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1
Zhang, Min, and Juanle Wang. "Global Flood Disaster Research Graph Analysis Based on Literature Mining." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063066.
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Floods are the most frequent and highest-impact among the natural disasters caused by global climate change. A large number of flood disaster knowledge were buried in the scientific literature. This study mines research trends and hotspots on flood disasters and identifies their quantitative and spatial distribution features using natural language process technology. The abstracts of 14,076 studies related to flood disasters from 1990 to 2020 were used for text mining. The study used logistic regression to classify themes, adopted the dictionary matching method to analyze flood disaster subcategories, analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of research institutions, and used Stanford named entity recognition to identify hot research areas. Finally, the disaster information was integrated and visualized as a knowledge graph. The main findings are as follows. (1) The research hotspots are concentrated on flood disaster risks and prediction. Rainfall, coastal floods, and flash floods are the most-studied flood disaster sub-categories. (2) There are some connections and differences between the physical occurrence and research frequency of flood disasters. Occurrence frequency and research frequency of flood disasters are correlated. However, the spatial distribution at the global and intercontinental scales is geographically imbalanced. (3) The study’s flood disaster knowledge graph contains 39,679 nodes and 64,908 edges, reflecting the literature distribution and field information on the research themes. Future research will extract more disaster information from the full texts of the studies to enrich the flood disaster knowledge graph and obtain more knowledge on flood disaster risk and reduction.
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Mosavi, Amir, Pinar Ozturk, and Kwok-wing Chau. "Flood Prediction Using Machine Learning Models: Literature Review." Water 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111536.
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Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, which are highly complex to model. The research on the advancement of flood prediction models contributed to risk reduction, policy suggestion, minimization of the loss of human life, and reduction of the property damage associated with floods. To mimic the complex mathematical expressions of physical processes of floods, during the past two decades, machine learning (ML) methods contributed highly in the advancement of prediction systems providing better performance and cost-effective solutions. Due to the vast benefits and potential of ML, its popularity dramatically increased among hydrologists. Researchers through introducing novel ML methods and hybridizing of the existing ones aim at discovering more accurate and efficient prediction models. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the state of the art of ML models in flood prediction and to give insight into the most suitable models. In this paper, the literature where ML models were benchmarked through a qualitative analysis of robustness, accuracy, effectiveness, and speed are particularly investigated to provide an extensive overview on the various ML algorithms used in the field. The performance comparison of ML models presents an in-depth understanding of the different techniques within the framework of a comprehensive evaluation and discussion. As a result, this paper introduces the most promising prediction methods for both long-term and short-term floods. Furthermore, the major trends in improving the quality of the flood prediction models are investigated. Among them, hybridization, data decomposition, algorithm ensemble, and model optimization are reported as the most effective strategies for the improvement of ML methods. This survey can be used as a guideline for hydrologists as well as climate scientists in choosing the proper ML method according to the prediction task.
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Uhlemann, S., R. Bertelmann, and B. Merz. "Data expansion: the potential of grey literature for understanding floods." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 3 (March 4, 2013): 895–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-895-2013.
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Abstract. Sophisticated methods have been developed and become standard in analysing floods as well as for assessing flood risk. However, increasingly critique of the current standards and scientific practice can be found both in the flood hydrology community as well as in the risk community who argue that the considerable amount of information already available on natural disasters has not been adequately deployed and brought to effective use. We describe this phenomenon as a failure to synthesize knowledge that results from barriers and ignorance in awareness, use and management of the entire spectrum of relevant content, that is, data, information and knowledge. In this paper we argue that the scientific community in flood risk research ignores event-specific analysis and documentations as another source of data. We present results from a systematic search that includes an intensive study on sources and ways of information dissemination of flood-relevant publications. We obtain 186 documents that contain information on the sources, pathways, receptors and/or consequences for any of the 40 strongest trans-basin floods in Germany in the period 1952–2002. This study therefore provides the most comprehensive metadata collection of flood documentations for the considered geographical space and period. A total of 87.5% of all events have been documented, and especially the most severe floods have received extensive coverage. Only 30% of the material has been produced in the scientific/academic environment, and the majority of all documents (about 80%) can be considered grey literature (i.e. literature not controlled by commercial publishers). Therefore, ignoring grey sources in flood research also means ignoring the largest part of knowledge available on single flood events (in Germany). Further, the results of this study underpin the rapid changes in information dissemination of flood event literature over the last decade. We discuss the options and obstacles of incorporating this data into the knowledge-building process in light of the current technological developments and international, interdisciplinary debates for data curation.
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Uhlemann, S., R. Bertelmann, and B. Merz. "Data expansion: the potential of grey literature for understanding floods." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (September 27, 2012): 11049–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-11049-2012.
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Abstract. Sophisticated methods have been developed and become standard in analysing floods as well as for assessing the flood risk. However, increasingly critique of the current standards and scientific practice can be found both in the flood hydrology community as well as in the risk community who argue that the considerable amount of information already available on natural disasters has not been adequately deployed and brought to effective use. We describe this phenomenon as a failure to synthesize knowledge that results from barriers and ignorance in awareness, use and management of the entire spectrum of relevant content, that is, data, information and knowledge. In this paper we argue that the scientific community in flood risk research ignores event specific analysis and documentations as another source of data. We present results from a systematic search that includes an intensive study on sources and ways of information dissemination of flood relevant publications. We obtain 183 documents that contain information on the sources, pathways, receptors and/or consequences for any of the 40 strongest trans-basin floods in Germany in the period 1952–2002. This study therefore provides the most comprehensive meta-data collection of flood documentations for the considered geographical space and period. 87.5% of all events have been documented and especially the most severe floods have received extensive coverage. Only 30% of the material has been produced in the scientific/academic environment and the majority of all documents (about 80%) can be considered grey literature. Therefore, ignoring grey sources in flood research also means ignoring the largest part of knowledge available on single flood events (in Germany). Further, the results of this study underpin the rapid changes in information dissemination of flood event literature over the last decade. We discuss the options and obstacles of incorporating this data in the knowledge building process in the light of the current technological developments and international, interdisciplinary debates for data curation.
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Mitrović, Veselin L., Dónal P. O’Mathúna, and Iskra A. Nola. "Ethics and Floods: A Systematic Review." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13, no. 4 (January 10, 2019): 817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.154.
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ABSTRACTDisaster ethics is a developing field of inquiry recognizing the wide variety of ethical issues confronting various professionals involved in planning for and responding to different types of disasters. This article explores how ethical issues related to floods are addressed in academic literature. The review involved analysis of publications on ethics and floods identified in a systematic literature search of electronic databases that included sociological, biomedical, and geophysical sources. The review methods were guided by the PRISMA Statement on systematic reviews, adapted to this topic area, and followed by a qualitative analysis of the included publications. All articles were analyzed using NVivo software version 11. The qualitative analysis showed that further research is needed on the ethical issues involved in flood disasters. Ethical guidelines are needed for flood planners and responders that are based on the consistent application of well-established ethical principles, values, and virtues to the specific circumstances arising with each flood. Flexibility is required in applying such approaches. The results suggest that interdisciplinary collaboration (sociological, biomedical, geophysical, engineering, and ethical) could contribute significantly to the development of ethics in floods. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:817–828)
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Samansiri, Srimal, Terrence Fernando, and Bingunath Ingirige. "Advanced Technologies for Offering Situational Intelligence in Flood Warning and Response Systems: A Literature Review." Water 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 2091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132091.
