpers from steering the volume through its final stages, which were overseen by Stefano Valente. The introduction comprises 202 pages (the chapter on transmission is incomplete, breaking off after four pages); the lavish edition of the scholia vetera occupies 705 pages. The material for a projected second volume containing the scholia recentiora was not left in a publishable state, except for the Lexicon Patmense, which is included as a forty-eight-page appendix to the present volume's introduction. Reviewing Karl Hude's Teubner edition of the scholia, published in 1927, H. T. Deas concluded: ‘obviously this is work which will not require to be done again. Indeed, were it not a praiseworthy task for the sake of completeness, one might be permitted to doubt whether it was worth doing at all’ (CR 42 [1928], 145–6). That reminder of the extremes of fallibility should strike terror into every reviewer's soul.
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Day, John, Jaye Cable, Robert Lane, and G. Kemp. "Sediment Deposition at the Caernarvon Crevasse during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927: Implications for Coastal Restoration." Water 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w8020038.

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31

Sanford III, Ezelle. "Backwater Blues: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the African American Imagination by Richard M. Mizelle Jr." Technology and Culture 58, no. 2 (2017): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2017.0056.

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32

Hyman, O. J. "Backwater Blues: The Mississippi River Flood of 1927 in the African American Imagination. By Richard M. Mizelle Jr." Environmental History 20, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emv064.

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33

Johnson, Anna, Dilip Trivedi, Kevin Hanegan, and Rosalyn Yu. "PROTECTING THE SHORELINE OF THE SAN FRANCISCO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT FROM SEA LEVEL RISE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.42.

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The San Francisco International Airport (SFIA) has approximately eight miles of shoreline along San Francisco Bay. It was built on a series of land reclamations constructed between 1927 and 1972. Primary consolidation and secondary settlement are still ongoing and expected to continue for 10 to 30 more years (M&N 2015). Figure 1 - SFIA Shoreline and Runways The length of shoreline makes SFIA susceptible to flooding. The flood risk is expected to increase with ongoing settlement and future sea level rise (SLR). A system of seawalls has been constructed along the perimeter to protect the airport from flooding. The shoreline along SFIA includes the end of Runway 1-19 and Runway 10-28, shown in Figure 1. Because the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that the end of runways be object-free areas (OFA), which prohibit seawalls from encroaching into the airspace and limits the allowable elevation, protection against future sea level rise (SLR) must be achieved without raising the seawalls. With SLR projections in San Francisco Bay of 1 foot by 2050 and 3 feet by 2100 (NRC 2012), SFIA decided to investigate alternative forms of flood protection at the end of the runways. Presented here is a feasibility study of alternative solutions.
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34

Neary, Vincent. "Review of Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America by John M. Barry." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 124, no. 8 (August 1998): 873–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1998)124:8(873).

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Baptiste, April Karen. "Richard M. Mizelle Jr.: A review of Backwater Blues: The Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the African American Imagination." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0287-z.

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36

Cabezas, A., F. A. Comin, S. Begueria, and M. Trabucchi. "Hydrologic and land-use change influence landscape diversity in the Ebro River (NE Spain)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no. 5 (September 30, 2008): 2759–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-2759-2008.

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Abstract. The landscape dynamics (1927–2003) of one reach at the Middle Ebro River (NE Spain) was examined using aerial pictures and GIS techniques. Moreover, changes in the natural flow regime and anthropic activities within the river-floodplain system were investigated. Our results indicate that hydrological and landscape patterns have been dramatically changed during the last century as a consequence of human alteration of the fluvial dynamics within the studied reach, as well as the overall basin. The magnitude and variability of river discharge events have decreased, especially since 1981, and flood protection structures have disrupted the river floodplain connectivity. As a result, the succesional pathways of riparian ecotopes have been heavily modified because natural rejuvenation no longer takes place, resulting in decreased landscape diversity. It is apparent from these data that floodplain restoration must be incorporated as a significant factor into river management plans if a more natural functioning wants to be retrieved. The ecotope structure and dynamics of the 1927–1957 should be adopted as the guiding image, whereas hydrologic and landscape (dykes, raised surfaces) patters should be considered. Under the current socio-economic context, the more realistic option seems to create a dynamic river corridor reallocating dykes and lowering floodplain heights. The extent of this river corridor should adapt to the restored flow regime, although periodic economic investments could be an option if the desired self-sustained dynamism is not reached.
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Cabezas, A., F. A. Comín, S. Beguería, and M. Trabucchi. "Hydrologic and landscape changes in the Middle Ebro River (NE Spain): implications for restoration and management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 25, 2009): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-273-2009.

