Journal articles: 'Flooding 2013'

1

Michalski, Joe, and Jennifer N. Santini. "Lessons Learned: 2013 Colorado Flooding." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2014, no. 17 (2014): 5624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864714815943593.

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Thorne, Colin. "Geographies of UK flooding in 2013/4." Geographical Journal 180, no. 4 (2014): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12122.

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Du, Yong, Guicai Zhang, Jijiang Ge, Guanghui Li, and Anzhou Feng. "Influence of Oil Viscosity on Alkaline Flooding for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/938237.

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Oil viscosity was studied as an important factor for alkaline flooding based on the mechanism of “water drops” flow. Alkaline flooding for two oil samples with different viscosities but similar acid numbers was compared. Besides, series flooding tests for the same oil sample were conducted at different temperatures and permeabilities. The results of flooding tests indicated that a high tertiary oil recovery could be achieved only in the low-permeability (approximately 500 mD) sandpacks for the low-viscosity heavy oil (Zhuangxi, 390 mPa·s); however, the high-viscosity heavy oil (Chenzhuang, 3450 mPa·s) performed well in both the low- and medium-permeability (approximately 1000 mD) sandpacks. In addition, the results of flooding tests for the same oil at different temperatures also indicated that the oil viscosity put a similar effect on alkaline flooding. Therefore, oil with a high-viscosity is favorable for alkaline flooding. The microscopic flooding test indicated that the water drops produced during alkaline flooding for oils with different viscosities differed significantly in their sizes, which might influence the flow behaviors and therefore the sweep efficiencies of alkaline fluids. This study provides an evidence for the feasibility of the development of high-viscosity heavy oil using alkaline flooding.

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Kumar, Rajnish, D. Sivakumar, Shekhar Kumar та U. Kamachi Mudali. "Modeling of Hydrodynamics in a 25 mm ϕ Pulsed Disk and Doughnut Column". ISRN Chemical Engineering 2013 (19 вересня 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/547489.

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The hydrodynamic parameters, namely, dispersed phase holdup and flooding throughput, have been investigated in 25 mm diameter pulsed disk and doughnut column (PDDC), in no mass transfer conditions. In this work, using existing correlations on plate pulsed columns, the dispersed phase holdup and the flooding throughput are empirically modelled well using the slip velocity concept. A good agreement is observed between experimental values and predicted values obtained from empirical correlation. The experimental data for dispersed phase holdup and flooding throughput has been modelled using the Van Delden model to describe the hydrodynamics characteristics of a PDDC and necessary adjustable parameters for drop size distribution and dispersed phase holdup are updated for 30% TBP-nitric acid system. The model parameters were estimated by minimizing the absolute error between experimental and theoretical values of flooding throughput and holdup data. It was found that the measured values and observed trends could be described accurately using this model after fitting holdup and flooding data. The error between the experimental and theoretical values of flooding throughput and holdup was found to be less than 10%.

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He, Liu, Gao Yang, Li Guoxin, and Li Yiliang. "Simulation of Formation Damage after Long-Term Water Flooding." Journal of Petroleum Engineering 2013 (May 22, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/479827.

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Water flooding is a commonly used technology for enhancing oil recovery. Its main mechanism is to maintain higher pressure to sweep oil towards production wells. However, the strong water flooding will cause higher compression pressure around the injection wellbore. This high pressure in the reservoir causes stress redistribution and higher stress near the wellbore which induces material damage and permeability change. We developed a fluid-solid coupling finite element model to simulate and quantitatively analyze the pressure evolution in the reservoir as well as damage and permeability change in the formation during long-term water flooding process. The obtained results offer theoretical understanding of the benefits (pore pressure increase in the simulation domain), rock damage, permeability change of long-term water flooding, and the insights of how to detect and prevent wellbore failure and collapse due to water flooding.

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Dube, Anumeha, Raghavendra Ashrit, Amit Ashish, et al. "Forecasting the heavy rainfall during Himalayan flooding—June 2013." Weather and Climate Extremes 4 (August 2014): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.03.004.

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Stevens, Andrew J., Derek Clarke, and Robert J. Nicholls. "Trends in reported flooding in the UK: 1884–2013." Hydrological Sciences Journal 61, no. 1 (2016): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.950581.

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Liu, Yikun, Qingjun Deng, Gang Chen, Shuang Liang, and Lingyun Chen. "Evaluation and Injection Parameter Optimization for Polymer Flooding with Different Kinds of Profile Control Agents." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/370543.

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Injecting profile control agent (PCA) into deep reservoir can decrease the inefficient circulation of injected water effectively, which is critical to improve polymer flooding in heterogeneous reservoir. Polymer flooding contrast experiments were carried out with three PCAs, respectively; the influence of different injection times on recovery is analyzed, and the best injection rate of PCA is determined. The result shows that the effect of compound ion PCA, anionic delay-action cross-linking PCA, and luminum citrate cross-linking PCA gets worse in turn. The effect of injecting PCA before polymer flooding is better than that of injecting it during and after the procedure. As the PCA rate increases, the recovery increment raises, but the increasing ranges decrease. The best rate of PCA is 0.10PV, considering technical and economic effects.

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Adhakari, Basistha Raj. "Flooding and Inundation in Nepal Terai: Issues and Concerns." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 12 (October 29, 2013): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9034.

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During the monsoon months from June to September, all the rivers in Terai are in spate with bank-full discharges and cause flooding and inundation. The problems of flooding and inundation in the Terai are more critical due to change in climate in general and change in rainfall pattern/intensity in particular. This article tries to highlight the issues and concerns of flooding and inundation in the Terai and suggests measures to mitigate these issues in light of climate change adaptation. Hydro Nepal; Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 12, 2013, January Page: 59-65DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9034 Uploaded Date : 10/29/2013

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Matishov, G. G., and S. V. Berdnikov. "Extreme Flooding in the Don River Delta in Spring 2013." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya., no. 1 (July 29, 2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2015-1-111-118.

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11

Zhu, Dingwei, Jichao Zhang, Yugui Han, Hongyan Wang, and Yujun Feng. "Laboratory Study on the Potential EOR Use of HPAM/VES Hybrid in High-Temperature and High-Salinity Oil Reservoirs." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/927519.

