To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Flood, 1948.
Journal articles on the topic 'Flood, 1948'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Flood, 1948.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tvede, Arve M. "Floods Caused by a Glacier-Dammed Lake at the Folgefonni Ice Cap, Norway." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500008016.
Full textAbstract:
The River Londalselva drains a part of the Søndre Folgefonni ice cap. On maps showing the topography of the basin, two potentially glacier-dammed lakes can be identified, the lakes of Blomsterskardvatn and Sauavatn. Four large floods occurred in the late summer or early autumn periods of the years 1938, 1944, 1948, and 1962, resulting in great damage to the farms in the settlement of Mosnes. After each of the earlier floods, river-protection work was carried out, but after the 1962 flood further protection efforts were considered too expensive and so the settlement was abandoned by its farmers in the mid-1960s. Originally, the floods were believed to result from the emptying of Blomsterskardvatn. However, field studies have revealed that in fact the floods actually orginated in Sauavatn. This paper suggests a possible flood-prevention measure, based on the construction of a 400 m long tunnel from Sauavatn, which would keep water levels low. The cost is estimated at approximately 5 million Norwegian kroner (NOK.) based on an exchange rate of 6.9 NOK = 1 $US in September 1988. The paper also stresses the importance of making proper hydrological investigations in other cases of flood.
2
Tvede, Arve M. "Floods Caused by a Glacier-Dammed Lake at the Folgefonni Ice Cap, Norway." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500008016.
Full textAbstract:
The River Londalselva drains a part of the Søndre Folgefonni ice cap. On maps showing the topography of the basin, two potentially glacier-dammed lakes can be identified, the lakes of Blomsterskardvatn and Sauavatn. Four large floods occurred in the late summer or early autumn periods of the years 1938, 1944, 1948, and 1962, resulting in great damage to the farms in the settlement of Mosnes. After each of the earlier floods, river-protection work was carried out, but after the 1962 flood further protection efforts were considered too expensive and so the settlement was abandoned by its farmers in the mid-1960s. Originally, the floods were believed to result from the emptying of Blomsterskardvatn. However, field studies have revealed that in fact the floods actually orginated in Sauavatn. This paper suggests a possible flood-prevention measure, based on the construction of a 400 m long tunnel from Sauavatn, which would keep water levels low. The cost is estimated at approximately 5 million Norwegian kroner (NOK.) based on an exchange rate of 6.9 NOK = 1 $US in September 1988. The paper also stresses the importance of making proper hydrological investigations in other cases of flood.
3
Czaja, Stanisław W., Robert Machowski, and Mariusz Rzętała. "Floods in the Upper Part of Vistula and Odra River Basins in the 19th and 20th Centuries / Powodzie W Górnej Części Dorzeczy Wisły I Odry W XIX I XX Wieku." Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 19, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2014): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2014-0012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The discussion of floods in this paper covers the section of the Odra River basin from its source down to the mouth of the Nysa Klodzka River and the section of the Vistula River basin down to the Krakow profile. The area of the upper part of Odra River basin is 13,455 km2 and the length of the river bed in this section is ca. 273.0 km. In the reach examined, the Vistula River is 184.8 km long and has a catchment area of approximately 8,101 km2. Geographical and environmental conditions in the upper part of the Vistula and Odra Rivers basins are conducive to floods both in the summer and winter seasons. The analyses conducted for the 19th and 20th centuries demonstrate that two main types of floods can be distinguished. Floods with a single flood wave peak occurred in the following years in the upper Odra River basin: 1813, 1831, 1879, 1889, 1890 and 1896, and on the Vistula River they were recorded in 1805, 1813, 1816, 1818, 1826, 1830, 1834, 1844 and 1845. In the 20th century, similar phenomena were recorded on the Odra River in 1903, 1909, 1911, 1915, 1925, 1960, 1970 and 1985, and on the Vistula River they occurred in 1903, 1908, 1925, 1931, 1934, 1939, 1948, 1951, 1970, 1972, 1991, 1996, 1997 and 1999. The second category includes floods with two, three or more flood wave peaks. These are caused by successive episodes of high rainfall separated by dry periods that last for a few days, a fortnight or even several weeks. Such floods occurred on the upper Odra River in 1847, 1854, 1880, 1888, 1892, 1897 and 1899; while on the Vistula River only two (1839 and 1843) floods featured two flood wave peaks. In the 20th century on the upper Odra River, floods of this type occurred in 1902, 1926, 1939, 1940, 1972, 1977 and 1997; on the upper Vistula River, they were recorded in 1906, 1915, 1919, 1920, 1940, 1958, 1960 and 1987.
4
Chatters, James C., and Karin A. Hoover. "Changing Late Holocene Flooding Frequencies on the Columbia River, Washington." Quaternary Research 26, no. 3 (November 1986): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90092-x.
Full textAbstract:
Data from prehistoric fluvial deposits can be used to extend the flood history of a river valley beyond historical records, thus increasing our understanding of variability in large, low-frequency flood events and providing a valuable means for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. We have applied this form of analysis to fluvial deposits from an archaeological site on the upper Columbia River in the state of Washington dating from 120 A.D.∗ to 1948 A.D. It was our expectation that, had flood frequencies remained constant, sedimentation event frequency would conform to an exponential function derived from the Wolman and Leopold model of vertical floodplain accretion. Our findings deviate from this model, showing that flood frequencies comparable to those of the twentieth century existed prior to 1020 A.D.∗ and after 1390 A.D.∗ Large floods were three to four times more common during the intervening centuries. On the basis of field evidence, we can rule out changing channel geometry, leaving climatic conditions as the most probable factors controlling this variation in flood frequency.
5
Wahiduzzaman, Md. "Major Floods and Tropical Cyclones over Bangladesh: Clustering from ENSO Timescales." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060692.
Full textAbstract:
The present study analyzed major floods and tropical cyclones (TCs) over Bangladesh on El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) timescales. The geographical location, low and almost flat topography have introduced Bangladesh as one of the most vulnerable countries of the world. Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to the extreme hazard events like floods and cyclones which are impacted by ENSO. ENSO is mainly a tropical event, but its impact is global. El Niño (La Niña) represents the warm (cold) phase of the ENSO cycle. Rainfall and cyclonic disturbances data have been used for the period of 70 years (1948–2017) and compared with the corresponding observations of the Southern Oscillation Index. Result shows that major flood events occurred during the monsoon period, and most of them are during the La Niña condition, consistent with the historical archives of flood events in Bangladesh. Synoptic conditions of these events are well matched during La Niña condition. On the other hand, the major TC cases are in the period of either pre-monsoon or post-monsoon season. The pre-monsoon cases are under neutral (developing La Niña) or El Niño and the post-monsoon cases are under La Niña, consistent with climatology studies that La Niña is favorable to have more intense TCs over the Bay of Bengal.
6
Halvarsson, Peter, Jenny C. Hesson, and Jan O. Lundström. "Six polymorphic microsatellites in the flood-water mosquitoAedes sticticus." Journal of Vector Ecology 38, no. 2 (November 11, 2013): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12057.x.
Full text
7
Zeimetz, Fränz, Bettina Schaefli, Guillaume Artigue, Javier García Hernández, and Anton J. Schleiss. "Swiss Rainfall Mass Curves and their Influence on Extreme Flood Simulation." Water Resources Management 32, no. 8 (March 7, 2018): 2625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1948-y.
Full text
8
Wang, Xixi, Rui Li, Homa Jalaeian Taghadomi, Shohreh Pedram, and Xiao Zhao. "Effects of sea level rise on hydrology: case study in a typical mid-Atlantic coastal watershed." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 730–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.156.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sea level rise (SLR) can negatively affect the hydrology of coastal watersheds. However, the relevant information is incomplete and insufficient in existing literature. The objective of this study is to present a modeling approach to predict long-term effects of SLR on changes of flood peak, flood stage, and groundwater table with an assumption that the historical climate would reoccur in the future. The study was conducted for a typical coastal watershed in southeast USA. The results indicate that sea level had been rising at a rate of 4.21 mm yr−1 from 1948 to 1982 but at a faster rate of 5.16 mm yr−1 from 1983 to 2013. At such SLR rates and by 2113, the groundwater table beneath the eastern part of the watershed would be raised by 0.10 to 0.29 m, while the annual mean peak discharge and flood stage at the watershed outlet would be increased by 13.84 m3 s−1 (from 3.63 to 17.47 m3 s−1) and 0.92 m (from zero to 0.92 m), respectively. The other parts of the watershed would be relatively less affected by SLR. For coastal watersheds, SLR will probably raise the groundwater table, and increase the magnitude and occurrence of peak discharge and flood stage.