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Abstract. The changes of landscape (1927–2003), discharge regime and anthropic activities with the river-floodplain of one reach at the Middle Ebro River (NE Spain) were investigated with the objective to identify the factors that best explain the natural ecotope succession and propose a realistic restoration option with consideration of the landscape dynamics during the last century and the socio-economic context. Our results indicate that hydrological and landscape patterns have been dramatically changed during the last century as a consequence of human alteration of the fluvial dynamics within the studied reach. The magnitude and variability of river discharge events have decreased at the end of the last century, and flood protection structures have disrupted the river floodplain connectivity. As a result, the succesional pathways of riparian ecotopes have been heavily modified because natural rejuvenation no longer takes place, resulting in decreased landscape diversity. It is apparent from these data that floodplain restoration must be incorporated as a significant factor into river management plans if a more natural functioning wants to be retrieved. The ecotope structure and dynamics of the 1927–1957 period should be adopted as the guiding image, whereas current hydrologic and landscape (dykes, raised surfaces) patterns should be considered. Under the current socio-economic context, the more realistic option seems to create a dynamic river corridor reallocating dykes and lowering floodplain heights. The extent of this river corridor should adapt to the restored flow regime, although periodic economic investments could be an option if the desired self-sustained dynamism is not reached.
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38

Benito, G., B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, and O. Dahan. "Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 4 (April 8, 2011): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011.

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Abstract. In this study we propose a multi-source data approach for quantifying long-term flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers. The methodology is applied to the Buffels River, at 9000 km2 the largest ephemeral river in Namaqualand (NW South Africa), a region with scarce stream flow records limiting research investigating hydrological response to global change. Daily discharge and annual flood series (1965–2006) were estimated from a distributed rainfall-runoff hydrological model (TETIS) using rainfall gauge records located within the catchment. The model was calibrated and validated with data collected during a two year monitoring programme (2005–2006) at two stream flow stations, one each in the upper and lower reaches of the catchment. In addition to the modelled flow records, non-systematic flood data were reconstructed using both sedimentary and documentary evidence. The palaeoflood record identified at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr; with the largest floods reaching a minimum discharge of 255 m3 s−1 (450 yr return period) in the upper basin, and 510 m3 s−1 (100 yr return period) in the lower catchment. Since AD 1925, the flood hydrology of the Buffels River has been characterised by a decrease in the magnitude and frequency of extreme floods, with palaeoflood discharges (period 1500–1921) five times greater than the largest modelled floods during the period 1965–2006. Large floods generated the highest hydrograph volumes, however their contribution to aquifer recharge is limited as this depends on other factors such as flood duration and storage capacity of the unsaturated zone prior to the flood. Floods having average return intervals of 5–10 yr (120–140 m3 s−1) and flowing for 12 days are able to fully saturate the Spektakel aquifer in the lower Buffels River basin. Alluvial aquifer storage capacity limiting potential recharge by the largest floods is a common problem in arid environments, with the largest infiltration volumes favoured by increasing depth to groundwater levels.
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39

Bartlett, Albert A. "The Problem is Still with Us RISING TIDE: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America: John M. Barry." Physics Teacher 46, no. 8 (November 2008): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2999078.

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40

Benito, G., V. R. Thorndycraft, M. T. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, B. A. Botero, M. J. Machado, M. Davis, and A. Pérez-González. "Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium." Quaternary Research 75, no. 3 (May 2011): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.01.004.

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AbstractA long-term flood record from the Buffels River, the largest ephemeral river of NW South Africa (9250 km2), was reconstructed based on interpretation of palaeoflood, documentary and instrumental rainfall data. Palaeoflood data were obtained at three study reaches, with preserved sedimentary evidence indicating at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr. Geochronological control for the palaeoflood record was provided by radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Annual resolution was obtained since the 19th century using the overlapping documentary and instrumental records. Large floods coincided in the past within three main hydroclimatic settings: (1) periods of regular large flood occurrence (1 large flood/~30 yr) under wetter and cooler prevailing climatic conditions (AD 1600–1800), (2) decreasing occurrence of large floods (1 large flood/~100 yr) during warmer conditions (e.g., AD 1425–1600 and after 1925), and (3) periods of high frequency of large floods (~ 4–5 large floods in 20–30 yr) coinciding with wetter conditions of decadal duration, namely at AD 1390–1425, 1800–1825 and 1915–1925. These decadal-scale periods of the highest flood frequency seem to correspond in time with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, as inferred when comparing their onset and distribution with temperature proxies in southern Africa.
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Stratton, Laurel E., and Gordon E. Grant. "Autopsy of a reservoir: Facies architecture in a multidam system, Elwha River, Washington, USA." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 11-12 (April 2, 2019): 1794–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b31959.1.