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Polymer flooding represents one of the most efficient processes to enhance oil recovery, and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is a widely used oil-displacement agent, but its poor thermal stability, salt tolerance, and mechanical degradation impeded its use in high-temperature and high-salinity oil reservoirs. In this work, a novel viscoelastic surfactant, erucyl dimethyl amidobetaine (EDAB), with improved thermal stability and salinity tolerance, was complexed with HPAM to overcome the deficiencies of HPAM. The HPAM/EDAB hybrid samples were studied in comparison with HPAM and EDAB in synthetic brine regarding their rheological behaviors and core flooding experiments under simulated high-temperature and high-salinity oil reservoir conditions (T: 85°C; total dissolved solids: 32,868 mg/L; [Ca2+] + [Mg2+]: 873 mg/L). It was found that the HPAM/EDAB hybrids exhibited much better heat- and salinity-tolerance and long-term thermal stability than HPAM. Core flooding tests showed that the oil recovery factors of HPAM/EDAB hybrids are between those of HPAM and EDAB. These results are attributed to the synergistic effect between HPAM and EDAB in the hybrid.

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Singh, Achyut Man. "An Integrated Approach for Long Term Solutions of Flooding: A Study of the Eastern Chitwan Valley." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 12 (October 29, 2013): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9035.

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A timeline study since 1976-2010 with satellite imagery maps on the flooding problems of Eastern Chitwan has revealed that due to the rapid degradation of the vegetative cover in the upper catchments of its rivers, increased flooding events had occurred. The conditions of the catchment environment depend on the behavior and activities of the people residing in the area. Infrastructure construction for the flood control in the river banks are short term solutions only effective for a few years. For a long term solution, the people of the area need to be sensitive for the river training works and good watershed management. The study has emphasized social and institutional aspect along with awareness campaign with the populations to achieve good impacts in the long term. Hydro Nepal; Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 12, 2013, January Page: 66-75DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9035 Uploaded Date : 10/29/2013

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Jawarneh, Rana N., and Said S. Almushaiki. "Role of physical settings on increasing flood hazard in Muscat Built-up areas (2007-2015) using GIS." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 9, no. 1 (2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol9iss1pp65-78.

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This study aims at evaluating selected environmental attributes of urban development pathways in relation to their impacts on increasing cyclone-related flooding in the Governorate of Muscat for the years 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2015. A probability-weighted flood hazard map for the 2015 urban areas was produced by combining all selected environmental attributes into one probability equation, with each attribute given a weight. The 2015 urban flood hazard map showed that 31.7 km² (8.1% of total urban areas) of the built up area is located in the very high flooding hazard zone, 88.3 km² (22.6% of urban area) is located in the high flood hazard zone, 130.5 km² (33.5% of urban area) is located in the medium flooding hazard zone, and 113.4 km² (29.1% of urban area) and 26.1 km² (6.7% of urban area) located in the low and very low flooding hazard zones. The outputs from this research emphasize the potential of environmental forces to increase flood damages. The findings provide decision makers with spatially-explicit evidences on affected areas for more effective evacuation and rescue plans.

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Cichoń, Jacek, and Marek Klonowski. "On Flooding in the Presence of Random Faults." Fundamenta Informaticae 123, no. 3 (2013): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2013-810.

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15

Codea, Daniel Mihuţ. "Timiş River Flooding in Banat (Romania) in 2005." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 15, no. 3 (2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2013-0029.

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ABSTRACT Flooding that occurs in the Banat basin is a natural and frequent phenomenon on the water courses in this catchment area, where 1,085 km of the water courses are dammed and there are also numerous hydrotechnical and water management works. Although these works are well made and are intended to protect against floods, a review of these natural phenomena occurring in Banat highlights the fact that over a period of approximately 250 years, major flooding has occurred with a frequency of about once every 30 years, and in some cases these phenomena occur every few years, for example the floods of 2005 which occurred just five years after the floods of 2000. In almost every month in 2005 (February- September), throughout Romania, river water volumes exceeded the capacity that water defences were built to handle. The most important floods in Banat occurred in April. In April 2005 heavy rains were recorded in the Banat region: Oraviţa (226.4 mm), Resița (205.3 mm), Lugoj (201.2 mm), Caransebeş (200.6 mm). These rain falls exceeded previously recorded maximum monthly levels. This rainfall combined with snow melt - the thickness of snow layers in the mountains at that time exceeded one meter (Ţarcu - 126 cm, Semenic - 26 cm) - led to historically significant flooding from April to September 2005, affecting extensive areas and resulting in casualties and significant property damage.

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Fujii, Kohei, Kenichi Tsukahara, Hironori Hayashi, et al. "Investigation Report on the Flooding Condition in the Midstream Area of Chao Praya River During the Thai Flooding in 2011." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (2013): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0424.

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Various investigations about the flood condition and dam operation have been conducted on 2011 Chao Praya river flooding. Investigations about the lower reaches of the Chao Praya river, which was heavily damaged, have been conducted, but investigation reports about the flood form of the midstream Chao Praya river, i.e., upstream where the Ping and Nan rivers meet, have hardly been reported. This investigation sorts out the conditions of flooding and the reservoir of the midstream Chao Praya river and the reflow into river channels fromthe floodplain, which is reflooding, inspects them based on field investigations and considers the possibility of reducing flood damage in the lower reaches using the floodplain in the midstream area.

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Podgornaya, T. I. "MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF FLOODING ON THE TERRITORY KHABAROVSK IN 2013." Proceedings of the International conference “InterCarto/InterGIS” 1, no. 21 (2015): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2414-9179-2015-1-21-447-452.

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18

Li, Ruyin, Guorong Tan, and Jian Zhang. "An Experimental Method of Distribution Behavior of Hydrophobically Associated Polymer AP-P4 in Three-Phase Systems." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/165970.