9
Morrill, Angie. "Time Traveling Dogs (and Other Native Feminist Ways to Defy Dislocations)." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 17, no. 1 (July 25, 2016): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708616640564.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, I analyze a painting by Modoc/Klamath artist Peggy Ball through a Native feminist reading methodology. The painting, Vanport, is named after a city that disappeared in a flood in 1948. The artist survived that flood, and displacement as did thousands of others. The painting is a rememory map of dislocations and hauntings and disappearances. The painting remaps gentrified dislocations, telling stories that focus on the relationship of the present to the past and the past to the future. The painting itself is a Native feminist practice. The travel to places gone, to places that will reappear again; by people gone as well as by people presently alive; into times that existed, that never existed, that will exist again; to times made contemporaneous by time traveling dogs; with people co-present through desire—at the heart of all this time travel is recognition and survivance.
10
Gocic, Milan, Danilo Misic, Slavisa Trajkovic, and Mladen Milanovic. "Using GIS tool for presenting spatial distribution of drought." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 18, no. 1 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace200409006g.
Full textAbstract:
By using GIS tools, it is possible to improve the preview of hydrological processes such as evapotranspiration, precipitation, flood and drought. In order to quantify drought, different type of drought indicators have been developed such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) or Water Surplus Variability Index (WSVI). In this paper the precipitation-based SPI indicator was applied to the monthly precipitation data from Serbia during the period 1948-2012. The data were processed in the QuantumGIS software package. For the purpose of application in the monitoring of drought at the national level, a spatial presentation of meteorological drought was obtained.
11
Blanchet, J., J. Touati, D. Lawrence, F. Garavaglia, and E. Paquet. "Evaluation of a compound distribution based on weather pattern subsampling for extreme rainfall in Norway." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2015): 2653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2653-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Simulation methods for design flood analyses require estimates of extreme precipitation for simulating maximum discharges. This article evaluates the multi-exponential weather pattern (MEWP) model, a compound model based on weather pattern classification, seasonal splitting and exponential distributions, for its suitability for use in Norway. The MEWP model is the probabilistic rainfall model used in the SCHADEX method for extreme flood estimation. Regional scores of evaluation are used in a split sample framework to compare the MEWP distribution with more general heavy-tailed distributions, in this case the Multi Generalized Pareto Weather Pattern (MGPWP) distribution. The analysis shows the clear benefit obtained from seasonal and weather pattern-based subsampling for extreme value estimation. The MEWP distribution is found to have an overall better performance as compared with the MGPWP, which tends to overfit the data and lacks robustness. Finally, we take advantage of the split sample framework to present evidence for an increase in extreme rainfall in the southwestern part of Norway during the period 1979–2009, relative to 1948–1978.
12
Blanchet, J., J. Touati, D. Lawrence, F. Garavaglia, and E. Paquet. "Evaluation of a compound distribution based on weather patterns subsampling for extreme rainfall in Norway." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (June 3, 2015): 3543–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3543-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Simulation methods for design flood analyses require estimates of extreme precipitation for simulating maximum discharges. This article evaluates the MEWP model, a compound model based on weather pattern classification, seasonal splitting and exponential distributions, for its suitability for use in Norway. The MEWP model is the probabilistic rainfall model used in the SCHADEX method for extreme flood estimation. Regional scores of evaluation are used in a split sample framework to compare the MEWP distribution with more general heavy-tailed distributions, in this case the Multi Generalized Pareto Weather Pattern (MGPWP) distribution. The analysis shows the clear benefit obtained from seasonal and weather pattern-based subsampling for extreme value estimation. The MEWP distribution is found to have an overall better performance as compared with the MGPWP, which tends to overfit the data and lacks robustness. Finally, we take advantage of the split sample framework to present evidence for an increase in extreme rainfall in the south-western part of Norway during the period 1979–2009, relative to 1948–1978.
13
Seekins, Donald M. "Japan's Development Ambitions for Myanmar: The Problem of “Economics before Politics”." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 34, no. 2 (August 2015): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341503400205.
Full textAbstract:
Myanmar and Japan have had an important shared history since the Pacific War, when Japan occupied the British colony of Burma and established the country's first postcolonial state and army. The period from 1941 to 1945 also witnessed the “militarization” of Myanmar as the country was turned into a battlefield by the Japanese, the Allies and indigenous insurgents. After independence from Britain in 1948, the Union of Burma continued to suffer insurgency and became a deeply conflicted society, especially under the isolationist socialist regime of General Ne Win (1962–1988). However, Japan played a major role in Myanmar's economic development through its allocation of war reparations and official development assistance (ODA), especially yen loans. During the period of martial law from 1988 to 2011, Tokyo exercised some self-restraint in giving aid due to pressure from its major ally, the United States, with its human rights agenda. However, with the transition from junta rule to constitutional government in 2011 came a dramatic increase in Japanese ODA, as Tokyo forgave large amounts of debt and invested in ambitious new special economic zones (SEZ). Japan will no doubt benefit from Myanmar as close ties are expanded: Not only will Japanese companies profit, but Japan will have access to Myanmar's raw materials and gain ability to compete more effectively with an economically expansive China. On Myanmar's side, though, it is unlikely that anyone other than the military and crony capitalist elites will benefit from the flood of new yen loans and infrastructure projects. This paper argues that without a political resolution of Myanmar's many conflicts, including the establishment of genuinely open political institutions, the aid of Japan (and other countries) is likely to make these deep-rooted social and ethnic conflicts even worse.
14
Higgins, R. W., V. E. Kousky, and P. Xie. "Extreme Precipitation Events in the South-Central United States during May and June 2010: Historical Perspective, Role of ENSO, and Trends." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 1056–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-10-05039.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract An analysis of extreme daily precipitation events that occurred in the south-central United States during May and June 2010 is carried out using gridded station data and reanalysis products in use at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Various aspects of the daily extremes are examined from a climate perspective using a 62-yr (1948–2010) period of record, including their historical ranking, common circulation features, moisture plumes, and the possible influence of ENSO. The analysis also considers how the frequency and intensity of daily extremes is changing in the United States. Each of the 2010 flash flood events examined here was associated with historic daily rainfall totals. Several of the events had meteorological conditions in common at upper and lower levels of the atmosphere, and all of the events fit well into an existing classification scheme for heavy precipitation events associated with flash flooding. Each case exhibited characteristics of the “Maya Express” flood events that link tropical moisture plumes from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico to midlatitude flooding over the central United States. Consistent with recent assessment reports, it is shown that extreme daily precipitation events in the United States have increased in frequency during the most recent 30-yr period (1980–2009) when compared to the previous 30-yr period (1950–79), though the increases are relatively small during May and June.
15
Farrer, Lawrence A. "WIND TIDES ON LAKE OKEECHOBEE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 6 (January 29, 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v6.7.
Full textAbstract:
Determination of wind tides and wave action is an essential step in the design of flood-control and navigation projects and of structures near large bodies of water which may be subjected to hurricane winds. In 1948, the Corps of Engineers initiated a program to collect wind-tide and wave data on Lake Okeechobee. Basic data collected and investigations made under that program have been published as a series of project bulletins, "Waves and Wind Tides in Inland Waters, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, and in a summary report, "Civil Works Investigation CW-167, Waves and Wind Tides in Shallow Lakes and Reservoirs." Data on wind velocities, wind tides, and waves have been collected under that program during six hurricanes and many minor storms. In this paper an attempt is made to summarize the results of the wind-tide studies and outline the procedure developed for computing wind tides on Lake Okeechobee.