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Deaths and property damage from floods have increased drastically in the past two decades due to various reasons such as increased populations, unplanned developments, and climate change. Such losses from floods can be reduced by issuing timely early warnings and through effective response mechanisms based on situational intelligence during emerging flood situations. This paper presents the outcome of a literature review that was conducted to identify the types and sources of the intelligence required for flood warning and response processes as well as the technology solutions that can be used for offering such intelligence. Twenty-seven different types of intelligence are presented together with the technologies that can be used to extract such intelligence. Furthermore, a conceptual architecture that illustrates how relevant technology solutions can be used to extract intelligence at various stages of a flood cycle for decision-making in issuing early warnings and planning responses is presented.
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Beltaos, Spyros, and Daniel L. Peters. "Commentary on “Past variation in Lower Peace River ice-jam flood frequency” by Wolfe et al. (2020)." Environmental Reviews 28, no. 4 (December 2020): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2020-0048.
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In contrast to a large body of scientific literature that is based on empirical data and physically based and mathematical analyses, Wolfe et al. (2020) cited proxy-based paleolimnological evidence and argued that the regulation of Peace River has not played a role in the reduced incidence of large ice-jam floods. Such events are essential to the sustenance of perched basins located in the Peace Sector of the Peace–Athabasca Delta. Herein, the arguments advanced by Wolfe et al. (2020) are critically examined and shown to be unconvincing. Relevant literature indicates that a drying trend was first noticed after construction of the Bennett Dam. It is shown, moreover, that the belatedly questioned Traditional Knowledge and Historical ice-jam flood record is a reliable source of information, at least with respect to large floods, which are crucial to perched-basin replenishment. Detailed examination of the Wolfe et al. (2020) magnetic susceptibility (MS) profiles and their interpretation points to serious inconsistencies and leads to a renewed recommendation for coring perched, rather than readily flooded, basins in the future. It is also recommended that the oxbow lakes cored nearly two decades ago be revisited to obtain updated MS profiles. Deficiencies in the interpretation of inferred isotopic-composition time series of three perched basins suggest that all factors influencing such environmental variables be considered before drawing conclusions regarding the frequency of past floods.
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Layton, Thomas R., and Einer R. Elhauge. "A Study of the Johnstown Floods." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00045386.
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In order to analyze the cause, effect and relief efforts of the Johnstown floods of 1889,1936, and 1977, existing literature, journalistic accounts, and official documents concerning the floods were investigated.At 4:00 PM on May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam burst, releasing 60 million tons of water into the Conemaugh Valley. The flood destroyed Johnstown and the surrounding communities within a few minutes. The official totals were 2209 persons killed, 30,000 homeless, and 17.2 million dollars property damage. From Sang Hollow, a community four miles from Johnstown, the first description of the disastrous flood was sent to Pittsburgh by telegraph about two hours after the catastrophe. Several journalists set out by train for Johnstown immediately. A fire started in the flood debris and burned throughout the night. By morning rescue squads of survivors were trying to get through to those still marooned and to identify the dead.
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Mavrouli, Maria, Spyridon Mavroulis, Efthymios Lekkas, and Athanassios Tsakris. "Infectious Diseases Associated with Hydrometeorological Hazards in Europe: Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Climate Crisis and the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610206.
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Hydrometeorological hazards comprise a wide range of events, mainly floods, storms, droughts, and temperature extremes. Floods account for the majority of the related disasters in both developed and developing countries. Flooding alters the natural balance of the environment and frequently establish a favorable habitat for pathogens and vectors to thrive. Diseases caused by pathogens that require vehicle transmission from host to host (waterborne) or a host/vector as part of their life cycle (vector-borne) are those most likely to be affected by flooding. Considering the most notable recent destructive floods events of July 2021 that affected several Central Europe countries, we conducted a systematic literature review in order to identify documented sporadic cases and outbreaks of infectious diseases in humans in Europe, where hydrometeorological hazards, mainly floods, were thought to have been involved. The occurrence of water-, rodent-, and vector-borne diseases in several European countries is highlighted, as flooding and the harsh post-flood conditions favor their emergence and transmission. In this context, strategies for prevention and management of infectious disease outbreaks in flood-prone and flood-affected areas are also proposed and comprise pre- and post-flood prevention measures, pre- and post-outbreak prevention measures, as well as mitigation actions when an infectious disease outbreak finally occurs. Emphasis is also placed on the collision of floods, flood-related infectious disease outbreaks, and the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in unprecedented multi-hazard conditions and requires a multi-hazard approach for the effective disaster management and risk reduction.
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Olcina, Jorge, David Sauri, Maria Hernández, and Anna Ribas. "Flood policy in Spain: a review for the period 1983-2013." Disaster Prevention and Management 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-05-2015-0108.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the main changes regarding flood policy in Spain during the period 1983-2013, that is right after the large and very damaging episodes of 1982-1983 in Valencia, Catalonia and the Basque Country. Design/methodology/approach – This is above all a review paper that looks retrospectively at flood policy in Spain during the past three decades. In order to collect and organize the information the authors follow the methodology of the IPCC regarding vulnerability studies. That is, the authors provide evidence for an overall assessment of the evolution of exposure, sensibility and adaptive capacity to floods in Spain for the period of reference. The authors approach these issues through the own experience and expertise on this subject as noted in the reference list. Findings – While exposure to floods has generally increased (especially after the massive growth of urbanization in flood prone land of the 1990s and early 2000s) overall flood policy has contributed to make Spain less sensible and more adapted to floods. Still some issues remain unsolved especially the control of urban growth and the adaptation of the built environment to floods. For these reasons absolute economic losses from floods may continue to be important in the future (perhaps more so with climate change) even though, overall, Spanish society may have become less vulnerable and therefore more resilient than in the past. Originality/value – The paper provides a retrospective study and assessment of policies taken and their changes regarding floods at a national level over a long period of time (30 years) which is a theme still relatively little explored in the scientific literature on this hazard.
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Azizah, Fenti Nur, and Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin. "HISTORICAL ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT ON FLOODS DURING PANDEMIC COVID-19 IN DKI JAKARTA INDONESIA." Academy of Education Journal 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47200/aoej.v13i2.822.
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A flood is an event that occurs due to an accumulation of water that falls and cannot be accommodated by the ground. Thestudy aims to find out the history of floods in DKI Jakarta and the handling of floods amid the current Covid-19 pandemic. Natural events, such as floods, are not new in an urban area. The study discusses whyfloods that occur in urban areas, especially the DKI Jakarta area, are an annual cycle?.But there is a difference in 2020 and 2021 because of the flood, this time amid the Covid-19 pandemic, so extra handling is needed because if there is a crowd in the refugee camp it can spread the virus more widely. Thus, the government is doing everything it can to handle floods so that the community remains in a healthy body condition. The method used in the study is descriptive with a literature study approach, namely collecting data from reliable sources.Floods can be caused by two factors, namely natural causes and unnatural causes (from human activities).
