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1
Indrasari, Madalia, and Iwan Rudiarto. "Kemampuan Kebertahanan Masyarakat pada Permukiman Rawan Banjir di Kecamatan Barabai, Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.8.2.116-129.
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Seasonal floods that occur in residential areas affect the socio-economic conditions of the community which will gradually lead to a level of survival. Resilience occurs because of the encouragement of the community that exposed to flood disasters to absorb and overcome the disturbances and get recover to keep continue the life, including to the community who live in flood-prone settlements in Barabai District. This study aims to analyze the ability of community survival as resilience in flood-prone areas in Barabai District. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive with scoring method whose assessment is based on the Resilience Radar index. This research asseses the social, economic, preparedness and physical dimensions. The results of the study found that the high-resilience element of the community resilience in Barabai is social dimension, and the low-resilience element is physical dimension. In aggregate, the community in flood-prone settlements in Barabai has a medium level of survival capability to flood disaster.
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Denton, M., and GG Ganf. "Response of juvenile Melaleuca halmaturorum to flooding: Management implications for a seasonal wetland, Bool Lagoon, South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 8 (1994): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941395.
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The response of M. halmaturorum was measured to determine the ability of juvenile plants to survive flooding and to examine how this influenced plant growth. Seedlings and one- and two-year-old plants were flooded to 0% (control), 50% or 100% of their initial height for periods of three to 14 weeks, followed by an eight-week recovery period. Only 22% of seedlings survived five weeks of 100% coverage, but these died during the recovery period. The older plants survived the flooding treatments well, but as duration increased so survival through the recovery period declined. After 100% coverage for six weeks followed by the recovery period, only 29% survived. Stem linear extension rates corresponding to these survival rates were used to predict the survival of juvenile M. halmaturorum in Bool Lagoon, South Australia. The results showed that, with the current water regime, natural recruitment would occur only at the highest elevation but that this could be improved by planting older, taller plants at lower elevations. Indices of growth showed that flooded plants performed poorly compared with the controls as duration and percentage of coverage increased. The data suggested that coverage inhibited plant growth during the flood period, but there was a further, interactive response to duration that became apparent after the post-flood recovery period. An interpretation of these results is that M. halmaturorum in its juvenile stages is intermediate between a flood-sensitive and a flood-tolerant species because it is able to recover from short floods of three weeks or less but performs poorly if floods exceed six to nine weeks.
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Parsons, Melissa, and Mark Southwell. "Flooding and geomorphology influence the persistence of the invasive annual herb Noogoora burr (Xanthium occidentale Bertol.) in the riparian zone of the dryland Darling River, Australia." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 5 (2015): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14116.
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The relationship between flooding, and the establishment and persistence of exotic species, is not well understood in highly variable dryland rivers. Increased moisture associated with floods is likely to stimulate establishment and growth of exotic plants, but floods may also act as a stress to exotic plants if floods last for weeks to months. This study examined how physical drivers of dryland rivers – flood inundation and geomorphology – influence the persistence of Xanthium occidentale Bertol. in the dryland Darling River, Australia. The distribution of X. occidentale was associated with flood-related moisture subsidy, moderated by channel geomorphology. Dead stalks and burrs on the ground occurred above the 8-m height of the previous flood. Adult and juvenile plants occurred below 8 m corresponding to smaller flood events. Flatter geomorphic units (floodplains and benches) contained more plants and burrs, whereas steeper geomorphic units (banks) did not retain burrs, limiting plant abundance. Flooding is not a stress to X. occidentale. A glasshouse experiment showed that flood durations of up to 40 days had minimal effect on the germination, survival and growth of X. occidentale burrs, seeds or seedlings. Weed management strategies for X. occidentale in dryland rivers could be enhanced by targeting periods following flooding when moisture availability is increased on the flatter geomorphic units in the river channel.
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Zhang, Lu Lu, Xuan Wang, and Lu Nie. "The Study on Ergonomics-Based Design of Flood Survival Kit." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5504.
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As life-saving facilities for individual and family in current domestic market is almost blank, this paper, using the theory of man-machine engineering, makes human, machine and environment as a whole to give a comprehensive analysis among flood audience, rescue production and environment. According to the audience’s physiological and psychological demand, it puts forward the concept of flood survival kit. With detailed description of its content, material, color and size, the paper provides a more humanized point for the design of flood survival kit.
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Stoyan Vergiev. "Sea water flood resilience of five plant species with conservation status over the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.3.0260.
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The Bulgarian Black Sea coastal zone is relatively protected from sea floods. Only extreme meteorological events such as unusual storms can cause flooding of coastal areas. Crucial for the application of rapid methods for vulnerability assessment of coastal plant communities from flooding caused by unusual storms over the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast is to obtain experimental data for sea water flood resilience. This study aims to determine the plant species survival in simulated flooding experiments in order to identify sea water flood resilience of five plant species with conservation status: Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb. ex Willd., Crambe tataria Sebeok, Aurinia uechtritziana (Bornm.) Cullen & Dudley, Silene thymifolia Sm., and Stachys maritima Gouan. As a result of a simulated flooding experiment, Critical Decomposition Time (CDT) was obtained. The five species were within the most vulnerable group (CDT < 48 h). The CDT was significantly shorter than floods with a maximum duration for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Only the values of the parameter beginning of decomposition of the leaves were accelerated by higher water temperatures. Other parameters were unrelated to different water temperatures. The investigated species have low survival rates and low degree of sea water flood resilience and their communities will not be able to recover after flooding with maximum duration within one vegetation season.
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Godara, Rakesh K., Billy J. Williams, and Eric P. Webster. "Texasweed (Caperonia palustris) Can Survive and Reproduce in 30-cm Flood." Weed Technology 25, no. 4 (December 2011): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00069.1.
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Texasweed is an annual broadleaf plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family and is an emerging problem in southern U.S. rice fields. Field studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to study the effect of flood depth on Texasweed survival and growth. The trearments were five flood depths: 0, 10, 15, 20, and 30 cm and two Texasweed growth stages: two- to three-leaf stage and four- to five-leaf stage. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized split-plot design with three replications. Flooding conditions were created by placing potted plants in 1.3 m by 0.7 m by 0.7 m polyvinyl chloride troughs. The effect of flood depth on Texasweed growth and fruit production was evaluated using ANOVA and regression analysis. Texasweed plants were able to survive in floods up to 30 cm; however, growth and fruit production were reduced. Increasing flood depths resulted in increased plant height and greater biomass allocation to stem. Texasweed plants produced adventitious roots and a thick spongy tissue, secondary aerenchyma, in the submerged roots and stem, which may play a role in its survival under flooded conditions. The recommended flood depth for rice in Louisiana is 5 to 10 cm. A 10-cm flood in the present study caused about 30 and 15% biomass reduction in two- to three-leaf and four- to five-leaf stage Texasweed, respectively. The results, thus, suggest that flooding alone may not be a viable option for Texasweed management in drill-seeded rice. However, appropriate manipulation of flooding could enhance the effectiveness of POST herbicides. This aspect needs further investigation.
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Sah, Seema, Stewart Reed, Krishnaswamy Jayachandran, Christopher Dunn, and Jack B. Fisher. "The Effect of Repeated Short-term Flooding on Mycorrhizal Survival in Snap Bean Roots." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.598.
