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1
Marcar, Katie. "In the Days of Noah: Urzeit/Endzeit Correspondence and the Flood Tradition in 1 Peter 3–4." New Testament Studies 63, no. 4 (September 12, 2017): 550–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688517000133.
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Much Petrine scholarship has focused on unravelling the Enochic traditions in 1 Pet 3.18–20. However, these investigations have largely overlooked the role of Noah and the flood in 1 Peter. This article seeks to rectify this deficiency by examining how Second Temple Jewish and early Christian texts used the primeval flood as a paradigm for the eschaton, a clear example of Urzeit/Endzeit correspondence. Once the Petrine use of the flood traditions is interpreted in this light, new solutions emerge not only for this difficult text, but also for the larger section of 1 Peter 3–4. Four specific points of correspondence are investigated: first, the righteousness of Noah as the righteousness of Christ (and also, believers); second, the wickedness of the flood generation as the wickedness of contemporary Gentile society; third, Noah's preaching to the flood generation as believers’ witness to their countrymen; and finally, the opportunity of repentance during Noah's lifetime as a similar opportunity for mission in contemporary Asia Minor. A robust understanding of the Noah traditions paves the way for a clearer understanding of the apocalyptic character of 1 Peter and its contemporary application to the Christians of Asia Minor.
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Lewandowicz-Nosal, Grażyna. "„Stary Noe” Zuzanny Orlińskiej jako przykład współczesnej książki religijnej dla dzieci." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica 5 (May 14, 2018): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/23534583.5.18.
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Stary Noe of Zuzanna Orlińska as an example of modern religious care for children The article presents the figure and achievements of the author and illustrator of children’s books Zuzanna Orlińska. Detailed analyzes were book Old Noah awarded in 2016. Kornel Makuszyński price and highlighted by the jury of PS IBBY. Old Noah is an example of modern adaptation of the Biblical story of the flood. Draws attention to the character of Noah and his relationship with God. The author raises many questions about obedience to God’s will and trust.
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Mowat, Robert J. C. "The Ark Before Noah: Decoding the story of the Flood." Mariner's Mirror 101, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2015.1061269.
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Wilson, Mark W. "NOAH, THE ARK, AND THE FLOOD IN EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE." Scriptura 113 (January 19, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7833/113-0-910.
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Herbert, D. M. "Review: Rhetoric and Tradition: John Chrysostom on Noah and the Flood." Journal of Semitic Studies 50, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgi075.
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Dynes, Russell R. "Noah and Disaster Planning: The Cultural Significance of the Flood Story." Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 11, no. 4 (December 2003): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0966-0879.2003.01104003.x.
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Wenham, Gordon. "Was Noah Good? Finding Favour in the Flood Narrative.By Carol M. Kaminski." Journal of Theological Studies 67, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/flv172.
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Tiemeyer, Lena-Sofia. "Retelling Noah and the Flood: A Fictional Encounter with Genesis 6-9." Relegere: Studies in Religion and Reception 6, no. 2 (May 12, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/rsrr6-2-706.
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Lee, Lydia. "The Flood Narratives in Gen 6-9 and Darren Aronofsky's Film "Noah"." Old Testament Essays 29, no. 2 (2016): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/23123621/2016/v29n2a7.
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Adamczewski, Bartosz. "Noah’s Ark and the Ark of the Covenant." Collectanea Theologica 91, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ct.2021.91.2.01.
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The similarities between Noah’s ark and the saving boat in Mesopotamian flood accounts are widely known. Likewise known are the links between Noah’s ark and the chest of Moses (Exod 2:3). However, the connections between the “chest” of Noah and the “chest” of the testimony have not hitherto drawn adequate scholarly attention. The article explores these connections on both the linguistic and the conceptual level. Moreover, it investigates their function in hypertextual links of the Genesis flood account to earlier Israelite literary works, especially the book of Deuteronomy and the book of Joshua.
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Feldman, Ariel. "Noachic traditions in the Book of Parables: Two parallels from the Dead Sea Scrolls." Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 30, no. 4 (June 2021): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09518207211011763.
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This note draws attention to two passages from the so-called Noachic interpolations in the Book of Parables where Noah traditions embedded in Qumran scrolls may provide helpful parallels. First, it suggests that the dating of the vision in 1 En. 60:1 is illuminated by a comparison to the Flood chronology in 4Q252. Second, it points out a similar use of Isa 24:18–20 in 1 En. 65:1–5, 9 and 4Q370. In both instances, the suggested parallels highlight the Parables’ use of the Flood as a prototype of an eschatological judgment.
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Hu, Huancui, Francina Dominguez, Praveen Kumar, Jeffery McDonnell, and David Gochis. "A Numerical Water Tracer Model for Understanding Event-Scale Hydrometeorological Phenomena." Journal of Hydrometeorology 19, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 947–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0202.1.
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Abstract We develop and implement a novel numerical water tracer model within the Noah LSM with multiparameterization options (WT-Noah-MP) that is specifically designed to track individual hydrometeorological events. This approach provides a more complete representation of the physical processes beyond the standard land surface model output. Unlike isotope-enabled LSMs, WT-Noah-MP does not simulate the concentration of oxygen or hydrogen isotopes, or require isotope information to drive it. WT-Noah-MP provides stores, fluxes, and transit time estimates of tagged water in the surface–subsurface system. The new tracer tool can account for the horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of tracer transport in the subsurface by allowing partial mixing in each soil layer. We compared model-estimated transit times at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Watershed in Oregon with those derived from isotope observations. Our results show that including partial mixing in the soil results in a more realistic transit time distribution than the basic well-mixed assumption. We then used WT-Noah-MP to investigate the regional response to an extreme precipitation event in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The model differentiated the flood response due to direct precipitation from indirect thermal effects and showed that a large portion of this event water was retained in the soil after 6 months. The water tracer addition in Noah-MP can help us quantify the long-term memory in the hydrologic system that can impact seasonal hydroclimate variability through evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
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Benefield, Tommy. "Parihaka." Ata: Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand 16, no. 2 (December 17, 2012): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9791/ajpanz.2012.21.
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Aio tukua mai he ngakau mahaki ki ahau kia to tonu te Rangimarie i roto e nga uauatanga me te kaha ki te whakatika i nga marotanga kia matou kia marama hoki ki nga rereketanga ake ake ake.
Cold blood of women and children shed in the mud, heaven’s angry again just like Noah and the flood.
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Blidstein, Moshe. "How Many Pigs Were on Noah's Ark? An Exegetical Encounter on the Nature of Impurity." Harvard Theological Review 108, no. 3 (July 2015): 448–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816015000279.