16
Viccon-Pale, J. A., P. Ortega, L. Mendoza-Vargas, P. Castilla-Hernández, A. López-Cuevas, A. Meléndez-Herrada, F. Rivera-Becerril, G. Vela-Correa, and M. Signoret-Poillon. "Structure and population dynamics of the secondary burrower crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus from a tropical Mexican wetland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 7 (July 2016): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0181.
Full textAbstract:
Catch size, sex ratio, structure and dynamics, as well as mortality, of a population of the secondary burrower crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus Villalobos, 1948, from tropical wetland La Mixtequilla, Veracruz, Mexico, were examined. Monthly samples were taken from artisanal commercial captures. A total of 2141 individuals were caught. Although the total female:male ratio was 0.86, variation in sex ratios have also been found in monthly catches. Monthly polymodal frequency distributions of cephalothorax length (CL) were analyzed by the Bhattacharya method. Population catches consisted of six CL classes. The CL-class dynamic may show adaptations to the flood period. Growth parameters were estimated using the von Bertalanffy model. For females, K = 0.39 year−1, CL∞ = 57.30 mm, [Formula: see text] = 3.11, and tmax = 6.73 years were found; it is appropriate that for males, K = 0.40 year−1, CL∞ = 59.00 mm, [Formula: see text] = 3.14, and tmax = 6.59 years were found. We also examined whether water temperature influences the catches or sex ratio.
17
Tognoli, Francisco Manoel Wohnrath, Sabrina Deconti Bruski, and Thiago Peixoto de Araujo. "Data analysis reveals that extreme events have increased the flood inundations in the Taquari River´s Valley, southern Brazil." Latin American Data in Science 1, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53805/lads.v1i1.20.
Full textAbstract:
Flood inundations represent more than 62% of the deaths caused by natural disasters in Brazil. The dataset comprises the records of the Encantado´s pluviometric station, a municipality located beside the margin of the Taquari River in southern Brazil, which comprises the rainfall time series (n = 36,466) over 78 years, from April 1943 to December 2020. Complementary datasets also include the annual volume of precipitation per year and the level reached by the Taquari River during 44 flood inundations since 1941. The number of events is subsampled because only 32 years have the complete record of the river level. Three of the five major flood inundations at Encantado occurred after 2001, and the more severe flood recorded the maximum level of the Taquari River (20,27 meters) on July 8th, 2020. Thirty-four percent of all flood inundations in the city were recorded between 2011 and 2020. The months of July to October record 70% of all the events, but there is no record of floods in February and December throughout the data series. The human occupation of the floodplain has been fast in the last decades, and most of the urban area has a potential risk of being affected by flood inundations. Moreover, extreme rainfall events and flood events have been more frequent in the last 30 years. This database can contribute as a starting point for developing predictive models and verifying a possible correlation of floods with extreme events and global climatic changes.
18
Neill, Charles R. "Unusual Canadian floods and the Creager diagram." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-034.
Full textAbstract:
A number of unusual flood discharges in Canada are plotted on the Creager diagram of 1945, which was based on a compilation of unusual floods in the United States and other countries. Values of Creager's coefficient C for the Canadian floods lie mainly between 20 and 45. Readers are invited to contribute further data on known Canadian floods and on project estimates of PMF (probable maximum floods) and SPF (standard project floods) so that expanded versions of the table and diagram can be included in a forthcoming flood guide for Canada.
19
Hoes, O. A. C., R. W. Hut, N. C. van de Giesen, and M. Boomgaard. "Reconstruction of the 1945 Wieringermeer Flood." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 2 (March 11, 2013): 417–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-417-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The present state-of-the-art in flood risk assessment focuses on breach models, flood propagation models, and economic modelling of flood damage. However, models need to be validated with real data to avoid erroneous conclusions. Such reference data can either be historic data, or can be obtained from controlled experiments. The inundation of the Wieringermeer polder in the Netherlands in April 1945 is one of the few examples for which sufficient historical information is available. The objective of this article is to compare the flood simulation with flood data from 1945. The context, the breach growth process and the flood propagation are explained. Key findings for current flood risk management addresses the importance of the drainage canal network during the inundation of a polder, and the uncertainty that follows from not knowing the breach growth parameters. This case study shows that historical floods provide valuable data for the validation of models and reveal lessons that are applicable in current day flood risk management.
20
De Stefano, Lucia, Paris Edwards, Lynette de Silva, and Aaron T. Wolf. "Tracking cooperation and conflict in international basins: historic and recent trends." Water Policy 12, no. 6 (April 2, 2010): 871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.137.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the use of media-reported events in the assessment of hydropolitical relations and investigates instances of conflict and cooperation over international water resources during the last 60 years. Specifically, two periods – 1948–1999 and 2000–2008 – are compared and assessed for trends in international hydropolitics. In many respects, the dominant trends of the 20th century have remained consistent through the period 2000–2008. Despite the rampant water crisis associated with resource degradation and imbalance between supply and demand, cooperation between riparian nations continues to far outweigh conflict related to shared waters. This holds true even in the contentious Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region, particularly during the most recent study period. The two most controversial issues in transboundary relations continue to be infrastructure and water quantity, a consistent pattern through both study periods. Positive interactions continue to be associated with joint management, flood control and technical cooperation, and the geography of conflict and cooperation remains relatively stable, with a mild increase in the importance of North America. Noteworthy changes include the increasing importance of water quality issues, and, while not documented through our methodology, a flurry of activity on transboundary groundwater.
21
Pritchard, Gareth. "Female Labor and Power in East Germany, 1945–1948." Central European History 52, no. 03 (September 2019): 450–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000748.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPower in the workplace is almost always conceptualized in terms of the line-management hierarchy. Managers are said to sit at the “top” of the pyramid, whilst shop-floor workers are located at the “bottom.” The language that we use to describe the social organization of the workplace is saturated with words that assign people to ranks within hierarchies. Scholarly analysis of the sociology of the workplace takes the pyramidality of power as a given. This article, by contrast, argues that it is more useful to see power in the workplace as a dynamic but horizontal matrix within which the distribution of power is continually in flux. If we are to understand the workplace experiences of any specific social group, it is necessary to reconstruct the position of that group relative to the overall system of power relations within the matrix, and not just to individual kinds of power relationship. To demonstrate the point, this article explores the case study of female workers in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany. Between 1945 and 1948, the experiences of women on the shop floor in East Germany were shaped by wider trends in the distribution of power. These included the transfer of power from German nationals to Soviet occupiers, the devolution of power from the center to the periphery and from the manager's office to workers on the shop floor, and the shift of relative power from wage earners to black marketeers. To make sense of the contradictory experiences of female workers, we must situate them in the context of wider shifts in, and conflicts over, the distribution of power within a matrix.
22
Reihan, Alvina, Jurate Kriauciuniene, Diana Meilutyte-Barauskiene, and Tatjana Kolcova. "Temporal variation of spring flood in rivers of the Baltic States." Hydrology Research 43, no. 4 (January 27, 2012): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.141.
Full textAbstract:
Extreme floods can be caused by various combinations of hydrological and meteorological factors and river basin conditions that have not been observed for a long time. Long-term observational series permit estimation of both the frequency and variation of spring floods – the key issues of protection systems. Fortunately, Baltic States have a long-term record of hydrological data for the last 80 years. In this research, spring flood parameters (maximum discharge, height of maximum discharge and its timing) for the Baltic countries were assessed for four periods (1922–2008, 1941–2008, 1961–2008 and 1991–2008). In total, 70 hydrological data series of spring flood parameters were used. To detect trends in time series for these periods, the Mann–Kendall test and the nonparametric Sen's method for the magnitude of the trend were used. The index flood method was used to estimate the maximum discharge in ungauged catchments. The results showed that maximum discharges and heights of spring floods decreased over a longer period. Spring flood peaks took place on earlier dates. Only some significant trends of maximum discharges and their timing were found in the last time period (1991–2008). All these changes could be caused by the increasing ambient temperature and precipitation in the later decades.