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van Eerd, Marjolein (M C. J. )., Carel Dieperink, and Mark (M A. ). Wiering. "‘A dive into floods’: exploring the Dutch implementation of the floods directive." Water Policy 17, no. 2 (September 17, 2014): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.025.
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In recent years the number and frequency of high-impact floods have increased and climate change effects are expected to increase flood risks even more. The European Union (EU) has recently established the Floods Directive as a framework for the assessment and management of these risks. The aim of this article is to explore factors that have hampered or stimulated the implementation process of the Floods Directive in the Netherlands, from its establishment in 2007 until January 2013. During this period, the first requirements of the Floods Directive had to be implemented, while the second and third obligations were to be in an advanced stage. Following a literature review of policy implementation theories and a content analysis of the Floods Directive, we have studied the implementation processes in the Dutch part of the Meuse and Rhine-West catchments. Perceptions of interviewees and survey respondents were used to identify influential factors. Our research shows that although the implementation process in the Netherlands is on schedule, it is iterative and complex. Various constraining and stimulating factors, affecting the implementation process, are distinguished. The article concludes with some suggestions for improving the further implementation of the Floods Directive.
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Yang, Zhengli, Xinyue Yuan, Chao Liu, Ruihua Nie, Tiegang Liu, Xiaoai Dai, Lei Ma, Min Tang, Yina Xu, and Heng Lu. "Meta-Analysis and Visualization of the Literature on Early Identification of Flash Floods." Remote Sensing 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143313.
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Flash flood is one of the extremely destructive natural disasters in the world. In recent years, extreme rainfall events caused by global climate change have increased, and flash flood disasters are becoming the main types of natural disasters in the world. Due to the characteristics of strong suddenness, complex disaster-causing factors, great difficulty in prediction and forecast, and the lack of historical data, it is difficult to effectively prevent and control flash flood disaster. The early identification technology of flash floods is not only the basis of flash flood disaster prediction and early warning, but also an effective means of flash flood prevention and control. The paper makes a meta-analysis and visual analysis of 475 documents collected by the Web of Science Document Platform in the past 31 years by comprehensively using Citespace, Vosviewer, Origin, etc. We systematically summarize the research progress and development trend of early identification technology of flash flood disasters from five key research subfields: (1) precipitation, (2) sediment, (3) sensitivity analysis, (4) risk assessment, (5) uncertainty analysis. In addition, we analyze and discuss the main problems encountered in the current research of several subfields and put forward some suggestions to provide references for the prevention and control of flash flood disasters.
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Chiu, Yen-Yu, Nidhi Raina, and Hung-En Chen. "Evolution of Flood Defense Strategies: Toward Nature-Based Solutions." Environments 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9010002.
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Flood defense strategies have evolved from hard-engineered systems to nature-based solutions that advocate for sustainability to meet today’s environmental, social, and economic goals. This paper aims to analyze the historical progression and evolutionary trends in flood control strategies that have led to nature-based solutions. An evaluative literature review was conducted to narrate the evolution of nature-based flood management approaches for different flood types, river floods, coastal floods, and stormwater run-offs. The analysis reflected three evolutionary trends: the transformation of hard measures to soft measures; secondly, the increase in society’s attention to ecosystems and their services; and, finally, divergence from single-function solutions to multi-function solutions. However, continuous monitoring and evaluation of the previous projects and adapting to the lessons learned are the key to progress towards sustainable flood management strategies and their societal acceptance.
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Kumar, Pushp, Neha Kumari, and Naresh Chandra Sahu. "Floods and economic growth in India: role of FDI inflows and foreign aid." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 33, no. 5 (March 24, 2022): 1114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-10-2021-0244.
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PurposeThe paper aims to examine the effects of floods on economic growth in India from 1980 to 2019, taking into account the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and foreign aid.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Phillip–Perron (PP) tests to determine the stationarity of the variables. Several models, including autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical cointegration regression (CCR), are used to examine the impact of floods on economic growth.FindingsThe bounds test determines the long-term relationship between floods, FDI inflows, economic growth and foreign aid. According to the ARDL and FMOLS models, floods have a negative long-term and short-term impact on India’s economic growth. Furthermore, FDI inflows and foreign aid are beneficial to economic growth. The findings of the ARDL and FMOLS models are confirmed by the DOLS and CCR models. Granger causality establishes a unidirectional causality that extends from floods to economic growth. Further diagnostic tests show that the estimates are free of heteroskedasticity, serial correlation and parameter instability.Practical implicationsIndian government needs to invest more in research and development on flood management techniques. Institutional strengthening is also required to implement pre- and post-flood prevention measures properly. Sound disaster financing strategy and proper water bodies management should be prioritised. Foreign investment opportunities should be encouraged by strengthening international relations.Originality/valueThis is the first time-series study that analysed the effects of floods on economic growth in India. Moreover, the paper contributes to floods literature by applying several econometric models for robustness check.
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Kadaverugu, Ashok, Kasi Viswanadh Gorthi, and Nageshwar Rao Chintala. "Impacts of Urban Floods on Road Connectivity - A Review and Systematic Bibliometric Analysis." Current World Environment 16, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.2.22.
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Urban floods are paralyzing surface transportation and inflicting heavy economic losses. Climate-induced increase in frequency and intensity of rainfalls and excessive urbanization makes urban centers even more vulnerable to floods. It is necessary to quantify all dimensions of losses caused to road connectivity to improve flood mitigation policy. There is a need to consolidate the existing body of peer-reviewed contemporary literature on flood inundation modeling and its impacts on road connectivity. This will improve the awareness of policymakers and researchers and help in science-based decision making. Articles archived in the Web of Science database having the keywords floods and road in their title published between 1977 and 2020 were analyzed using the blibliometrix library of R. Analysis shows that the flood inundation and flood extent modeling has evolved from the conventional hydrological models to the near real-time crowd-sourced modeling methods. Applications of geographical information systems and advanced remote sensing methods have been growing in identifying road network vulnerabilities. We observed a gap in harmonized data availability, due to the unstructured data formats at several scales, which hinders a generalized approach for flood risk modeling studies for urban planning. Concentrated efforts have to be made to fill the gaps in data availability and research methodologies, especially using crowd-sourced data. Further, efforts have to be made to increase awareness, early warning systems, and alternate transport networks, to make the cities less vulnerable to floods.
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Salamiah, Salamiah, and Rosalina Kumalawati. "MAPPING OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN FLOOD HAZARD AREAS IN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH REGENCY, SOUTH KALIMANTAN." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 2, no. 3 (November 10, 2016): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v2i3.36.
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Floods are natural disasters that frequently hit several developed and developing countries including Indonesia every wet season. Floods also occur in agricultural lands. The purpose of this study was to map the agricultural lands in flood hazard areas in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Data collecting methods used were field research and literature (library research). Data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches (mixed methods), with the techniques of scoring, SWOT, and spatial analysis (ArcView 3.2 software). Flood hazard levels of most areas in Hulu Sungai Tengah were categorized into no hazard (957.36 km2), low hazard (243.82 km2), medium hazard (455.01 km2), and high hazard (114.91 km2). The use of agricultural lands for rice fields in Hulu Sungai Tengah were located in all subdistricts and flood hazard areas.