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A novel experimental method has been established for the first time to evaluate the distribution behavior of water soluble hydrophobically associated polymer AP-P4 in the oil-water-solid three-phase systems, based on the static adsorption principle. Suitable analysis method has been selected to measure the concentration of polymer in every phase. The enrichment of polymer has been observed between the oil-aqueous interlayer. The distribution coefficient of AP-P4 is obtained along with the variation of concentration and total salinity. The experimental method is helpful to reveal the property of polymer solution and has potential usage in predicting the adsorption and retention in polymer flooding and the wastewater dealing of polymer flooding.

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Hossain, M. B., and A. B. Puteh. "Emission of Carbon Dioxide Influenced by Different Water Levels from Soil Incubated Organic Residues." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/638582.

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We studied the influence of different organic residues and water levels on decomposition rate and carbon sequestration in soil. Organic residues (rice straw, rice root, cow dung, and poultry litter) including control were tested under moistened and flooding systems. An experiment was laid out as a complete randomized design at 25°C for 120 days. Higher CO2-C (265.45 mg) emission was observed in moistened condition than in flooding condition from 7 to 120 days. Among the organic residues, poultry litter produced the highest CO2-C emission. Poultry litter with soil mixture increased 121% cumulative CO2-C compared to control. On average, about 38% of added poultry litter C was mineralized to CO2-C. Maximum CO2-C was found in 7 days after incubation and thereafter CO2-C emission was decreased with the increase of time. Control produced the lowest CO2-C (158.23 mg). Poultry litter produced maximum cumulative CO2-C (349.91 mg). Maximum organic carbon was obtained in cow dung which followed by other organic residues. Organic residues along with flooding condition decreased cumulative CO2-C,kvalue and increased organic C in soil. Maximumkvalue was found in poultry litter and control. Incorpored rice straw increased organic carbon and decreasedkvalue (0.003 g d−1) in soil. In conclusion, rice straw and poultry litter were suitable for improving soil carbon.

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Cardona-Olarte, Pablo, Ken W. Krauss, and Robert R. Twilley. "Leaf Gas Exchange and Nutrient Use Efficiency Help Explain the Distribution of Two Neotropical Mangroves under Contrasting Flooding and Salinity." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/524625.

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Rhizophora mangleandLaguncularia racemosacooccur along many intertidal floodplains in the Neotropics. Their patterns of dominance shift along various gradients, coincident with salinity, soil fertility, and tidal flooding. We used leaf gas exchange metrics to investigate the strategies of these two species in mixed culture to simulate competition under different salinity concentrations and hydroperiods. Semidiurnal tidal and permanent flooding hydroperiods at two constant salinity regimes (10 g L−1and 40 g L−1) were simulated over 10 months. Assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gw), intercellular CO2concentration (Ci), instantaneous photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE), and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) were determined at the leaf level for both species over two time periods.Rhizophora manglehad significantly higher PWUE than didL. racemosaseedlings at low salinities; however,L. racemosahad higher PNUE andgwand, accordingly, had greater intercellular CO2(calculated) during measurements. Both species maintained similar capacities forAat 10 and 40 g L−1salinity and during both permanent and tidal hydroperiod treatments. Hydroperiod alone had no detectable effect on leaf gas exchange. However, PWUE increased and PNUE decreased for both species at 40 g L−1salinity compared to 10 g L−1. At 40 g L−1salinity, PNUE was higher forL. racemosathanR. manglewith tidal flooding. These treatments indicated that salinity influences gas exchange efficiency, might affect how gases are apportioned intercellularly, and accentuates different strategies for distributing leaf nitrogen to photosynthesis for these two species while growing competitively.

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21

Shi, Lei-Ting, Cheng Li, Shan-Shan Zhu, Jie Xu, Bao-Zong Sun, and Zhong-Bin Ye. "Study on Properties of Branched Hydrophobically Modified Polyacrylamide for Polymer Flooding." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/675826.

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The effect of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAMs) used for polymer flooding is unsatisfactory under the conditions of high temperature and high salinity. In order to improve the viscosifying ability of HPAM, branched macromolecular skeleton monomer is used to change the linear backbone structure. A new branched hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (BHMPAM) was synthesized by the free radical copolymerization of functionalized branched macromolecular skeleton monomer, acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and hydrophobic monomer hexadecyl-allyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (C16DMAAC). The properties of polymer solution were characterized; the results of the experiments showed that BHMPAM exhibited the properties of pseudoplastic fluid, and the viscosity of BHMPAM was 345.9 mPa·s (polymer concentration was 1750 mg/L) under the condition of 75°C and 9374 mg/L of salinity. Moreover, BHMPAM also performed well in viscoelasticity which can meet the property requirements for EOR polymer.

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Nikolowski, Johannes, Valeri Goldberg, Jakob Zimm, and Thomas Naumann. "Analysing the vulnerability of buildings to climate change: Summer heat and flooding." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, no. 2 (2013): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0388.

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23

Gochis, David, Russ Schumacher, Katja Friedrich, et al. "The Great Colorado Flood of September 2013." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 9 (2015): 1461–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00241.1.

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Abstract During the second week of September 2013, a seasonally uncharacteristic weather pattern stalled over the Rocky Mountain Front Range region of northern Colorado bringing with it copious amounts of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. This feed of moisture was funneled toward the east-facing mountain slopes through a series of mesoscale circulation features, resulting in several days of unusually widespread heavy rainfall over steep mountainous terrain. Catastrophic flooding ensued within several Front Range river systems that washed away highways, destroyed towns, isolated communities, necessitated days of airborne evacuations, and resulted in eight fatalities. The impacts from heavy rainfall and flooding were felt over a broad region of northern Colorado leading to 18 counties being designated as federal disaster areas and resulting in damages exceeding $2 billion (U.S. dollars). This study explores the meteorological and hydrological ingredients that led to this extreme event. After providing a basic timeline of events, synoptic and mesoscale circulation features of the event are discussed. Particular focus is placed on documenting how circulation features, embedded within the larger synoptic flow, served to funnel moist inflow into the mountain front driving several days of sustained orographic precipitation. Operational and research networks of polarimetric radar and surface instrumentation were used to evaluate the cloud structures and dominant hydrometeor characteristics. The performance of several quantitative precipitation estimates, quantitative precipitation forecasts, and hydrological forecast products are also analyzed with the intention of identifying what monitoring and prediction tools worked and where further improvements are needed.