23
Li, S. Samuel. "Some Characteristics of Peak Flow in the Richelieu River, Quebec." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2100–2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2100.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a statistics analysis of 1938-2012 data of daily discharge and water level collected from a gauging station on the Richelieu River in Southern Quebec, Canada. Using the most recent data, this paper aims to update flood characteristics from previous decades old analyses. Such update is important to the flood-prone region. The present analysis covers peak flow magnitude, duration, timing and, more importantly, their changes. The main findings are: There are no significant changes over time in average magnitude of floods, but there are increasing fluctuations between low and high peak discharges. The distribution of annual peak discharges shows a signifcaint shift of skewness from left to right; if this condition persists, future floods are expected to have a larger magnitude than historic flood events. The timing of peak discharges has not shown any significant trend of changes. A new flow rating curve has been obtained for discharge estimates.
24
Mediero, Luis. "Identification of Flood-Rich and Flood-Poor Periods by Using Annual Maximum Series of Floods in Spain." Proceedings 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-3-05829.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, there is general concern about the non-stationary behaviour of flood series. Consequently, several studies have been conducted to identify large-scale patterns of change in such flood series. In Spain, a general decreasing trend was found in the period 1959–2009. However, a multi-temporal trend analysis, with varying starting and ending years, showed that trend signs depended on the period considered. Flood oscillations could influence the results, especially when flood-rich and flood-poor periods are located at the beginning or end of the series. In Spain, a flood- rich period in 1950–1970 seemed to lead to the generalised decreasing trend, as it was located at the beginning of the flood series. Nevertheless, the multi-temporal test can only find potential flood- rich and flood-poor periods qualitatively. A methodology has been developed to identify statistically significant flood-rich and flood-poor periods. The expected variability of floods under the stationarity assumption is compared with the variability of floods in observed flood series. The methodology is applied to the longest streamflow series available in Spain. Seven gauging stations located in near-natural catchments, with continuous observations in the period 1942–2014, are selected. Both annual maximum and peak-over-threshold series are considered. Flood-rich and flood-poor periods in terms of flood magnitudes and the annual count of exceedances over a given threshold are identified. A flood-rich period in the beginning of the series and a flood-poor period at its end are identified in most of the selected sites. Accordingly, a flood-rich period placed at the beginning of the series, followed by a flood-poor period, influence the generalised decreasing trend in the flood series previously found in Spain.
25
Lapidez, J. P., J. Tablazon, L. Dasallas, L. A. Gonzalo, K. M. Cabacaba, M. M. A. Ramos, J. K. Suarez, J. Santiago, A. M. F. Lagmay, and V. Malano. "Identification of storm surge vulnerable areas in the Philippines through the simulation of Typhoon Haiyan-induced storm surge levels over historical storm tracks." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 2, 2015): 1473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1473-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Super Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) on 7 November 2013, causing tremendous damage to infrastructure and loss of lives mainly due to the storm surge and strong winds. Storm surges up to a height of 7 m were reported in the hardest hit areas. The threat imposed by this kind of natural calamity compelled researchers of the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH) which is the flagship disaster mitigation program of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of the Philippine government to undertake a study to determine the vulnerability of all Philippine coastal communities to storm surges of the same magnitude as those generated by Haiyan. This study calculates the maximum probable storm surge height for every coastal locality by running simulations of Haiyan-type conditions but with tracks of tropical cyclones that entered PAR from 1948–2013. One product of this study is a list of the 30 most vulnerable coastal areas that can be used as a basis for choosing priority sites for further studies to implement appropriate site-specific solutions for flood risk management. Another product is the storm tide inundation maps that the local government units can use to develop a risk-sensitive land use plan for identifying appropriate areas to build residential buildings, evacuation sites, and other critical facilities and lifelines. The maps can also be used to develop a disaster response plan and evacuation scheme.
26
Lapidez, J. P., J. Tablazon, L. Dasallas, L. A. Gonzalo, K. M. Cabacaba, M. M. A. Ramos, J. K. Suarez, J. Santiago, A. M. F. Lagmay, and V. Malano. "Identification of storm surge vulnerable areas in the Philippines through the simulation of Typhoon Haiyan-induced storm surge levels over historical storm tracks." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 919–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-919-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Super Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) 7 November 2013, causing tremendous damage to infrastructure and loss of lives mainly due to the storm surge and strong winds. Storm surges up to a height of 7 m were reported in the hardest hit areas. The threat imposed by this kind of natural calamity compelled researchers of the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH), the flagship disaster mitigation program of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Government of the Philippines, to undertake a study to determine the vulnerability of all Philippine coastal communities to storm surges of the same magnitude as those generated by Haiyan. This study calculates the maximum probable storm surge height for every coastal locality by running simulations of Haiyan-type conditions but with tracks of tropical cyclones that entered PAR from 1948–2013. One product of this study is a list of the 30 most vulnerable coastal areas that can be used as basis for choosing priority sites for further studies to implement appropriate site-specific solutions for flood risk management. Another product is the storm tide inundation maps that the local government units can use to develop a risk-sensitive land use plan for identifying appropriate areas to build residential buildings, evacuation sites, and other critical facilities and lifelines. The maps can also be used to develop a disaster response plan and evacuation scheme.
27
Sheng, Hui, Xiaomei Xu, Jian Hua Gao, Albert J. Kettner, Yong Shi, Chengfeng Xue, Ya Ping Wang, and Shu Gao. "Frequency and magnitude variability of Yalu River flooding: numerical analyses for the last 1000 years." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 4743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4743-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Accurate determination of past flooding characteristics is necessary to effectively predict the future flood disaster risk and dominant controls. However, understanding the effects of environmental forcing on past flooding frequency and magnitude is difficult owing to the deficiency of observations (data available for less than 10 % of the world's rivers) and extremely short measurement time series (<100 years). In this study, a numerical model, HYDROTREND, which generates synthetic time series of daily water discharge at a river outlet, was applied to the Yalu River to (1) reconstruct annual peak discharges over the past 1000 years and estimate flood annual exceedance probabilities and (2) identify and quantify the impacts of climate change and human activity (runoff yield induced by deforestation and dam retention) on the flooding frequency and magnitude. Climate data obtained from meteorological stations and ECHO-G climate model output, morphological characteristics (hypsometry, drainage area, river length, slope, and lapse rate), and hydrological properties (groundwater properties, canopy interception effects, cascade reservoir retention effect, and saturated hydraulic conductivity) form significant reliable model inputs. Monitored for decades, some proxies on ancient floods allow for accurate calibration and validation of numerical modeling. Simulations match well the present-day monitored data (1958–2012) and the literature records of historical flood events (1000–1958). They indicate that flood frequencies of the Yalu River increased during 1000–1940, followed by a decrease until the present day. Frequency trends were strongly modulated by climate variability, particularly by the intensity and frequency of rainfall events. The magnitudes of larger floods, events with a return period of 50 to 100 years, increased by 19.1 % and 13.9 %, respectively, due to climate variability over the last millennium. Anthropogenic processes were found to either enhance or reduce flooding, depending on the type of human activities. Deforestation increased the magnitude of larger floods (100- and 50-year floods) by 19.2 %–20.3 %, but the construction of cascade reservoirs in 1940 significantly reduced their magnitude by 36.7 % to 41.7 %. We conclude that under intensified climate change and human activities in the future, effective river engineering should be considered, particularly for small- and medium-sized mountainous river systems, which are at a higher risk of flood disasters owing to their relatively poor hydrological regulation capacity.
28
Serrano-Notivoli, R., D. Mora, A. Ollero, M. Sánchez-Fabre, P. Sanz, and M. Á. Saz. "Ocupación de la llanura aluvial e inundaciones en el Pirineo Central." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3057.
Full textAbstract:
Floods modify the natural dynamics of river environments and greatly affect urban areas, especially in mountain regions where flooding is frequent because of the precipitation characteristics and orographic configuration. In this study the vulnerability of the central sector of the Pyrenees to flood events was investigated using frequency analysis of daily flow and precipitation data for the period from 1940 to 2012 for the headwaters of the Aragón and Ésera rivers. The land use evolution over the past 60 years was also analyzed. The return periods showed that floods have not been exceptional, and the high flow frequency has been large and closely related to precipitation events. This, combined with a large increase in human occupation, particularly since the 1990s, of fluvial areas associated with the land use evolution since 1956, has increased exposure to flood risks.