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Balgah, Roland Azibo, Kester Azibo Ngwa, Gertrud Rosa Buchenrieder, and Jude Ndzifon Kimengsi. "Impacts of Floods on Agriculture-Dependent Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Assessment from Multiple Geo-Ecological Zones." Land 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020334.
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Surging extreme events, particularly floods, have stimulated growing research on their epidemiology, management, and effects on livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), especially for agriculture-dependent households. Unfortunately, the topical literature is still characterized by independent, isolated cases, with limited relevance to understanding common flood effects across geographical space and time. We bridge this knowledge gap by analyzing the effects of multiple cases of flash, coastal and riverine-cum-pluvial (‘complex’) floods on agriculture-dependent livelihoods in three (Sudano Sahelian, Coastal and Western Highlands) geo-ecological zones in Cameroon. The analysis makes use of a sample of 2134 flood victims (1000 of them in the Sudano-Sahelian, 242 in the Coastal, and 892 in the Western Highlands zones) of 26 independent community floods: 11 in the Sudano-Sahelian, 3 in the Coastal, and 12 in the Western Highlands zone. Irrespective of flood type and geo-ecology, agriculture-dependent livelihoods were gravely impaired. However, the impacts on livelihoods and public goods (such as road or communication systems) significantly varied in the different geo-ecological zones. The study concludes with the need to include context-specificity in the flood impact assessment equation, while identifying common effects, as is the case with agriculture in this study. We emphasize the need to up-scale and comparatively analyze flood effects across space and time to better inform flood management policies across SSA.
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Bertola, Miriam, Alberto Viglione, Sergiy Vorogushyn, David Lun, Bruno Merz, and Günter Blöschl. "Do small and large floods have the same drivers of change? A regional attribution analysis in Europe." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1347-2021.
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Abstract. Recent studies have shown evidence of increasing and decreasing trends for average floods and flood quantiles across Europe. Studies attributing observed changes in flood peaks to their drivers have mostly focused on the average flood behaviour, without distinguishing small and large floods. This paper proposes a new framework for attributing flood changes to potential drivers, as a function of return period (T), in a regional context. We assume flood peaks to follow a non-stationary regional Gumbel distribution, where the median flood and the 100-year growth factor are used as parameters. They are allowed to vary in time and between catchments as a function of the drivers quantified by covariates. The elasticities of floods with respect to the drivers and the contributions of the drivers to flood changes are estimated by Bayesian inference. The prior distributions of the elasticities of flood quantiles to the drivers are estimated by hydrological reasoning and from the literature. The attribution model is applied to European flood and covariate data and aims at attributing the observed flood trend patterns to specific drivers for different return periods at the regional scale. We analyse flood discharge records from 2370 hydrometric stations in Europe over the period 1960–2010. Extreme precipitation, antecedent soil moisture and snowmelt are the potential drivers of flood change considered in this study. Results show that, in northwestern Europe, extreme precipitation mainly contributes to changes in both the median (q2) and 100-year flood (q100), while the contributions of antecedent soil moisture are of secondary importance. In southern Europe, both antecedent soil moisture and extreme precipitation contribute to flood changes, and their relative importance depends on the return period. Antecedent soil moisture is the main contributor to changes in q2, while the contributions of the two drivers to changes in larger floods (T>10 years) are comparable. In eastern Europe, snowmelt drives changes in both q2 and q100.
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Parida, Yashobanta, and Devi Prasad Dash. "Rethinking the effect of floods and financial development on economic growth." Indian Growth and Development Review 13, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-05-2019-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of floods and the role of financial development on per capita gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth, controlling for growth-enhancing factors across Indian states. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the pooled mean group (PMG) method using state-level panel data for 19 Indian states over the period 1981-2011. Findings The PMG estimate shows that floods negatively affect the per capita GSDP growth in the long run. The results show that the mean of economic losses, the population affected and the area affected by floods increase by 10 per cent, leading to a decline in per capita GSDP growth by 0.0303, 0.0633 and 0.0232 per cent, respectively, in the long run. Furthermore, the population affected by floods exerts a higher adverse impact on the per capita GSDP growth compared to other flood measures. The results further show that states with better financial development experience a higher per capita GSDP growth, supported by additional capital expenditure, enrolment in higher education, better road infrastructure and higher urbanization. The crime rate is negatively correlated with per capita GSDP growth. Originality/value The results based on PMG estimates suggest that not only floods but also crime activities adversely affect the per capita GSDP growth across Indian states. Better financial market increases the per capita GSDP growth in the long run. This study not only contributes to empirical growth literature but also provides some useful policy suggestions. Moreover, the results lead to the conclusion that long-term flood management policies are essential to mitigate the adverse impact of floods on per capita GSDP growth across Indian states.
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Du, Weiwei, Gerard Joseph FitzGerald, Michele Clark, and Xiang-Yu Hou. "Health Impacts of Floods." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 3 (June 2010): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008141.
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AbstractIntroduction:Floods are the most common hazard to cause disasters and have led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The impact of floods on the human community is related directly to the location and topography of the area, as well as human demographics and characteristics of the built environment.Objectives:The aim of this study is to identify the health impacts of disasters and the underlying causes of health impacts associated with floods. A conceptual framework is developed that may assist with the development of a rational and comprehensive approach to prevention, mitigation, and management.Methods:This study involved an extensive literature review that located >500 references, which were analyzed to identify common themes, findings, and expert views. The findings then were distilled into common themes.Results:The health impacts of floods are wide ranging, and depend on a number of factors. However, the health impacts of a particular flood are specific to the particular context. The immediate health impacts of floods include drowning, injuries, hypothermia, and animal bites. Health risks also are associated with the evacuation of patients, loss of health workers, and loss of health infrastructure including essential drugs and supplies. In the medium-term, infected wounds, complications of injury, poisoning, poor mental health, communicable diseases, and starvation are indirect effects of flooding. In the long-term, chronic disease, disability, poor mental health, and poverty-related diseases including malnutrition are the potential legacy.Conclusions:This article proposes a structured approach to the classification of the health impacts of floods and a conceptual framework that demonstrates the relationships between floods and the direct and indirect health consequences.
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Kuznetsova, M. R., A. A. Pashovkina, and Yu V. Gensiorovskiy. "The change of maximum surface runoff characteristics and following risks for the settlements infrastructure (on the example of the biathlon complex construction in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)." Engineering survey 13, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2019-13-1-56-67.
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The determination of maximum water discharges of floods and rain floods at small mountain streams is relevant for engineering and construction purposes. However, currently, the accounting of the surface runoff of small watercourses is often neglected when construction works are being carrying out. This fact leads to various problems with the exploitation of constructed objects. The purpose of this work is to assess the impact of the construction of the biathlon complex in the recreational area of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk on the maximum surface runoff from the territory that it occupies. Maps of natural and anthropogenically transformed catchments of the territory were created with the usage of the data, collected during the field work in the summer of 2018. Hydrographical characteristics of both kinds of catchments were determined in accordance with generally accepted recommendations. On the basis of the obtained data, there was carried out the comparative analysis of the current state of the study area and its characteristics before the creation of sports facilities in years 2016–2017. The calculations of the maximum runoff in periods of flood and rain floods according to analytical formulas recommended in the literature were made. The results of the calculations clearly show that water discharges from this area during the period of flood and rain floods increased after the construction of the complex in comparison with discharges observed before construction. Studies have confirmed that the construction of biathlon tracks on the mountainside led to the increase in surface runoff from this area, which is the reason for the overflow of the urban storm sewer of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk during the period of flood and rain floods, stormwater outlets on the day surface and the activation of erosion processes, suffusion on the considered territory.