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Commentators have long noted that God's commandment to Noah to bring all animals onto the ark exists in two intertwined versions in the biblical text. In the first version, Noah is told to bring two of every species: “And of every living thing, of all flesh, you shall bring two of every kind into the ark, to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female” (Gen 6:19nrsv). In the second version, however, the animal kingdom is divided into pure and impure species: “Take with you seven pairs of all pure animals, the male and its mate; and a pair of the animals that are not pure, the male and its mate; and seven pairs of the birds of the air also, male and female, to keep their kind alive on the face of all the earth” (Gen 7:2–3). Noah then sacrifices some of the pure animals and birds after the flood (Gen 8:20).
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Arikan, Ayse Akcan, and M. Michele Mariscalco. "Water in the ICU: The Elixir of Life or the Flood of Noah?*." Critical Care Medicine 48, no. 7 (July 2020): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000004407.
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Young, F. "Rhetoric and Tradition: John Chrysostom on Noah and the Flood. By HAGIT AMIRAV." Journal of Theological Studies 58, no. 1 (November 18, 2005): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/fll158.
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Pollock, Emily Richmond. "Noah im kalten Krieg: Igor Strawinsky’s Musical Play “The Flood.” by Hannah Dübgen." Notes 70, no. 3 (2014): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/not.2014.0008.
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Shaviv, Samuel. "THE POLYTHEISTIC ORIGINS OF THE BIBLICAL FLOOD NARRATIVE." Vetus Testamentum 54, no. 4 (2004): 527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568533042650831.
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AbstractA new and unprejudiced reading may reveal that two divinities, one called Yahweh, the other called Elohim, seem to act in the story: Yahweh is more involved in bringing the flood, and Elohim in saving Noah. The source of this narrative may have been a polytheistic story in which two gods quarrelled: Yahweh decided to blot out mankind, whereas Elohim wanted to save it. This story was remoulded in monotheistic spirit and the moral motive as the cause of the flood was added by generations of redactors. The ultimate source seems to have been a Canaaniteflood story: Baal the god of rain and benevolent El quarrelled because of the human marriages of Sons of El that were regarded by Baal as threat.
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Geller, Mark. "The flood and global warming: Who is responsible?" Slavia Meridionalis 14 (November 27, 2014): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2014.004.
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The flood and global warming: Who is responsible?The essential difference between ancient versions of the Flood (including the biblical Noah account) is whether mankind brought the cataclysm on itself through immoral behaviour. In a second disaster story of the Tower of Babel, misuse of technology was responsible for the Tower’s failure. Both of these narratives may be represented on a unique Babylonian mappa mundi, which might also show the topography of biblical Eden. Potop i globalne ocieplenie: gdzie leży odpowiedzialność?Zasadnicze różnice między różnymi starożytnymi wersjami mitu o Potopie (w tym biblijnej historii Noego) dotyczą pytania, czy to ludzkość ściągnęła na siebie kataklizm niemoralnym życiem. W innej opowieści o katastrofie – micie Wieży Babel – przyczyną runięcia Wieży jest złe wykorzystanie technologii. Obie narracje da się umieścić na unikatowej babilońskiej mappa mundi, która może również przedstawiać topografię ogrodu Eden.
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Erlingis, Jessica M., Jonathan J. Gourley, and Jeffrey B. Basara. "Diagnosing Moisture Sources for Flash Floods in the United States. Part II: Terrestrial and Oceanic Sources of Moisture." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 1511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0120.1.
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Abstract Backward trajectories were derived from North American Regional Reanalysis data for 19 253 flash flood reports published by the National Weather Service to determine the along-path contribution of the land surface to the moisture budget for flash flood events in the conterminous United States. The impact of land surface interactions was evaluated seasonally and for six regions: the West Coast, Arizona, the Front Range, Flash Flood Alley, the Missouri Valley, and the Appalachians. Parcels were released from locations that were impacted by flash floods and traced backward in time for 120 h. The boundary layer height was used to determine whether moisture increases occurred within the boundary layer or above it. Moisture increases occurring within the boundary layer were attributed to evapotranspiration from the land surface, and surface properties were recorded from an offline run of the Noah land surface model. In general, moisture increases attributed to the land surface were associated with anomalously high surface latent heat fluxes and anomalously low sensible heat fluxes (resulting in a positive anomaly of evaporative fraction) as well as positive anomalies in top-layer soil moisture. Over the ocean, uptakes were associated with positive anomalies in sea surface temperatures, the magnitude of which varies both regionally and seasonally. Major oceanic surface-based source regions of moisture for flash floods in the United States include the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California, while boundary layer moisture increases in the southern plains are attributable in part to interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere.
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Houston, W. J. "Was Noah Good? Finding Favour in the Flood Narrative, written by Carol M. Kaminski." Vetus Testamentum 66, no. 3 (June 21, 2016): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341262-14.
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Muhammad, Muhammad Thaib. "KISAH NUH A.S DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR’AN." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Mu'ashirah 14, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jim.v14i2.3013.
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Noah a.s is the Apostle who was first sent by Allah SWT to his people who have deviated from the religion of nature (Islam). He conveyed his da'wah to his people for 950 years, in conveying da'wah a very tough challenge, because they scolded, denied, caught and beat him until Noah a.s helpless then throw him in the street. But Allah Almighty returns strength to him. Thus with his faith and passionate spirit, he returns to his task of preaching back and giving advice and telling them to abandon idolatry, by returning to worship Allah Almighty who can bring benefits and can distress kemudharatan. But they still reject it and deny it, insult and revile it. Thus he surrendered all to Allah (swt) by praying to Him to destroy them so that there would be a generation who believed and obeyed His commands. Then Allah SWT told Noah a.s to make a ship (the ark) as a savior himself with those who believe. After the boat is finished, God radiates water from all corners of the earth, bringing in a powerful cyclone and bringing down rain from the sky for 40 days and 40 nights. Thus the entire surface of the earth is flooded. All the inhabitants of the earth are destroyed, the only survivors Noah a.s and those who believe with him in the ship. After the great flood ended Noah a.s with his adherents landed on Mount Juudi Mousul Iraq. They descend from the ship on the day of 'Ashura or ten Muharram. Then Noah a.s fasted on that day as a sign of his gratitude for his salvation from the great disaster. Then he lived after the cyclone for 350 years. According to the story in the Torah that the age of Noah a.s reached 1350 years. Meanwhile, according to the Qur'an only describes his da'wah with his people for 950 years. As for his definite age God is surely the All-Knowing God. When he died he was buried near the Grand Mosque of Makkah.
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Reynolds, Gabriel Said. "Noah’s Lost Son in the Qurʾān." Arabica 64, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341452.