29
Feder, Judy. "Advances in Midland Basin Expand Boundaries of CO2 EOR in Marginal Pay Areas." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 06 (June 1, 2021): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0621-0065-jpt.
Full textAbstract:
This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 200460, “A Case Study of SACROC CO2 Flooding in Marginal Pay Regions: Improving Asset Performance,” by John Kalteyer, SPE, Kinder Morgan, prepared for the 2020 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Tulsa, 18–22 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. As one of the first fields in the world to use carbon dioxide (CO2) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), the Scurry Area Canyon Reef Operators Committee (SACROC) unit of the Kelly-Snyder field in the Midland Basin of Texas provides a unique opportunity to study, learn from, and improve upon the development of CO2 flood technology. The complete paper reviews the history of EOR at SACROC, discusses changes in theory over time, and provides a look at the field’s future. Field Overview and Development History The first six pages of the paper discuss the field’s location, geology, and development before June 2000, when Kinder Morgan acquired the SACROC unit and took over as operator. Between initial gas injection in 1972 and 2000, approximately 1 TCF of CO2 had been injected into the Canyon Reef reservoir. Since 2000, cumulative CO2 injection has sur-passed 7 TCF and yielded cumulative EOR of over 180 million bbl. The reservoir is a primarily limestone reef complex containing an estimated original oil in place (OOIP) of just under 3 billion bbl. The reservoir ranges from 200 ft gross thickness in the south to 900 ft in the north, where the limestone matrix averages 8% porosity and 20-md permeability. The Canyon Reef structure is divided into four major intervals, of which the Upper Canyon zone provides the highest-quality pay. The field was discovered in 1948 at a pressure of 3,122 psi. By late 1950, 1,600 production wells had been drilled and the reservoir pressure plummeted, settling as low as 1,700 psi. Waterflooding begun in 1954 enabled the field to continue producing for nearly 20 years, at which time the operators deter-mined that another recovery mechanism would be needed to maximize recovery and reach additional areas of the field. The complete paper discusses various CO2 injection programs that were developed and applied—including a true tertiary response from a miscible CO2 flood in 1981—along with their outcomes. Acquisition and CO2-Injection Redevelopment In June 2000 Kinder Morgan acquired the SACROC Unit and took over as operator. Approximately 6.7 billion bbl of water and 1.3 TCF of CO2 had been injected across the unit to that date, but the daily oil rate of 8,700 B/D was approaching the field’s economic limit. An estimated 40% of the OOIP had been produced through the combination of recovery methods that each previous operator had used. Expanding on the conclusions of its immediate predecessor, the operator initiated large-scale CO2-flood redevelopment in a selection of project areas. These redevelopments were based on several key distinctions differentiating them from previous injection operations.
30
Wadey, M. P., I. D. Haigh, and J. M. Brown. "A century of sea level data and the UK's 2013/14 storm surges: an assessment of extremes and clustering using the Newlyn tide gauge record." Ocean Science Discussions 11, no. 4 (August 5, 2014): 1995–2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-1995-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. For the UK's longest and most complete sea level record (Newlyn), we assess extreme high water events and their temporal clustering; prompted by the 2013/2014 winter of flooding and storms. These are set into context against this almost 100 yr record. We define annual periods for which storm activity, tides and sea levels can be compared on a year-by-year basis. Amongst the storms and high tides which affected Newlyn the recent winter produced the largest recorded high water (3 February 2014) and five others above a 1 in 1 yr return period. The large magnitude of tide and mean sea level, and the close inter-event spacings (of large return period high waters), suggests that the 2013/2014 high water "season" may be considered the most extreme on record. However, storm and sea level events may be classified in different ways. For example in the context of sea level rise (which we calculate linearly as 1.81 ± 0.1 mm yr−1 from 1915 to 2014), a lower probability combination of surge and tide occurred on 29 January 1948, whilst 1995/1996 storm surge season saw the most high waters of ≥ 1 in 1 yr return period. We provide a basic categorisation of five types of high water cluster, ranging from consecutive tidal cycles to multiple years. The assessment is extended to other UK sites (with shorter sea level records and different tide-surge characteristics), which suggests 2013/2014 was extreme, although further work should assess clustering mechanisms and flood system "memory".
31
Zhou, Tian, Bart Nijssen, Huilin Gao, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "The Contribution of Reservoirs to Global Land Surface Water Storage Variations*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0002.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Man-made reservoirs play a key role in the terrestrial water system. They alter water fluxes at the land surface and impact surface water storage through water management regulations for diverse purposes such as irrigation, municipal water supply, hydropower generation, and flood control. Although most developed countries have established sophisticated observing systems for many variables in the land surface water cycle, long-term and consistent records of reservoir storage are much more limited and not always shared. Furthermore, most land surface hydrological models do not represent the effects of water management activities. Here, the contribution of reservoirs to seasonal water storage variations is investigated using a large-scale water management model to simulate the effects of reservoir management at basin and continental scales. The model was run from 1948 to 2010 at a spatial resolution of 0.25° latitude–longitude. A total of 166 of the largest reservoirs in the world with a total capacity of about 3900 km3 (nearly 60% of the globally integrated reservoir capacity) were simulated. The global reservoir storage time series reflects the massive expansion of global reservoir capacity; over 30 000 reservoirs have been constructed during the past half century, with a mean absolute interannual storage variation of 89 km3. The results indicate that the average reservoir-induced seasonal storage variation is nearly 700 km3 or about 10% of the global reservoir storage. For some river basins, such as the Yellow River, seasonal reservoir storage variations can be as large as 72% of combined snow water equivalent and soil moisture storage.
32
Hickin, Edward J., and Henry M. Sichingabula. "The geomorphic impact of the catastrophic October 1984 flood on the planform of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-105.
Full textAbstract:
Small-format aerial photography of Squamish River just prior to and immediately following the October 1984 flood of record forms the basis of a quantitative evaluation of floodplain erosion and construction during this extreme event. Channel changes in 1984 are compared with those determined from sequential aerial photography at various other times since 1947 and associated with less extreme flooding.Depending on the type of river planform, the degree of channel change during the 1984 flood varied from a relatively minor response to a major reorganization of the channel. Despite its large size, the 1984 flood accomplished little more floodplain modification in the meandering and transitional semibraided reaches than had previous smaller floods of similar duration. In general, greater erosion was accomplished here by relatively small but longer duration flood events. In contrast, in the braided reach the 1984 flood caused floodplain erosion and major reorganization of the channel to an extent previously unrecorded, apparently here exceeding a threshold for channel stability. For all reaches, variation in floodplain erosion among sites was greater than at-a-site variation in erosion related to flood history.
33
Radonic, Lucero, Lauren T. Cooper, and Marcela Omans. "At the Crossroads of Flood Mitigation and Urban Revitalization: Residents’ Perspectives of Shifting Floodplain Governance in the United States Rust Belt." Human Organization 79, no. 2 (June 2020): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/1938-3525.79.2.117.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, floods have increased in frequency and intensity, a trend that is expected to intensify over the next twenty-five years. This article addresses an underexamined tension in floodplain governance: how a policy instrument designed to mitigate flood hazards in urban neighborhoods also has the potential to drive changes that may lead to environmental gentrification. Through survey and interview data concentrated in an economically depressed neighborhood in Lansing, Michigan, we explore how floodplain residents perceive their own vulnerability to flooding and interpret neighborhood land-use changes precipitated by shifts in floodplain governance. We found that while residents may recognize their neighborhood is at risk of flooding, they downplay their own vulnerability due in part to overconfidence on structural flood control measures. Relatedly, residents value the state’s new flood risk mitigation program for contributing to neighborhood revitalization, generally without recognizing its flood risk adaptation objectives. Ironically, some elements of floodplain governance may drive the deterioration that necessitates urban revitalization, while others may disenfranchise low-income long-time residents. This case illustrates that shifting floodplain governance towards green infrastructure is not fully comprehensible to some residents, pointing to the need for participatory approaches that create a shared vision for urban floodplain neighborhoods.