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Since arbuscular–mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are aerobic, symbiosis was not considered significant under flooded conditions. However, AM colonization of wetland plants is now believed more common than previously thought. In the humid tropics, storms that result in standing water for 24 hours or less are common. Short-term floods, especially on sandy soils, may leach banded fertilizer, reducing uptake efficiency. Crops planted in flood prone areas are not normally enhanced with mycorrhizal mixes. However, mycorrhizal associations tolerant to wet conditions may improve nutrient uptake as plants recover from short-term flooding. Greenhouse studies were initiated to determine the effects of frequent short-term floods (two to four events) on mycorrhizal colonization and subsequent development in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Flooding produced no obvious long-term physical effects on plant shoots. In the first study, flooding did not affect survival of colonies established before the first flood event. Percent root colonization in flooded vs. nonflooded treatments was not significantly different at either 31 or 50 days after planting (DAP). As root length increased there was a concomitant increase in colonization so that percent colonization remained approximately the same in both flooded and nonflooded treatments. In the second study, three weekly floods beginning 13 DAP (cotyledon leaf open only) did not inhibit initial mycorrhizal colonization. Mycorrhizal associations should form with snap bean under conditions subject to short-term flooding. Additional research is needed to determine the efficacy of different mycorrhizal mixes under short-term flooded conditions in the field.
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Ranney, Thomas G., and Richard E. Bir. "Comparative Flood Tolerance of Birch Rootstock." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 1 (January 1994): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.1.43.
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The potential for enhancing flood tolerance of birches by using better adapted rootstock was evaluated. Survival, growth, and physiological responses were compared among flooded and nonflooded container-grown Japanese birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara. `Whitespire') trees grafted onto each of four rootstock: paper birch (B. papyrifera Marsh), European birch (B.pendula Roth.), river birch (B. nigra L.), and `Whitespire' Japanese birch. Separate studies were conducted in Fall 1991 and Spring 1992. Results showed no consistent differences in net photosynthesis (Pn) or survival among nonflooded plants regardless of rootstock or season, nor, were any symptoms of graft incompatibility evident. Flooding the root system for as long as 44 days revealed considerable differences among the four rootstock, with similar trends for fall and spring. Plants on river birch rootstock typically had one of the highest P rates and stomatal conductance (g,) and, in certain cases, greater mean shoot growth rates and survival of plants subjected to prolonged flooding. Although plants with European birch rootstock had survival rates similar to those of plants with river birch rootstock, plants on European birch rootstock had lower Pn under prolonged flooding, fewer late-formed roots, lower root-tip density after flooding, more abscissed leaves, and greater inhibition of shoot growth of plants flooded the previous fall. Paper and Japanese birch rootstock were most sensitive to flooding and had the lowest survival rate after flooding. However, plants on paper birch rootstock were the only plants whose Pn did not increase significantly when flooding ended; they had the most abscissed leaves during spring flooding and the greatest inhibition of shoot growth in the spring after flooding the previous fall. The four rootstock ranked from most to least flood tolerant were river > European > Japanese > paper.
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Gautam, Priyanka, Banwari Lal, Rajagounder Raja, Mirza Jaynul Baig, Deepika Haldar, Liza Rath, Mohammad Shahid, et al. "Post–flood nitrogen and basal phosphorus management affects survival, metabolic changes and anti-oxidant enzyme activities of submerged rice (Oryza sativa)." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 12 (2014): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14093.
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Flooding is one of the major harmful abiotic stresses in the low lying areas of Asia and crop losses due to submergence are considerably high. Along with plant breeding techniques, agronomic management options in general and nutrient management in particular should be taken into consideration. Response of Sub 1 and non-Sub1 cultivars of rice to post-flood nitrogen (N) management under variable flood water was compared at maximum tillering stage. Submergence tolerance on survival, leaf senescence, metabolic changes, and anti-oxidant enzymatic activities were evaluated. Sub1 cultivars proved their superiority over IR-20 in terms of significantly higher survival, anti-oxidant enzymes and lower metabolic changes. Turbid water resulted in lower survival because of poor light transmission, chlorophyll retention and silt deposition. Basal phosphorus reduced the elongation, senescence and ethylene accumulation. Post-flood foliar spray of urea substantially increased the chlorophyll, soluble sugars and extenuated ethylene accumulation resulting in significantly higher survival. These nutrient management options can provide opportunities for better survival and productivity even under turbid water, helping farmers to cope with the existing problems in flood-prone areas.
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Storey, Anne E. "Characteristics of successful nest sites for marsh-nesting common terns." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-222.
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The relationship between nest site characteristics and nest success during tidal flooding was studied in six New Jersey colonies of marsh-nesting common terns (Sterna hirundo). Most colonies were on high ground with a northeast water exposure, and almost all nests were on mats of dead vegetation. Terns nested on the thickest areas of the mats and, whether nesting on mats or on the ground, they selected nest sites with low vegetation density. The characteristics of successful nests differed with the height and date of the flood tide, and with wind direction. In the 1975 flood, nests on high ground were more successful, whereas nests in tall grass and on large mats successfully survived tidal flooding in 1976. Because grass height and ground height are negatively correlated in the marsh, it is difficult for the terns to maximize both characteristics when selecting a nest site. The large mats associated with flood survival in 1976 were also associated with higher prédation rates, indicating a further complication in selecting a safe nest site. Data from these floods were compared with floods studied by other researchers to further test whether certain nest site characteristics are associated with nest success in different types of floods.
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Manandhar, Sarita, Bedanand Chaudhary, Ashish K. Srivastava, Sudhanshu Singh, Uma Shankar Singh, and Stephan M. Haefele. "Nutrient Management for Higher Productivity of Swarna Sub1 under Flash Floods Areas." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 6 (March 17, 2020): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v6i0.28121.
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Two field experiments were conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara, Nepal during 2012 and 2013 to determine the effect of agronomic management on growth and yield of Swarna Sub1 under flash floods. The first experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications; and four different nutrient combinations at nursery as main plots and three age groups of rice seedlings as sub plots. The second experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated thrice; with three post flood nutrient doses at six and 12 days after de-submergence (dad). The experiments were complete submerged at 10 days after transplanting for 12 days. The survival percentage, at 21 dad, was significantly higher in plots planted with 35 (90.25%) and 40 (91.58%) days-old seedlings compared to 30 days-old seedlings (81.75%). Plots with 35 days-old seedlings produced 5.15 t ha-1 with advantage of 18.83% over 30 days-old seedlings. Plots with 100-50-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha at nursery recorded the highest grain filling of 79.41% and grain yield of 5.068 t/ha with more benefit. Post flood application of 20-20 N-K20kg/ha at 6 dad resulted in higher plant survival and taller plants, leading to significantly higher grain yield of 5.183 t/ha and straw yield of 5.315 t/ha. Hence, 35-40 days old seedlings raised with 100-50-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O /ha in nursery and the additional application of20-20 kg N-K2O /ha at 6 dad improved plant survival and enhanced yield of Swarna Sub1 under flash flood conditions. The practice has prospects of saving crop loss with getting rice yield above national average yield leading to enhanced food security in the flood prone areas of Nepal.
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Queiroz-Alves, Laize, Adrielle Leal, Ândrea Carla Dalmolin, Bruce Schaffer, and Marcelo Schramm Mielke. "Photosynthesis and Survival of Young Carpotroche brasiliensis Endl. (Achariaceae) Plants Subjected to Flooding." Forest Science 65, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz034.