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Hossain, MN, MN Uddin, M. Rokanuzzaman, MA Miah, and M. Alauddin. "Effects of Flooding on Socio-Economic Status of Two Integrated Char Lands of Jamuna River, Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 6, no. 2 (2015): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i2.22093.

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The study observed the effects of flooding on socio-economic status of two integrated char lands of Jamuna River in Bangladesh during the period from March 2011-September 2011. Data were collected on primary and secondary sources. The Primary data was collected from the field level through intrinsic study and secondary data were collected from various sources vz. Bangladesh Water Development Board, Statistical Bureau, Agricultural office, published journals etc. The questionnaire survey was conducted on the char lands people in order to reveal their perception regarding effects of flooding and management and adaptation strategies. The study revealed that floods have long-term negative implications on socio-economic status. According to survey followed by the most affected sector was agriculture (53.33%), followed by health (17.77%) and property (26.66%), diseases as Diarrhea occurred at alarming levels (77.77%). In the year 2011 the crop damage (57.77%) and house damage wise significant (26.66%) and roads communications were also highly affected by flood. The study obtained the difference-in-difference estimates the magnitude of impact of flood on socio-economic status depending on the relative flood prone area and the severity of flooding and its associated impacts.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i2.22093 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(2): 37-41 2013

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Kirwan, M. L., J. A. Langley, G. R. Guntenspergen, and J. P. Megonigal. "The impact of sea-level rise on organic matter decay rates in Chesapeake Bay brackish tidal marshes." Biogeosciences 10, no. 3 (2013): 1869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1869-2013.

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Abstract. The balance between organic matter production and decay determines how fast coastal wetlands accumulate soil organic matter. Despite the importance of soil organic matter accumulation rates in influencing marsh elevation and resistance to sea-level rise, relatively little is known about how decomposition rates will respond to sea-level rise. Here, we estimate the sensitivity of decomposition to flooding by measuring rates of decay in 87 bags filled with milled sedge peat, including soil organic matter, roots and rhizomes. Experiments were located in field-based mesocosms along 3 mesohaline tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Mesocosm elevations were manipulated to influence the duration of tidal inundation. Although we found no significant influence of inundation on decay rate when bags from all study sites were analyzed together, decay rates at two of the sites increased with greater flooding. These findings suggest that flooding may enhance organic matter decay rates even in water-logged soils, but that the overall influence of flooding is minor. Our experiments suggest that sea-level rise will not accelerate rates of peat accumulation by slowing the rate of soil organic matter decay. Consequently, marshes will require enhanced organic matter productivity or mineral sediment deposition to survive accelerating sea-level rise.

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Wang, Ke-Liang, Lei-Lei Zhang, Xue Li, and Yang-Yang Ming. "Experimental Study on the Properties and Displacement Effects of Polymer Surfactant Solution." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/956027.

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Based on the characteristics of oil reservoirs and the requirements of further enhancing oil recovery at high water cut stage of Pubei Oilfield, the displacement performance of polymer surfactant is evaluated. Reasonable injection parameters and oil displacement effects after water flooding are also researched. Compared with conventional polymer with intermediate molecular weight, polymer surfactant has the properties of higher viscosity at low concentration condition and lower interfacial tension. Laboratory experiments indicate that the displacement effect of polymer surfactant is much better than that of conventional polymer at a slug size of 0.57 PV. The oil recovery of polymer surfactant increases by more than 10% after water flooding. Considering the actual situation of low-permeability of Pubei Oilfield reservoirs, the system viscosity of 30 mPa·s is chosen. The corresponding concentration of Type III polymer surfactant is 600 mg/L and the injected slug is 0.57 PV and the oil recovery can be increased by 11.69%.

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Estop-Aragonés, C., K. H. Knorr, and C. Blodau. "Belowground in situ redox dynamics and methanogenesis recovery in a degraded fen during dry-wet cycles and flooding." Biogeosciences 10, no. 1 (2013): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-421-2013.

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Abstract. Climate change induced drying and flooding may alter the redox conditions of organic matter decomposition in peat soils. The seasonal and intermittent changes in pore water solutes (NO3−, Fe2+, SO42−, H2S, acetate) and dissolved soil gases (CO2, O2, CH4, H2) under natural water table fluctuations were compared to the response under a reinforced drying and flooding in fen peats. Oxygen penetration during dryings led to CO2 and CH4 degassing and to a regeneration of dissolved electron acceptors (NO3−, Fe3+ and SO42−). Drying intensity controlled the extent of the electron acceptor regeneration. Iron was rapidly reduced and sulfate pools ~ 1 mM depleted upon rewetting and CH4 did not substantially accumulate until sulfate levels declined to ~ 100 μmol L−1. The post-rewetting recovery of soil methane concentrations to levels ~ 80 μmol L−1 needed 40–50 days after natural drought. This recovery was prolonged after experimentally reinforced drought. A greater regeneration of electron acceptors during drying was not related to prolonged methanogenesis suppression after rewetting. Peat compaction, solid phase content of reactive iron and total reduced inorganic sulfur and organic matter content controlled oxygen penetration, the regeneration of electron acceptors and the recovery of CH4 production, respectively. Methane production was maintained despite moderate water table decline of 20 cm in denser peats. Flooding led to accumulation of acetate and H2, promoted CH4 production and strengthened the co-occurrence of iron and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. Mass balances during drying and flooding indicated that an important fraction of the electron flow must have been used for the generation and consumption of electron acceptors in the solid phase or other mechanisms. In contrast to flooding, dry-wet cycles negatively affect methane production on a seasonal scale, but this impact might strongly depend on drying intensity and on the peat matrix, of which structure and physical properties influence moisture content.

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Sibley, Andrew, Dave Cox, and Helen Titley. "Coastal flooding in England and Wales from Atlantic and North Sea storms during the 2013/2014 winter." Weather 70, no. 2 (2015): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.2471.