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In Kor 11 (Hūd), 42-47 the Qurʾān has Noah address one of his sons and plead with him to enter the ark. Noah’s son refuses to do so, explaining that he plans to seek refuge from the flood on a mountain. When the son is lost in the flood, Noah turns to God in order to ask that his son be forgiven. In the present article, I discuss the relationship of this Qurʾānic episode with larger themes in the Qurʾān—seen also in the material on Abraham and his father—regarding the believer’s proper disposition towards unbelievers, and unbelieving family members in particular. After a study of earlier theories about this passage, I propose that the account of Noah’s lost son (not found in the Bible) has a particular relationship to Ezekiel 14, a passage which speaks hypothetically of an unrighteous son of Noah. In conclusion, I argue that this passage is an important example of how the Qurʾān applies, and transforms, earlier traditions in order to advance its particular religious arguments. Dans le verset coranique 11 (Hūd), 42-47, Noah s’adresse à l’un de ses fils et le prie d’entrer dans l’Arche. Le fils de Noé refuse de s’exécuter, arguant qu’il a l’intention de trouver refuge dans une montagne contre le Déluge. Quand son fils est perdu dans le Déluge, Noé se tourne vers Dieu afin de Lui demander de pardonner à son fils. Dans le présent article, nous examinerons la relation de cet épisode coranique avec des thèmes plus importants du Coran—que l’on peut également voir dans les récits sur Abraham et son père—concernant la disposition du croyant envers les incroyants et, plus particulièrement, les membres de la famille. Après une étude des théories antérieures à propos de ce passage, nous avancerons que le récit du fils perdu de Noé (qui ne se trouve pas dans la Bible) est particulièrement lié à Ezéchiel 14, un passage qui traite, en toute hypothèse, d’un fils indigne de Noé. En conclusion, nous soutenons que ce passage est un exemple important de la façon dont le Coran emploie et transforme des traditions antérieures afin d’avancer ses propres arguments religieux. This article is in English.
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Smith, Bruce W., Kenneth I. Pargament, Curtis Brant, and Joan M. Oliver. "Noah revisited: Religious coping by church members and the impact of the 1993 midwest flood." Journal of Community Psychology 28, no. 2 (March 2000): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6629(200003)28:2<169::aid-jcop5>3.0.co;2-i.
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Spoelstra, Joshua Joel. "HEBREW תֵּבָה : A KOMPOSITIONS- UND REDAKTIONSGESCHICHTE." Journal for Semitics 23, no. 2 (November 21, 2017): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/3502.
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תבה , the term designated for the vessels of Noah (Gn 6-9*) and Moses (Ex 2*), has been a conundrum for biblical scholarship on several levels, namely the identification of the source language and its definition, and translation variation amongst daughter versions. After these aforementioned issues are surveyed and expounded, a redactional construction is proffered which attempts to legitimise the majority consensus that תבה is Egyptian in origin and explicate why this term is present in the flood and foundling narratives. Thus it is argued that the non-P redactor, at the time of the Persian period, edited the vessel terminology in the flood from P’s ×רון to תבה for polemical – and political/theological – reasons portending to new life, not death (á¸bÈ.t).
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Man Shakya, Deepak. "After the Ark? Environmental Policy Making and the Zoo." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 1 (2002): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc02066a.
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"AFTER the Ark? Environmental Policy Making and the Zoo" is the outcome of the research on zoos Mazur conducted between 1993 and 1999. The author metaphorically relates zoos to the story of Noah's Ark that saved all species during the great flood. Unlike Noah who had enough space, she underlines that today modern zoos face more restrictions in space and management policies. The author gives a clear picture of how zoos evolved from menageries to zoos today. She discusses the influence of the modern day environmental policies on how zoos are managed and its sustainability.
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Espinoza-Dávalos, Gonzalo E., David K. Arctur, William Teng, David R. Maidment, Irene García-Martí, and Georges Comair. "Studying soil moisture at a national level through statistical analysis of NASA NLDAS data." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 2 (November 27, 2015): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.231.
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The purpose of this research is to enable better understanding of current environmental conditions through the relations of environmental variables to the historical record. Our approach is to organize and visualize land surface model (LSM) outputs and statistics in a web application, using the latest technologies in geographic information systems (GISs), web services, and cloud computing. The North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) (http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/nldas/; Documentation: ftp://hydro1.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/s4pa/NLDAS/README.NLDAS2.pdf) drives four LSM (e.g., Noah) (http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/nldas/NLDAS2model.php) that simulate a suite of states and fluxes for central North America. The NLDAS-2 model output is accessible via multiple methods, designed to handle the outputs as time-step arrays. To facilitate data access as time series, selected NLDAS-Noah variables have been replicated by NASA as point-location files. These time series files or ‘data rods’ are accessible through web services. In this research, 35-year historical daily cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) are constructed using the data rods for the top-meter soil moisture variable. The statistical data are stored in and served from the cloud. The latest values in the Noah model are compared with the CDFs and displayed in a web application. Two case studies illustrate the utility of this approach: the 2011 Texas drought, and the 31 October 2013 flash flood in Austin, Texas.
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Zamora, Robert J., Edward P. Clark, Eric Rogers, Michael B. Ek, and Timothy M. Lahmers. "An Examination of Meteorological and Soil Moisture Conditions in the Babocomari River Basin before the Flood Event of 2008." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-0142.1.
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Abstract The NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed (HMT) program has deployed a soil moisture observing network in the Babocomari River basin located in southeastern Arizona. The Babocomari River is a major tributary of the San Pedro River. At 0000 UTC 23 July 2008, the second-highest flow during the period of record was measured just upstream of the location where the Babocomari River joins the main channel of the San Pedro River. Upper-air and surface meteorological observations and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite images of integrated water vapor were used to establish the synoptic and mesoscale conditions that existed before the flood occurred. The analysis indicates that a weak Gulf of California surge initiated by Hurricane Fausto transported a warm moist tropical air mass into the lower troposphere over southern Arizona, setting the stage for the intense, deep convection that initiated the flooding on the Babocomari River. Observations of soil moisture and precipitation at five locations in the basin and streamflow measured at two river gauging stations enabled the documentation of the hydrometeorological conditions that existed before the flooding occurred. The observations suggest that soil moisture conditions as a function of depth, the location of semi-impermeable layers of sedimentary rock known as caliche, and the spatial distribution of convective precipitation in the basin confined the flooding to the lower part of the basin. Finally, the HMT soil moisture observations are compared with soil moisture products from the NOAA/NWS/NCEP Noah land surface model.