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Abstract Carpotroche brasiliensis is a native tree of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with potential economic value for cultivation in agroforestry systems. We conducted an experiment to determine the photosynthetic and survival responses of young C. brasiliensis plants to electrochemical changes in flooded soils as an indication of their flood tolerance and potential for cultivation in flood-prone areas. Soil flooding decreases the reduction–oxidation potential (redox) potential (Eh), pH, and electrical conductivity (Ec) of the soil, with subsequent recovery of the pH and Ec. Decreases in Eh negatively affect net photosynthesis (A). In flooded soil, decreased A was associated with decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and after 21 days was also associated with decreases in the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci) and potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). Although flooded C. brasiliensis seedlings developed morphological structures known to increase flood tolerance, this was not enough to prevent severe signs of flooding stress. After 21 days of flooding, flooded plants were unflooded, and 17 days after plants were removed from flood, 90 percent of the unflooded plants died. Our results demonstrate that young plants of C. brasiliensis are suitable for planting in agroforestry systems only in areas with well-drained soils.
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Abbas, Azhar, T. S. Amjath-Babu, Harald Kächele, Muhammad Usman, M. Amjed Iqbal, Muhammad Arshad, M. Adnan Shahid, and Klaus Müller. "Sustainable survival under climatic extremes: linking flood risk mitigation and coping with flood damages in rural Pakistan." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 32 (September 20, 2018): 32491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3203-8.
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McCurry, Jonathan R., Matthew J. Gray, and David C. Mercker. "Early Growing Season Flooding Influence on Seedlings of Three Common Bottomland Hardwood Species in Western Tennessee." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-015.
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Abstract Understanding relative flood tolerance of hardwood bottomland seedlings is fundamental to restoring floodplain ecosystems. Thus, we quantified the effects of three early growing season flood duration (0, 15, and 30 d) treatments on survival and growth of overcup Quercus lyrata, Nuttall Q. nuttallii, and willow Q. phellos oak seedlings. Seedlings (n = 5,003) were planted January–March 2004 in a randomized design among six impoundments in a western Tennessee bottomland. We flooded four impoundments (two 15-d and two 30-d treatments) after seedling bud break initiated in April 2005 and 2006 to simulate overbank flooding of a river. Overall seedling survival measured in July and October 2005 and July 2006 was 96, 89, and 84% overcup, Nuttall, and willow, respectively. Survival of Nuttall and willow was greatest in unflooded control impoundments. All species exhibited the least growth in the 30-d treatment. Growth of Nuttall and willow were generally greater in the 15-d treatment than in the control treatment. We ranked relative seedling flood tolerance as decreasing from overcup to Nuttall to willow, which corresponds with previous greenhouse studies. We recommend that natural resource practitioners plant overcup at low elevations in bottomlands that flood frequently, plant Nuttall at mid-range elevations, and plant willow exclusively at higher elevations that flood infrequently to increase the likelihood of restoration success.
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Matthews, Jeffrey W., Geoffrey E. Pociask, Edward P. F. Price, and Adrianna E. Krzywicka. "Flood Exposure Affects Long-Term Tree Survival in Compensatory Mitigation Wetlands." Wetlands 39, no. 5 (May 12, 2019): 1129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01158-7.
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Anandan, Annamalai, Govindrajan Rajiv, Akkisetty Ramarao, and Muthu Prakash. "Internode elongation pattern and differential response of rice genotypes to varying levels of flood water." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 2 (2012): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11184.
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Rice plants are damaged during floods by complete or partial submergence. The pattern of expression of rice plant varies with different flood regimes. Accordingly, the morphological and physiological responses of rice genotypes were studied in field and pot experiments under different flood regimes. Wide genetic base lines of Oryza sativa and sub 1 introgressed submergence tolerant were compared in field experiments using principle component analysis. Further, based on internode elongation pattern, two genotypes – Bodikaburi and Pokkali – were selected for a pot experiment to find more on elongation pattern of internodes under different flood regimes. Short-term submergence in minimal water, elongation of blade, sheath, leaf area, DW, number of nodes in primary stem and survival present showed strong positive relationship with shoot length. Number of tillers, leaf area and DW were more affected and decreased during submergence than its non-submergence counterpart. Under different flooding regimes, cvv Bodikaburi and Pokkali exhibited different behaviour in the elongation pattern of the shoot. Partial submergence accelerated elongation of all internodes whereas complete submergence accelerated the top internode. Enhancement of shoot elongation during submergence in water is an escape strategy adopted by rice to resume aerobic metabolism and to improve carbon fixation. This escape strategy varies among genotypes with respect to different flooding regimes. Therefore, breeders should be aware of breeding of rice plants with suitable architecture for different flood- prone environments.
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Vanden Heuvel, Justine. "THE EFFECT OF FLOOD WATER TEMPERATURE ON CRANBERRY UPRIGHTS AND ROOTS DURING SPRING AND FALL FLOODS." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 495C—495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.495c.
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Cranberry bogs are flooded for several purposes during the growing season, including pest control and harvest. A spring `late water' and a fall `harvest' flood were simulated on potted cranberry uprights (`Stevens'). The `late water' flood is a 1-month flood held on some Massachusetts bogs from mid-April to mid-May. The flood was simulated at 11 and 21 °C. Over the course of the 1-month flood, total non-structural carbohydrate concentration (TNSC) of the upright tissue decreased by 13% and 46% in the 11 and 21 °C treatments, respectively. Root TNSC was not affected by flooding in the 11 °C treatment, but was reduced by 39% in the 21 °C treatment. In the 1-week `harvest' flood simulated at 12 and 20 °C, TNSC of the upright tissue decreased by 47% and 59% in the 12 and 20 °C treatments, respectively. Root TNSC was reduced by 22% in the 12 °C flood, and by 41% in the 20 °C flood. Two weeks following removal from the 1-month `late water' flood, uprights in the 11 °C treatment contained 9% more TNSC than uprights in the 21 °C treatment, while root TNSC from the two treatments was similar. No treatment differences were evident in the uprights or roots of the vines subjected to the `late water' flood by harvest. Two weeks following removal from the 1-week `harvest' flood, uprights in the 12 °C treatment contained 20% more TNSC than uprights in the 20 °C treatment, while roots of vines in the 12 °C flood contained 17% more TNSC compared to vines in the 20 °C flood. Vines which were negatively impacted by the warmer `harvest' flood treatment likely had reduced energy available for winter survival, spring growth and fruit production.
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Lal, B., Priyanka Gautam, S. Mohanty, R. Raja, R. Tripathi, M. Shahid, B. B. Panda, et al. "Combined application of silica and nitrogen alleviates the damage of flooding stress in rice." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 7 (2015): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14326.
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Flooding is the major abiotic stress in flood-prone rice ecosystems, where duration, severity and turbidity of flooding are the factors negatively affecting survival and crop growth worldwide. Advances in physiology, genetics, and molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses, but nutrient-management options are still lacking. This study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of silica (Si), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) with Sub1 and non-Sub1 cultivars of rice under clear and turbid water submergence. Submergence tolerance effects on allometry, metabolic changes, photosynthetic rate and ethylene accumulation were evaluated. Application of Si reduced elongation, lodging and leaf senescence, with more prominent effects when applied with basal P. Combined effect of Si, N and P significantly improved, growth, photosynthetic rate, concentrations of chlorophyll and soluble sugars of rice after flood recovery, which led to higher plant survival. The findings of the study suggest that combined application of Si, N and P can significantly contribute to higher survival of rice seedlings and establishment thereafter in flash-flood prone areas.