34
Wadey, M. P., I. D. Haigh, and J. M. Brown. "A century of sea level data and the UK's 2013/14 storm surges: an assessment of extremes and clustering using the Newlyn tide gauge record." Ocean Science 10, no. 6 (December 17, 2014): 1031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1031-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. For the UK's longest and most complete sea level record (Newlyn), we assess extreme high waters and their temporal clustering; prompted by the 2013/2014 winter of storms and flooding. These are set into context against this almost 100-year record. We define annual periods for which storm activity and high sea levels can be compared on a year-by-year basis. Amongst the storms and high tides which affected Newlyn, the recent winter produced the largest recorded high water level (3 February 2014) and five other high water events above a 1 in 1-year return period. The large magnitude of tide and mean sea level, and the close inter-event spacings (of large return period high waters), suggests that the 2013/2014 extreme high water level "season" can be considered the most extreme on record. However, storm and sea level events may be classified in different ways. For example, in the context of sea level rise (which we calculate linearly as 1.81 ± 0.1 mm yr−1 from records between 1915 to 2014), a lower probability combination of surge and tide occurred on 29 January 1948, whilst the 1995/1996 storm surge season saw the most high waters of &geq; the 1 in 1-year return period. We provide a basic categorisation of the four types of extreme high water level cluster, ranging from consecutive tidal cycles to multiple years. The assessment is extended to other UK sites (with shorter sea level records and different tide-surge characteristics), which suggests 2013/2014 was particularly unusual. Further work will assess clustering mechanisms and flood system "memory".
35
Volosuhin, Yakov, and Mihail Mordvincev. "SUBSTANTIATION OF THE MAXIMUM WATER CONSUMPTIONS FOR A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM ON THE SMALL MOUNTAIN RIVER ESCHAKON." Construction and Architecture 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2020-8-2-11-20.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyzes the maximum costs river Podkumok (gauging station in Kislovodsk) and on the small mountain river Eshkakon for the period 1936 - 1941 and 1944 - 2019 taking into account the data of the operation service of the Eshkakonskoye hydroelectric complex, commissioned in December 1989.
In the rain flood on June 22, 2002 at the spillway structure of the Eshkakon hydroelectric complex, the operating service recorded a flow rate of about 200 m3/s, and at the gauging station in Kislovodsk on the river Podkumok water flow was equal to 328 m3/s. The authors of the work specified the expenses of rare security for the Eshkakon hydroelectric complex taking into account the consumption of rare security of the rain flood on June 22, 2002.
36
Isaacs, Nigel. "Evolution of sub-floor moisture management requirements in UK, USA and New Zealand 1600s to 1969." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 37, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 366–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-06-2018-0052.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the historic development of the requirements for sub-floor (also known as “basementless space” or “crawl space”) moisture management in the USA, UK and New Zealand (NZ) from 1600s to 1969. Design/methodology/approach The review of 171 documents, including legislation, research papers, books and magazines, identified three time periods where the focus differed: 1849, removal of impure air; 1850–1929, the use of ground cover and thorough ventilation; and 1930–1969, the development of standards. Findings Published moisture management guidance has been found from 1683, but until the 1920s, it was based on the provision of “adequate” ventilation and, in the UK, the use of impermeable ground cover. Specific ventilation area calculations have been available from 1898 in the UK, 1922 in the USA and 1924 in NZ. These are based on the area of ventilation per unit floor area, area of ventilation per unit length of perimeter wall, or a combination of both. However, it was not until 1937 in the USA, 1944 in NZ and after the period covered by this paper in the UK, that numerical values were enforced in codes. Vents requirements started at 1 in. of vent per square foot of floor area (0.7 per cent but first published in the USA with a misplaced decimal point as 7 per cent). The average vent area was 0.69 per cent in USA for 19 cases, 0.54 per cent in NZ for 7 cases and 0.13 per cent in UK for 3 cases. The lower UK vent area requirements were probably due to the use of ground covers such as asphalt or concrete in 1854, compared with in 1908 in NZ and in 1947 in USA. The use of roll ground cover (e.g. plastic film) was first promoted in 1949 in USA and 1960 in NZ. Practical implications Common themes found in the evolution of sub-floor moisture management include a lack of documented research until the 1940s, a lack of climate or site-based requirements and different paths to code requirements in the three countries. Unlike many building code requirements, a lack of sub-floor moisture management seldom leads to catastrophic failure and consequent political pressure for immediate change. From the first published use of performance-based “adequate” ventilation to the first numerical or “deemed to satisfy” solutions, it took 240 years. The lessons from this process may provide guidance on improving modern building codes. Originality/value This is the first time such an evaluation has been undertaken for the three countries.
37
Schmocker-Fackel, P., and F. Naef. "Changes in flood frequencies in Switzerland since 1500." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 17, 2010): 1581–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1581-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In northern Switzerland, an accumulation of large flood events has occurred since the 1970s, preceded by a prolonged period with few floods (Schmocker-Fackel and Naef, 2010). How have Swiss flood frequencies changed over the past 500 years? And how does the recent increase in flood frequencies compare with other periods in this half millennium? We collected historical flood data for 14 Swiss catchments dating back to 1500 AC. All catchments experienced marked fluctuations in flood frequencies, and we were able to identify four periods of frequent flooding in northern Switzerland, lasting between 30 and 100 years (1560–1590, 1740–1790, 1820–1940 and since 1970). The current period of increased flood frequencies has not yet exceeded those observed in the past. We tested whether the flood frequency fluctuation could be explained with generalised climatic indices like solar activity or the NAO. The first three periods of low flood frequency in Switzerland correspond to periods of low solar activity. However, after 1810 no relationship between solar activity and flood frequency was found, nor could a relationship be established between reconstructed NAO indices or reconstructed Swiss temperatures. We found re-occurring spatial patterns of flood frequencies on a European scale, with the Swiss periods of frequent flooding often in phase with those in the Czech Republic, Italy and Spain and less often with those in Germany. The pattern of flooding in northern Switzerland and the Czech Republic seem to be rather similar, although the individual flood events do not match. This comparison of flooding patterns in different European countries suggests that changes in large scale atmospheric circulation are responsible for the flood frequency fluctuations.
38
Li, Teng, Jinbao Li, and David D. Zhang. "Yellow River flooding during the past two millennia from historical documents." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 5 (January 23, 2020): 661–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319899821.
Full textAbstract:
The Yellow River has caused suffering to people with its devastating floods throughout human history. Understanding the occurrence of Yellow River floods and their relationship with climate change is crucial for sustainable water governance in North China. Here we synthesize historical and climatic records in the Yellow River basin to investigate their relationship during the past two millennia. Based on historical archives of river floods and levee breaches, we developed a decadally resolved Yellow River flooding frequency record from 221 BCE to 1949 CE, which provides a rare chance to perceive the river’s long-term flood dynamics. As revealed, the Yellow River flooding can be divided into two distinct stages: an early stage of low-frequency floods from the 220s BCE to the 890s CE; and a late stage of high-frequency floods during the 900s–1940s CE. A substantial increase in flooding frequency around the 10th century fell within the transition period into the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), during which the Yellow River basin featured warm and wet climate conditions. Coincidentally, human management of the Yellow River intensified as a response to more severe and frequent floods. The intense river management persisted thereafter and resulted in the super-elevation of the riverbed, which made the river more prone to flooding. Consequently, the Yellow River flooding frequency remained high even after entering the Little Ice Age, during which the river basin featured cool temperature and reduced precipitation. Our study suggests that the dramatic transition from a previous cool, dry into a warm, wet climate during the MCA period triggered intense human management of river channels and the establishment of the flood-prone nature of the Yellow River.