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AbstractThe 2011–2014 removal of two large dams on the Elwha River, Washington State, the largest dam removal yet completed globally, created extensive cutbank exposures of reservoir sediments, allowing the first characterization of the facies architecture of sediments through direct observation in reservoirs worldwide and providing an unparalleled opportunity to assess the relationship between environmental influences, such as changes in sediment supply, and their expression in the stratigraphic record. Using a combination of facies description from observation of 49 measured sections and >100 exposures and analysis of digital elevation models and historic aerial photographs, we delineated the characteristic depositional zones of each reservoir and mapped the evolution of the subaerial delta over the life span of the reservoir. Former Lake Mills, the younger, upstream reservoir, was characterized by a tripartite, subaerial Gilbert-style delta that prograded >1 km into the main reservoir from 1927 to 2011. Sediments were composed of coarse-grained topset beds, steeply dipping foreset beds, and a fine-grained, gently dipping prodelta. While individual event horizons were discernible in fine-grained sediments of former Lake Mills, their number and spacing did not correspond to known drawdown or flood events. Former Lake Aldwell, impounded from 1913 to 2011, was initially defined by the rapid progradation of a Gilbert-style, subaerial delta prior to the upstream completion of Glines Canyon Dam. However, the 1927 closure of Glines Canyon Dam upstream caused the delta to evolve to a fine-grained, mouth-bar–type delta indicative of low, finer-grained sediment. This evolution, combined with a previously unrecognized landslide deposit into the upper delta plain, suggests that understanding the exogenic influences on reservoir sedimentation is critical to interpretation and prediction of the sedimentation within individual systems.
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42

Jacinto, R., N. Grosso, E. Reis, L. Dias, F. D. Santos, and P. Garrett. "Continental Portuguese Territory Flood Susceptibility Index – contribution to a vulnerability index." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 26, 2015): 1907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1907-2015.

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Abstract. This work defines a national flood susceptibility index for the Portuguese continental territory, by proposing the aggregation of different variables which represent natural conditions for permeability, runoff and accumulation. This index is part of the national vulnerability index developed in the scope of Flood Maps in Climate Change Scenarios (CIRAC) project, supported by the Portuguese Association of Insurers (APS). This approach expands on previous works by trying to bridge the gap between different flood mechanisms (e.g. progressive and flash floods) occurring at different spatial scales in the Portuguese territory through (a) selecting homogeneously processed data sets and (b) aggregating their values to better translate the spatially continuous and cumulative influence in floods at multiple spatial scales. Results show a good ability to capture, in the higher susceptibility classes, different flood types: fluvial floods and flash floods. Lower values are usually related to mountainous areas, low water accumulation potential and more permeable soils. Validation with independent flood data sets confirmed these index characteristics, although some overestimation can be seen in the southern region of Alentejo where, due to a dense hydrographic network and an overall low slope, floods are not as frequent as a result of lower precipitation mean values. Future work will focus on (i) including extreme precipitation data sets to represent the triggering factor, (ii) improving representation of smaller and stepper basins, (iii) optimizing variable weight definition process and (iii) developing more robust independent flood validation data sets.
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43

Turner, Sean W. D., Wenwei Xu, and Nathalie Voisin. "Inferred inflow forecast horizons guiding reservoir release decisions across the United States." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 1275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1275-2020.

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Abstract. Medium- to long-range forecasts often guide reservoir release decisions to support water management objectives, including mitigating flood and drought risks. While there is a burgeoning field of science targeted at improving forecast products and associated decision support models, data describing how and when forecasts are applied in practice remain undeveloped. This lack of knowledge may prevent hydrological modelers from developing accurate reservoir release schemes for large-scale, distributed hydrology models that are increasingly used to assess the vulnerabilities of large regions to hydrological stress. We address this issue by estimating seasonally varying, regulated inflow forecast horizons used in the operations of more than 300 dams throughout the conterminous United States (CONUS). For each dam, we take actual forward observed inflows (perfect foresight) as a proxy for forecasted flows available to the operator and then identify for each week of the year the forward horizon that best explains the release decisions taken. Resulting “horizon curves” specify for each dam the inferred inflow forecast horizon as a function of the week of the water year. These curves are analyzed for strength of evidence for contribution of medium- to long-range forecasts in decision making. We use random forest classification to estimate that approximately 80 % of large dams and reservoirs in the US (1553±50 out of 1927 dams with at least 10 Mm3 storage capacity) adopt medium- to long-range inflow forecasts to inform release decisions during at least part of the water year. Long-range forecast horizons (more than 6 weeks ahead) are detected in the operations of reservoirs located in high-elevation regions of the western US, where snowpack information likely guides the release. A simulation exercise conducted on four key western US reservoirs indicates that forecast-informed models of reservoir operations may outperform models that neglect the horizon curve – including during flood and drought conditions.
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SARAUSKIENE, Diana, Jurate KRIAUCIUNIENE, Alvina REIHAN, and Maris KLAVINS. "FLOOD PATTERN CHANGES IN THE RIVERS OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 23, no. 1 (July 8, 2014): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2014.937438.