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Devkota, Dinesh Chandra, Kamal Thapa, and Bhaskar Kharki. "Economic analysis of ecosystem based adaptation and engineering options: A case study from Udayapur, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 3 (December 7, 2015): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v3i0.22733.
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Ecosystem services are vital to our well-being as they directly or indirectly support our survival and quality of life. But, the growing impact of climate change diminishes the benefit from ecosystem services. Therefore, identifying possible applicable adaptation options are inevitable to reduce the effect of climate change. The present research is based on a case study of Ksedi River watershed, Ajgada Village in Udaypur district of Nepal. The study demonstrates the comparison between different options to deal with flood and make a sound decision, based on economic rationale for long-term benefits. The present study compares ecosystem based adaptation options with engineering options using cost benefit analysis in order to protect village from flooding. Through stakeholder and expert consultations, ecosystem based adaptation options and economic options that are feasible in the village and catchment to mitigate the floods were listed. Economic analysis of these options and the different combinations were done using cost benefit analysis. Analysis was carried out for each of the different combination of options. Focus on ecosystem based adaptation options provide high benefit to cost return in terms of avoided damages and considering engineering options efficient in flood and erosion control in initial stage in spite of its high cost. The study suggests that reforestation in upland forest areas; plantation along riverbed and management of rangeland should be prioritized. Similarly, preparation of flood model, flood height damage curve and flood vulnerable maps specific to the site will help decision makers to implement site specific adaptation options.
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Bradley, Cheryl E., and Derald G. Smith. "Plains cottonwood recruitment and survival on a prairie meandering river floodplain, Milk River, southern Alberta and northern Montana." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-195.
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Age, distribution, and density of two populations of plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides var. occidentalis Rydb.) on the floodplain of the Milk River, southern Alberta and northern Montana, were studied in relation to historical river hydrology and sedimentation regimes. In Alberta, cottonwood recruitment leading to long-term survival on river meander lobes (point bars) correlates with years when daily maximum flows during the period of seed dispersal (June 1 to July 10) attain a stage equal to or greater than the 2-year return flood, based on the annual flood series. Such flood events during the seed dispersal period recur an average of once in 5 years. In Montana, on the floodplain for 25 km downstream of Fresno Dam, built in 1939, the densities of cottonwoods recruited since 1939 are significantly lower than on floodplain sites upstream, in Alberta. Results suggest that this is due to a marked reduction in flood magnitude and frequency, rates of sedimentation and meander migration. Based on this study, the prospects for cottonwood survival on floodplains downriver from dams in this and other prairie river valleys are not encouraging unless management measures are taken to reverse the trend.
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Bell, Ethan, Walt G. Duffy, and Terry D. Roelofs. "Fidelity and Survival of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Response to a Flood." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130, no. 3 (May 2001): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0450:fasojc>2.0.co;2.
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Sakagami, Jun-Ichi, and Naoyoshi Kawano. "Survival of submerged rice in a flood-prone region of West Africa." Tropics 20, no. 2 (2011): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.20.55.
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Tompson, Andrew F. B. "Born from a flood: The Salton Sea and its story of survival." Journal of Earth Science 27, no. 1 (February 2016): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0630-7.
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Barak, Orly, Fritz Geiser, and Noga Kronfeld-Schor. "Flood-induced multiday torpor in golden spiny mice (Acomys russatus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 6 (2018): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo19061.
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Mammalian and avian torpor is widely viewed as an adaptation for survival of cold winters. However, in recent years it has been established that torpor can also be expressed in summer and that the functions of torpor are manyfold, including survival of adverse environmental events such as fires, storms, heat waves and droughts. Here we provide the first evidence on (1) torpor induction via an accidental flooding event in mammals (in captivity) and (2) expression of multiday torpor by spiny mice, lasting >7 times as long as usually observed for this desert rodent. Our data suggest yet another function of mammalian torpor, as a response to flood, in addition to many other adverse environmental events, and not just in response to cold.
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Nabukalu, Pheonah, and Carrie A. Knott. "Development and Evaluation of Methods to Identify Sea Oats Breeding Lines for Beaches with Shallow Dunes." HortTechnology 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.4.484.
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Sea oats (Uniola paniculata) is an aesthetically pleasing native plant used for beach restoration along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast. Many beaches in this region have shallow, saturated dune profiles, which reduces sea oats survival. The objective of this study was to develop methods to identify saturation-tolerant sea oats breeding lines. Sea oats seedlings were evaluated for saturation tolerance in greenhouse, beach, and field environments from 2010 to 2012. In 2010, sea oats grown under eight treatments (seven greenhouse treatments and a natural beach site) were examined. In 2010, sea oats seedling survival 2 and 3 months after transplanting (MAT) was greatest for four greenhouse treatments (nonflooded control, 6 cm cyclic flood, 6 cm static flood, and 10 cm cyclic flood) and least at the beach environment (Holly Beach, LA). In 2011 and 2012, sea oats grown under six treatments (four greenhouse treatments, a natural beach site, and a saturated field site) were examined. In 2011, sea oats seedling survival 3 MAT ranged from 0.3% to 98%. The nonflooded greenhouse control had the greatest survival, whereas plants grown on dry bench regularly watered with 35 parts per thousand (ppt) saline solution had the least survival. Sea oats constantly flooded with 14 cm of saline water in the greenhouse had the least survival 2 and 3 MAT, 70% and 41%, respectively. Sea oats survival when flooded with 14 cm of fresh water 3 MAT correlated with a saturated beach environment, Holly Beach, LA, 6 MAT (r = 0.970, P = 0.030) and a saturated field environment, Baton Rouge, 6 MAT (r = 0.994, P = 0.006). These findings suggest that survival of sea oats grown in a greenhouse in 14 cm fresh water for 3 months correlates to sea oats survival at saturated beaches after 6 months, in the absence of significant storm events. Identifying protocols for selection of saturation-tolerant sea oats lines is essential to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of northern Gulf of Mexico sea oats breeding programs.
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Scarano, Fabio Rubio, José Henrique Cattânio, and Robert M. M. Crawford. "Root carbohydrate storage in young saplings of an Amazonian tidal várzea forest before the onset of the wet season." Acta Botanica Brasilica 8, no. 2 (December 1994): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33061994000200002.
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Root starch and glucose content were measured for young saplings of 18 Amazonian tidal várzea tree species during a dry season. The pattern of carbohydrate storage depended on the type of plant involved and soil topography which is directly linked to flood regime. Most plants showed high root carbohydrate content at this point in the dry season, however, several typically flood-tolerant species (particularly palm trees) presented a low root carbohydrate content, suggesting a strategy of acquiring reserves during the wet season to survive the dry season, when depletion occurs. Plant survival in these flood-prone forests seems to be the result of more than only one adaptive mechanism.
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Clapham, Matthew E., and Paul R. Renne. "Flood Basalts and Mass Extinctions." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 275–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136.