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Castro Gama, M., I. Popescu, A. Mynett, L. Shengyang, and A. van Dam. "Modelling extreme flood hazard events on the middle Yellow River using DFLOW-flexible mesh approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 6 (2013): 6061–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-6061-2013.

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Abstract. Severe flooding events in China are a common cause of life losses. Many efforts have been carried out to understand flooding development and impact on the Yellow River. New approaches on modeling, specifically with the current development of the software modeling tool DFLOW-FMβeta gives the opportunity to enhance the understanding of the behavior of the Yellow River during extreme events. The modeling approaches based on discretization of the modeled domain in square and rectangular grids have a great importance in the management of rivers but usually they present two drawbacks: the required accuracy of the meandering of wide long rivers is not well represented, and the reduced speed in computational runtime due to the need of using many grid cells. A new tool, developed by Deltares, based on a flexible mesh discretization of the domain, presents the advantage that the two drawbacks can be overcome. The approach has the advantage of combining different grids, in order to properly represent the river and compute the flooding extent accurately. The method is checked and demonstrated on the Yellow River case. Along with the test of the new proposed modeling method new characteristics of the spatial flooding process in the Yellow River emerges and are presented in the paper, showing the capabilities of the software application tool in modeling such a complex environment like the one studied.

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Castillo-Rodríguez, J. T., I. Escuder-Bueno, L. Altarejos-García, and A. Serrano-Lombillo. "The value of integrating information from multiple hazards for flood risk management." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 4 (2013): 3305–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-3305-2013.

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Abstract. This article presents a methodology for estimating flood risk in urban areas integrating pluvial flooding, river flooding and failure of both small and large dams. The first part includes a review of basic concepts and existing methods on flood risk analysis, evaluation and management. Traditionally, flood risk analyses have focused on specific site studies and qualitative or semi-quantitative approaches. However, in this context, a general methodology to perform a quantitative flood risk analysis including different flood hazards was still required. The second part describes the proposed methodology, which presents an integrated approach – combining pluvial, river flooding and dam failure, as applied to a case study: a urban area located downstream a dam under construction. Such methodology represents an upgrade of the methodological piece developed within the SUFRI project. This article shows how outcomes from flood risk analysis provide better and more complete information to inform authorities, local entities and the stakeholders involved on decision-making with regard to flood risk management.

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Andaev, E. I., A. V. Sevostianova, N. V. Breneva, et al. "Epidemiological Analysis of the Incidence of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in the Jewish Autonomous Region in 2003 - 2016." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 16, no. 3 (2017): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-3-90-95.

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Retrospective epidemiological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was performed in the Jewish Autonomous Region based on archival, statistical and operational data of 133 HFRS cases. Total 63 mammal samples were examined by ELISA and RT-PCR. Large-scale flooding in 2013 sharpened the epizootological condition and created the preconditions for epidemiological complications. The high increase in HFRS incidence in 2014 was characterized by the epidemiological process intensity displacement from the southern areas to least affected by flooding northern parts of the region and alteration of the seasonality corresponding to the maximum number of carriers in natural foci. Since 2015 a decrease of morbidity is observing. RNA and antigen of Hantaviruses were found in Apodemus agrarius and Microtus maximowiczii. Sequencing of L-gene fragment (334 bp) of RNA-containing samples showed their taxonomic affiliation to the three Hantaviruses: Khabarovsk, Hantaan and Puumala.

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Idier, D., J. Rohmer, T. Bulteau, and E. Delvallée. "Development of an inverse method for coastal risk management." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 4 (2013): 999–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-999-2013.

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Abstract. Recent flooding events, like Katrina (USA, 2005) or Xynthia (France, 2010), illustrate the complexity of coastal systems and the limits of traditional flood risk analysis. Among other questions, these events raised issues such as: "how to choose flooding scenarios for risk management purposes?", "how to make a society more aware and prepared for such events?" and "which level of risk is acceptable to a population?". The present paper aims at developing an inverse approach that could seek to address these three issues. The main idea of the proposed method is the inversion of the usual risk assessment steps: starting from the maximum acceptable hazard level (defined by stakeholders as the one leading to the maximum tolerable consequences) to finally obtain the return period of this threshold. Such an "inverse" approach would allow for the identification of all the offshore forcing conditions (and their occurrence probability) inducing a threat for critical assets of the territory, such information being of great importance for coastal risk management. This paper presents the first stage in developing such a procedure. It focuses on estimation (through inversion of the flooding model) of the offshore conditions leading to the acceptable hazard level, estimation of the return period of the associated combinations, and thus of the maximum acceptable hazard level. A first application for a simplified case study (based on real data), located on the French Mediterranean coast, is presented, assuming a maximum acceptable hazard level. Even if only one part of the full inverse method has been developed, we demonstrate how the inverse method can be useful in (1) estimating the probability of exceeding the maximum inundation height for identified critical assets, (2) providing critical offshore conditions for flooding in early warning systems, and (3) raising awareness of stakeholders and eventually enhance preparedness for future flooding events by allowing them to assess risk to their territory. The next challenge is to develop a framework to properly identify the acceptable hazard level, as an input to the present inverse approach.

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Misnon, Aina Noor, Shannon Abeling, John Hare, et al. "Seismic performance of a retrofitted heritage unreinforced masonry building during the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 37, no. 3 (2021): 2205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020988026.

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The Heritage Hotel (formerly Old Government Buildings) is one of the architectural heritage icons of Christchurch, New Zealand. Seismic retrofitting was undertaken on the structure in 1995 to achieve the earthquake loading provisions of the 1992 standard for design loadings (NZS 4203:1992). This building is a distinguished 1909 unreinforced masonry Italian High Renaissance palazzo building. The retrofit work included the installation of new lateral load-resisting structural systems, refurbishment of individual building elements, and partial building demolition with a total cost of approximately NZ$3.75 million. Detailed observations following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes showed that the building was subject to only minor damage during the September 2010 earthquake, whereas the February 2011 event caused some damage to exterior stonework and flooding in the basement due to liquefaction. This damage was easily repaired, and the building was fully functional by September 2013. Reported herein are details showcasing the success of the seismic retrofit and post-earthquake performance observations.

