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Journal articles on the topic 'Flood risk mitigation'
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1
Takeuchi, Kuniyoshi, Ali Chavoshian, and Shinji Egashira. "Flood Management and Flood Disaster Mitigation Measures." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0533.
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The 5th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM5) was held on September 27-29, 2011 in Tokyo under the umbrella title “Floods: from risk to opportunity” focused on flood management and disaster mitigation measures in its plenary, oral, and poster sessions. Out of over 250 presented papers, 120 manuscripts – far more than expected – were contributed for post-publication in the Journal of Flood Risk Management, the IAHS Red Book and the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR). Editorial staff members of the JDR, which was independent of ICFM5, attended the conference to survey research activities in related study fields and to announce JDR strategies to participants. The ICHARM scientific committee supervising ICFM5 post-publications is well acquainted with JDR, which is one of the reasons for agreeing on this special issue. The 13 manuscripts presented for consideration by JDR concern the following topics: – Flood forecasting – Basic tools for evaluating inundation flows – Flood management practices and policies – Flood plain management – Relations between human activities and floods These topics range from novel studies to public statements and have been reviewed as papers, reviews, and survey reports. This resulted in 9 papers recommended for the special issue – 4 topics for papers, 1 topic for review, and 4 topics for reports. We thank the authors for their contributions and revisions and the reviewers for their invaluable comments. We also thank the ICHARM committee members for introducing authors to special publications for JDR.
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Bubeck, P., W. J. W. Botzen, H. Kreibich, and J. C. J. H. Aerts. "Long-term development and effectiveness of private flood mitigation measures: an analysis for the German part of the river Rhine." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 26, 2012): 3507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3507-2012.
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Abstract. Flood mitigation measures implemented by private households have become an important component of contemporary integrated flood risk management in Germany and many other countries. Despite the growing responsibility of private households to contribute to flood damage reduction by means of private flood mitigation measures, knowledge on the long-term development of such measures, which indicates changes in vulnerability over time, and their effectiveness, is still scarce. To gain further insights into the long-term development, current implementation level and effectiveness of private flood mitigation measures, empirical data from 752 flood-prone households along the German part of the Rhine are presented. It is found that four types of flood mitigation measures developed gradually over time among flood-prone households, with severe floods being important triggers for an accelerated implementation. At present, still a large share of respondents has not implemented a single flood mitigation measure, despite the high exposure of the surveyed households to floods. The records of household's flood damage to contents and structure during two consecutive flood events with similar hazard characteristics in 1993 and 1995 show that an improved preparedness of the population led to substantially reduced damage during the latter event. Regarding the efficiency of contemporary integrated flood risk management, it is concluded that additional policies are required in order to further increase the level of preparedness of the flood-prone population. This especially concerns households in areas that are less frequently affected by flood events.
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Cheung, Wing, and David Feldman. "Can Citizen Science Promote Flood Risk Communication?" Water 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101961.
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This article explores the challenges facing citizen science as a means of joining the efforts of scientists and flood-risk affected stakeholders in motivating citizen involvement in identifying and mitigating flood risks. While citizen science harbors many advantages, including a penchant for collaborative research and the ability to motivate those affected by floods to work with scientists in elucidating and averting risk, it is not without challenges in its implementation. These include ensuring that scientists are willing to share authority with amateur citizen scientists, providing forums that encourage debate, and encouraging equal voice in developing flood risk mitigation strategies. We assess these challenges by noting the limited application of citizen science to flood-relevant problems in existing research and recommend future research in this area to meaningfully incorporate a “re-imagined” citizen science process that is based on the participatory theoretical framework. We also discuss one case study where the principles of collaboration, debate, and equal voice were put into play in an effort to apply citizen science and—in the long term—mitigate flood hazards in one set of communities.
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Huang, Jing, Weiwei Cao, Huimin Wang, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Affect Path to Flood Protective Coping Behaviors Using SEM Based on a Survey in Shenzhen, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030940.
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The initial concept of flood control has gradually shifted to flood risk management which emphasizes more public participation. Therefore, understanding the public’s protective coping behavioral patterns to floods is significant, and can help improve the effectiveness of public participation and implementation of flood-mitigation measures. However, the quantitative effect of socio-demographic factors on flood risk perception and behaviors is not clear. In this study, the socio-demographic factors are included to explore the quantitative relationship with and the affect path to flood protective coping behaviors with socio-demographic factors are studied. Shenzhen City in China is chosen as the study area, which suffers frequent urban floods every year. Questionnaire surveys are conducted in five flood-prone communities there, and 339 valid questionnaires were collected. The correlations between flood risk perception, flood risk knowledge, flood risk attitude, socio-demographic factors, and protective coping behaviors are analyzed firstly. A structural equation model (SEM) about these factors is then established to verify the correctness of hypothetical paths and discover new paths. The results indicates that socio-demographic factors and flood risk perception do not have impacts on protective coping behaviors directly, but are mediated by flood risk knowledge and flood risk attitude. Flood risk attitude is an important factor that affects protective coping behaviors directly. Moreover, two affect paths to flood protective coping behaviors are proposed. The findings of Shenzhen city in this study can be extended to other cities with similar characteristics, providing support for conducting effective flood mitigation measures.
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Mazzorana, B., L. Levaggi, M. Keiler, and S. Fuchs. "Towards dynamics in flood risk assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 29, 2012): 3571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3571-2012.
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Abstract. As a consequence of flood impacts, communities inhabiting mountain areas are increasingly affected by considerable damage to infrastructure and property. The design of effective flood risk mitigation strategies and their subsequent implementation is crucial for a sustainable development in mountain areas. The assessment of the dynamic evolution of flood risk is the pillar of any subsequent planning process that is targeted at a reduction of the expected adverse consequences of the hazard impact. Given these premises, firstly, a comprehensive method to derive flood hazard process scenarios for well-defined areas at risk is presented. Secondly, conceptualisations of a static and dynamic flood risk assessment are provided. These are based on formal schemes to compute the risk mitigation performance of devised mitigation strategies within the framework of economic cost-benefit analysis. In this context, techniques suitable to quantify the expected losses induced by the identified flood impacts are provided.
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Merz, B., F. Elmer, and A. H. Thieken. "Significance of "high probability/low damage" versus "low probability/high damage" flood events." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2009): 1033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1033-2009.
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Abstract. The need for an efficient use of limited resources fosters the application of risk-oriented design in flood mitigation. Flood defence measures reduce future damage. Traditionally, this benefit is quantified via the expected annual damage. We analyse the contribution of "high probability/low damage" floods versus the contribution of "low probability/high damage" events to the expected annual damage. For three case studies, i.e. actual flood situations in flood-prone communities in Germany, it is shown that the expected annual damage is dominated by "high probability/low damage" events. Extreme events play a minor role, even though they cause high damage. Using typical values for flood frequency behaviour, flood plain morphology, distribution of assets and vulnerability, it is shown that this also holds for the general case of river floods in Germany. This result is compared to the significance of extreme events in the public perception. "Low probability/high damage" events are more important in the societal view than it is expressed by the expected annual damage. We conclude that the expected annual damage should be used with care since it is not in agreement with societal priorities. Further, risk aversion functions that penalise events with disastrous consequences are introduced in the appraisal of risk mitigation options. It is shown that risk aversion may have substantial implications for decision-making. Different flood mitigation decisions are probable, when risk aversion is taken into account.