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Flood basalts were Earth's largest volcanic episodes that, along with related intrusions, were often emplaced rapidly and coincided with environmental disruption: oceanic anoxic events, hyperthermals, and mass extinction events. Volatile emissions, both from magmatic degassing and vaporized from surrounding rock, triggered short-term cooling and longer-term warming, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation. The magnitude of biological extinction varied considerably, from small events affecting only select groups to the largest extinction of the Phanerozoic, with less-active organisms and those with less-developed respiratory physiology faring especially poorly. The disparate environmental and biological outcomes of different flood basalt events may at first order be explained by variations in the rate of volatile release modulated by longer trends in ocean carbon cycle buffering and the composition of marine ecosystems. Assessing volatile release, environmental change, and biological extinction at finer temporal resolution should be a top priority to refine ancient hyperthermals as analogs for anthropogenic climate change. ▪ Flood basalts, the largest volcanic events in Earth history, triggered dramatic environmental changes on land and in the oceans. ▪ Rapid volcanic carbon emissions led to ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation that often caused widespread animal extinctions. ▪ Animal physiology played a key role in survival during flood basalt extinctions, with reef builders such as corals being especially vulnerable. ▪ The rate and duration of volcanic carbon emission controlled the type of environmental disruption and the severity of biological extinction.
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Jergenson, Abigail M., David A. W. Miller, Lorin A. Neuman-Lee, Daniel A. Warner, and Fredric J. Janzen. "Swimming against the tide: resilience of a riverine turtle to recurrent extreme environmental events." Biology Letters 10, no. 3 (March 2014): 20130782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0782.
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Extreme environmental events (EEEs) are likely to exert deleterious effects on populations. From 1996 to 2012 we studied the nesting dynamics of a riverine population of painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta ) that experienced seven years with significantly definable spring floods. We used capture–mark–recapture methods to estimate the relationships between more than 5 m and more than 6 m flood events and population parameters. Contrary to expectations, flooding was not associated with annual differences in survival, recruitment or annual population growth rates of the adult female segment of the population. These findings suggest that female C. picta exhibit resiliency to key EEE, which are expected to increase in frequency under climate change.
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Klinger, Rob. "Catastrophes, disturbances and density-dependence: population dynamics of the spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys desmarestianus) in a neotropical lowland forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 5 (August 16, 2007): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004415.
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Capture–mark–recapture methods were used to study the influence of density-dependent and density-independent factors on population dynamics of the spiny pocket mouse Heteromys desmarestianus in a lowland forest in Belize. Fourteen trapping sessions were conducted in six 0.5-ha grids at irregular intervals from July 2000 to March 2005. Responses by H. desmarestianus to four disturbance events depended on the type and magnitude of the events. Although fluctuations in density were strongly related to fruit availability, the disturbances tended to magnify direct and delayed density-dependent effects on reproduction and juvenile survival. A catastrophic flood in July 2000 eliminated the entire population, but by September 2001 population density had increased from 34.4 individuals ha−1 immediately pre-flood to 42.5 individuals ha−1. Indirect effects from a hurricane in October 2001 had greater and longer lasting influences on demographic rates than direct effects from less severe floods in August 2002 and September 2003. Fruiting ceased for almost 2.5 y after the hurricane, resulting in extremely low juvenile survival and a decline in density from 46.8 individuals ha−1 in January 2002 to 23.0 individuals ha−1 in January 2004. Fruiting began again in January 2004, and after several subsequent pulses of reproduction and generally higher rates of juvenile survival the population reached a maximum of 77.3 individuals ha−1 in March 2005. Inferences from the study, especially on the duration of delayed-density-dependent effects, must be made cautiously because of the irregular trapping intervals resulting from the unplanned disturbances. However, the results indicate that population dynamics of many tropical small-mammal populations will be driven by direct and indirect effects from density-independent events that amplify density-dependent influences on demographic rates.
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Abd Majid, Nuriah, Nurafiqah Muhamad Nazi, Nor Diana Mohd Idris, and Mohd Raihan Taha. "GIS-Based Livelihood Vulnerability Index Mapping of the Socioeconomy of the Pekan Community." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 6935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246935.
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Monsoon floods that annually hit the east coast of Malaysia have brought a variety of implications, especially for those who inhabit the most vulnerable areas. This study aims to find the relationship between the socioeconomy of the community living and flood events in the district of Pekan, Pahang. This involved geographic analyses which combined data on vulnerability index components represented by Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping. A field survey was conducted to assess the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), comprising major and sub-components of vulnerability for ten sub-districts in Pekan. LVI mapping was performed for every major component of the LVI with spatial data on the district. Households in the Gancung sub-district were found to be more vulnerable to flooding impact, with a high exposure index (0.59), but reported a positive vulnerability based on adaptive capacity (0.06). Penyur (0.51) was the most vulnerable and sensitive in terms of food security during the flood season. LVI assessment in the Pekan district could be used as an indicator to change livelihoods, survival food storage practices, and other preventive measures in order to curb damages and injuries when annual flooding strikes in the future.
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Harini, Rika, Bowo Susilo, Tiara Sarastika, S. Supriyati, M. C. Satriagasa, and Rina Dwi Ariani. "The Survival Strategy of Households Affected by Tidal Floods: The Cases of Two Villages in the Pekalongan Coastal Area." Forum Geografi 31, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v31i1.4259.
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Pekalongan is one of the coastal areas of Java Island that is affected by tidal floods. Tidal floods have various impacts on the social and economic conditions of the community, thus affecting their livelihoods. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a tidal flood, the socioeconomic characteristics of the community and the survival approach of coastal communities in Pekalongan. This study was conducted using a purposive sampling method in two villages in Pekalongan Regency, namely Jeruksari Village and Tegaldowo Village, because these two areas are affected by tidal floods. The study was conducted by using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs), as well as structured interviews. The structured interview sample consisted of 60 respondents who were selected at random using quota sampling. The analysis was using qualitative-descriptive and quantitative methods. The gathered data were then presented in tables, diagrams and maps. The results showed that tidal floods resulted in physical, economic, sociocultural, health, educational, and environmental damages to the communities in both villages. The majority of the community members only have an elementary school education and primarily work as labourers. There is a difference in the amount of family income between the two villages, where the average family in Jeruksari Village has a higher income (IDR 3,465,300 per month) than the average family in Tegaldowo Village with total household income of about IDR 2 million per month. The most frequently used approach for survival in both villages is what is known as the survival strategy, i.e. a strategy to meet the needs of life at a minimum level to survive.
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Woodman, J. D. "Surviving a flood: effects of inundation period, temperature and embryonic development stage in locust eggs." Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000243.
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AbstractThe Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), is an important agricultural pest and oviposits into compacted soil across vast semi-arid and arid regions prone to irregular heavy summer rainfall. This study aimed to quantify the effects of flooding (control, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days) at different temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C) and embryonic development stages (25 and 75%) on egg viability, hatchling nymph body mass and survival to second-instar. Egg viability after flooding was dependent on temperature and flood duration. Eggs inundated at 15°C showed ≥53.5% survival regardless of flood duration and development stage compared with ≤29.6% for eggs at 25°C for ≥21 days early in development and ≥14 days late in development. Hatchling nymphs did not differ in body mass relative to temperature or flood duration, but weighed more from eggs inundated early in development rather than late. Survival to second-instar was ≤55.1% at 15 and 20°C when eggs were flooded for ≥28 days late in development, ≤35.6% at 25°C when flooded for ≥28 days early in development, and zero when flooded for ≥21 days late in development. These results suggest that prolonged flooding in summer and early autumn may cause very high egg mortality and first-instar nymph mortality of any survivors, but is likely to only ever affect a small proportion of the metapopulation. More common flash flooding for ≤14 days is unlikely to cause high mortality and have any direct effect on distribution and abundance.