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Estimation of both the frequency and variation of spring floods is a key issue for the assessment and management of flood risks. Changes in river floods in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have been investigated in few national studies. However, there are no studies of the changes of flood patterns by using a common methodology for the rivers of this region. In this study flood pattern changes in the rivers of the Baltic countries were estimated applying trend and frequency analysis for the periods of 1922–2010, 1922–1960, 1961–2010 and 1991–2010, i.e. for the whole spring flood data sets, periods before and after 1960 (this year was considered as the beginning of the remarkable climate change), as well as for the two past decades. A comparative study of five probability distributions was performed in order to estimate which distribution at best represents statistical characteristics of the flood data. The results showed that maximum discharges of spring floods decreased over the whole studied period. Only some insignificant positive trends of maximum discharges were found in the last time period in continental and transitional rivers. Generalized extreme value distribution provided the best approximation to the maximum discharge data series of the rivers of Baltic countries for the whole observation period.
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45

Merz, B., J. Aerts, K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen, M. Baldi, A. Becker, A. Bichet, G. Blöschl, et al. "Floods and climate: emerging perspectives for flood risk assessment and management." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 7 (July 30, 2014): 1921–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1921-2014.

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Abstract. Flood estimation and flood management have traditionally been the domain of hydrologists, water resources engineers and statisticians, and disciplinary approaches abound. Dominant views have been shaped; one example is the catchment perspective: floods are formed and influenced by the interaction of local, catchment-specific characteristics, such as meteorology, topography and geology. These traditional views have been beneficial, but they have a narrow framing. In this paper we contrast traditional views with broader perspectives that are emerging from an improved understanding of the climatic context of floods. We come to the following conclusions: (1) extending the traditional system boundaries (local catchment, recent decades, hydrological/hydraulic processes) opens up exciting possibilities for better understanding and improved tools for flood risk assessment and management. (2) Statistical approaches in flood estimation need to be complemented by the search for the causal mechanisms and dominant processes in the atmosphere, catchment and river system that leave their fingerprints on flood characteristics. (3) Natural climate variability leads to time-varying flood characteristics, and this variation may be partially quantifiable and predictable, with the perspective of dynamic, climate-informed flood risk management. (4) Efforts are needed to fully account for factors that contribute to changes in all three risk components (hazard, exposure, vulnerability) and to better understand the interactions between society and floods. (5) Given the global scale and societal importance, we call for the organization of an international multidisciplinary collaboration and data-sharing initiative to further understand the links between climate and flooding and to advance flood research.
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46

Pokhylenko, A., O. A. Lykholat, O. O. Didur, Yu L. Kulbachko, and T. Yu Lykholat. "Morphological variability of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julida) from different biotopes within Steppe Zone of Ukraine." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_24.

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Diplopoda play an important role in the processes of creating and maintaining soil fertility by implementing leaf litter destruction at its initial stages. Recently, in Ukraine the problem of soil fertility restoration has acquired a great urgency due to climate changes (aridity and temperature rising) and constantly increasing anthropogenic impact on natural biotopes, which often have Diplopoda as its element. The aim of this study was to evaluate the integrity of linear morphological characteristics of experimental animal Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927) in different forest biotopes within semi-arid climate of the steppe zone. To determine the interrelation of morphological features, the method of correlation pleiades was used. It is established that 14 studied morphological characteristics of R. kessleri form the most powerful correlation pleiades with relative intensity values 0.64 and 0.93, within natural subwatereshed-ravine landscape and terrace flood plain forest conditions respectively. However, weakened one with 0.07 relative intensity value is observed within standing forest. Generally, the integrity of morphological characteristics of millipedes is increasingly prominent in the natural forest biotopes and extremely low in forest stands. Morphological variability of diplopods identified sylvatization degree of julidae's habitat. Relative potency value of correlation pleiades can be used for diagnostics of forest stands naturalization within the steppe zone of Ukraine.
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47

Brázdil, Chromá, Řehoř, Zahradníček, Dolák, Řezníčková, and Dobrovolný. "Potential of Documentary Evidence to Study Fatalities of Hydrological and Meteorological Events in the Czech Republic." Water 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102014.