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S.Ferreira, Carla, Sandra Mourato, Milica Kasanin-Grubin, António J.D. Ferreira, Georgia Destouni, and Zahra Kalantari. "Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions in Mitigating Flood Hazard in a Mediterranean Peri-Urban Catchment." Water 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102893.
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Urbanization alters natural hydrological processes and enhances runoff, which affects flood hazard. Interest in nature-based solutions (NBS) for sustainable mitigation and adaptation to urban floods is growing, but the magnitudes of NBS effects are still poorly investigated. This study explores the potential of NBS for flood hazard mitigation in a small peri-urban catchment in central Portugal, prone to flash floods driven by urbanization and short but intense rainfall events typical of the Mediterranean region. Flood extent and flood depth are assessed by manually coupling the hydrologic HEC-HMS and hydraulic HEC-RAS models. The coupled model was run for single rainfall events with recurrence periods of 10–, 20–, 50–, and 100–years, considering four simulation scenarios: current conditions (without NBS), and with an upslope NBS, a downslope NBS, and a combination of both. The model-simulation approach provides good estimates of flood magnitude (NSE = 0.91, RMSE = 0.08, MAE = 0.07, R2 = 0.93), and shows that diverting streamflow into abandoned fields has positive impacts in mitigating downslope flood hazard. The implementation of an upslope NBS can decrease the water depth at the catchment outlet by 0.02 m, whereas a downslope NBS can reduce it from 0.10 m to 0.23 m for increasing return periods. Combined upslope and downslope NBS have a marginal additional impact in reducing water depth, ranging from 0.11 m to 0.24 m for 10– and 100–year floods. Decreases in water depth provided by NBS are useful in flood mitigation and adaptation within the peri-urban catchment. A network of NBS, rather than small isolated strategies, needs to be created for efficient flood-risk management at a larger scale.
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Rezende, Osvaldo M., Luciana F. Guimarães, Francis M. Miranda, Assed N. Haddad, and Marcelo G. Miguez. "A Time-Integrated Index for Flood Risk to Resistance Capacity." Water 11, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071321.
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The lack of open spaces and the intense land use occupation in flood plains makes floods in consolidated urban areas difficult to mitigate. In these areas, setting a standard pre-defined return period for projects can limit and even preclude flood mitigation actions. However, it is possible to propose flood control alternatives that are compatible with available spaces. Thus, determining how much the original risk is reduced and how significant the residual risk can be becomes the main target. In this context, a time-integrated index for risk to resistance capacity is proposed to address these questions. This index correlates the exposure of buildings and urban infrastructure to the hazard of a given flood and is then evaluated over a project horizon through a sequence of events. The proposed index is applied to the Canal do Mangue catchment, a highly urbanized watershed located in Rio de Janeiro. The results demonstrate the difficulty of designing flood mitigation measures in extremely occupied watersheds and the importance of evaluating residual risks associated with proposed projects. As an additional result, a scenario with concentrated measures is compared to another with distributed interventions, evidencing the greater coverage of the latter.
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Mohd Rom, Noor Ashikin, Nurbani Md Hassan, and Zarehan Selamat. "Risk Mitigation to Reduce Flood Economic Losses." Advanced Science Letters 22, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 4552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.8219.
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Fan, Qin, and Meri Davlasheridze. "Flood Risk, Flood Mitigation, and Location Choice: Evaluating the National Flood Insurance Program's Community Rating System." Risk Analysis 36, no. 6 (November 9, 2015): 1125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12505.
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Raflus, Ristika Utami, Paus Iskarni, and Nicole Legaya. "Mitigation Policy of Flood Disaster in Sungai Penuh Town Province of Jambi, Indonesia." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 2, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v2i1.135.
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This research is based on the weak role of government in reducing the risk of flood disaster in Sungai Penuh Town appropriately, thus efforts are needed to avoid and decrease this situation, in other word mitigation of flood disaster is needed. The purpose of this study are analyzed the characteristics of area based catastrophic flooding, flood hazard, and flood risk and formulate mitigation policy and direction of flood disaster. The type of research is combined or mixed method. This study using quantitative Method used in determining volcano hazard, the level of vulnerability of the community, volcano risk and the use of qualitative Method used in determining the direction and mitigation policies towards mitigation of flood disaster. Findings research shows two characteristics area are good area that didn’t hazard of flood covering 4872 ha and bad area that cause the flood covering 30403 ha, with three levels of flood hazard are high flood hazard covering 3145 ha, medium flood hazard covering 1726 ha, and low flood hazard covering 30403 ha and three levels of flood risk are flood risk high covering 4872 ha, flood risk medium covering 6395 ha, and flood risk low covering 24008 ha. The high flood harmful for environment and agriculture, due this situation, this research is needed mitigation policy of flood disaster which set up zoning on any flood hazard zone, normalization downstream/ estuaries of river, doing and improving the coordination of government in the cross-sectoral of town and regency, developing the early warning system, and socialitation and provide training/ non-agricultural skills to the society.
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Liu, Bojun, Jinliang Zhang, Libin Yang, Siyu Cai, Dawei Zhang, and Fusheng Li. "Regional Flood Risk Management Modeling and Application." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601024.
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China is one of the countries with frequent flood disaster, and it does fall often with more precipitation especially from June to October in the Yangtze River, which would very easily cause floods thereby seriously threating to the safety of each region along the Yangtze River. How to manage regional flood risk reasonably and efficiently under the new situation of the joint effects of climatic change and human activities deserves more researches. The regional flood risk management model is built and applied in the Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River to derive regional flood processes under the condition of floodwall break and assess the effects of flood on each factor in the region. The built model is reliable and practical with reasonable results, would support some sort of technical help for regional flood risk management, water resources protection and measure-making of flood prevention and disaster mitigation.
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Amyay, Mhamed, Brahim Akdim, Abdelghani Gartet, and Mohamed Laaouane. "Flood risk and mitigation strategies in the southeastern suburbs of Fez City (Morocco)." Estudios Geográficos 74, no. 275 (December 23, 2013): 379–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.201314.
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Liu, Chunlu, and Yan Li. "Measuring eco-roof mitigation on flash floods via GIS simulation." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 6, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-07-2015-0031.
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Purpose The rapid and ongoing expansion of urbanised impervious areas could lead to more frequent flood inundation in urban flood-prone regions. Nowadays, urban flood inundation induced by rainstorm is an expensive natural disaster in many countries. In order to reduce the flooding risk, eco-roof systems (or green roof systems) could be considered as an effective mechanism of mitigating flooding disasters through their rainwater retention capability. However, there is still a lack of examining the stormwater management tool. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects on flooding disaster from extensive green roofs. Design/methodology/approach Based on geographical information system (GIS) simulation, this research presents a frame of assessing eco-roof impacts on urban flash floods. The approach addresses both urban rainfall-runoff and underground hydrologic models for traditional impervious and green roofs. Deakin University’s Geelong Waurn Ponds campus is chosen as a study case. GIS technologies are then utilised to visualise and analyse the effects on flood inundation from surface properties of building roofs. Findings The results reveal that the eco-roof systems generate varying degrees of mitigation of urban flood inundation with different return period storms. Originality/value Although the eco-roof technology is considered as an effective stormwater management tool, it is not commonly adopted and examined in urban floods. This study will bring benefits to urban planners for raising awareness of hazard impacts and to construction technicians for considering disaster mitigation via roof technologies. The approach proposed here could be used for the disaster mitigation in future urban planning.