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Saulnier, Dell D., Kim Brolin Ribacke, and Johan von Schreeb. "No Calm After the Storm: A Systematic Review of Human Health Following Flood and Storm Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 5 (June 13, 2017): 568–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17006574.
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AbstractIntroductionHow the burden of disease varies during different phases after floods and after storms is essential in order to guide a medical response, but it has not been well-described. The objective of this review was to elucidate the health problems following flood and storm disasters.MethodsA literature search of the databases Medline (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA); Cinahl (EBSCO Information Services; Ipswich, Massachusetts USA); Global Health (EBSCO Information Services; Ipswich, Massachusetts USA); Web of Science Core Collection (Thomson Reuters; New York, New York USA); Embase (Elsevier; Amsterdam, Netherlands); and PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA) was conducted in June 2015 for English-language research articles on morbidity or mortality and flood or storm disasters. Articles on mental health, interventions, and rescue or health care workers were excluded. Data were extracted from articles that met the eligibility criteria and analyzed by narrative synthesis.ResultsThe review included 113 studies. Poisonings, wounds, gastrointestinal infections, and skin or soft tissue infections all increased after storms. Gastrointestinal infections were more frequent after floods. Leptospirosis and diabetes-related complications increased after both. The majority of changes occurred within four weeks of floods or storms.ConclusionHealth changes differently after floods and after storms. There is a lack of data on the health effects of floods alone, long-term changes in health, and the strength of the association between disasters and health problems. This review highlights areas of consideration for medical response and the need for high-quality, systematic research in this area.SaulnierDD,Brolin RibackeK,von SchreebJ.No calm after the storm: a systematic review of human health following flood and storm disasters.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(5):568–579.
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Mondino, Elena, Anna Scolobig, Marco Borga, and Giuliano Di Baldassarre. "The Role of Experience and Different Sources of Knowledge in Shaping Flood Risk Awareness." Water 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082130.
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Understanding what makes people vulnerable to flooding is key in informing the risk management process. Non-structural measures, such as risk communication, can reduce vulnerability by improving flood risk awareness, but they require a deep understanding of which factors influence risk awareness, and how. We analysed and untangled the role of experience with, and knowledge of, floods by conducting a survey in a municipality in North-eastern Italy that was hit by a flash flood in 2018. The results show that previous experience with floods influences risk awareness not only directly, but also indirectly through the knowledge that was gained from that experience. In addition, specific (as opposed to generic) definitions of experience have been found to be better suited for exploring their effects on risk awareness. Based on the literature and on our results, we propose an experience-knowledge typology to help unravel the complex role that these two variables play in shaping flood risk awareness.
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Kreibich, H., S. Christenberger, and R. Schwarze. "Economic motivation of households to undertake private precautionary measures against floods." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2011): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-309-2011.
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Abstract. Flood damage is on the increase due to a combination of growing vulnerability and a changing climate. This trend can be mitigated only through significantly improved flood risk management which, alongside the efforts of public authorities, will include improvements in the mitigation measures adopted by private households. Economically "reasonable" efforts to self-insure and self-protect should be expected from households before the government steps in with publicly-funded relief programmes. To gain a deeper understanding of the benefits of households' precautionary measures, telephone interviews with private home owners were conducted in the Elbe and Danube catchments in Germany after the floods of 2002 and again after the floods in 2005 and 2006. Only detached, solid single-family houses were included in this study, which is based on 759 interviews. In addition, market-based cost assessments were solicited based on a "model building". Expert interviews and a literature review – including catalogues and price lists for building materials and household appliances – were used as back-up information for the cost assessments. The comparison of costs and benefits shows that large investments, such as building a sealed cellar, are only economically efficient if the building is flooded very frequently, that is, if it is located in a high flood risk area. In such areas it would be preferable in economic terms not to build a new house at all – or else to build a house without a cellar. Small investments, however, such as oil tank protection, can prevent serious damage at low cost. Such investments are still profitable even if the building is flooded every 50 years or less on average. It could be argued that these low-cost measures should be made mandatory through the enforcement of building codes. Financial incentives built into insurance contracts coupled with limits set on governmental relief programmes would provide an economic motivation for people to invest in precautionary measures.
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kalyani, Nadagouda. "REVIEW-EFFECT OF FLASH FLOOD." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.017.
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Flash flood assessment by using physiographic features, flooded areas effect can be seen quickly by satellite imagery data. Radar and microwave data is improved to an extent that it can process images even on cloudy days. Aster digital elevation model data is preferred by most of authors to extract DEM from satellite data. Individual data used in evaluation of flood flow for future safety planning and to take precautions to reduce risk damage. These criteria used for identifying areas effected by flash floods.
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Pandey, Chandra Lal, and Anoj Basnet. "Challenges and Prospects of Flood Early Warning Systems: A Study of Narayani Basin." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 20, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw230004.
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Floods are the most dangerous and detrimental hazards in Nepal. Communities inhabiting the Narayani basin are getting affected by floods every year. However, no studies have been conducted to analyze the existing early warning system’s functional capacity and community feedback. Literature on disasters and calamities indicates that an efficient and effective flood early warning system is crucial for making communities flood resilient but we note that unless ‘community capacity for response’ is also strengthened, early warning technology alone cannot protect against losses and damages. Employing a qualitative approach, we explored the existing status of a community-based flood early warning system, and the challenges and prospects of these technologies for building flood-resilient communities in the Narayani basin of Nepal. We found that the existing warning system in the basin is fragmented, unreliable and cannot contribute to building flood-resilient communities. This study concludes that making communities flood resilient, at least, needs five components inclusive of the installation of more reliable early warning technologies; promotion of community-based early warning systems; timely communication of early warning alerts; training on preparedness and response; flood and climate-proof livelihood options.
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Engeland, Kolbjørn, Anna Aano, Ida Steffensen, Eivind Støren, and Øyvind Paasche. "New flood frequency estimates for the largest river in Norway based on the combination of short and long time series." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): 5595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5595-2020.
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Abstract. The Glomma River is the largest in Norway, with a catchment area of 154 450 km2. People living near the shores of this river are frequently exposed to destructive floods that impair local cities and communities. Unfortunately, design flood predictions are hampered by uncertainty since the standard flood records are much shorter than the requested return period and the climate is also expected to change in the coming decades. Here we combine systematic historical and paleo information in an effort to improve flood frequency analysis and better understand potential linkages to both climate and non-climatic forcing. Specifically, we (i) compile historical flood data from the existing literature, (ii) produce high-resolution X-ray fluorescence (XRF), magnetic susceptibility (MS), and computed tomography (CT) scanning data from a sediment core covering the last 10 300 years, and (iii) integrate these data sets in order to better estimate design floods and assess non-stationarities. Based on observations from Lake Flyginnsjøen, receiving sediments from Glomma only when it reaches a certain threshold, we can estimate flood frequency in a moving window of 50 years across millennia revealing that past flood frequency is non-stationary on different timescales. We observe that periods with increased flood activity (4000–2000 years ago and <1000 years ago) correspond broadly to intervals with lower than average summer temperatures and glacier growth, whereas intervals with higher than average summer temperatures and receding glaciers overlap with periods of reduced numbers of floods (10 000 to 4000 years ago and 2200 to 1000 years ago). The flood frequency shows significant non-stationarities within periods with increased flood activity, as was the case for the 18th century, including the 1789 CE (“Stor-Ofsen”) flood, the largest on record for the last 10 300 years at this site. Using the identified non-stationarities in the paleoflood record allowed us to estimate non-stationary design floods. In particular, we found that the design flood was 23 % higher during the 18th century than today and that long-term trends in flood variability are intrinsically linked to the availability of snow in late spring linking climate change to adjustments in flood frequency.