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Raihan, Md Zahir, Md Saeed Hasan, Abu Zofar Md. Moslehuddin, Md Mahbubul Alam Tarafder, and Md Ekramul Haque. "Effects of different levels of flooding and additional application of two nutrients on boro rice (Binadhan-8) in saline soil." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 2, no. 3 (2015): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v2i3.26166.

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A field experiment was conducted at Kalikapur village of Kaliganj upazila under Satkhira district in order to observe the effects of flooding duration and additional application of K and S on transplanted boro rice cv. Binadhan-8 during January - May 2013. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design where the main plots comprised of five flooding levels viz. continuous flooding (W1), flooding for 10 days (W2), flooding for 20 days (W3), flooding for 30 days (W4), flooding for 40 days (W5), and the sub-plots of four additional (over the recommended dose) nutrients rates viz. S43 + K25 (T1), K38 (T2), S32 + K38 (T3), and K50 (T4), with three replications. The duration of flooding showed significant positive effect on the yield and yield components of boro rice cv. Binadhan-8. The highest values for plant height (106.8 cm), panicle length (28.4 cm), number of plants hill-1 (15.3), grain yield (4.8 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.5 t ha-1) were recorded in continuous flooding (W1) while these values were decreased with the decrease in the duration of flooding from 40 days to 10 days. Additional application of K and S also significantly influenced all of the parameters. Results revealed that the highest values for plant height (102.8 cm), panicle length (26.6 cm), plants hill-1 (15.4), 1000-grain weight (23.9 g), grain yield (4.8 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.1t ha-1) were obtained from T3 where S and K were applied @ 32 and 38 Kg ha-1 in addition to the recommended fertilizer rate. The interaction of flooding and nutrients significantly manipulated the yield and yield attributes. Due to interaction of flooding and nutrients, the highest growth and yield was observed in continuous flooding with S32 + K38 (W1T3). The results indicated that the flooding with fresh water and use of additional nutrients (K and S) had a remarkable effect in growing boro rice cv. Binadhan-8 in saline soils of Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 439-443, December 2015

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Houze, R. A., L. A. McMurdie, K. L. Rasmussen, A. Kumar, and M. M. Chaplin. "Multiscale Aspects of the Storm Producing the June 2013 Flooding in Uttarakhand, India." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 11 (2017): 4447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0004.1.

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Conditions producing disastrous flooding in Uttarakhand, India, in June 2013 differed from conditions that produced other notorious floods in the Himalayan region in recent years. During the week preceding the Uttarakhand flood, deep convection moistened the mountainsides, making them vulnerable to flooding. However, the precipitation producing the flood was not associated with a deep convective event. Rather, an eastward-propagating upper-level trough in the westerlies extended abnormally far southward, with the jet reaching the Himalayas. The south end of the trough merged with a monsoon low moving westward across India. The merged system produced persistent moist low-level flow oriented normal to the Himalayas that advected large amounts of water vapor into the Uttarakhand region. The flow was moist neutral when it passed over the Himalayan barrier, and orographic lifting produced heavy continuous rain over the region for 2–3 days. The precipitation was largely stratiform in nature although embedded convection of moderate depth occurred along the foothills, where some mild instability was being released. The Uttarakhand flood had characteristics in common with major 2013 floods in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Alberta, Canada.

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Devlet, E. G., A. R. Laskin, and E. G. Devlet. "PETROGLYPHS OF THE KHABAROVSK REGION: THE IMPACT OF THE 2013 AMUR AND USSURI FLOODING." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 43, no. 4 (2015): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2015.43.4.094-105.

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Thai, Tran Hong, and Doan Quang Tri. "Combination of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling on flood and inundation warning: case study at Tra Khuc-Ve River basin in Vietnam." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 3 (2019): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/3/13866.

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Flooding caused by historically high flows, especially in Tra Khuc-Ve River basin in the Mid-Central region in Vietnam in November 2013, which caused widespread damage. The purpose of this paper was to establish the inundation maps in the downstream part of Tra Khuc-Ve rivers by using the coupling of the hydrological and hydraulic models (MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 and MIKE 11 GIS). Calibration and validation of the hydrological model were in good agreement in terms of the vibration amplitude, absolute value, and phases. The hydraulic model results showed good agreement between observed and simulated flood events in 2012 and 2013 after calibration and validation. The rainfall forecasting from the IFS model was also used to establish six flood warning scenarios based on the alarm level III (6.5 m) and the historical level (8.76 m). The inundation maps showed the extent of flooding and the water depth in the downstream part of the study area. The simulation results of historical data showed that Tu Nghia and Son Tinh Districts were the most affected areas by inundation with over 11% affected area while Quang Ngai Town inundated 8.1%. The study results will support decision makers in planning to reduce the impacts of natural disasters in Tra Khuc-Ve River basin in the future.

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Xie, Jin Yang, Lin Sun, Wan Fen Pu, Fa Yang Jin, and Song He. "Physical Simulation Experiment Research of Air Foam Flooding in Da Gang Oilfield." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2335.

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Air foam flooding is an important means in tertiary oil recovery. As of July 2013, in the case of low recovery degree, Da Gang oilfield has entered high water cut period, thus increasing of recovery is under pressure. This experiment simulated the actual reservoir temperature and pressure, through the establishment of physical model, implemented a series of contrast tests, systematically evaluated four variable parameters, including gas liquid ratio, injection mode, permeability, and injection speed. Experimental results has cleared the effect of variable parameters on air foam flooding, so as to provide guidance for oilfield production.

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Stephenson, V., and D. D'Ayala. "A new approach to flood loss estimation and vulnerability assessment for historic buildings in England." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 5 (2013): 6025–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-6025-2013.