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Al-Hinai, Hanan, and Rifaat Abdalla. "Mapping Coastal Flood Susceptible Areas Using Shannon’s Entropy Model: The Case of Muscat Governorate, Oman." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040252.
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Floods are among the most common natural hazards around the world. Mapping and evaluating potential flood hazards are essential for flood risk management and mitigation strategies, particularly in coastal areas. Several factors play significant roles in flooding and recognizing the role of these flood-related factors may enhance flood disaster prediction and mitigation strategies. This study focuses on using Shannon’s entropy model to predict the role of seven factors in causing floods in the Governorate of Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, and mapping coastal flood-prone areas. The seven selected factors (including ground elevation, slope degree, hydrologic soil group (HSG), land use, distance from the coast, distance from the wadi, and distance from the road) were initially prepared and categorized into classes based on their contribution to flood occurrence. In the next step, the entropy model was used to determine the weight and contribution of each factor in overall susceptibility. Finally, results from the previous two steps were combined using ArcGIS software to produce the final coastal flood susceptibility index map that was categorized into five susceptibility zones. The result indicated that land use and HSG are the most causative factors of flooding in the area, and about 133.5 km2 of the extracted area is threatened by coastal floods. The outcomes of this study can provide decision-makers with essential information for identifying flood risks and enhancing adaptation and mitigation strategies. For future work, it is recommended to evaluate the reliability of the obtained result by comparing it with a real flooding event, such as flooding during cyclones Gonu and Phet.
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Bibi, T., F. Nawaz, A. Abdul Rahman, K. Azahari Razak, and A. Latif. "FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT OF RIVER KABUL AND SWAT CATCHMENT AREA: DISTRICT CHARSADDA, PAKISTAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W9 (October 30, 2018): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w9-105-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Pakistan is prone to natural hazards including floods, in particular, affecting millions of people each year across the country. Patterns from recent years suggest the intensity of flooding are increasing and may continue more aggressively during the coming years because of increased magnitude of the monsoon rains and identified climatic changes in the region. Mapping of flood hazard is essential for planning and mitigation purpose. However, only flood hazard mapping is not sufficient to assess the magnitude of risk to lives and property. Risk mapping is an integral part of pre and post disaster management. Furthermore, the Earth Observation (EO) data could be helpful to update flood risk maps time to time by covering many aspects e.g. population concentration areas, critical infrastructure and commercial areas, to enhance the preparedness planning and mitigation measure against risk of flood. Pakistan has experienced the devastating flood in 2010 due to unexpected heavy rainfall in the monsoon season with enormous losses to property lives and infrastructure in several districts. The Union council Agra, District Charsadda was among the affected most districts by riverine and flash floods. Additionally, growing population in flood plains is another threat to the district. However, to cope with this situation there is immense need to detect risk index to prevent further damages caused by such floods. This study aims to prepare the hazard, vulnerability and risk index for River Kabul and Swat catchment area of union council Agra, Charsadda. the flood risk was identified, and risk index maps were prepared by executing a methodology for assessing risk, based on the physical exposure of the flood hazard, vulnerability of people, and the exposure of critical assets to flood water. Explicitly, spatial flood risk index maps were produced with the help of analytical spatial modeling by considering the areas exposed to flood hazard, morphological characteristics and socio-economic indicators. The produced flood risk maps were verified through visual examination through 3D city flood maps. Results illustrate that the areas of higher flood risk overlapped with the areas of high flood hazard along with high population density and socio-economic exposure to vulnerability.</p>
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Popa, Mihnea Cristian, and Daniel Constantin Diaconu. "Flood and Flash Flood Hazard Mapping Using the Frequency Ratio, Multilayer Perceptron and Their Hybrid Ensemble." Proceedings 48, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-4-06429.
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The importance of identifying the areas vulnerable for both floods and flash-floods is an important component of risk management. The assessment of vulnerable areas is a major challenge in the scientific world. Adaptation and mitigation have generally been treated as two separate issues, both in public politics and in practice, in which mitigation is seen as the attenuation of the cause, and studies of adaption look into dealing with the consequences of climate change. Studies on the impact of climate change on flood risk are mostly conducted at the river basin or regional scale. Remote sensing and GIS technologies, together with the latest modelling techniques, can contribute to our ability to predict and manage floods. Various methods are commonly used to map flood sensitivity. Recent methods such as multicriteria evaluation, decision tree analysis (DT), fuzzy theory, weight of samples (WoE), artificial neural networks (ANN), frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) approaches have been widely used by many researchers.
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Lamond, Jessica Elizabeth, Namrata Bhattacharya-Mis, Faith Ka Shun Chan, Heidi Kreibich, Burrell Montz, David G. Proverbs, and Sara Wilkinson. "Flood risk insurance, mitigation and commercial property valuation." Property Management 37, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 512–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-11-2018-0058.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand how built environment professionals approach the valuation of flood risk in commercial property markets and whether insurance promotes mitigation in different insurance and risk management regimes, draw common conclusions and highlight opportunities to transfer learning. Design/methodology/approach An illustrative case study approach involving literature search and 72 interviews with built environment professionals, across five countries in four continents. Findings Common difficulties arise in availability, reliability and interpretation of risk information, and in evaluating the impact of mitigation. These factors, coupled with the heterogeneous nature of commercial property, lack of transactional data and remote investors, make valuation of risk particularly challenging in the sector. Insurance incentives for risk mitigation are somewhat effective where employed and could be further developed, however, the influence of insurance is hampered by lack of insurance penetration and underinsurance. Research limitations/implications Further investigation of the means to improve uptake of insurance and to develop insurance incentives for mitigation is recommended. Practical implications Flood risk is inconsistently reflected in commercial property values leading to lack of mitigation and vulnerability of investments to future flooding. Improvements are needed in: access to adequate risk information; professional skills in valuing risk; guidance on valuation of flood risk; and regulation to ensure adequate consideration of risk and mitigation options. Originality/value The research addresses a global issue that threatens local, and regional economies through loss of utility, business profitability and commercial property value. It is unique in consulting professionals across international markets.
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Karar Ahmad, Md. "Flood Mitigation in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.1.1378.
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Floods are the common natural disasters in most of the developing countries, and India isno exception.Due to the geographic and climatic conditions the country remains under threat. Floods have been recurrent phenomenon in many parts of India, causing loss of lives and public property and bringing untold misery to the people. The floods that occurred in India in 2013 were highly catastrophic based on the number of victims. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, IFRC (2013) continues to steer the evacuation efforts as well as in rescuing the stranded victims. Methods of structural control of floodwater can be grouped into four types; namely, storage, diversion, enhancing channel capacity, and constriction of the water within the channel. The following flood mitigation measures could be adopted to mitigate the adverse impacts of severe floods and to prevent normal floods. Flood walls are constructed out of materials such as concrete or steel in order to control the flow of flood waters and prevent the flooding of specific areas. The construction of floodwalls and embankments has been the traditional means of protecting low lying communities and infrastructure against flooding. Flood hazard maps contain information about the probability or magnitude of an event whereas flood risk maps contain additional information about the consequences. Flood insurance is one of the effective ways in order to cope with the aftermaths of flood events. The Indian government acknowledges the problems the country faces because of the various natural disasters that occur. Consequently, various agencies have been instituted to evaluate the country’s exposure to disasters and to develop ways of mitigating or managing the impacts of the disasters.
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Roslan, Rasyikin, Rohayu Che Omar, M. Hara, B. Solemon, and I. N. Z. Baharuddin. "Flood insurance rate map for non-structural mitigation." E3S Web of Conferences 76 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197603002.