39
Allasia, D. G., R. Tassi, D. Bemfica, and J. A. Goldenfum. "Decreasing flood risk perception in Porto Alegre – Brazil and its influence on water resource management decisions." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 370 (June 11, 2015): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-189-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Porto Alegre is the capital and largest city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil with approximately 1.5 million inhabitants. The city lies on the eastern bank of the Guaiba Lake, formed by the convergence of five rivers and leading to the Lagoa dos Patos, a giant freshwater lagoon navigable by even the largest of ships. This river junction has become an important alluvial port as well as a chief industrial and commercial centre. However, this strategic location resulted in severe damage because of its exposure to flooding from the river system, affecting the city in the years 1873, 1928, 1936, 1941 and 1967. In order to reduce flood risk, a complex system of levees and pump stations was implemented during 1960s and 1970s. Since its construction, not a single large flood event occurred. However, in recent years, the levees in the downtown region of Porto Alegre were severally criticized by city planners and population. Several projects have been proposed to demolish the Mauá Wall due to the false perception of lack of flood risk. Similar opinions and reactions against flood infrastructure have been observed in other cities in Brazil, such as Itajaí and Blumenau, with disastrous consequences. This paper illustrates how the perception of flood risk in Porto Alegre has changed over recent years as a result of flood infrastructure, and how such changes in perceptions can influence water management decisions.
40
La, Kristie. "“Enlightenment, Advertising, Education, Etc.”: Herbert Bayer the Museum of Modern Art's Road to Victory." October 150 (October 2014): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00201.
Full textAbstract:
“In the beginning was virgin land and America was promises.”2 So began the text panel located in the opening panorama of the photo exhibition Road to Victory: A Procession of Photographs of the Nation at War that the Museum of Modern Art organized in 1942 and circulated between 1943 and 1945. Years before Edward Steichen became curator of photography at MoMA and organized the global blockbuster exhibition The Family of Man, he combed government, press, and corporate archives to select the photographs for Road to Victory, his first curatorial project at the museum. Encircling the opening text were large photographic panels of picturesque landscapes, stern Native Americans, and a few buffalo. The largest panel—of pristine mountain valleys—was sixteen by twelve feet, making the viewer about the same height as the three portraits of Native Americans. Exhibition designer Herbert Bayer, recent Austrian émigré and former Bauhaus master, removed the walls from the second floor of the museum, using the large-scale photographs to structure the exhibition architecturally. Arranged in a semicircle, these opening panels welcomed the viewer and urged him to follow the curve into the exhibition.
41
Baioni, D. "Human activity and damaging landslides and floods on Madeira Island." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2011): 3035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3035-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Over the last few decades, the island of Madeira has become an important offshore tourism and business center, with rapid economic and demographic development that has caused changes to the landscape due to human activity. In Madeira's recent history, there has been an increase over time in the frequency of occurrence of damaging landslide and flood events. As a result, the costs of restoration work due to damage caused by landslide and flood events have become a larger and larger component of Madeira's annual budget. Landslides and floods in Madeira deserve particular attention because they represent the most serious hazard to human life, to property, and to the natural environment and its important heritage value. The work reported on in this paper involved the analysis of historical data regarding damaging landslide and flood events on Madeira (in particular from 1941 to 1991) together with data on geological characteristics, topographic features, and climate, and from field observations. This analysis showed that the main factor triggering the occurrence of damaging landslide and flood events is rainfall, but that the increase in the number of damaging events recorded on Madeira Island, especially in recent times, seems to be related mostly to human activity, specifically to economic development and population growth, rather than to natural factors.
42
Xiong, Junnan, Chongchong Ye, Weiming Cheng, Liang Guo, Chenghu Zhou, and Xiaolei Zhang. "The Spatiotemporal Distribution of Flash Floods and Analysis of Partition Driving Forces in Yunnan Province." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102926.
Full textAbstract:
Flash floods are one of the most serious natural disasters, and have a significant impact on economic development. In this study, we employed the spatiotemporal analysis method to measure the spatial–temporal distribution of flash floods and examined the relationship between flash floods and driving factors in different subregions of landcover. Furthermore, we analyzed the response of flash floods on the economic development by sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that the number of flash floods occurring annually increased gradually from 1949 to 2015, and regions with a high quantity of flash floods were concentrated in Zhaotong, Qujing, Kunming, Yuxi, Chuxiong, Dali, and Baoshan. Specifically, precipitation and elevation had a more significant effect on flash floods in the settlement than in other subregions, with a high r (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) value of 0.675, 0.674, 0.593, 0.519, and 0.395 for the 10 min precipitation in 20-year return period, elevation, 60 min precipitation in 20-year return period, 24 h precipitation in 20-year return period, and 6 h precipitation in 20-year return period, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the Kunming had the highest sensitivity (S = 21.86) during 2000–2005. Based on the research results, we should focus on heavy precipitation events for flash flood prevention and forecasting in the short term; but human activities and ecosystem vulnerability should be controlled over the long term.
43
Brázdil, Chromá, Řehoř, Zahradníček, Dolák, Řezníčková, and Dobrovolný. "Potential of Documentary Evidence to Study Fatalities of Hydrological and Meteorological Events in the Czech Republic." Water 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102014.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the potential of documentary evidence for enhancing the study of fatalities taking place in the course of hydrological and meteorological events (HMEs). Chronicles, “books of memory”, weather diaries, newspapers (media), parliamentary proposals, epigraphic evidence, systematic meteorological/hydrological observations, and professional papers provide a broad base for gathering such information in the Czech Republic, especially since 1901. The spatiotemporal variability of 269 fatalities in the Czech Republic arising out of 103 HMEs (flood, flash flood, windstorm, convective storm, lightning, frost, snow/glaze-ice calamity, heat, and other events) in the 1981–2018 period is presented, with particular attention to closer characterisation of fatalities (gender, age, cause of death, place, type of death, and behaviour). Examples of three outstanding events with the highest numbers of fatalities (severe frosts in the extremely cold winter of 1928/1929, a flash flood on 9 June 1970, and a rain flood in July 1997) are described in detail. Discussion of results includes the problem of data uncertainty, factors influencing the numbers of fatalities, and the broader context. Since floods are responsible for the highest proportion of HME-related deaths, places with fatalities are located mainly around rivers and drowning appears as the main cause of death. In the further classification of fatalities, males and adults clearly prevail, while indirect victims and hazardous behaviour are strongly represented.
44
Danneberg, J. "Changes in runoff time series in Thuringia, Germany – Mann-Kendall trend test and extreme value analysis." Advances in Geosciences 31 (July 25, 2012): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-31-49-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Qualified knowledge about the impacts of climate change on hydrology is needed for the derivation of adaptation measures in the water sector. As temperature and precipitation time series in Thuringia, Germany of the last 50 years reveal that the climate is becoming warmer and drier in summer and wetter in winter, the question of changes in runoff time series arises. In the presented study, simple robust analysis approaches to detect changes in runoff characteristics are applied. A selection of 19 anthropogenically undisturbed Thuringian catchments with daily runoff time series of up to 78 years without gaps, covering different landscapes and climatic conditions in Thuringia, is made. Indicators of mean, high, and low runoff in the hydrological year, winter and summer are derived and tested for trends, using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test. To analyze the impact of significant lag-1 autocorrelation (AR) in the series, a prior removal of AR from the series before testing for trend (trend-free-pre-whitening) is performed. Results show that removal of AR has only minor influence on test results and is therefore considered as not necessary. Mean flow and high flow indicators in annual and winter time frame show increasing trends, escpecially in catchments in the higher regions of Thuringia like the Thuringian forest. In summer, all indicators show decreasing trends, especially in the drier central and northern Thuringian basin area. In order to assess changes in floods, 8 gauges, covering the 50-year time period 1949–1999, are selected. Annual maximum flow series are derived for the hydrological year, winter and summer. After fitting of 8 theoretical distributions to the samples by the method of L-moments, 3 goodness-of-fit tests are applied. Flood quantiles for the return periods 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years are calculated from means of well fitted distributions for all gauges. To analyze change in flood values, the relative difference of flood quantiles in 2 time periods, 1949–1979 (TP 1) and 1969–1999 (TP 2), with respect to the whole time period 1949–1999 are calculated. Results show that flood values have increased in the later time period in annual and winter time frame and have decreased in summer.
45
Schmidt, Victor. "Dutch art bibliographies." Art Libraries Journal 11, no. 1 (1986): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200004491.