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Geist, Andrew, and James C. VanderKam. "The Four Places That Belong to the Lord (Jubilees 4.26)." Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 22, no. 2 (November 13, 2012): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951820712467877.
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This article argues that the original name for the mountain on which Enoch made his offering in Eden was the mountain of incense ( Jub. 4.25) and that it and the first mountain in 4.26 (the mountain of Eden/Paradise) are the same mountain. The second mountain in 4.26, the mountain of the east, is Mt Lubar where the ark landed at the end of the flood and where Noah lived until his death. All four mountains in 4.26 are places where God had or would specially reveal himself to chosen individuals and for that reason were holy to the Lord.
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Sitompul, Theresia Agustina. "SPIRIT OF NOAH : MEMAKNAI ULANG SEMANGAT KENABIAN DALAM ALKITAB MELALUI KARYA SENI RUPA." Brikolase : Jurnal Kajian Teori, Praktik dan Wacana Seni Budaya Rupa 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.33153/bri.v10i2.2331.
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<p><em>In the legend of Noah's Ark, God punished one whole generation of Noah who were wicked and defying God by sending a natural disaster in the form of the Great Flood, destroying the nature. Noah was commanded to build an ark (medium) to save himself, his family, and his followers, also all kind of animals in pairs; to save a generation of life that later will create a new civilization and culture in a new area or location. The legend of Noah's Ark can be found in almost every holy book of divine religions where the story conveys the message of a life-cycle and how we learn about the meaning of life.</em></p><p><em>Associating the story with our current lives, Noah's Ark has two concepts of interpretation; in the context of salvation and at the same time as a mediation space of the birth of a new culture. How human save themselves from their worldly problems, and at the same time a mediation space, a shifting space from the old culture into the new culture. These two concepts of Noah's Ark are the background and the base this creation for the writer.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords :</em></strong><strong> <em>Spirit of Noah, graphic art, hermeneutika</em>.</strong></p>
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Coulon, Jean-Charles. "ʿAnāq bt. Ādam, the Islamic Story of the Very First Witch." Hawwa 17, no. 2-3 (October 23, 2019): 135–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341355.
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Abstract Some Islamic traditions mention an enigmatic daughter of Adam named ʿAnāq. Little is known about her; for example, the corresponding entry in the Encyclopaedia of Islam simply states that ʿAnāq is the “name given by the Arabs to the daughter of Adam, the twin sister of Seth, wife of Cain and mother of ʿŪd̲j̲.” ʿAnāq is always mentioned in relation to her son, the giant ʿŪj, who was supposed to be the only creature outside the Ark to have survived the Flood in the time of Noah, and who was assumed to have been killed by Moses. We gather here the information and traditions about the Islamic ʿAnāq in order to draw a more coherent and historically contextualized portrait of this legendary first witch.
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Zheng, Yanchen, Jianzhu Li, Lixin Dong, Youtong Rong, Aiqing Kang, and Ping Feng. "Estimation of Initial Abstraction for Hydrological Modeling Based on Global Land Data Assimilation System–Simulated Datasets." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 5 (May 2020): 1051–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0202.1.
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AbstractInitial abstraction (Ia) is a sensitive parameter in hydrological models, and its value directly determines the amount of runoff. Ia, which is influenced by many factors related to antecedent watershed condition (AWC), is difficult to estimate due to lack of observed data. In the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) method, it is often assumed that Ia is 0.2 times the potential maximum retention S. Yet this assumption has frequently been questioned. In this paper, Ia/S and factors potentially influencing Ia were collected from rainfall–runoff events. Soil moisture and evaporation data were extracted from GLDAS-Noah datasets to represent AWC. Based on the driving factors of Ia, identified using the Pearson correlation coefficient and maximal information coefficient, artificial neural network (ANN)-estimated Ia was applied to simulate the selected flood events in the Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model. The results indicated that Ia/S varies over different events and different watersheds. Over 75% of the Ia/S values are less than 0.2 in the two study areas. The driving factors affecting Ia vary over different watersheds, and the antecedent precipitation index appears to be the most influential factor. Flood simulation by the HEC-HMS model using statistical Ia gives the best fitness, whereas applying ANN-estimated Ia outperforms the simulation with median Ia/S. For over 60% of the flood events, ANN-estimated Ia provided better fitness in flood peak and depth, with an average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 0.76 compared to 0.71 for median Ia/S. The proposed ANN-estimated Ia is physically based and can be applied without calibration, saving time in constructing hydrological models.
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Ibita, Ma Maricel S. "The Great Flood in Genesis 6–9: An Ecological Reading of the J and P Traditions." Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 50, no. 2 (March 29, 2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107920913791.
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One of the not so obvious but deeply relevant factors in addressing climate change is religion and the interpretation of sacred texts, especially problematic ones. An example of problematic texts is the story of Noah and the great flood in Genesis 6–9. I will reread the Yahwist and Priestly versions of the story using a modified ecological triangle. This methodology looks at the dynamic relation between the divine and human, between the divine and non-human creatures, between humans and non-humans, and the inner dynamics of these three in the J and P narratives. The various insights gleaned from the investigation impact our rethinking of sacred texts in the age of the Anthropocene (the period during which human activity has been a dominant influence on climate and the environment), respecting boundaries in the context of the Capitalocene way of organizing the relations between humans and the rest of nature. The article provides additional spiritual resources in responding to the climate crisis, and grappling with disturbing images of God, humans, and non-humans in sacred texts in times of disasters.
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Bakhos, Carol. "Jewish, Christian, and Muslim attitudes toward Animals." Comparative Islamic Studies 5, no. 2 (November 3, 2011): 177–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v5i2.177.
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This article surveys Jewish, Christian and Muslim attitudes toward animals in ancient and medieval sources, and demonstrates how the scriptural heritage and its multi-faceted exegetical traditions are shot through with the notion of the superiority of humans to nonhuman animals. Yet at the same time they are suffused with teachings that chasten human arrogance and exhort humans to show compassion toward all species. The article attempts to provide a corrective to both the contestation that these traditions foster the exploitation of animals and the counterargument that ignores an inherent hierarchy in their textual sources. To support the contention that these religious traditions at once uphold a hierarchy and display concern for other animals, the article examines the fate of the fauna in the Noah flood narrative and the Islamic fable, “The Case of the Animals Versus Man.”
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Getirana, Augusto, Dalia Kirschbaum, Felipe Mandarino, Marta Ottoni, Sana Khan, and Kristi Arsenault. "Potential of GPM IMERG Precipitation Estimates to Monitor Natural Disaster Triggers in Urban Areas: The Case of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 4095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244095.