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Abstract. The recent increase in frequency and severity of flooding in the UK has led to a shift in the perception of risk associated with flood hazards. This has extended to the conservation community, and the risks posed to historic structures that suffer from flooding are particularly concerning for those charged with preserving and maintaining such buildings. In order to fully appraise the risks in a manner appropriate to the complex issue of preservation, a new methodology is proposed that studies the nature of vulnerability of such structures, and places it in the context of risk assessment, accounting for the vulnerable object and the subsequent exposure of that object to flood hazards. The testing of the methodology is carried out using three urban case studies and the results of the survey analysis provide key findings and guidance on the development of fragility curves for historic structures exposed to flooding. This occurs through appraisal of key vulnerability indicators related to building form, structural and fabric integrity, and preservation of architectural and archaeological values. This in turn facilitates the production of strategies for mitigating and managing the losses threatened by such extreme climate events.

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Batten, Brian K., Gregory Johnson, and Shanda Davenport. "CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM COASTAL FLOOD RESILIENCE PLANNING IN VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA, USA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.96.

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Many U.S. coastal cities face the challenge of increasing flood frequency and magnitude due to a combination of increasing sea levels, changing rainfall, and aging infrastructure. Recurrent flooding, sometimes referred to as â€œnuisance floodingâ€, can be symptomatic of such issues. Responding to such impacts can either be tacked in a piece-meal, reactive fashion, or proactively. A number of cities, such as New York (SIRR, 2013) and Boston (City of Boston, 2016) have undertaken or are in the process of planning efforts to recognize such issues and develop strategies to reduce impacts. The flood resilient planning process can take many forms, we shall provide a case-study example overview of a bottom-up, risk-informed effort by the City of Virginia Beach, VA.

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Wongsa, Sanit. "2011 Thailand Flood." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (2013): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0380.

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In 2011, the Thai economy contracted by 9.0 percent, mainly due to severe flooding in Chao Phraya River Basin. Rainfall accumulated from January to October 2011 was approximately 35% higher than in average years. Overall damage from floods amounted to THB 1.44 trillion, making it the world’s fourth costliest disaster. Significant damage included the production chains of the manufacturing sector and logistics systems and reductions in household expenditures, investment, Thailand’s exports, and the number of foreign turists.

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Feng, Ru-Sen, Yong-Jun Guo, Xin-Min Zhang, Jun Hu, and Hua-Bing Li. "Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding in the Daqing Oilfield Class II Reservoirs Using Associating Polymer." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/275943.

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Hydrophobically modified associating polyacrylamide (HAPAM) has good compatibility with the Daqing heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant. The HAPAM alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) system can generate ultralow interfacial tension in a wide range of alkali/surfactant concentrations and maintain stable viscosity and interfacial tension for 120 days. The HAPAM ASP system has good injectivity for the Daqing class II reservoirs (100–300 × 10−3 μm2) and can improve oil recovery by more than 25% on top of water flooding. In the presence of both the alkali and the surfactant, the surfactant interacts with the associating groups of the polymer to form more micelles, which can significantly enhance the viscosity of the ASP system. Compared with using HPAM (Mw = 2.5 MDa), using HAPAM can reduce the polymer use by more than 40%.

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Najafi-Jilani, A., and A. Naghavi. "Numerical modeling of seawater flow through the flooding system of dry docks." International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 1, no. 2 (2009): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijnaoe-2013-0007.

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Kotowski, Andrzej, and Bartosz Kaźmierczak. "Sizing and Modeling of the Sewage System in the City of Wroclaw / Wymiarowanie I Modelowanie Kanalizacji Deszczowej We Wrocławiu." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 1 (2013): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0013.

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Abstract The paper presents verification of selected flow time methods in terms of usability for sewage systems design and sizing on the example of a model municipal flat drainage area of the area of 2 km2. Namely, the sewage system network was sized using three methods, that is, MGN with Błaszczyk’s formula, MGN with the precipitation model for WROCLAW and MWO with the precipitation model for Wroclaw, and then, the network functioning was verified for damming up on the area surface and flooding from drains using the hydrodynamic model SWMM 5.0. The precipitation model of Euler type II was used as the drainage area load in the conditions of Wroclaw, for which the probabilistic model of the maximum precipitation was developed. It was shown that the safe flow time method for sewage system sizing is MWO using the criterion for the lack of damming up for the area and flooding from drains.

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Chan, Yili, and Masatoshi Mori. "The Construction of a Flood Monitoring System with Alert Distribution Using Google Earth and 3D GIS." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (2013): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0512.

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Locations of floods are not always known. Persons nearby for whom there is a possibility of danger due to flooding need information with which to predict flooding and to find refuge quickly and accurately. A Webbased Flood Monitoring System (FMS) using Google Earth and 3D GIS has been developed by employing Google Earth pro v. 6.0 and ArcGIS 10.0 (ESRI). The FMS provides a viewer for Windows PCs and smart phones. This viewer provides information consisting of digital elevation data from a 2 m Digital Surface Model (DSM) integrating 1:2500 digital topographic maps from the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan with official river information from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan and local river offices. It includes flood simulations and hazard maps from local governments. Users are able to download KML file data and/or Shape file data for private use. In addition, a reporting system for preregistered users who want immediate information has been prepared for alert and flood information.

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Ionita, M., M. Dima, G. Lohmann, P. Scholz, and N. Rimbu. "Predicting the June 2013 European Flooding Based on Precipitation, Soil Moisture, and Sea Level Pressure." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 2 (2014): 598–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0156.1.

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Abstract Over recent decades Europe has experienced heavy floods, with major consequences for thousands of people and billions of euros worth of damage. In particular, the summer of 2013 flood in central Europe showed how vulnerable modern society is to hydrological extremes and emphasized once more the need for improved forecast methods of such extreme climatic events. Based on a multiple linear regression model, it is shown here that 55% of the June 2013 Elbe River extreme discharge could have been predicted using May precipitation, soil moisture, and sea level pressure. Moreover, the model was able to predict more than 75% of the total Elbe River discharge for June 2013 (in terms of magnitude) by also incorporating the amount of precipitation recorded during the days prior to the flood, but the predicted discharge for the June 2013 event was still underestimated by 25%. Given that all predictors used in the model are available at the end of each month, the forecast scheme can be used to predict extreme events and to provide early warnings for upcoming floods. The forecast methodology could be relevant for other rivers also, depending on their location and their climatic background.