Full textAbstract:
The most important bibliography for Dutch art is the Bibliography of the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie). This bibliography, first published in 1943, is in fact a continuation in another form of H. van Hall, Repertorium voor de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche schilder - en graveerkunst sedert het begin van de 12de eeuw tot het eind van 1932 (Repertory for the history of Dutch painting and engraving since the beginning of the 12th century up till the end of 1932), The Hague 1936 (Vol.2: 1933-1946 appeared in 1949). The last volume published, Vol.16, Part 1: Old Art, comprises the years 1971-1972; Vol.17, Part 1: Old Art, for the years 1973-1974, is in the course of publication. The material for the years after 1974, however, is put on fiches, and can be consulted at the Institute. The last volume published that included material on Dutch 19th-20th century art was Vol. 9 (1957-1958). Material for the years thereafter also can be consulted at the Institute. Address: Prins Willem Alexanderhof 5 (entrance at the fifth floor of the Royal Library), 2595 BE The Hague; tel. 070-471514. Postal address: Post box 90418, 2509 LK The Hague.
46
Gatti, Ignacio Agustin, and Takashi Oguchi. "Disaster risk assessment for urban areas: A GIS flood risk analysis for Luján City (Argentina)." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-90-2019.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Floods frequently cause disasters worldwide. In Argentina, almost half of disasters are related to floods (Celis & Herzer, 2003). During the period 1944 to 2005, 41 major floods occurred in urban areas in the country (Argentina Red Cross, 2010) with more than 13 million people affected. Luján (34°33′S, 59°07′W) is a city of about 110,000 people, situated 21 m above the mean sea level in a relatively plain area. It suffered from 21 floods between 1967 and 2018 with a result of about 14,600 evacuees and 3 dead people. The main cause of the floods is the overflow of the Luján River, which has an average flow of 5.37&thinsp;m<sup>3</sup>/s (INA, 2007).</p><p> The National Disaster Risk Assessment guidelines (UNDP, 2010; UNSIDR, 2018) outline the use of qualitative or quantitative approaches to determinate the acceptable level of risk. Risk has been associated with a potential loss with different levels of certainty (Crichton, 1999; WMO, 2013), and it could be defined as a combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability (Akhtar et al, 2018; Behanzin, 2015; Armeneakis et al., 2017; UNISDR, 2017) (Figure 1). If one of those elements is missing, risk is not defined. The hazard is related to the potential danger that the natural phenomenon has, which is inherent to the event itself, and it would be inundation scenarios in this study. Vulnerability has been defined by Cardona et al. (2012) as a propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. That definition includes the characteristics of a person or a group, and their situation that influences their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the adverse effects of physical events (Natenzon et al., 2005; González, 2009). The perspectives selected in the present work focus on working with social vulnerability which is linked to socio-economical population conditions and the possibility of these being affected. Spatial distribution of exposure (elements at risk) in proximity to a hazard is a significant factor of disaster risk (UNISDR, 2017). Some researchers (González et al., 1998; Villagrán De León, 2001; Moel et al., 2009) defined “exposure” as what can be affected by a flood such as buildings, land use, and population, the latter of which is a significant factor of disaster risk (UNISDR, 2017). Flood risk maps play an important role in decision-making, planning and implementing flood management options (WMO, 2013).</p><p> Geographical Information Systems (GIS) enable us to perform a spatial analysis of the elements of risk (hazard, vulnerability, and exposure) for Luján City. By creating categories from the selection of some indicators, it is possible to define which area is more likely to be impacted by a flood, which population and which infrastructure are more exposed, and who is more vulnerable. A final flood risk index is created with five categories based on risk values from 0 (lowest) to 1 (highest) (Figure 2).</p><p> Hazard analysis is made by using a 5-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM), rainfall data, land use information, drainage system (sewers and streams) and historical flood maps. Sources of vulnerability and exposure indicators are data from the last National Argentinian Census in the year 2010.</p><p> Although it is impossible to totally eliminate the flood risk, it is possible to mitigate some consequences. Findings from this study illustrate that some areas of higher flood risk coincide with areas of high flood hazard, more exposed, and more vulnerable. This methodology helps to develop disaster risk management strategies for settlements frequently flooded.</p>
47
Liu, Jian Fen, Xing Nan Zhang, and Hui Min Wang. "Drought and Flood Distribution Variation Based on SPI in Nanjing, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2116.
Full textAbstract:
Many drought and flood indices have been developed, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is one which has various temporal scales together to form an overall judgment of drought and flood and can be applied easily to different locations to identify and monitor drought and flood. Take Nanjing, China in the study as an example to analysis drought and flood variation by computing SPI values of four time scales including 3-months, 6-months, 12-months and 24-months, applying precipitation data from 1946-2000 of the study area. The results demonstrated SPI can be appropriate to analyze drought and flood variation of Nanjing, while the precipitation data were divided into three stages(1946-1963,1964-1981,1982-2000), the frequencies of various drought and flood classes from various time scales are different, particularly 12-months and 24-months. The time series is longer, the frequencies are more reliable and the differences more little.
48
Salvati, P., C. Bianchi, M. Rossi, and F. Guzzetti. "Societal landslide and flood risk in Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2010): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-465-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We assessed societal landslide and flood risk to the population of Italy. The assessment was conducted at the national (synoptic) and at the regional scales. For the assessment, we used an improved version of the catalogue of historical landslide and flood events that have resulted in loss of life, missing persons, injuries and homelessness in Italy, from 1850 to 2008. This is the recent portion of a larger catalogue spanning the 1941-year period from 68 to 2008. We started by discussing uncertainty and completeness in the historical catalogue, and we performed an analysis of the temporal and geographical pattern of harmful landslide and flood events, in Italy. We found that sites affected by harmful landslides or floods are not distributed evenly in Italy, and we attributed the differences to different physiographical settings. To determine societal risk, we investigated the distribution of the number of landslide and flood casualties (deaths, missing persons, and injured people) in Italy, and in the 20 Italian Regions. Using order statistics, we found that the intensity of a landslide or flood event – measured by the total number of casualties in the event – follows a general negative power law trend. Next, we modelled the empirical distributions of the frequency of landslide and flood events with casualties in Italy and in each Region using a Zipf distribution. We used the scaling exponent s of the probability mass function (PMF) of the intensity of the events, which controls the proportion of small, medium, and large events, to compare societal risk levels in different geographical areas and for different periods. Lastly, to consider the frequency of the events with casualties, we scaled the PMF obtained for the individual Regions to the total number of events in each Region, in the period 1950–2008, and we used the results to rank societal landslide and flood risk in Italy. We found that in the considered period societal landslide risk is largest in Trentino-Alto Adige and Campania, and societal flood risk is highest in Piedmont and Sicily.
49
Hereford, Richard. "Modern Alluvial History of the Paria Rver Drainage Basin, Southern Utah." Quaternary Research 25, no. 3 (May 1986): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90003-7.
Full textAbstract:
Stream channels in the Paria River basin were eroded and partially refilled between 1883 and 1980. Basin-wide erosion began in 1883; channels were fully entrenched and widened by 1890. This erosion occurred during the well-documented period of arroyo cutting in the Southwest. Photographs of the Paria River channel taken between 1918 and 1940 show that the channel did not have a floodplain and remained wide and deep until the early 1940s. A thin bar (<50 cm), now reworked and locally preserved, was deposited at that time. Basin-wide aggradation, which began in the early 1940s, developed floodplains by vertical accretion. The floodplain alluvium, 1.3–3 m thick. consists of two units recognizable throughout the studied area. An older unit was deposited during a time of low flow and sediment yield whereas the younger unit was deposited during times of high flow, sediment yield, and precipitation. Tree-ring dating suggests that the older unit was deposited between the early 1940s and 1956, and the younger between 1956 and 1980. The units are not time transgressive, suggesting that deposition by knickpoint recession was not an important process. High peak-flood discharges were associated with crosion and low flood discharges with aggradation. The erosional or aggradational mode of the streams was determined principally by peak-flood discharge, which in turn was controlled by precipitation.
50
Edgerton-Tarpley. "Between War and Water: Farmer, City, and State in China's Yellow River Flood of 1938–1947." Agricultural History 90, no. 1 (2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2016.090.1.94.
Full text