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Extreme rainfall can be a catastrophic trigger for natural disaster events at urban scales. However, there remains large uncertainties as to how satellite precipitation can identify these triggers at a city scale. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of satellite-based rainfall estimates to monitor natural disaster triggers in urban areas. Rainfall estimates from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission are evaluated over the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where urban floods and landslides occur periodically as a result of extreme rainfall events. Two rainfall products derived from the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), the IMERG Early and IMERG Final products, are integrated into the Noah Multi-Parameterization (Noah-MP) land surface model in order to simulate the spatial and temporal dynamics of two key hydrometeorological disaster triggers across the city over the wet seasons during 2001–2019. Here, total runoff (TR) and rootzone soil moisture (RZSM) are considered as flood and landslide triggers, respectively. Ground-based observations at 33 pluviometric stations are interpolated, and the resulting rainfall fields are used in an in-situ precipitation-based simulation, considered as the reference for evaluating the IMERG-driven simulations. The evaluation is performed during the wet seasons (November-April), when average rainfall over the city is 4.4 mm/day. Results show that IMERG products show low spatial variability at the city scale, generally overestimate rainfall rates by 12–35%, and impacts on TR and RZSM vary spatially mostly as a function of land cover and soil types. Results based on statistical and categorical metrics show that IMERG skill in detecting extreme events is moderate, with IMERG Final performing slightly better for most metrics. By analyzing two recent storms, we observe that IMERG detects mostly hourly extreme events, but underestimates rainfall rates, resulting in underestimated TR and RZSM. An evaluation of normalized time series using percentiles shows that both satellite products have significantly improved skill in detecting extreme events when compared to the evaluation using absolute values, indicating that IMERG precipitation could be potentially used as a predictor for natural disasters in urban areas.
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Huong, H. T. L., and A. Pathirana. "Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flood risk in Can Tho city, Vietnam." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 8, 2011): 10781–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-10781-2011.
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Abstract. Urban development increases flood risk in cities due to local changes in hydrological and hydrometeorological conditions that increase flood hazard, and also to urban concentrations that increase the vulnerability. The relationship between the increasing urban runoff and flooding due to increased imperviousness better perceived than that between the cyclic impact of urban growth and the urban rainfall via microclimatic changes. The large-scale, global impacts due to climate variability and change could compound these risks. We present the case of a typical third world city – Can Tho (the biggest city in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam) – faced with multiple future challenges, namely: (i) climate change-driven sea-level rise and tidal effect, (ii) increase river runoff due to climate change, (iii) increased urban runoff driven by imperviousness, and (iv) enhancement of extreme rainfall due to urban growth-driven micro-climatic change (urban heat islands). A set of model simulations were used to assess the future impact of the combination of these influences. Urban growth of the city was projected up to year 2100 based on historical growth patterns, using a land-use simulation model (Dinamica-EGO). A dynamic limited-area atmospheric model (WRF), coupled with a detailed land-surface model with vegetation parameterization (Noah LSM), was employed in controlled numerical experiments to estimate the anticipated changes in extreme rainfall patterns due to urban heat island effect. Finally, a 1-D/2-D coupled urban-drainage/flooding model (SWMM-Brezo) was used to simulate storm-sewer surcharge and surface inundation to establish the increase in the flood risk resulting from the changes. The results show that, if the city develops as predicted, the maximum of inundation depth and area in Can Tho will increase by about 20%. The impact of climate change on inundation is more serious than that of urbanization. The worse case may occur if the sea level rises 100 cm and the flow from upstream happen in the high-development scenarios. The relative contribution of causes of flooding are significantly different at various locations; therefore, detailed research on adaptation are necessary for the future investments to be effective.
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Dorigo, W. A., K. Scipal, R. M. Parinussa, Y. Y. Liu, W. Wagner, R. A. M. de Jeu, and V. Naeimi. "Error characterisation of global active and passive microwave soil moisture data sets." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 13, 2010): 5621–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-5621-2010.
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Abstract. Understanding the error structures of remotely sensed soil moisture products is essential for correctly interpreting observed variations and trends in the data or assimilating them in hydrological or numerical weather prediction models. Nevertheless, a spatially coherent assessment of the quality of the various globally available data sets is often hampered by the limited availability over space and time of reliable in-situ measurements. This study explores the triple collocation error estimation technique for assessing the relative quality of several globally available soil moisture products from active (ASCAT) and passive (AMSR-E and SSM/I) microwave sensors. The triple collocation technique is a powerful tool to estimate the root mean square error while simultaneously solving for systematic differences in the climatologies of a set of three independent data sources. In addition to the scatterometer and radiometer data sets, we used the ERA-Interim and GLDAS-NOAH reanalysis soil moisture data sets as a third, independent reference. The prime objective is to reveal trends in uncertainty related to different observation principles (passive versus active), the use of different frequencies (C-, X-, and Ku-band) for passive microwave observations, and the choice of the independent reference data set (ERA-Interim versus GLDAS-NOAH). The results suggest that the triple collocation method provides realistic error estimates. Observed spatial trends agree well with the existing theory and studies on the performance of different observation principles and frequencies with respect to land cover and vegetation density. In addition, if all theoretical prerequisites are fulfilled (e.g. a sufficiently large number of common observations is available and errors of the different data sets are uncorrelated) the errors estimated for the remote sensing products are hardly influenced by the choice of the third independent data set. The results obtained in this study can help us in developing adequate strategies for the combined use of various scatterometer and radiometer-based soil moisture data sets, e.g. for improved flood forecast modelling or the generation of superior multi-mission long-term soil moisture data sets.
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Huong, H. T. L., and A. Pathirana. "Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-379-2013.
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Abstract. Urban development increases flood risk in cities due to local changes in hydrological and hydrometeorological conditions that increase flood hazard, as well as to urban concentrations that increase the vulnerability. The relationship between the increasing urban runoff and flooding due to increased imperviousness is better perceived than that between the cyclic impact of urban growth and the urban rainfall via microclimatic changes. The large-scale, global impacts due to climate variability and change could compound these risks. We present the case of a typical third world city – Can Tho (the biggest city in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam) – faced with multiple future challenges, namely: (i) the likely effect of climate change-driven sea level rise, (ii) an expected increase of river runoff due to climate change as estimated by the Vietnamese government, (iii) increased urban runoff driven by imperviousness, and (iv) enhancement of extreme rainfall due to urban growth-driven, microclimatic change (urban heat islands). A set of model simulations were used to construct future scenarios, combining these influences. Urban growth of the city was projected up to year 2100 based on historical growth patterns, using a land use simulation model (Dinamica EGO). A dynamic limited-area atmospheric model (WRF), coupled with a detailed land surface model with vegetation parameterization (Noah LSM), was employed in controlled numerical experiments to estimate the anticipated changes in extreme rainfall patterns due to urban heat island effect. Finally, a 1-D/2-D coupled urban-drainage/flooding model (SWMM-Brezo) was used to simulate storm-sewer surcharge and surface inundation to establish the increase in the flood hazard resulting from the changes. The results show that under the combined scenario of significant change in river level (due to climate-driven sea level rise and increase of flow in the Mekong) and "business as usual" urbanization, the flooding of Can Tho could increase significantly. The worst case may occur if a sea level rise of 100 cm and the flow from upstream happen together with high-development scenarios. The relative contribution of causes of flooding are significantly different at various locations; therefore, detailed research on adaptation are necessary for future investments to be effective.