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Mendez-Tejeda, Rafael, and Ramon A. Delanoy. "Influence of Climatic Phenomena on Sedimentation and Increase of Lake Enriquillo in Dominican Republic, 1900-2014." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 4 (2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n4p19.

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From 2003 to 2013, Enriquillo Lake, Dominican Republic, showed an increase in water level of 13 meters, with its level changing from 42 to 29 meters below sea level (BSL). In 2003, its maximum depth was approximately 24 meters; in 2013, it was 37.1 meters. The water surface coverage increased from 194.9 to 391 km2, flooding agricultural areas and leaving hundreds of people homeless. In addition, salinity increased from 105 ‰ to 23.4 ‰, a decrease of 4.47 times comparable to the volume change, which increased 4.48 times according to topographic and bathymetric maps. These changes began with Tropical Storm Odette and occurred progressively through 15 additional tropical cyclones (TC) or hurricanes that struck Lake Enriquillo between 2003 and 2011. Other climatic phenomena that have great influence on the Caribbean climate include the following: North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern El Niño Oscillation (ENSO), the trade winds, North Atlantic Warm Pool, Multidecadal Oscillation, the anticyclone Caribbean Regulator Climate Centers (CRCCs), and the Bermuda-Azores High (Mendez-Tejeda et al. 2017). The sediment records deposited by the runoff from these phenomena were analyzed. These proxy records were used to determine the decadal fluctuations related to cyclonic systems and the resultant effect upon increasing the level of Lake Enriquillo (LE). The accumulation rate (TAS) was estimated by means of 210 (210Pb) lead radiochronology, elemental composition, and mineral and ignition loss. These results were correlated with the extreme climatic events that affected the Lake Enriquillo Basin (LEB) from 1900 and 2011.

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Deshmukh, Chandrashekhar, Frédéric Guérin, Axay Vongkhamsao, et al. "Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2 Reservoir: drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (2018): 1775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1775-2018.

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Abstract. Freshwater reservoirs are a significant source of CO2 to the atmosphere. CO2 is known to be emitted at the reservoir surface by diffusion at the air–water interface and downstream of dams or powerhouses by degassing and along the river course. In this study, we quantified total CO2 emissions from the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (Lao PDR) in the Mekong River watershed. The study started in May 2009, less than a year after flooding and just a few months after the maximum level was first reached and lasted until the end of 2013. We tested the hypothesis that soils from the drawdown area would be a significant contributor to the total CO2 emissions. Total inorganic carbon, dissolved and particulate organic carbon and CO2 concentrations were measured in 4 pristine rivers of the Nam Theun watershed, at 9 stations in the reservoir (vertical profiles) and at 16 stations downstream of the monomictic reservoir on a weekly to monthly basis. CO2 bubbling was estimated during five field campaigns between 2009 and 2011 and on a weekly monitoring, covering water depths ranging from 0.4 to 16 m and various types of flooded ecosystems in 2012 and 2013. Three field campaigns in 2010, 2011 and 2013 were dedicated to the soils description in 21 plots and the quantification of soil CO2 emissions from the drawdown area. On this basis, we calculated total CO2 emissions from the reservoir and carbon inputs from the tributaries. We confirm the importance of the flooded stock of organic matter as a source of carbon (C) fuelling emissions. We show that the drawdown area contributes, depending on the year, from 40 to 75 % of total annual gross emissions in this flat and shallow reservoir. Since the CO2 emissions from the drawdown zone are almost constant throughout the years, the large interannual variations result from the significant decrease in diffusive fluxes and downstream emissions between 2010 and 2013. This overlooked pathway in terms of gross emissions would require an in-depth evaluation for the soil organic matter and vegetation dynamics to evaluate the actual contribution of this area in terms of net modification of gas exchange in the footprint of the reservoir, and how it could evolve in the future.

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Mulchandani, Ranya, Melissa Smith, Ben Armstrong, Charles Beck, and Isabel Oliver. "Effect of Insurance-Related Factors on the Association between Flooding and Mental Health Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (2019): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071174.

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Floods are a significant public health problem linked with increased psychological morbidity. We aimed to investigate the effect of insurance-related factors on the association between flooding and probable mental health outcomes. We performed a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data from the English National Study of Flooding and Health (NSFH) collected two years after an initial flooding event in 2013-14. Our analysis focused on 851 respondents who experienced flooding or disruption. Multivariable logistic regression models were run for each exposure group. Among those whose homes had been flooded, not having household insurance was associated with increased odds of all outcomes compared to those with household insurance, significantly so for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (aOR 4.31, 95% CI 1.31–14.20). Those who reported severe stress due to insurance issues had increased odds of probable depression (aOR 11.08, 95% CI 1.11–110.30), anxiety (aOR 4.48, 95% CI 1.02–19.70) and PTSD (aOR 7.95, 95% CI 2.10–30.1) compared to those reporting no/mild stress. The study suggests there is increased psychological morbidity amongst the uninsured and those who report feeling severe stress as a result of insurance issues associated with flooding. Services should be prepared to support communities through insurance processes, to reduce probable mental health morbidity following a flood event.

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Lane, Kathryn, Kizzy Charles-Guzman, Katherine Wheeler, Zaynah Abid, Nathan Graber, and Thomas Matte. "Health Effects of Coastal Storms and Flooding in Urban Areas: A Review and Vulnerability Assessment." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/913064.

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Coastal storms can take a devastating toll on the public's health. Urban areas like New York City (NYC) may be particularly at risk, given their dense population, reliance on transportation, energy infrastructure that is vulnerable to flood damage, and high-rise residential housing, which may be hard-hit by power and utility outages. Climate change will exacerbate these risks in the coming decades. Sea levels are rising due to global warming, which will intensify storm surge. These projections make preparing for the health impacts of storms even more important. We conducted a broad review of the health impacts of US coastal storms to inform climate adaptation planning efforts, with a focus on outcomes relevant to NYC and urban coastal areas, and incorporated some lessons learned from recent experience with Superstorm Sandy. Based on the literature, indicators of health vulnerability were selected and mapped within NYC neighborhoods. Preparing for the broad range of anticipated effects of coastal storms and floods may help reduce the public health burden from these events.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flooding 2013'

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