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Garcés-Restrepo, Mario F., John L. Carr, and Alan Giraldo. "Long-Term Variation in Survival of A Neotropical Freshwater Turtle: Habitat and Climatic Influences." Diversity 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11060097.
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Few long-term demographic studies have been conducted on freshwater turtles of South America, despite the need for this type of inquiry to investigate natural variation and strengthen conservation efforts for these species. In this study, we examined the variation in demography of the Chocoan River Turtle (Rhinoclemmys nasuta) based on a population from an island locality in the Colombian Pacific region between 2005 and 2017. We calculated survival, recapture, and transition probabilities, and the effects of stream substrate and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases (El Niño, Neutral, La Niña) on these variables using a multi-state model. We found differences in survival probabilities between ENSO phases, likely as a consequence of an increase in flood events. In addition, we found support for survival being greater in muddy streams than rocky streams, possibly because it is easier to escape or hide in mud substrates. Recapture probabilities varied by life stages; differences in the probability of recapture between size classes were associated with the high fidelity to territories by adults. The present increases in frequency and severity of El Niño and La Niña may exacerbate the consequences of climatic regimes on natural populations of turtles by increasing the mortality caused by drastic phenomena such as floods.
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Islam, MS, T. Hasan, MSIR Chowdhury, MH Rahaman, and TR Tusher. "Coping Techniques of Local People to Flood and River Erosion in Char Areas of Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14827.
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This study is designed to explore the local people survival strategies and assesses variation in peoples ability to cope with flood and riverbank erosion of two char land (Mid-channel Island) villages of Bangladesh. The data were collected by the application of social survey, key informant interview, focus group discussions and field observation. Most of the people of the char land villages were affected by both flood and river erosion. The result of the study showed that devastating river erosion occurred in Shushua char as compared with Degreer char in 2010 and people tried to adapt with adverse situation by their own techniques. People of both the chars were experienced flooding more than two months in the same year. Households ability to adapt with flood and river erosion depends on peoples socioeconomic and environmental conditions, such as education, income and occupation. Though, flood and river erosion cause the loss of lives and properties, peoples indigenous coping techniques could significantly reduced their vulnerability without outside assistance. Effective early warning system, integrate local coping practice with modern technology and improve socioeconomic condition in a sustainable way are necessary to reduce the losses from flood and riverbank erosion.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14827 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 251-261 2012
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Ahlers, A. A., R. L. Schooley, E. J. Heske, and M. A. Mitchell. "Effects of flooding and riparian buffers on survival of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) across a flashiness gradient." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 10 (October 2010): 1011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-069.
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Increased agricultural production within the Grand Prairie region, USA, has resulted in drainage of most natural wetlands within the landscape. Muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus (L., 1766)) in this region have shifted much of their distribution to riparian habitats that have unstable flow regimes and flood inundation times that could be related to position within watersheds. We investigated predation risk of radio-marked riparian muskrats during flooding events in relation to landscape position. We used known-fate models and an information–theoretic approach to examine effects of age, season, hydrology, and riparian width on weekly survival rates. During flooding events, muskrats positioned farther from headwaters were displaced for longer, as well as exposed to predation from terrestrial predators for longer, than those positioned closer to headwaters. However, this increased exposure during floods did not translate into lower survival because most mortalities were due to predation by American mink ( Neovison vison (Schreber, 1777)) along stream edges during nonflooding periods. Weekly survival of muskrats was lower in winter (mean = 0.9377, SE = 0.1793) than in nonwinter (mean = 0.9770, SE = 0.0116) and was positively related to riparian width. Larger riparian buffers can increase muskrat survival in small streams and agricultural ditches within highly altered, human-dominated agroecosystems. Our study provides a rare example of linking riparian buffers to fitness for a stream-associated organism.
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Pavlov, Sergey Ivanovich, and Andrey Stepanovich Yaitsky. "Fauna of leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of isolated Volga Islands and mechanisms of their secondary settlement." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874117.
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The following paper deals with the study that was carried out during 1974-2016 in natural and laboratory conditions in the Samara Region. The authors studied the features of adults leaf beetles survival as a result of the Volga river flood spill, flooding of the isolated island systems as well as migratory processes of insects. Over a 12-year period of field research, 11 entomologists, using 2 traditional and 6 authors methods, have collected 29 species of Chrysomelidae beetles on 11 large Volga Islands (3 of which are periodically flooded) and 20 large, regularly flooded shallows and braids. It is established that the fauna of the Islands leaf beetles is very close to the fauna of adjacent coasts by genesis. The authors analyze the origin and relief of typical Islands, the level of flood waters, the duration of flooding of the Volga river floodplain near Samarskaya Luka, the mechanisms of survival of beetles by adapting them to the conditions of habitats or features of their migrations, with the secondary settlement of island systems. It is established that, in addition to the active flight and autonomous navigation to the Islands, beetles use available boats - rafts from vegetable flood sludge, small and fairly large floating objects (from branches and boards to river vessels). It is established that migrations occur annually, completely regardless of the island beetles-predecessors population wintering success.
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Izza, Muh. "Mitigasi Banjir ROB Perspektif Ecopreneur Muslim." Al-Buhuts 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/ab.v15i1.973.
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Purpose of this research is to explore the effectiveness of Muslim ecopreneur-based ROB flood mitigation in Pekalongan sub-district, north of Pekalongan city. Environmental based mitigation is very urgent because the environment is a vital element of life. The object of this research is small, medium and large entrepreneurs in 7 villages. This study uses the Community Base Research (CBR) approach through qualitative descriptive analysis by sampling 42 Muslim entrepreneurs. The results of the study show that ROB flood mitigation in North Pekalongan District of Pekalongan City through 3 mechanisms, namely (1) survival mitigation, by renovating buildings ( 2) relocation mitigation, for entrepreneurs who don't need adaptation and (3) balance mitigation, by reducing their business activities because there are business concerns. The effectiveness of ecopreneur-based ROB flood mitigation in North Pekalongan District through 2 mechanisms, (1) structural mechanism, by engineering bureaucratic basis technicians (2) non-structural mechanism by making a regulation, regulation or policy.
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Koger, Clifford H., Krishna N. Reddy, and Daniel H. Poston. "Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperonia palustris)." Weed Science 52, no. 6 (December 2004): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-139r2.
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Field, laboratory, and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the seed production potential and effect of environmental factors on germination, emergence, and survival of texasweed. Texasweed produced an average of 893 seed per plant, and 90% were viable. Seed exhibited dormancy, and prechilling did not release dormancy. Percent germination ranged from 56% for seed subjected to no prechilling to 1% for seed prechilled at 5 C for 140 d. Seed remained viable during extended prechilling conditions, with 80% of seed viable after 140 d of prechilling. Texasweed seed germinated over a range of 20 to 40 C, with optimum germination (54%) occurring with a fluctuating 40/30 C temperature regime. Seed germinated with fluctuating 12-h light/dark and constant dark conditions. Texasweed seed germinated over a broad range of pH, osmotic potential, and salt concentrations. Seed germination was 31 to 62% over a pH range from 4 to 10. Germination of texasweed ranged from 9 to 56% as osmotic potential decreased from − 0.8 MPa to 0 (distilled water). Germination was greater than 52% at less than 40 mM NaCl concentrations and lowest (27%) at 160 mM NaCl. Texasweed seedlings emerged from soil depths as deep as 7.5 cm (7% emergence), but emergence was > 67% for seed placed on the soil surface or at a 1-cm depth. Texasweed seed did not germinate under saturated or flooded conditions, but seed survived flooding and germinated (23 to 25%) after flood removal. Texasweed seedlings 2.5 to 15 cm tall were not affected by emersion in 10-cm-deep flood for up to 14 d. These results suggest that texasweed seed is capable of germinating and surviving in a variety of climatic and edaphic conditions, and that flooding is not a viable management option for emerged plants of texasweed.