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December 2014 flooding in Kelantan river basin caused severe damage to economic and social infrastructure and dealt a serious blow to Kelantan state economies. Mitigation of flood disaster can be successful only when detailed knowledge is obtained about the vulnerability of the people, buildings, infrastructure and economic activities in a flood risk area. Therefore, to identify a community's flood risk, pre-disaster financial instrument will be introduced as non-structural mitigation measures know as flood insurance rate map. This instrument will be developed based on geospatial technology using satellite images, topographic surveys, cadastral map, type of community building such as residential or commercial and households’ income. Flood hazard maps and flood insurance rate map will provide the flood risk zone and flood insurance rate and premium coverage for the affected community. In additions it helps to determine the type of flood insurance coverage is needed since standard homeowners’ insurance doesn't cover flooding. Flood insurance rate map will provide affordable insurance for property owners, based on the lower the degree of risk state in flood hazard map, the lower the flood insurance premium. These insurance rate map are valuable to communities because it creates safer environments by reducing loss of life and decreasing property damage, allows individuals to minimize post-flood disaster disruptions and to recover quicker.
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Lusiana, Nur Aisyah, and Agus Widiyarta. "DISASTER MITIGATION AS AN EFFORT TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF FLOODS IN LAMONGAN DISTRICT." dia 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/dia.v19i1.5160.
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Flood is one of the most dominant disasters in Indonesia with an incident that tends to increase. Lamongan District is an area with a fairly high risk of flooding due to the intensity of which it occurs every year. The high risk of flooding is caused by two reasons, the Bengawan Solo flow and the rainfall (the Bengawan Njero flow). Every flood disaster that occurs will certainly cause various impacts from damage to infrastructure, loss of property, and casualties. Disaster management efforts are certainly carried out to minimize the risk and impact of flood disasters in Lamongan District, such as through disaster mitigation. This research aims to determine disaster mitigation carried out in Lamongan District as an effort to minimize the impact of flooding. This research used descriptive qualitative research methods. Disaster mitigation in this research is divided into two according to Perka BNPB Number 4 of 2008, active disaster mitigation and passive disaster mitigation. The results of this research indicated that active mitigation in Lamongan District was carried out through, making flood disaster signs, supervising spatial planning, conducting training and counseling on flood disasters to officials, communities, and students, planning evacuation places and flood disaster evacuation routes and making embankment reinforcement. Meanwhile, passive mitigation in Lamongan District was carried out through, drafting laws and regulations, making flood-prone maps, making guidelines for every disaster management activity, making disaster posters, conducting flood risk studies, conducting disaster education, forming village forums, and prioritizing disaster management in development planning.
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Lastrada, Eduardo, Guillermo Cobos, and Francisco Javier Torrijo. "Analysis of Climate Change’s Effect on Flood Risk. Case Study of Reinosa in the Ebro River Basin." Water 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041114.
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Floods are one of the natural hazards that could be most affected by climate change, causing great economic damage and casualties in the world. On December 2019 in Reinosa (Cantabria, Spain), took place one of the worst floods in memory. Implementation of DIRECTIVE 2007/60/EC for the assessment and management of flood risks in Spain enabled the detection of this river basin with a potential significant flood risk via a preliminary flood risk assessment, and flood hazard and flood risk maps were developed. The main objective of this paper is to present a methodology to estimate climate change’s effects on flood hazard and flood risk, with Reinosa as the case study. This river basin is affected by the snow phenomenon, even more sensitive to climate change. Using different climate models, regarding a scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions (RCP8.5), with daily temperature and precipitation data from years 2007–2070, and comparing results in relative terms, flow rate and flood risk variation due to climate change are estimated. In the specific case of Reinosa, the MRI-CGCM3 model shows that climate change will cause a significant increase of potential affected inhabitants and economic damage due to flood risk. This evaluation enables us to define mitigation actions in terms of cost–benefit analysis and prioritize the ones that should be included in flood risk management plans.
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Knighton, James O., Osamu Tsuda, Rebecca Elliott, and M. Todd Walter. "Challenges to implementing bottom-up flood risk decision analysis frameworks: how strong are social networks of flooding professionals?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 5657–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5657-2018.
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Abstract. Recent developments in bottom-up vulnerability-based decision analysis frameworks present promising opportunities for flood practitioners to simplify complex decisions regarding risk mitigation and climate adaptation. This family of methodologies relies on strong social networks among flood practitioners and the public to support careful definition of stakeholder-relevant thresholds and vulnerabilities to hazards. In parallel, flood researchers are directly considering distinct atmospheric mechanisms that induce flooding to readily incorporate information on future climate projections. We perform a case study of flood professionals actively engaged in flood risk mitigation within Tompkins County, New York, USA, a community dealing with moderate flooding, to gage how much variance exists among professionals from the perspective of establishing a bottom-up flood mitigation study from an atmospheric perspective. Results of this case study indicate disagreement among flooding professionals as to which socioeconomic losses constitute a flood, disagreement on anticipated community needs, weak understanding of climate–weather–flood linkages, and some disagreement on community perceptions of climate adaptation. In aggregate, the knowledge base of the Tompkins County flood practitioners provides a well-defined picture of community vulnerability and perceptions. Our research supports the growing evidence that collaborative interdisciplinary flood mitigation work could reduce risk, and potentially better support the implementation of emerging bottom-up decision analysis frameworks for flood mitigation and climate adaptation.
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Oliver, Julien, Ole Larsen, Mads Rasmussen, Erickson Lanuza, and Avinash Chakravarthy. "Understanding Flood Risks for Better Planning and Resilience: Novel Stochastic Models and Methods for South-East Asia." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0308.
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Throughout history, human beings have been attracted to waterfront living. Today, most residents live in cities, most of which, in turn, are built on flood plains and in coastal areas – areas often threatened by floods. Physical changes to the environment have changed the response of catchments and rivers to heavy rainfall. Despite attempts to control the size of floods, economic growth – especially as experienced in Asia – has led to an explosion in exposure to floods. The most integrated, cost-effective method for disaster reduction and prevention requires that risk be assessed purposefully and adequately. Disaster risk is captured in two major components: occurrence probability and event intensity and reach, and its consequences. Understanding the risks associated with floods in Asia has been hindered by the complexity of flood dynamics in large river basins and in existing or unreliable datasets. With calculation power increasingly available, the development of flexible modeling systems and the appearance of new datasets, so-called probabilistic flood models can now be developed for large areas to quantify risks. A flexible modeling framework has been developed at DHI to better characterize flood plains and complex hydraulic systems in datapoor and highly exposed areas in Asia. The model relies on automated processes merging freely available datasets such as HydroSHEDS, WorldPop, crowd-sourced data available in OpenStreet Map and Landsat 7 and 8 satellite imagery. The combination of spatial data sources provides opportunities to optimize the hydrodynamic model domain and to improve the lowresolution digital elevation model. Such methods enhance flood hazard information conventionally derived from deterministic models by taking a full probabilistic approach considering source loading conditions, e.g., weather events and sea level rise, and the performance of existing and planned mitigation measures and failures of control structures such as dykes. With risks better quantified, new opportunities arise for cost-effective mitigation and resilience measures and for the development of novel risk transfer schemes through the use of insurance and capital markets.
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Kunreuther, Howard, John Dorman, Scott Edelman, Chris Jones, Marilyn Montgomery, and John Sperger. "Structure Specific Flood Risk Based Insurance." Journal of Extreme Events 04, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737617500117.