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Niyomugabo, Desire, Jean Adolphe Nkezabera, Abias Maniragaba, Jean Paul Bizimana, Lamek Nahayo, and Onesphore Nduwimana. "The Role of Rain Forecasting in Flood Risk Reduction, Case Study of Kigali City, Rwanda." International Journal of Climate Research 6, no. 1 (November 24, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/112.v6i1.3199.
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Floods are recognized as a severe natural disaster influenced potentially by anthropogenic activities. Kigali downstream floods were coming from the drainage system and the flow of streams. The study revealed on contribution of rain forecasting in reduction of flood risk in Kigali city, to show how well forecasted rain used to decrease flood risk among urban residents. The objectives were to carry out a flood risk analysis, determining the potential frequencies rainfall occurred and assessing the contribution of rain forecasting on flood risk reduction. The data was for Kigali city in three districts (Nyarugenge, Gasabo and Kicukiro) from 2016 to 2020, collected from literature review on disaster in Kigali city and Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) tool and Microsoft excel was used in analysis. The risk analysis factors were based on deaths, injury, infrastructure loss and crops loss per ha, the prone district is Nyarugenge. The Pearson correlation coefficient between variables mostly had positive correlation and in significate range with flood risks in both districts but on different range with such exception of negative relationship. Nyarugenge district precipitation made positive correlation with infrastructure and deaths, r= 0.138 in range 0<r< 0.25 very low correction; r=0.673 in range 0.50≤r<0.75 high correlation, respectively conclude that the increase of precipitation led to raise both infrastructure loss and deaths. Recommended measures will base on particular features of district (soil type, land use, geology and geomorphology analysis) especially on Nyarugenge district, which is more suspended to the floods to mitigate and adapt flood risks.
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Amponsah, William, Pierre-Alain Ayral, Brice Boudevillain, Christophe Bouvier, Isabelle Braud, Pascal Brunet, Guy Delrieu, et al. "Integrated high-resolution dataset of high-intensity European and Mediterranean flash floods." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 1783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1783-2018.
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Abstract. This paper describes an integrated, high-resolution dataset of hydro-meteorological variables (rainfall and discharge) concerning a number of high-intensity flash floods that occurred in Europe and in the Mediterranean region from 1991 to 2015. This type of dataset is rare in the scientific literature because flash floods are typically poorly observed hydrological extremes. Valuable features of the dataset (hereinafter referred to as the EuroMedeFF database) include (i) its coverage of varied hydro-climatic regions, ranging from Continental Europe through the Mediterranean to Arid climates, (ii) the high space–time resolution radar rainfall estimates, and (iii) the dense spatial sampling of the flood response, by observed hydrographs and/or flood peak estimates from post-flood surveys. Flash floods included in the database are selected based on the limited upstream catchment areas (up to 3000 km2), the limited storm durations (up to 2 days), and the unit peak flood magnitude. The EuroMedeFF database comprises 49 events that occurred in France, Israel, Italy, Romania, Germany and Slovenia, and constitutes a sample of rainfall and flood discharge extremes in different climates. The dataset may be of help to hydrologists as well as other scientific communities because it offers benchmark data for the identification and analysis of the hydro-meteorological causative processes, evaluation of flash flood hydrological models and for hydro-meteorological forecast systems. The dataset also provides a template for the analysis of the space–time variability of flash flood triggering rainfall fields and of the effects of their estimation on the flood response modelling. The dataset is made available to the public with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.6096/MISTRALS-HyMeX.1493.
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Arshad, Bilal, Robert Ogie, Johan Barthelemy, Biswajeet Pradhan, Nicolas Verstaevel, and Pascal Perez. "Computer Vision and IoT-Based Sensors in Flood Monitoring and Mapping: A Systematic Review." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 16, 2019): 5012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19225012.
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Floods are amongst the most common and devastating of all natural hazards. The alarming number of flood-related deaths and financial losses suffered annually across the world call for improved response to flood risks. Interestingly, the last decade has presented great opportunities with a series of scholarly activities exploring how camera images and wireless sensor data from Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks can improve flood management. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature regarding IoT-based sensors and computer vision applications in flood monitoring and mapping. The paper contributes by highlighting the main computer vision techniques and IoT sensor approaches utilised in the literature for real-time flood monitoring, flood modelling, mapping and early warning systems including the estimation of water level. The paper further contributes by providing recommendations for future research. In particular, the study recommends ways in which computer vision and IoT sensor techniques can be harnessed to better monitor and manage coastal lagoons—an aspect that is under-explored in the literature.
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Toonen, Willem H. J., Michiel M. de Molenaar, Frans P. M. Bunnik, and Hans Middelkoop. "Middle Holocene palaeoflood extremes of the Lower Rhine." Hydrology Research 44, no. 2 (November 12, 2012): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.162.
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A Chézy-based hydraulic model was run to estimate the magnitude of extreme floods of Middle Holocene age in the Lower Rhine Valley (Germany). Input parameters were gathered from the field and literature, and used in ten scenarios to calculate a best guess estimate for the minimum size of extreme floods. These events have been registered as slackwater deposits on elevated terrace levels and in a palaeochannel fill. The modelled minimum discharge is 13,250 m3 sec−1 for a Middle Holocene flood with an estimated recurrence interval between 1,250 and 2,500 years. A sensitivity analysis on different input parameters enables evaluation of factors which cause the relatively large range in modelled discharges. Understanding the origin of uncertainties in modelled discharges is important for making geologically based calculations of palaeoflood magnitudes important in modern flood frequency analyses, which generally lack information on the magnitudes of rare events.
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Spaliviero, M., M. De Dapper, and S. Maló. "Flood risk analysis of the Limpopo River basin through past evolution reconstruction and geomorphological approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 1367–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-1367-2014.
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Abstract. This research reconstructs the past evolution of the Limpopo River, a transboundary system located in south-eastern Africa, and describes its geomorphological settings through literature review and field work activities, with aim to analyse the risk of floods in the basin. Major changes have occurred since the late Jurassic – early Cretaceous period due to successive tectonic events. The paper demonstrates that the apparently abandoned drainage conformation of the palaeo-Limpopo in the upper and middle stretches of the river constitutes today preferential flood-prone areas in case of major rainfall events. An important palaeo-delta is identified in the lower Limpopo, which imposes a particular drainage pattern to the floodplain in Mozambique and influences the floods dynamics at present. The adopted method is helpful in determining flood risk in a data-scarce area showing complex fluvial dynamics, and allows identifying unsuitable locations for human settlements.