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Demetrio, GR, MEA Barbosa, and FF Coelho. "Water level-dependent morphological plasticity in Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. and Schl. (Alismataceae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 suppl 1 (August 2014): S199—S206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.26912.
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Aquatic plants are able to alter their morphology in response to environmental condition variation, such as water level fluctuations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water level on Sagittaria montevidensis morphology through measures of vegetative structures formed in drought and flood periods. We hypothesised that the plant height and the biomass of S. montevidensis leaves will increase during flood periods, while the biomass and diameter of petioles, and the basal plant area will increase during dry periods. We sampled a total amount of 270 individuals in nine sediment banks per visit, totalling 1080 plants. In order to compare plant morphology between dry and flood periods, we measured the water level in each bank and took the following variables for each plant: diameter, height and diameter of the biggest petiole. In order to compare biomass allocation between dry and flood periods, we sampled a total amount of 90 individuals in nine sediment banks per visit, totalling 360 plants. Plants were dried and weighed in the laboratory. All measured morphologic traits, as well as the biomass of leaf blades and petioles, were higher during flood periods, indicating that water level highly influences the morphology of S. montevidensis individuals. Our results suggest that these morphological responses allow survival and maintenance of S. montevidensis populations under environmental stress. These results can be linked to the invasive potential of S. montevidensis and sheds light on basic management practices that may be applied in the future.
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Ranney, Thomas G., John M. Ruter, and Clifford D. Ruth. "Evaluation of Heat and Flood Tolerance among Diverse Taxa of Hollies (Ilex)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 600d—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.600d.
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Temperature sensitivity of net photosynthesis (PSN), dark respiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence was evaluated among three taxa of hollies including I. aquifolium, I. cornuta, and I. rugosa. Variations in foliar heat tolerance among these species were expressed as differential temperature responses for PSN. Temperature optima for PSN was 22.0, 26.3 and 27.9 umol·m–2·s–1 for I. rugosa, I. cornuta, and I. aquifolium, respectively. Differences in temperature optima for PSN and thermotolerance of PSN appeared to result from a combination of stomatal and nonstomatal limitations. At 40°C, potential photosynthetic capacity, measured under saturating CO2, was 4.1, 9.4, and 14.8 μmol·m–2·s–1 for I. rugosa, I. aquifolium, and I. cornuta, respectively. Based on these results, I. rugosa was identified as the most heat-sensitive species followed by I. aquifolium then I. cornuta. Comparative tolerance to root-zone inundation was evaluated among 14 holly taxa. Following 8 weeks of flooding, four of the taxa: I. cornuta `Burfordii', I. × `Nellie R. Stevens', I. cassine, and I. × attenuata `Foster's #2' performed remarkably well during and after flooding with photosynthetic rates > 40% of the controls, root ratings >75% of the controls, <5% of the foliage showing deterioration, and 100% survival. Conversely, I. crenata `Convexa', Ilex × meserveae `Blue Princess', I. rugosa and I. aquifolium `Sparkler' did not tolerate flooding well as indicated by severely depressed photosynthetic rates, deterioration of foliage and roots, and decreased survival. The remaining taxa were intermediate.0
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Korman, Josh, S. J. D. Martell, and Carl Walters. "Describing population dynamics for early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using a stock synthesis model1This article is a companion to Korman et al. 2011, published this issue." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 6 (June 2011): 1110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-046.
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A stock synthesis model was used to assess effects of experimental flows on early life stages of nonnative rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam (Arizona, USA). The model estimated time-varying survival rates while correcting for entry of new recruits to the age-0 population and changes in vulnerability to capture associated with growth and ontogenetic habitat shifts. A controlled flood, designed in part to enhance native fish habitat, led to an 11-fold increase in early survival rates (fertilization to ~1 month from emergence) of weekly cohorts of trout fertilized after the flood. Effects of increased flow fluctuations during incubation, designed to reduce trout abundance, were not apparent. Age-0 mortality between August and September was over twofold higher in years when there was a 50% reduction in the minimum flow compared with years when flow was stable. There was strong support for models that simulated an ontogenetic shift to deeper habitat in four of five study years. The integration of detailed field information in a stock synthesis model to describe early life history dynamics is a valuable approach that can be applied in a wide range of systems.
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Pruett, Jessica L., Ann Fairly Pandelides, Kristine L. Willett, and Deborah J. Gochfeld. "Effects of flood-associated stressors on growth and survival of early life stage oysters (Crassostrea virginica)." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 544 (November 2021): 151615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151615.
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Karpenko, V. I., and E. A. Pogorelov. "FEEDING PECULIARITIES OF FISH JUVENILES DURING HIGH WATER LEVEL IN KARYMAI STREAM IN SUMMER 2018." Bulletin оf Kamchatka State Technical University, no. 54 (2020): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17217/2079-0333-2020-54-65-81.
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The results of study on the food composition of juvenile fish during an anomalous flood in Karymai stream in summer 2018 are presented. The problem of the occurrence of an abnormally low supply of juveniles of most salmonids and the use of the maximum number of components for species survival under such conditions are discussed. Possible directions of the formation of interspecific food relations in fresh waters are considered.
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Smit, Barbara A. "Selection of flood-resistant and susceptible seedlings of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-040.
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To identify Populustrichocarpa plants with contrasting levels of resistance to flooding, seedlings from five diverse riparian sites were evaluated for growth and survival under flooding conditions. All seedlings survived 6 or 8 weeks of flooding. Total branch length and leaf number were reduced in all flooded plants relative to nonflooded controls. There was also a marked reduction in individual leaf area and increased stomatal resistance of flooded plants compared with nonflooded controls. Growth of flooded and nonflooded plants was highly variable within populations and no significant trends were found among populations. Therefore differential responses to flooding can be selected for within any of the seed collection sites. Plants that were rated as particularly resistant or susceptible fo flooding were selected for further study.
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Dylewski, Katie L., Amy N. Wright, Kenneth M. Tilt, and Charlene LeBleu. "Effect of Previous Flood Exposure on Flood Tolerance and Growth of Three Landscape Shrub Taxa Subjected to Repeated Short-term Flooding." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.30.2.58.