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This paper highlights the importance of developing accurate flood hazard maps to price insurance effectively and to communicate flood risk to interested parties. Risk-based insurance premiums can encourage insurance purchase and investment in cost effective mitigation measures. We undertake a study using light imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology and depth damage curves to determine risk-based rates for residential structures in three counties in the state of North Carolina. We then compare these prices with current premiums charged to homeowners by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) for 11,915 single-family residences. NFIP premiums are significantly higher than risk-based premiums for over 90 percent of the homes in each of the counties in our study. Risk-based prices are higher than NFIP premiums only in instances where buildings are predicted to suffer damage from more frequent, shallow floods that are currently not considered explicitly in NFIP premium calculations. Accurate flood maps are needed to determine cost-effective loss reduction measures and to address issues of affordability and fairness for homeowners currently living in flood-prone areas.
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Barredo, José I., and Guy Engelen. "Land Use Scenario Modeling for Flood Risk Mitigation." Sustainability 2, no. 5 (May 11, 2010): 1327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su2051327.
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Kreibich, H., A. H. Thieken, H. Grunenberg, K. Ullrich, and T. Sommer. "Extent, perception and mitigation of damage due to high groundwater levels in the city of Dresden, Germany." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 27, 2009): 1247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1247-2009.
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Abstract. Flood risk analysis and management plans mostly neglect groundwater flooding, i.e. high groundwater levels. However, rising groundwater may cause considerable damage to buildings and infrastructure. To improve the knowledge about groundwater flooding and support risk management, a survey was undertaken in the city of Dresden (Saxony, Germany), resulting in 605 completed interviews with private households endangered by high groundwater levels. The reported relatively low flood impact and damage of groundwater floods in comparison with mixed floods was reflected by its scarce perception: Hardly anybody thinks about the risk of groundwater flooding. The interviewees thought that public authorities and not themselves, should be mainly responsible for preparedness and emergency response. Up to now, people do not include groundwater risk in their decision processes on self protection. The implementation of precautionary measures does not differ between households with groundwater or with mixed flood experience. However, less households undertake emergency measures when expecting a groundwater flood only. The state of preparedness should be further improved via an intensified risk communication about groundwater flooding by the authorities. Conditions to reach the endangered population are good, since 70% of the interviewed people are willing to inform themselves about groundwater floods. Recommendations for an improved risk communication are given.
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Liew, Yuk San, Safari Mat Desa, Md Nasir Md. Noh, Mou Leong Tan, Nor Azazi Zakaria, and Chun Kiat Chang. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Mitigation Strategies for Flood Risk Reduction in the Segamat River Basin, Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063286.
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Flooding is a frequent, naturally recurring phenomenon worldwide that can become disastrous if not addressed accordingly. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of land use change and climate change on flooding in the Segamat River Basin, Johor, Malaysia, with 1D–2D hydrodynamic river modeling, using InfoWorks Integrated Catchment Modeling (ICM). The study involved the development of flood maps for four different scenarios: (1) future land use in 2030; (2) the impacts of climate change; (3) three mitigation strategies comprising detention ponds, rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSs), and permeable pavers; and (4) a combination of these three mitigation strategies. The obtained results show increases in the flood peaks under both the land use change and climate change scenarios. With the anticipated increase in development activities within the vicinity up to 2030, the overall impact of urbanization on the extent of flooding would be rather moderate, as the upper and middle parts of the basin would still be dominated by forests and agricultural activities (approximately 81.13%). In contrast, the potential flood-inundated area is expected to increase from 12.25% to 16.64% under storms of 10-, 50-, 100-, and 1000-year average recurrence intervals (ARI). Interestingly, the simulation results suggest that only the detention pond mitigation strategy has a considerable impact on reducing floods, while the other two mitigation strategies have less flood reduction advantages for this agricultural-based rural basin located in a tropical region.
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Beilicci, Erika, Robert Beilicci, and Ioan David. "Hydroinformatic Tools for Flood Risk Map Achievement." International Journal of Energy 15 (March 23, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91010.2021.15.5.
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Water Framework Directive and Flood Directive of European Commission establishes the need for preparation of flood risk maps for each member country on each important hydrographic basins. Based on these established the flood risk management plan (must be finalized by end of 2015), which is a communicator and disseminator tool of the knowledge gained during two previous stages across the horizontal structures of governmental and non-governmental bodies dealing with flood protection, flood mitigation and flood struggle in general. Flood risk management plans, considered as a communicator and disseminator tool across the horizontal structures of governmental and non-governmental bodies dealing with flood protection, flood mitigation and flood struggle in general. They mainly include proposals on how to reduce the losses of lives, property and environmental through flood prevention, protection of vulnerable areas and increased flood preparedness in each river basin. The way of processing of this flood risk management plans on IT platforms changes the information stream flow. Future development plans of regions and cities will get a proper guidance and platforms for future feasibility studies. In Romania, each state institution wants to improve the skills of their employees. There is a lack of specialists who has enough knowledge about the hydroinformatics, thus in everyday work there is a very limited use of such tool, meanwhile the work with complex problems has generated recently a need to use valuable tool.
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Nkwunonwo, U. C., M. Whitworth, and B. Baily. "Review Article: A review and critical analysis of the efforts towards urban flood reduction in the Lagos region of Nigeria." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (June 16, 2015): 3897–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3897-2015.
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Abstract. Urban flooding has been and will continue to be a significant problem for many cities across the developed and developing world. Crucial to the amelioration of the effects of these floods is the need to develop a knowledge base of the magnitude and frequency of these floods. Within the area of flood research, attempts are being made to gain a better understanding of the causes, impacts and pattern of urban flooding as an aid to reducing the risks it poses. This research reviews flood risk within the Lagos area of Nigeria over the period 1968–2012. During this period, floods have caused harm to millions of people physically, emotionally and economically. Arguably over this period the efforts of stakeholders to address the challenges appear to have been limited by, among other things, lack of reliable data, lack of awareness among the population affected, and lack of knowledge of flood risk mitigation. It is the aim of this research to assess the current understanding of flood risk and management in Lagos and to offer recommendations towards future guidance.
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Narayan, Siddharth, Robert J. Nicholls, Ekaterina Trifonova, Mariana Filipova – Marinova, Iliyan Kotsev, Stoyan Vergiev, Susan Hanson, and Derek Clarke. "COASTAL HABITATS WITHIN FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENTS: ROLE OF THE 2D SPR APPROACH." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.12.
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Coastal habitats are highly threatened ecosystems that are sensitive to complex sets of natural and human drivers. Europe’s coastal habitats are protected from damage due to human activity by the EU Habitats Directive, and are required to be mapped within flood risk assessments by the EU Floods Directive. Ecological vulnerability and risk assessments are a common way of assessing the impacts on these habitats due to human and natural drivers. Coastal flood risk assessments therefore often include assessments of the vulnerability of coastal habitats. Flood risk assessments also evaluate, where relevant, the mitigation services provided by coastal habitats. The two aspects of coastal habitats – their flood mitigation service and their ecological vulnerability are strongly correlated; however these are usually treated separately within flood risk assessments. One of the goals of the EU THESEUS project is the integrated consideration of coastal habitats within flood risk assessments. This paper investigates the integration within flood risk assessments of the two aspects of coastal habitats using the 2D SPR conceptual model. The construction of the model is first illustrated by application to a generic study site. The model is then applied to a case-study where data on habitat elevations and vulnerabilities to flood events have been collected. The model provides a unique and robust means of combining information on ecological vulnerability indices for different habitat associations with information on their distribution and spatial relationships within the coastal floodplain. Used in conjunction with information on habitat vulnerability indices, the conceptual model serves as a powerful tool for integrated and structured consideration of coastal habitats within flood risk assessments
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Becker, Per. "The Problem of Fit in Flood Risk Governance: Regulative, Normative, and Cultural-Cognitive Deliberations." Politics and Governance 8, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3059.