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This paper presents the potential of documentary evidence for enhancing the study of fatalities taking place in the course of hydrological and meteorological events (HMEs). Chronicles, “books of memory”, weather diaries, newspapers (media), parliamentary proposals, epigraphic evidence, systematic meteorological/hydrological observations, and professional papers provide a broad base for gathering such information in the Czech Republic, especially since 1901. The spatiotemporal variability of 269 fatalities in the Czech Republic arising out of 103 HMEs (flood, flash flood, windstorm, convective storm, lightning, frost, snow/glaze-ice calamity, heat, and other events) in the 1981–2018 period is presented, with particular attention to closer characterisation of fatalities (gender, age, cause of death, place, type of death, and behaviour). Examples of three outstanding events with the highest numbers of fatalities (severe frosts in the extremely cold winter of 1928/1929, a flash flood on 9 June 1970, and a rain flood in July 1997) are described in detail. Discussion of results includes the problem of data uncertainty, factors influencing the numbers of fatalities, and the broader context. Since floods are responsible for the highest proportion of HME-related deaths, places with fatalities are located mainly around rivers and drowning appears as the main cause of death. In the further classification of fatalities, males and adults clearly prevail, while indirect victims and hazardous behaviour are strongly represented.
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48

Li, Qian. "The Evolution of East Asian Summer Monsoon and Drought\Flood Distribution on Eastern China during the Last 539yr." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3093.

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Based on the East Asian summer monsoon index and drought/flood grades during 1470–2008, the coupling relationship between them was analyzed. The results show that the East Asian summer monsoon strength index existed over seven periods. There are 1470-1573, 1574-1771, 1574-1827, 1828-1867, 1867-1828, 1895-1921 and 1922-2008. And the East Asian summer monsoon is stronger in period of 1470-1573, 1772-1827, 1827-1894 and 1922-2008. When the East Asian summer monsoon is weaker, North China and South China are prone to partial drought and yangtze-huaihe River Basin is prone to partial flood. When the East Asian summer monsoon is stronger, North China and South China are prone to partial flood and yangtze-huaihe River Basin is prone to partial drought.
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49

Slepkova, N. V. "The Zoological Museum and Institute in Petrograd–Leningrad: from the First World War to the “Great Break” (1914–mid-1930s)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 323, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 268–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.3.268.

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This paper considers some aspects of the history of the Zoological Museum and the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which appeared on its base in 1931, during two decades following the outbreak of the First World War. It deals with the scientific, social and political consequences caused for the Zoological Museum by the First World War, two Revolutions of 1917 and subsequent Civil War. The paper describes establishment of the Museum’s Council, which ruled from 1917 to 1930, and an attempt to evacuate collections in 1917, as well as conditions under which the Museum zoologists had to work in the period of the wars and revolutions. The first years of the restoration of normal work of the Zoological Museum after the Civil War are considered, as well as the effects of the flood, which damaged the Ichthyological, Herpetological and Osteological departments of the Museum in 1924. The renaming of the Museum into the Institute during the reform of the Academy of Sciences in 1929–1934 is discussed as well as layoffs and repressions during this reform. The paper considers changes in the Exhibition Department, made on demand of the authorities. The information is given about the Faunistic Conference of 1932, which was hosted by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the slogan for “the Party’s” and “Bolshevik’s faunistic studies”.
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Petrovic, Ana, and Ratko Ristic. "Spatiotemporal review of the torrential flood phenomenon in the Morava river basin." Spatium, no. 34 (2015): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1534064p.

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Phenomenon of torrential floods as the most destructive and the most frequent natural hazards in Serbia with serious socioeconomic, cultural and environmental consequences deserve special attention. In this paper, data collection strategy and data analysis with the aim of spatiotemporal characterization of the torrential flood phenomenon in the largest national, Morava river basin, are presented. A dataset (derived from the Inventory of torrential floods in Serbia) of 479 registered torrential flood events with over 84 casualties for the period 1926-2013 is presented. Monthly distribution of registered torrential floods indicates that the majority of events with the highest share of death toll occurred in the late spring, from May to the end of June. According to the annual distribution there is a linear increase of torrential flood occurrence in the course of 88 years, but decrease of death toll is found. The greatest number of torrential flood events and casualties is registered in the Juzna Morava river basin (watersheds of Nisava, Toplica, Veternica, Jablanica). The results of this work can be of great value in the implementation of the Flood Directive of the European Commission on a river basin level as well as for the future natural hazards information system in Serbia.
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