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Ilex glabra ‘Shamrock’ (‘Shamrock’ inkberry holly), Itea virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ (‘Henry's Garnet’ sweetspire), and Viburnum nudum ‘Winterthur’ (‘Winterthur’ possumhaw) were flooded for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 6 d, first in a greenhouse and then outdoors. Flooding treatments were in a factorial combination of greenhouse flooding treatment × outdoor flooding treatment. Following each flooding period, plants were allowed to drain for 6 d and received no irrigation. Plants in the 3 and 6 d flood treatments experienced a total of 7 and 5 flood cycles, respectively both in the greenhouse and outdoors. All taxa maintained 100% survival during greenhouse and outdoor flooding. Following greenhouse flooding, final size index (SI) of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ and I. glabra ‘Shamrock’ decreased with increasing flood length; V. nudum ‘Winterthur’ had no differences in SI among treatments. Following outdoor flooding, there were no differences in flooding treatment for relative size index (RSI) of I. glabra ‘Shamrock’, no clear effect of flooding treatment on RSI for V. nudum ‘Winterthur’, and RSI of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ was lowest in plants that were not flooded in the greenhouse. RDW and SDW of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ and I. glabra ‘Shamrock’ tended to be lowest in plants that were initially flooded in the greenhouse for 6 d, while there was no clear effect of either greenhouse or outdoor flooding on RDW and SDW of V. nudum ‘Winterthur’. When exposed to flooding in the greenhouse I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ seemed to better tolerate outdoor flooding, while the other two taxa did not appear to gain any benefit from previous flood exposure. All three taxa sustained growth throughout all phases of the experiment and maintained good visual quality indicating that all three would be tolerant of repeated, short-term flooding.
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Gao, Xia, Da-Bing Ge, Zheng-Miao Deng, Yong-Hong Xie, and Tie-Jun Gao. "Survival Strategy in the Wetland SedgeCarex brevicuspis(Cyperaceae) in Response to Flood and Drought: Avoidance or Tolerance?" Annales Botanici Fennici 52, no. 5-6 (December 2015): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/085.052.0523.
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Campbell, MH, AM Bowman, WD Bellotti, JJ Friend, and HI Nicol. "Establishment and Survival of Pasture Grasses Surface-Sown Into Wheat Stubble in North-Western New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 17, no. 1 (1995): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9950037.
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In four experiments near Walgett, New South Wales, between 1987 and 1990, the establishment and survival of Astrebla lappacea, Setaria incrassata, Panicurn coloraturn var. rnakarikariense and Cenchrus ciliaris were determined when surface-sown into low, reduced or heavy stubble just before or after harvesting wheat (November or December). Despite external deleterious factors affecting three experiments, grasses established in the first six months after sowing in all experiments unde; above average rainfall. Best establishment (8 to 31 plants/m2 in the 1990 experiment) occurred in response to 166 mm in 12 rain days over a 29 day period in December-January 1990-91, followed by 10 dry days and then a further 60 mm of rain in February; plants flowered by May and thus survived winter well. Under non-flood conditions (1987, 1988 and 1990 experiments) the order of magnitude of establishment was: C. ciliaris, A. lappacea > S. incrassata > P. coloraturn. Under flood conditions (1989 experiment) establishment of S. incrassata was highest and that of A. lappacca was lowest. In the 1987 and 1988 experiments full stubble (1.5 and 3.4 t/ha) did not improve the establishment of surface-sown grasses over that on low stubble (0.1 and 1.4 tlha). In the 1989 and 1990 experiments establishment was lower on full stubble (5 and 7 tlha) than on low stubble (0.1 and 0.1 tlha) owing to, respectively, flooding and competition from volunteer wheat. After the six months establishment period grass density declined over the two to five year survival period with plants self- thinning due to interspecific competition. Allowing mature plants to seed increased plant density due to seedling recruitment under favourable climatic conditions.
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Vergiev, Stoyan. "Tall Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum): Flood Resilience, Growth Response to Sea Water Immersion, and Its Capacity for Erosion and Flooding Control of Coastal Areas." Environments 6, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6090103.
Full textAbstract:
Integrated coastal zone management proposes nature-based mitigation strategies based on the replacement of artificial coastal stabilization and protection structures with dunes stabilized with plant species. These psammophytes stabilize sands and act as supporters, increasing dunes’ ability to reduce storm damages and effectively minimize erosion with minimal negative impacts to natural ecosystems. That is why searching for native salt-tolerant plants with extensive root systems and studying their capacity for erosion and flooding control is fundamental to the practice of ecologically-sound ecosystem services. The aim of the present study is to define the effects of flooding stress on a number of wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) plant life aspects (survival ability, viability, and growth response) in order to determine wheatgrass’s capacity as dune stabilizer. Conducted experiments established that T. ponticum was very tolerant to immersion impact and salt and oxygen deficiency stress, and its rhizomes were able to regenerate after 30 days in seawater. The temporal expression of its survival is presented as critical decomposition time (CDT) by linking the maximum duration of floods along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and the resilience of tall wheatgrass in flooding simulations. A statistical analysis of the experimental data demonstrated that immersion in sea water increases rhizome viability, biomass, and allocation to root biomass, whereas other factors, such as the duration of immersion, salinity, and temperatures of sea water have no significant effect. According to flood resilience and growth response to sea water submergence, T. ponticum demonstrated high potential to be a dune stabilizer.
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J. Yates, Colin, Richard J. Hobbs, and Richard W. Bell. "Landscape-scale disturbances and regeneration in semi-arid woodlands of southwestern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 3 (1994): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940214.
Full textAbstract:
Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus salmonophloia occur both in the fragmented landscapes of the Western Australian wheatbelt and in the adjacent unfragmented goldfields area. We examined the responses of the unfragmented woodlands to landscape-scale disturbances caused by fire, floods, windstorms and drought. Sites known to have experienced disturbances of these types over the past 50 years all had cohorts of sapling-stage E. salmonophloia and other dominant Eucalyptus species. Sites disturbed either by fire, flood or storm during 1991-92 displayed adult tree mortality and extensive seedling establishment, although rates of establishment and survival varied between sites. No regeneration was observed at equivalent undisturbed sites. These results indicate that landscape-scale disturbances of several types are important drivers of the dynamics of these semi-arid woodlands. Lack of regeneration of fragmented woodlands in the wheatbelt is likely to be due to changed disturbance regimes coupled with altered physical and biotic conditions within remnants. We argue that it may be difficult to identify processes which are important for the long-term persistence of natural ecosystems in fragmented landscapes without reference to equivalent unfragmented areas.
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Burmeier, Sandra, Tobias W. Donath, Annette Otte, and R. Lutz Eckstein. "Rapid burial has differential effects on germination and emergence of small- and large-seeded herbaceous plant species." Seed Science Research 20, no. 3 (May 12, 2010): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258510000127.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe dynamics of many plant populations essentially depend upon seed and seedling stages, and a persistent seed bank may give species an opportunity to disperse through time. Seed burial is a decisive prelude to persistence and may strongly influence seed-bank dynamics. The fate of buried seeds depends on species-specific traits, environmental conditions and possibly also burial mode. We tested seed germination, seedling emergence and growth of the co-occurring herbaceous flood-meadow speciesArabis nemorensis,Galium wirtgenii,Inula salicina,Sanguisorba officinalisandSelinum carvifoliain response to the experimental manipulation of burial depth (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 cm) and substrate type (sand, clay). Increasing burial depth led to decreased germination, emergence and growth in all species studied, and seedling growth differed significantly between substrate types. The responses of species differed on an individual basis, but also showed a higher-ranking pattern based on seed size. Larger-seeded species were able to emerge from greater depths and experienced less depth-mediated growth inhibition than smaller-seeded species, which, in turn, had higher survival rates during burial and were less likely to experience fatal germination. Based on these results, we suggest that herbaceous flood-meadow species have developed two different seed-size based strategies for coping with the extreme recruitment conditions prevailing in flood meadows, the balance of which seems to be maintained by disturbance events.