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Flood risk is a growing global concern that is not only affecting developing countries, but also the sustainable development of the most affluent liberal democracies. This has attracted attention to the systems governing flood risk across administrative levels, which vary between countries, but are relatively similar in the Nordic region, with both responsibilities and resources largely decentralized to the municipal level. However, floods tend not to be bounded by conventional borders but demand attention to the catchment area as a whole. Influential voices have long argued the importance of fit between the biophysical basis of an issue and the institutional arrangements of actors engaging in its governance. The article investigates such institutional fit in flood risk governance, based on a case study of flood risk mitigation in the Höje Å catchment area in Southern Sweden. Analyzing a unique dataset comprising 217 interviews with all individual formal actors actively engaged in flood risk mitigation in the catchment area illuminates a ‘problem of fit’ between the hydrological system behind flood risk and the institutional arrangements of its governance. This ‘problem of fit’ is not only visible along the borders of the municipalities composing the catchment area, but also of the spatial planning areas within them. The article deliberates on regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive elements that align to lock flood risk governance into a regime of practices that, if not addressed, continues to undermine society’s ability to anticipate and adapt to the expected escalation of flood risk in a changing climate.
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Prieto, Cristina, Dhruvesh Patel, and Dawei Han. "Preface: Advances in flood risk assessment and management." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1045-2020.
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Abstract. Floods are among Earth's most common and most destructive natural hazards, affecting human lives and properties directly and indirectly around the world. The frequency and magnitude of extreme flooding have been increasing in many parts of the world in recent decades (see, e.g. Berghuijs et al., 2017; Blöschl et al., 2019a; Marijnissen et al., 2019), hampering human well-being and economic growth in both developed and developing countries. Flood risk management carries out the flood risk assessment and uses appropriate resources (human, finance, science and technology, and nature) to control the flood risk (Han, 2011), which is an urgent challenge for the scientific and engineering communities to address. In a similar way to “Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology” (Blöschl et al., 2019b), despite decades of research in this field, there are still many unsolved problems in floods as well. This special issue “Flood Risk Assessment and Management” is an outcome of the session “Flood Risk Assessment and Management” in the Naturals Hazards Division at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly held in Vienna, Austria. The session series has been organized annually at EGU since 2018. This special issue presents a wide range of in-depth research studies based on flood modelling (including hydrological modelling and hydrodynamic modelling), hazard mapping, flood damage and risk assessment as well as studies that focus on flood relief prioritization, mitigation strategies and flood policies. Extraordinary floods and debris flows are also included due to dam and dike breaks and extreme storms over gullies in mountain areas. The nine articles in this special issue are broadly introduced in the following three categories.
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Heidari, A. "Structural master plan of flood mitigation measures." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2009): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-61-2009.
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Abstract. Flood protection is one of the practical methods in damage reduction. Although it not possible to be completely protected from flood disaster but major part of damages can be reduced by mitigation plans. In this paper, the optimum flood mitigation master plan is determined by economic evaluation in trading off between the construction costs and expected value of damage reduction as the benefits. Size of the certain mitigation alternative is also be obtained by risk analysis by accepting possibility of flood overtopping. Different flood mitigation alternatives are investigated from various aspects in the Dez and Karun river floodplain areas as a case study in south west of IRAN. The results show that detention dam and flood diversion are the best alternatives of flood mitigation methods as well as enforcing the flood control purpose of upstream multipurpose reservoirs. Dyke and levees are not mostly justifiable because of negative impact on down stream by enhancing routed flood peak discharge magnitude and flood damages as well.
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Klonner, Carolin, Tomás J. Usón, Sabrina Marx, Franz-Benjamin Mocnik, and Bernhard Höfle. "Capturing Flood Risk Perception via Sketch Maps." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7090359.
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The fact that an increasing number of people and local authorities are affected by natural hazards, especially floods, highlights the necessity of adequate mitigation and preparedness within disaster management. Many governments, though, have only insufficient monetary or technological capacities. One possible approach to tackle these issues is the acquisition of information by sketch maps complemented by questionnaires, which allows to digitally capture flood risk perception. We investigate which factors influence information collected by sketch maps and questionnaires in case studies in an area prone to pluvial flooding in Santiago de Chile. Our aim is to gain more information about the methods applied. Hereby, we focus on the spatial acquisition scale of sketch maps and personal characteristics of the participants, for example, whether they live at this very location of the survey (residents) or are pedestrians passing by. Our results show that the choice of the acquisition scale of the base map influences the amount and level of detail of information captured via sketch maps. Thus, detail base maps lead to more precise results when compared to reference data, especially in the case of residents. The results also reveal that the place of living of the respondents has an effect on the resulting information because on the neighborhood level the risk perception of residents is more detailed than the one of pedestrians. The study suggests that the integration of citizens via sketch maps can provide information about flood risk perception, and thus can influence the flood mitigation in the area.
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Porse, Erik. "Risk-based zoning for urbanizing floodplains." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 11 (June 10, 2014): 1755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.256.
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Urban floodplain development brings economic benefits and enhanced flood risks. Rapidly growing cities must often balance the economic benefits and increased risks of floodplain settlement. Planning can provide multiple flood mitigation and environmental benefits by combining traditional structural measures such as levees, increasingly popular landscape and design features (green infrastructure), and non-structural measures such as zoning. Flexibility in both structural and non-structural options, including zoning procedures, can reduce flood risks. This paper presents a linear programming formulation to assess cost-effective urban floodplain development decisions that consider benefits and costs of development along with expected flood damages. It uses a probabilistic approach to identify combinations of land-use allocations (residential and commercial development, flood channels, distributed runoff management) and zoning regulations (development zones in channel) to maximize benefits. The model is applied to a floodplain planning analysis for an urbanizing region in the Baja Sur peninsula of Mexico. The analysis demonstrates how (1) economic benefits drive floodplain development, (2) flexible zoning can improve economic returns, and (3) cities can use landscapes, enhanced by technology and design, to manage floods. The framework can incorporate additional green infrastructure benefits, and bridges typical disciplinary gaps for planning and engineering.
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Mustika Anindita, Ratna, Indah Susilowati, and Fuad Muhammad. "Flood risk spatial index analysis in the coastal Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 06028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206028.
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The North coast of Java is increasingly exposed to flood risks due to land subsidence and climate change, resulting in sea-level rise. This paper developed a flood risk spatial index model in the coastal Pekalongan. The model was systematically arranged from various flood risk indicators related to the social, economic, and environment of coastal Pekalongan based on surveys and interviews with the communities and regional governments. These indicators are then integrated into hazard and vulnerability as components of risk. Using the index system method and ArcGIS, the risk index is classified into five levels (very high, high, medium, low, very low) and generated into a flood risk spatial distribution map. We found that the risk in the study area varies between a medium to a very high level of risk. The very high level of risk was located in Tratebang, Pecakaran, and Tegaldowo Village. A risk spatial distribution map can be used to evaluate potential risks and flood mitigation.