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KAN, IRENE P., KAREN F. LAROCQUE, GINETTE LAFLECHE, H. BRANCH COSLETT, and MIEKE VERFAELLIE. "Memory monitoring failure in confabulation: Evidence from the semantic illusion paradigm." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, no. 6 (July 15, 2010): 1006–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710000536.
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AbstractSeveral prominent models of confabulation characterize the syndrome as a failure in controlled aspects of memory retrieval, such as pre-retrieval cue specification and post-retrieval monitoring. These models have been generated primarily in the context of studies of autobiographical memory retrieval. Less research has focused on the existence and mechanisms of semantic confabulation. We examined whether confabulation extends to the semantic domain, and if so, whether it could be understood as a monitoring failure. We focus on post-retrieval monitoring by using a verification task that minimizes cue specification demands. We used the semantic illusion paradigm that elicits erroneous endorsement of misleading statements (e.g., “Two animals of each kind were brought onto the Ark by Moses before the great flood”) even in controls, despite their knowing the correct answer (e.g., Noah). Monitoring demands were manipulated by varying semantic overlap between target and foils, ranging from high semantic overlap to unrelated. We found that semantic overlap modulated the magnitude of semantic illusion in all groups. Compared to controls, both confabulators and non-confabulators had greater difficulty monitoring semantically related foils; however, elevated endorsement of unrelated foils was unique to confabulators. We interpret our findings in the context of a two-process model of post-retrieval monitoring. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1006–1017.)
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Dorigo, W. A., K. Scipal, R. M. Parinussa, Y. Y. Liu, W. Wagner, R. A. M. de Jeu, and V. Naeimi. "Error characterisation of global active and passive microwave soil moisture datasets." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 12 (December 16, 2010): 2605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2605-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Understanding the error structures of remotely sensed soil moisture observations is essential for correctly interpreting observed variations and trends in the data or assimilating them in hydrological or numerical weather prediction models. Nevertheless, a spatially coherent assessment of the quality of the various globally available datasets is often hampered by the limited availability over space and time of reliable in-situ measurements. As an alternative, this study explores the triple collocation error estimation technique for assessing the relative quality of several globally available soil moisture products from active (ASCAT) and passive (AMSR-E and SSM/I) microwave sensors. The triple collocation is a powerful statistical tool to estimate the root mean square error while simultaneously solving for systematic differences in the climatologies of a set of three linearly related data sources with independent error structures. Prerequisite for this technique is the availability of a sufficiently large number of timely corresponding observations. In addition to the active and passive satellite-based datasets, we used the ERA-Interim and GLDAS-NOAH reanalysis soil moisture datasets as a third, independent reference. The prime objective is to reveal trends in uncertainty related to different observation principles (passive versus active), the use of different frequencies (C-, X-, and Ku-band) for passive microwave observations, and the choice of the independent reference dataset (ERA-Interim versus GLDAS-NOAH). The results suggest that the triple collocation method provides realistic error estimates. Observed spatial trends agree well with the existing theory and studies on the performance of different observation principles and frequencies with respect to land cover and vegetation density. In addition, if all theoretical prerequisites are fulfilled (e.g. a sufficiently large number of common observations is available and errors of the different datasets are uncorrelated) the errors estimated for the remote sensing products are hardly influenced by the choice of the third independent dataset. The results obtained in this study can help us in developing adequate strategies for the combined use of various scatterometer and radiometer-based soil moisture datasets, e.g. for improved flood forecast modelling or the generation of superior multi-mission long-term soil moisture datasets.
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STEWART, DEVIN J. "DAVID MARSHALL, God, Muhammad and the Unbelievers: A Qur[ham]anic Study (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999). Pp. 204. $75.00 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801332063.
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This work is a careful examination of the punishment narratives in the Qur[ham]an, focusing on the “triangular drama” among God, Muhammad (along with the believers), and the unbelievers. Expanding the work of Horovitz, Bell, and others, Marshall's analysis builds on the observation that Qur[ham]anic narratives concerning earlier prophetic figures often reflect and comment on, more or less directly, the contemporary situation of the Prophet Muhammad. Many passages portray Noah, Hud, Salih, and others addressing their peoples in their capacity as messengers of God. They are rebuked and meet with little success in their efforts to convince the unbelievers of their misguidance and to convert them to worship of the one true God. They then warn the unbelievers of the dire punishment that awaits them should they insist on refusing to believe, but to no avail. God inflicts the threatened punishment upon the unrepentant peoples, annihilating them in a cataclysmic event: the flood in the case of Noah's people; a raging wind in the case of [ayn]Ad, the people of Hud; a shower of stones in the case of Lot's people; and so on. These narratives portray the relationship between the messengers and their recalcitrant audiences in some detail and can therefore serve as the basis for a fruitful analysis of the relationship between Muhammad and the unbelievers among his people, the Quraysh.
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Lapidez, J. P., J. Tablazon, L. Dasallas, L. A. Gonzalo, K. M. Cabacaba, M. M. A. Ramos, J. K. Suarez, J. Santiago, A. M. F. Lagmay, and V. Malano. "Identification of storm surge vulnerable areas in the Philippines through the simulation of Typhoon Haiyan-induced storm surge levels over historical storm tracks." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 2, 2015): 1473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1473-2015.
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Abstract. Super Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) on 7 November 2013, causing tremendous damage to infrastructure and loss of lives mainly due to the storm surge and strong winds. Storm surges up to a height of 7 m were reported in the hardest hit areas. The threat imposed by this kind of natural calamity compelled researchers of the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH) which is the flagship disaster mitigation program of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of the Philippine government to undertake a study to determine the vulnerability of all Philippine coastal communities to storm surges of the same magnitude as those generated by Haiyan. This study calculates the maximum probable storm surge height for every coastal locality by running simulations of Haiyan-type conditions but with tracks of tropical cyclones that entered PAR from 1948–2013. One product of this study is a list of the 30 most vulnerable coastal areas that can be used as a basis for choosing priority sites for further studies to implement appropriate site-specific solutions for flood risk management. Another product is the storm tide inundation maps that the local government units can use to develop a risk-sensitive land use plan for identifying appropriate areas to build residential buildings, evacuation sites, and other critical facilities and lifelines. The maps can also be used to develop a disaster response plan and evacuation scheme.