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Van Campenhout, Jean, Geoffrey Houbrechts, Alexandre Peeters, and François Petit. "Return Period of Characteristic Discharges from the Comparison between Partial Duration and Annual Series, Application to the Walloon Rivers (Belgium)." Water 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030792.
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The determination of the return period of frequent discharges requires the definition of flood peak thresholds. Unlike daily data, the volume of data to be processed with the generalization of hourly data loggers or even with an even finer temporal resolution quickly becomes too large to be managed by hand. We therefore propose an algorithm that automatically extracts flood characteristics to compute partial series return periods based on hourly series of flow rates. Thresholds are defined through robust analysis of field observation-independent data to obtain five independent flood peaks per year in order to bypass the 1-year limit of annual series. Peak over thresholds were analyzed using both Gumbel’s graphical method and his ordinary moments method. Hydrological analyses exhibit the value in the convergence point revealed by this dual method for floods with a recurrence interval around 5 years. Pebble-bedded rivers on impervious substratum (Ardenne rivers) presented an average bankfull discharge return period of around 0.6 years. In the absence of field observation, the authors have defined the bankfull discharge as the Q0.625 computed with partial series. Annual series computations allow Q100 discharge determination and extreme floods recurrence interval estimation. A comparison of data from the literature allowed for the confirmation of the value of Myer’s rating at 18, and this value was used to predict extreme floods based on the area of the watershed.
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Stoica-Fuchs, Beniamin. "Assessing the vulnerability of transport network to flood hazard using GIS analysis. Case study along Orient-East Med TEN-T Corridor, on Timiș-Cerna Valley, Romania." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 15, no. 2 (October 3, 2021): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2021152012.
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In the context of current climate change, it is estimated that flood risk will increase significantly, with important consequences for the human habitat and transport networks. Research literature features a continuous concern both for the improvement of flood hazard modeling and for the quantification of economic costs specific to material and human damage caused by floods. In the present study, we intend to perform an analysis on the vulnerability of the transport network along the Orient-East Med (OEM) Corridor, part of the TEN-T Core network at European level. By integrating flood bands with high (10 years) and medium (100 years) probability of recurrence, as well as various typologies of the transport network in a GIS environment, we successfully identified and characterized road and railway sectors susceptible to flooding events. Vector overlay analysis and statistical methods were validated by means of local research literature, field observations and aerial imagery. Our results feature the geographic distribution and statistical characterization of transport infrastructure vulnerable to flood risk along Timiș-Cerna Valley, in south-western Romania. We also discuss the state of current flood risk mitigation measures for transport network in the study area, along with the importance of our research for regional and local spatial planning documents and investment prioritization activities. Similar spatially-enabled analysis could enable better protection for the current and proposed transport infrastructure and minimize the damaging effects of flash floods.
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Van Ackere, Verbeurgt, Sloover, Gautama, De Wulf, and De Maeyer. "A Review of the Internet of Floods: Near Real-Time Detection of a Flood Event and Its Impact." Water 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112275.
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Worldwide, flood events frequently have a dramatic impact on urban societies. Time is key during a flood event in order to evacuate vulnerable people at risk, minimize the socio-economic, ecologic and cultural impact of the event and restore a society from this hazard as quickly as possible. Therefore, detecting a flood in near real-time and assessing the risks relating to these flood events on the fly is of great importance. Therefore, there is a need to search for the optimal way to collect data in order to detect floods in real time. Internet of Things (IoT) is the ideal method to bring together data of sensing equipment or identifying tools with networking and processing capabilities, allow them to communicate with one another and with other devices and services over the Internet to accomplish the detection of floods in near real-time. The main objective of this paper is to report on the current state of research on the IoT in the domain of flood detection. Current trends in IoT are identified, and academic literature is examined. The integration of IoT would greatly enhance disaster management and, therefore, will be of greater importance into the future.
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Dasandara, Miyami, Rusiru Ernst, Udayangani Kulatunga, and Pavithra Rathnasiri. "Investigation of Issues in Structural Flood Management Measures in Sri Lanka." Journal of Construction in Developing Countries 27, no. 1 (June 2022): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jcdc2022.27.1.4.
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Floods can be identified as one of the devastating natural phenomena, which resulted in a considerable amount of social, economic and environmental impacts. Sri Lanka is a country that is highly vulnerable to floods due to its unique geographical location and topography. Many flood management measures, which mainly include structural and nonstructural have implemented to reduce the impact of floods. Among them, structural measures play a vital role in flood management. However, the failures in achieving the expected performance of these existing structural measures urge the need to identify issues with them and overcome those issues to enhance the flood management process in Sri Lanka. Hence, this study focused to investigate the issues related to structural flood management measures in Sri Lanka to bridge this knowledge gap. Initially, a literature review was conducted to gain a theoretical understanding of the research area. The research approach was qualitative, which was followed by two in-depth case studies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 industry experts to gather data. Collected data were analysed via content analysis. Empirical research findings revealed that structural measures play a prominent role in flood management. However, significant issues such as ageing of structural measures, leakages, construction faults, inadequate capacity, blocking of water flow and possibility of collapsing were identified in these existing structural flood management measures, which negatively impact the effectiveness of the overall flood management process within the country. The findings of this study will lead to gain a proper understanding of gaps and weaknesses in structural flood management measures in Sri Lanka and would influence the policymakers and other respective practitioners in disaster management to enhance structural flood management by using their novel ideas and concepts.
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Schumann, Guy, G. Brakenridge, Albert Kettner, Rashid Kashif, and Emily Niebuhr. "Assisting Flood Disaster Response with Earth Observation Data and Products: A Critical Assessment." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081230.
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Floods are among the top-ranking natural disasters in terms of annual cost in insured and uninsured losses. Since high-impact events often cover spatial scales that are beyond traditional regional monitoring operations, remote sensing, in particular from satellites, presents an attractive approach. Since the 1970s, there have been many studies in the scientific literature about mapping and monitoring of floods using data from various sensors onboard different satellites. The field has now matured and hence there is a general consensus among space agencies, numerous organizations, scientists, and end-users to strengthen the support that satellite missions can offer, particularly in assisting flood disaster response activities. This has stimulated more research in this area, and significant progress has been achieved in recent years in fostering our understanding of the ways in which remote sensing can support flood monitoring and assist emergency response activities. This paper reviews the products and services that currently exist to deliver actionable information about an ongoing flood disaster to emergency response operations. It also critically discusses requirements, challenges and perspectives for improving operational assistance during flood disaster using satellite remote sensing products.
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Wu, Chen-Fa, Szu-Hung Chen, Ching-Wen Cheng, and Luu Van Thong Trac. "Climate Justice Planning in Global South: Applying a Coupled Nature–Human Flood Risk Assessment Framework in a Case for Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." Water 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152021.