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Pudar, Ranko, Jasna Plavšić, and Andrijana Todorović. "Evaluation of Green and Grey Flood Mitigation Measures in Rural Watersheds." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 6913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196913.
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Floods cause considerable damages worldwide and mitigation of their adverse effects through effective protection measures is needed. Along with the commonly applied “grey” infrastructure, “green” measures that can offer additional benefits, such as ecosystem services, are increasingly being considered lately. While the recent research tendencies are focused on the effectiveness and the value of green measures in urban areas, this paper presents a comprehensive financial evaluation of green and grey flood mitigation scenarios for a smaller rural watershed. A micro-scale damage model that builds on the hydrodynamic modeling of hazard, detailed asset identification, and damage assessment is presented and applied for evaluation of benefits from various flood mitigation measures in the Tamnava watershed in Serbia. Four scenarios are considered: (1) existing flood protection system; (2) green scenario involving new detention basins; (3) grey infrastructure enhancement by rising of the existing levees and diverting flood discharges; and (4) green-grey scenario that combines scenarios (2) and (3). The benefits (loss reduction) are the greatest with the green scenario and marginally higher with the combined green-grey scenario. The results suggest that for small rural watersheds, a holistic, integrative approach that includes both types of infrastructure can provide the most effective flood risk mitigation.
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Kumar, Sandeep, and Santosh. "Flood Risk Zoning of Satluj River Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 40 (May 2015): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.40.6.
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Increasing intensity and frequency of rainfall coupled with gradual retreating of glaciers due to climate change in Himalayan region likely to increase the risk of floods. A better understanding of risk zones which are vulnerable to flood disasters can be evolved from the detailed studies on slope, geomorphology and land use/ land cover pattern. Information of these parameters is an important input for the identification of vulnerable areas. Flood risk maps provide useful information about places that may be at risk from flooding. It offers a cost-effective solution for planning, management and mitigation strategies in risky areas. Traditional methods of flood risk mapping are based on ground surveys and aerial observations, but when the phenomenon is widespread, such methods are time consuming and expensive. The possible combination of DEM and other maps of area using an overlay operation method within the Geographical Information System (GIS) platform can lead to derivation and the understanding of spatial association between various parameters which could be used to predict flood risk zones. The study area i.e. Satluj River Basin has been broadly divided into five risk zones viz., very low, low, moderate, high and very high which helped to differentiate between areas that are at risk of different intensities of flood. The very high flood risk zone covers only 3.25 % of total study area, while the very low risk zone covers 13.63 %. The area falls within the very high and high risk constitutes 9.52 % of total basin area. Domain of moderate risk covers an area of 30.66 %. But the maximum area of river basin is constituted by low risk zone i.e. 46.19 %. Identification of such zones will help in timely adopting of mitigation and adaptation measures. Preparation of flood risk zoning maps also helps in regulating indiscriminate and unplanned land use practices in risky areas.
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Rainear, Adam M., and Carolyn A. Lin. "Communication Factors Influencing Flood-Risk-Mitigation Motivation and Intention among College Students." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0016.1.
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AbstractWhen attempting to communicate flood risk, trust in and perceptions toward risk information dissemination as well as individual efficacy factors can play a significant role in affecting risk-mitigation motivation and intention. This study seeks to examine how risk communication, risk perception, and efficacy factors affect evacuation motivation and behavioral intentions in response to a presumed flood risk, as based on a conceptual framework guided by protection motivation theory. An online survey was administered to college students (N = 239) from a region that is subject to sea level rise and storm surges. Path analysis results indicate that, while less information-source trust predicts greater risk perception, greater information-source trust predicts greater mitigation-information-seeking intention, lower self-efficacy, and stronger response efficacy. As lower mitigation-information-seeking intention similarly predicts greater risk perception, greater mitigation-information-seeking intention also predicts stronger response efficacy. Significant predictors of evacuation motivation include lower risk perception as well as greater information-source trust, severity perception, and response efficacy. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of information dissemination channels, messaging strategies, and recent severe flooding events.
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Poussin, J. K., P. Bubeck, J. C. J. H. Aerts, and P. J. Ward. "Potential of semi-structural and non-structural adaptation strategies to reduce future flood risk: case study for the Meuse." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 21, 2012): 3455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3455-2012.
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Abstract. Flood risk throughout Europe has increased in the last few decades, and is projected to increase further owing to continued development in flood-prone areas and climate change. In recent years, studies have shown that adequate undertaking of semi-structural and non-structural measures can considerably decrease the costs of floods for households. However, there is little insight into how such measures can decrease the risk beyond the local level, now and in the future. To gain such insights, a modelling framework using the Damagescanner model with land-use and inundation maps for 2000 and 2030 was developed and applied to the Meuse river basin, in the region of Limburg, in the southeast of the Netherlands. The research suggests that annual flood risk may increase by up to 185% by 2030 compared with 2000, as a result of combined land-use and climate changes. The independent contributions of climate change and land-use change to the simulated increase are 108% and 37%, respectively. The risk-reduction capacity of the implementation of spatial zoning measures, which are meant to limit and regulate developments in flood-prone areas, is between 25% and 45%. Mitigation factors applied to assess the potential impact of three mitigation strategies (dry-proofing, wet-proofing, and the combination of dry- and wet-proofing) in residential areas show that these strategies have a risk-reduction capacity of between 21% and 40%, depending on their rate of implementation. Combining spatial zoning and mitigation measures could reduce the total increase in risk by up to 60%. Policy implications of these results are discussed. They focus on the undertaking of effective mitigation measures, and possible ways to increase their implementation by households.
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Nkwunonwo, U. C., M. Whitworth, and B. Baily. "Review article: A review and critical analysis of the efforts towards urban flood risk management in the Lagos region of Nigeria." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-349-2016.
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Abstract. Urban flooding has been and will continue to be a significant problem for many cities across the developed and developing world. Crucial to the amelioration of the effects of these floods is the need to formulate a sound flood management policy, which is driven by knowledge of the frequency and magnitude of impacts of these floods. Within the area of flood research, attempts are being made to gain a better understanding of the causes, impacts, and pattern of urban flooding. According to the United Nations office for disaster reduction (UNISDR), flood risk is conceptualized on the basis of three integral components which are frequently adopted during flood damage estimation. These components are: probability of flood hazard, the level of exposure, and vulnerabilities of elements at risk. Reducing the severity of each of these components is the objective of flood risk management under the UNISDR guideline and idea of “living with floods”. On the basis of this framework, the present research reviews flood risk within the Lagos area of Nigeria over the period 1968–2012. During this period, floods have caused harm to millions of people physically, emotionally, and economically. Arguably over this period the efforts of stakeholders to address the challenges appear to have been limited by, amongst other things, a lack of reliable data, a lack of awareness amongst the population affected, and a lack of knowledge of flood risk mitigation. It is the aim of this research to assess the current understanding of flood risk and management in Lagos and to offer recommendations towards future guidance.
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Brandimarte, Luigia, Armando Brath, Attilio Castellarin, and Giuliano Di Baldassarre. "Isla Hispaniola: A trans-boundary flood risk mitigation plan." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 34, no. 4-5 (January 2009): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.03.002.
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Witting, Antje, and Deborah Kallee. "Ruling Big Data Use in Urban Flood Risk Mitigation." Yearbook of Swiss Administrative Sciences 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ssas.77.