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Lapidez, J. P., J. Tablazon, L. Dasallas, L. A. Gonzalo, K. M. Cabacaba, M. M. A. Ramos, J. K. Suarez, J. Santiago, A. M. F. Lagmay, and V. Malano. "Identification of storm surge vulnerable areas in the Philippines through the simulation of Typhoon Haiyan-induced storm surge levels over historical storm tracks." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 919–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-919-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Super Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) 7 November 2013, causing tremendous damage to infrastructure and loss of lives mainly due to the storm surge and strong winds. Storm surges up to a height of 7 m were reported in the hardest hit areas. The threat imposed by this kind of natural calamity compelled researchers of the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH), the flagship disaster mitigation program of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Government of the Philippines, to undertake a study to determine the vulnerability of all Philippine coastal communities to storm surges of the same magnitude as those generated by Haiyan. This study calculates the maximum probable storm surge height for every coastal locality by running simulations of Haiyan-type conditions but with tracks of tropical cyclones that entered PAR from 1948–2013. One product of this study is a list of the 30 most vulnerable coastal areas that can be used as basis for choosing priority sites for further studies to implement appropriate site-specific solutions for flood risk management. Another product is the storm tide inundation maps that the local government units can use to develop a risk-sensitive land use plan for identifying appropriate areas to build residential buildings, evacuation sites, and other critical facilities and lifelines. The maps can also be used to develop a disaster response plan and evacuation scheme.
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Harland, Peter. "Was Noah Good? Finding Favour in the Flood Narrative by Carol M. Kaminski, Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2014 (ISBN 978-0-56702-716-0), xiv + 223 pp., hb £60." Reviews in Religion & Theology 21, no. 4 (September 2014): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rirt.12416.
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Surip, Stanislaus. "Kelola Bumi Peduli Ekologi Menurut Kej 1:28." Studia Philosophica et Theologica 20, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35312/spet.v20i1.190.
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Gen. 1:28 presents the three blessings of God to humans in the form procreation, natural subdue and rule over creatures. These three blessings must be placed in the context of human creation as image and likeness of God (Gen. 1:26-27) so that he becomes his co-worker in cultivating nature and pastoring all His creatures (Gen. 1:28). It was on this purpose that God placed humans in the garden of Eden and gave the task of cultivating and maintaining them (Gen. 2:4-8,15). The Sabbath of God, which became a crown of His creative work, was explored as a model for humans to carry out their missionary work (Gen. 2:1-3). As God rests after six days of work, man must know the limits in cultivating nature and mastering other creatures so as to avoid exploitative greed. The catastrophe of the Flood was the impact of the failure of humans to become partners with God and the presence of the figur of Noah reveals symbolically efforts to preserve the environment or care fo the ecology (Gen. 6-9). The ark that Noah made was like a house, a place to protect and care for all living creatures and their existence was threatened with extinction. Gen. 1:26-28; 2:1-3; 2:4-8,15 and Gen. 6-9 inspire us to care about ecology.
Kej 1:28 memaparkan tiga berkat Allah kepada manusia yang berupa prokreasi, penaklukan alam dan penguasaan makhluk-makhluk ciptaan lainnya. Ketiga berkat itu harus ditempatkan pada konteks penciptaan manusia sebagai gambar dan rupa Allah (Kej 1:26-27) sehingga menjadi rekan kerja-Nya dalam mengolah alam dan menggembalakan segenap makhluk ciptaan-Nya (Kej 1:28). Atas tujuan inilah Allah menempatkan manusia di taman Eden dan memberi tugas mengusahakan dan memeliharanya (Kej 2:4-8,15). Sabat Allah yang menjadi mahkota karya penciptaan-Nya pun dieksplor sebagai model bagi manusia dalam menjalani karya misinya (Kej 2:1-3). Sebagaimana Allah beristirahat setelah enam hari berkarya demikianlah manusia harus tahu batas dalam mengolah alam dan menguasai makhluk ciptaan lainnya sehingga terhindar dari kerakusan yang eksploitatif. Malapetaka Air Bah adalah dampak dari gagalnya manusia menjadi rekan kerja Allah dan kehadiran figur Nuh menyingkapkan secara simbolis upaya pemeliharaan lingkungan atau peduli ekologi (Kej 6-9). Bahtera yang dibuat Nuh ibarat sebuah rumah, tempat perlindungan dan pemeliharaan segala makhluk yang hidup dan keberadaannya terancam kemusnahan. Kej 1:26-28; 2:1-3; 2:4-8,15 dan Kej 6-9 menginspirasi kita untuk peduli ekologi.
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Zhou, Su, Leng, and Peng. "The Role of Hazard and Vulnerability in Modulating Economic Damages of Inland Floods in the United States Using a Survey-Based Dataset." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133754.
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This study investigates the trends in economic damages caused by three types of inland floods (flash flood, flood, and heavy rain) in the United States and the variations in related hazard and vulnerability indicators between 1996 and 2016. We explore the underlying mechanisms based on a survey-based dataset maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service. An annual average of 6518 flood occurrences was reported, which caused economic damages of 3351 million USD per year. Flash flood and flood contributed to 53% and 32% of total occurrences and was associated with a larger share of damaging events (SDE). Results show that the higher impacts by flood and flash flood on property and crop are partly attributed to the greater intensity of rainfall. In addition, flood has the highest unit cost of damages. Notably, despite an upward tendency in economic damages by flash floods, no evident change trend is observed for inland floods as a whole. Further analysis shows changes in economic damages by heavy rain and flash flood are mainly governed by the increased annual frequency and hazard intensity, but the change of trend in their vulnerability indicators (i.e., SDE and Damage Per Event (DPE)) is not obvious. Regarding floods, it was not possible to attribute the variations in economic losses to hazard and vulnerability, as no significant tendency is found except for an increasing SDE. Despite limitations of length of records, data collection, and methodology, the difference in economic impacts and the related hazard and vulnerability revealed in this study can help better target future adaptation and mitigation measures.
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Tablazon, J., C. V. Caro, A. M. F. Lagmay, J. B. L. Briones, L. Dasallas, J. P. Lapidez, J. Santiago, et al. "Developing an early warning system for storm surge inundation in the Philippines." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 6241–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-6241-2014.
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Abstract. A storm surge is the sudden rise of sea water generated by an approaching storm, over and above the astronomical tides. This event imposes a major threat in the Philippine coastal areas, as manifested by Typhoon Haiyan on 8 November 2013 where more than 6000 people lost their lives. It has become evident that the need to develop an early warning system for storm surges is of utmost importance. To provide forecasts of the possible storm surge heights of an approaching typhoon, the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-Project NOAH) simulated historical tropical cyclones that entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Bathymetric data, storm track, central atmospheric pressure, and maximum wind speed were used as parameters for the Japan Meteorological Agency Storm Surge Model. The researchers calculated the frequency distribution of maximum storm surge heights of all typhoons under a specific Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) that passed through a particular coastal area. This determines the storm surge height corresponding to a given probability of occurrence. The storm surge heights from the model were added to the maximum astronomical tide data from WXTide software. The team then created maps of probable area inundation and flood levels of storm surges along coastal areas for a specific PSWS using the results of the frequency distribution. These maps were developed from the time series data of the storm tide at 10 min intervals of all observation points in the Philippines. This information will be beneficial in developing early warnings systems, static maps, disaster mitigation and preparedness plans, vulnerability assessments, risk-sensitive land use plans, shoreline defense efforts, and coastal protection measures. Moreover, these will support the local government units' mandate to raise public awareness, disseminate information about storm surge hazards, and implement appropriate counter-measures for a given PSWS.
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Alireza, Ghodrati. "Analysis of Synoptic Showery Rain falls Contributing to the Formation of Flood within Rivers of Gilan Province." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2017): 1429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2588.
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ABSTRACT: One of the most important factors leading to occurrence of We usually use flood is weather phenomena, such as Severe cloudbursts and accomplishment of the It should be removed .Climate study and identification of weather phenomena, especially the cloudbursts have an important role in forecasting the floods and making flood warning plans. Therefore, this research has been conducted in order for Climate analysis of the cloudbursts leading to flood in west of Gilan Province. For this purpose, statistics of floods and local cloud bursts related to each flood in west region of Guilin were identified and drawn out since 2001-2011. Accordingly, during this period of time 13 floods and local clod bursts were identified, then in the next stage, serological isobar plans for sea level and 500 1000 hectopascal geopotential for pre –rainfall days and rainfall day received from NOAA diagram and was observed using isometropia analysis method And each one was analyzed using the GrADS software for mapping required at ground level .Curbing and reducing of flood damages has a special status in exhaustive management of watershed areas. Thus, precise identification of flood-prone regions on field level is extremely important and significant, since we can reduce flood-proneness level of the field using proper watershed procedures, either constructional or non-constructional, or a combination of both. In order to determine the hydrograph of the runoff resulting from precipitation under the fields, HEC- HMS mathematical model, in which precipitation’s change into runoff is done, based on hydrological methods, has been utilized. In the present research, the calibration and validation results of model HEC- HMS indicated that in case of presence of dry condition, initial damages coefficient in this field would be equal to 15.0 , A coefficient for calculating the concentration time under the fields based on relation in Tamar field would be 4.0, and B coefficient for all subfields would be equal to 3.0 and the ratio of saving coefficient to concentration coefficient in Tamar field would be 4.0 , based on which we can see that the observed and simulated hydrograph has high correlation. After calibrating and validating the model, prioritization of the subfields in terms of their participation in output flood (flood-proneness analysis) was examined. Based on flood-proneness studies in Tamar field we can conclude that upper subfields have had the greatest effect on flood-proneness level with regard to the selected floods in the field.
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Domenikiotis, C., A. Loukas, and N. R. Dalezios. "The use of NOAA/AVHRR satellite data for monitoring and assessment of forest fires and floods." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 1/2 (April 30, 2003): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-115-2003.
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Abstract. The increasing number of extreme natural phenomena, which are related to the climate variability and are mainly caused by anthropogenic factors, escalate the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Operational monitoring of natural hazards and assessment of the affected area impose quick and efficient methods based on large-scale data, readily available to the agencies. The growing number of satellite systems and their capabilities give rise to remote sensing applications to all types of natural disasters, including forest fires and floods. Remote sensing techniques can be used in all three aspects of disaster management viz: forecasting, monitoring and damage assessment. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of satellite remote sensing for monitoring and near-real time assessment of the affected by forest fires and floods areas. As a tool, two satellite indices are presented, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Surface Temperature (ST), extracted by the meteorological satellite NOAA/AVHRR. In the first part of the paper, a review of utilized techniques using NDVI and ST is given. In the second part, the application of various methodologies to three case studies are presented: the forest fire of 21–24 July 1995 in Penteli Mountain near Athens and 16 September 1994 in Pelion Mountain in Thessaly region, central Greece, and finally the flood of 17–23 October 1994 in Thessaly region, central Greece. For all studies the NDVI has been utilized for hazard assessment. The method of ST has been applied to the flood event in Thessaly, for the estimation of the areal extent of the floods. As emerged from the studies, remote sensing data can be decisive for monitoring and damage assessment, caused by forest fires and floods.
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Yussouf, Nusrat, Katie A. Wilson, Steven M. Martinaitis, Humberto Vergara, Pamela L. Heinselman, and Jonathan J. Gourley. "The Coupling of NSSL Warn-on-Forecast and FLASH Systems for Probabilistic Flash Flood Prediction." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 1 (January 2020): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0131.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe goal of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Warn-on-Forecast (WoF) program is to provide frequently updating, probabilistic model guidance that will enable National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters to produce more continuous communication of hazardous weather threats (e.g., heavy rainfall, flash floods, damaging wind, large hail, and tornadoes) between the watch and warning temporal and spatial scales. To evaluate the application of this WoF concept for probabilistic short-term flash flood prediction, the 0–3-h rainfall forecasts from NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory’s (NSSL) experimental WoF System (WoFS) were integrated as the forcing to the NWS operational hydrologic modeling core within the Flooded Locations and Simulated Hydrographs (FLASH) system. Initial assessment of the potential impacts of probabilistic short-term flash flood forecasts from this coupled atmosphere–hydrology (WoFS-FLASH) modeling system were evaluated in the 2018 Hydrometeorology Testbed Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor Hydrology experiment held in Norman, Oklahoma. During the 3-week experiment period, a total of nine NWS forecasters analyzed three retrospective flash flood events in archive mode. This study will describe specifically what information participants extracted from the WoFS-FLASH products during these three archived events, and how this type of information is expected to impact operational decision-making processes. Overall feedback from the testbed participants’ evaluations show promise for the coupled NSSL WoFS-FLASH system probabilistic flash flood model guidance to enable earlier assessment and detection of flash flood threats and to advance the current warning lead time for these events.