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Mobley, William, Kayode O. Atoba, and Wesley E. Highfield. "Uncertainty in Flood Mitigation Practices: Assessing the Economic Benefits of Property Acquisition and Elevation in Flood-Prone Communities." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052098.
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Adopting effective flood mitigation practices for repetitive flood events in the United States continues to play a prominent role in preventing future damage and fostering resilience to residential flooding. Two common mitigation practices for reducing residential flood risk consist of raising an existing structure to or above base flood elevation (BFE) and acquiring chronically damaged properties in flood prone areas and restoring them back to serve their natural functions as green open spaces. However, due to data accuracy limitations, decision makers are faced with the challenge of identifying the financially optimal approach to implementing mitigation measures. We address this problem through the following research questions: What does the optimal allocation of flood mitigation resources look like under data uncertainty, and what are the optimal methods to combining mitigation measures with consideration for the best economic benefits? Using a robust decision making (RDM) approach, the effects of uncertainty in property values, construction and demolition costs, and policy implementation options such as structure selection and budget allocation were measured. Our results indicate that the amount budgeted for mitigation and how those funds are allocated directly influence the selection of the most economically viable mitigation practices. Our research also contributes to the growing need for evaluating specific flood mitigation strategies.
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Dottori, Francesco, Milan Kalas, Peter Salamon, Alessandra Bianchi, Lorenzo Alfieri, and Luc Feyen. "An operational procedure for rapid flood risk assessment in Europe." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 11, 2017): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1111-2017.
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Abstract. The development of methods for rapid flood mapping and risk assessment is a key step to increase the usefulness of flood early warning systems and is crucial for effective emergency response and flood impact mitigation. Currently, flood early warning systems rarely include real-time components to assess potential impacts generated by forecasted flood events. To overcome this limitation, this study describes the benchmarking of an operational procedure for rapid flood risk assessment based on predictions issued by the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS). Daily streamflow forecasts produced for major European river networks are translated into event-based flood hazard maps using a large map catalogue derived from high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations. Flood hazard maps are then combined with exposure and vulnerability information, and the impacts of the forecasted flood events are evaluated in terms of flood-prone areas, economic damage and affected population, infrastructures and cities.An extensive testing of the operational procedure has been carried out by analysing the catastrophic floods of May 2014 in Bosnia–Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. The reliability of the flood mapping methodology is tested against satellite-based and report-based flood extent data, while modelled estimates of economic damage and affected population are compared against ground-based estimations. Finally, we evaluate the skill of risk estimates derived from EFAS flood forecasts with different lead times and combinations of probabilistic forecasts. Results highlight the potential of the real-time operational procedure in helping emergency response and management.
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Andráško, Ivan, Kamila Dolák Klemešová, Lukáš Dolák, Jakub Trojan, and David Fiedor. "“Surely it will come again…”. Flood threat appraisal, mitigation strategies and protection motivation in Czech communities endangered by floods." Moravian Geographical Reports 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0013.
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AbstractA recent “shift” in flood risk management is associated with putting more emphasis on private mitigation and protection measures, and on shared responsibility. Based on case study research in the South Bohemian municipalities (Czech Republic) endangered by floods, this paper reports floods-related attitudes and actions of local inhabitants. A total of 305 respondents participated in a survey; responses and additional commentaries were examined through qualitative content analysis. Results show that though most of the local residents are aware of the constant threat, a minority of them take up any mitigation measures or have some strategy to handle a flood. Several cognitive biases and non-protective responses, the lack of interest and personal responsibility, perceived costs, as well as the prevailing low perceived importance of floods for the local quality of life, hamper improvements in general preparedness. From the viewpoint of Protection Motivation Theory, neither the locals’ threat appraisal nor their coping appraisal is high enough to sufficiently incentivise them to adopt private mitigation strategies and measures. Flood information seems to be at hand for local residents, who are, however, mostly not interested in using it. Perceived obscurities in handling the financial resources contribute to the prevailing unwillingness to participate financially in flood protection. Differences in perceptions and actions are associated with respondents’ individual characteristics (age, gender, level of education, previous experience with floods). Based on our findings, we discuss several relevant policy implications.
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Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Sara Imran Khan, Numera Anum, Zakria Qadir, Abbas Z. Kouzani, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud. "Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 4823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114823.
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The study was conducted to assess the post 2010 flood risk management and resilience-building practices in District Layyah, Pakistan. Exploratory research was applied to gain knowledge of flood risk management to embed the disaster risk reduction, mitigation, and adaptation strategies at the local government and community level. Around 200 questionnaires were collected from the four devastated areas/union councils. Primary data from the field uncovered flood risk management practices by organizations, local government, and the community. It highlights resilience-building practices undertaken by the community through rehabilitation, community participation, and local indigenous practices. The role of the District Layyah’s local government and organizations to mitigate the 2010 flood and their contribution towards flood resilience in affected communities was investigated, as no comparable studies were carried out in the riverine belt of District Layyah previously. Moreover, the tangible and non-tangible measures to lessen the vulnerability to floods and improve flood risk governance at a local level were identified. This study makes a valuable contribution in strengthening the resilience building of vulnerable communities by recommending few changes in existing practices concerning flood risk at a local level.
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Costa, Sandra, Rik Peters, Ricardo Martins, Luuk Postmes, Jan Jacob Keizer, and Peter Roebeling. "Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions on Pluvial Flood Hazard Mitigation: The Case Study of the City of Eindhoven (The Netherlands)." Resources 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10030024.
Full textAbstract:
Urbanization leads to changes in the surface cover that alter the hydrological cycle of cities, particularly by increasing the impervious area and, thereby, reducing the interception, storage and infiltration capacity of rainwater. Nature-based solutions (NBS) can contribute to flood risk mitigation in urbanized areas by restoring hydrological functions. However, the effects of NBS on flood risk mitigation are complex and can differ substantially with the type of the NBS. Therefore, the effectiveness of NBS at the urban catchment scale is still subject to much debate, especially at the scale of urban catchments. In this study, the effects of different NBS on urban flood mitigation were evaluated for the city of Eindhoven in The Netherlands, as it has a history of urban flood events. To this end, various NBS scenarios were defined by municipal stakeholders and their impacts modelled with the numerical model Infoworks ICM. This was done for design storms with short, medium and long return periods (5, 10 and 100 years). Overall, the simulated NBS were effective in flood risk mitigation, reducing the flooded area as well as flood depth. The effectiveness of the individual NBS scenarios, however, depended strongly on the location and extension of the NBS, as well as on storm intensity. The effectiveness tended to increase with the increase in NBS surface area, while it tended to decrease with increasing storm intensity and, hence, return period. The NBS solution increasing street water storage was revealed to be more effective than those involving green car parks and green roofs. This study showed that numerical flooding models can be useful tools to assess the effects of NBS to reduce flood extent, water depth and/or velocity, providing insights that can support city planners to design and compare alternative strategies and plans for urban flood risk mitigation.
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Zvijáková, Lenka, and Martina Zeleňáková. "Assessing Flood Mitigation Alternatives in Brezovička Village in Slovakia." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2013-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Flooding due to extreme rain events in urban environments is a problem and a growing concern. There is an increasing demand for a new paradigm to improve flood-mitigation decision processes that calls for riskreduction strategies at several levels. Therefore is a challenge in assessing and comparing different flood mitigation measures. The aim of this paper is to explore a new method to improve an environmental impact assessment of flood-mitigation measures in decision processes by risk analysis method.