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Developing countries in the global south that contribute less to climate change have suffered greater from its impacts, such as extreme climatic events and disasters compared to developed countries, causing climate justice concerns globally. Ho Chi Minh City has experienced increased intensity and frequency of climate change-induced urban floods, causing socio-economic damage that disturbs their livelihoods while urban populations continue to grow. This study aims to establish a citywide flood risk map to inform risk management in the city and address climate justice locally. This study applied a flood risk assessment framework integrating a coupled nature–human approach and examined the spatial distribution of urban flood hazard and urban flood vulnerability. A flood hazard map was generated using selected morphological and hydro-meteorological indicators. A flood vulnerability map was generated based on a literature review and a social survey weighed by experts’ priorities using the Fuzzy Delphi Method and Analytic Network Process. Vulnerability indicators including demographic characteristics, infrastructure, and land use patterns were used to generate a flood vulnerability map. The results illustrate that almost the entire central and northeastern parts of the city are at high flood risk, whereas the western part is at low flood risk. The findings have implications in urban planning via identifying risk hot spots in order to prioritize resources for mitigating hazards and enhancing community resilience to urban floods.
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Ravazzolo, Diego, Luca Mao, Bruno Mazzorana, and Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva. "Brief communication: The curious case of the large wood-laden flow event in the Pocuro stream (Chile)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 11 (November 28, 2017): 2053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2053-2017.
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Abstract. Large wood transported during extreme flood events can represent a relevant additional source of hazards that should be taken into account in mountain environments. However, direct observations and monitoring of large-wood transport during floods are difficult and scarce. Here we present a video of a flood characterised by multiple phases of large-wood transport, including an initial phase of wood-laden flow rarely described in the literature. Estimations of flow velocity and transported wood volume provide a good opportunity to develop models of large-wood-congested transport.
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Koskinas, Aristotelis, Aristoteles Tegos, Penelope Tsira, Panayiotis Dimitriadis, Theano Iliopoulou, Panos Papanicolaou, Demetris Koutsoyiannis, and Tracey Williamson. "Insights into the Oroville Dam 2017 Spillway Incident." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010037.
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In February 2017, a failure occurring in Oroville Dam’s main spillway risked causing severe damages downstream. A unique aspect of this incident was the fact that it happened during a flood scenario well within its design and operational procedures, prompting research into its causes and determining methods to prevent similar events from reoccurring. In this study, a hydroclimatic analysis of Oroville Dam’s catchment is conducted, along with a review of related design and operational manuals. The data available allows for the comparison of older flood-frequency analyses to new alternative methods proposed in this paper and relevant literature. Based on summary characteristics of the 2017 floods, possible causes of the incident are outlined, in order to understand which factors contributed more significantly. It turns out that the event was most likely the result of a structural problem in the dam’s main spillway and detrimental geological conditions, but analysis of surface level data also reveals operational issues that were not present during previous larger floods, promoting a discussion about flood control design methods, specifications, and dam inspection procedures, and how these can be improved to prevent a similar event from occurring in the future.
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Zakaria, N. H., S. U. M. Tobi, and N. Othman. "A literature review of dual disaster challenges for resilient office building toward reducing disaster risks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1082, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1082/1/012021.
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Abstract Flood is acknowledged as the most common natural disaster in several parts of the globe. For Malaysia, flood is considered as the most frequent natural disaster, with the frequency of at least once a year. The risks of flood can be seen through property loss and damages, infrastructure casualties, and disruption to socio-economic activities. Adding to that, Malaysia also faced the flood during the pandemic when it hit several states, namely Pahang, Johor, and Kelantan, during the monsoon season in 2020 and 2021, amid the rising cases of Covid-19. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges for disaster response, calling for the “new norms” to be quickly established for better disaster risk reduction. Several mitigation strategies have been taken by the government to reduce the risks of floods in Malaysia. As office buildings possess important roles in delivering effective services to the public while maintaining their critical documents, this paper focuses on providing related literature on building resilience. Having an early understanding of the core elements of office building resilience in dual disaster challenges will provide the basis for further investigation in the later stage of data collection.
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Adefisoye, Taiwo Oladeji, and Ifeyinwa Arum. "Inter-agency collaboration and the dilemma of flood management and policy implementation in Nigeria." IKENGA International Journal of Institute of African Studies 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2021/22/3/007.
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Flooding remains the most common disaster in Nigeria since its first occurrence in 1948. While the subject of flood management has enjoyed sufficient attention in the literature, the primacy of inter-agency collaboration in managing the effects of flood emergencies and in implementing flood management-related policies remain less explored. This forms the basis for this article. The qualitative research approach was adopted to elicit information from ten key informants from federal, state and local government agencies directly involved in flood management. Three states from three of the six geo-political zones with the highest records of floods were purposively selected. Besides, publications/reports and other secondary materials were reviewed to generate secondary data, while a conceptual framework was woven around the importance of government institutions in implementing public policy. Results show that despite the appreciable level of collaboration among the government institutions/agencies in managing floods in the country, such collaboration is yet to translate into improved service delivery. Identified causes include low institutional capacity, inadequate funding and bureaucratic corruption. Based on these findings, it was recommended that institutions/agencies should be repositioned to play more active roles in Nigeria’s flood management system and implement related public policies. If this is done, it would save the country from the socio-economic effects of flood disaster, which has placed a burden on government spending and infrastructural development.
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Buchenrieder, Gertrud, Julian Brandl, and Azibo Roland Balgah. "The Perception of Flood Risks: A Case Study of Babessi in Rural Cameroon." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12, no. 4 (May 18, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00345-7.
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AbstractAlthough risk perception of natural hazards has been identified as an important determinant for sound policy design, there is limited empirical research on it in developing countries. This article narrows the empirical literature gap. It draws from Babessi, a rural town in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. Babessi was hit by a severe flash flood in 2012. The cross-disciplinary lens applied here deciphers the complexity arising from flood hazards, often embedded in contexts characterized by poverty, a state that is constrained in disaster relief, and market-based solutions being absent. Primary data were collected via snowball sampling. Multinomial logistic regression analysis suggests that individuals with leadership functions, for example, heads of households, perceive flood risk higher, probably due to their role as household providers. We found that risk perception is linked to location, which in turn is associated with religious affiliation. Christians perceive floods riskier than Muslims because the former traditionally reside at the foot of hills and the latter uphill; rendering Muslims less exposed and eventually less affected by floods. Finally, public disaster relief appears to have built up trust and subsequently reduced risk perception, even if some victims remained skeptical of state disaster relief. This indicates strong potential benefits of public transfers for flood risk management in developing countries.
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Guiteras, Raymond, Amir Jina, and A. Mushfiq Mobarak. "Satellites, Self-reports, and Submersion: Exposure to Floods in Bangladesh." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151095.
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A burgeoning “Climate-Economy” literature has uncovered many effects of changes in temperature and precipitation on economic activity, but has made considerably less progress in modeling the effects of other associated phenomena, like natural disasters. We develop new, objective data on floods, focusing on Bangladesh. We show that rainfall and self-reported exposure are weak proxies for true flood exposure. These data allow us to study adaptation, giving accurate measures of both long-term averages and short term variation in exposure. This is important in studying climate change impacts, as people will not only experience new exposures, but also experience them differently.
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Sheng, Hui, Xiaomei Xu, Jian Hua Gao, Albert J. Kettner, Yong Shi, Chengfeng Xue, Ya Ping Wang, and Shu Gao. "Frequency and magnitude variability of Yalu River flooding: numerical analyses for the last 1000 years." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 4743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4743-2020.
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Abstract. Accurate determination of past flooding characteristics is necessary to effectively predict the future flood disaster risk and dominant controls. However, understanding the effects of environmental forcing on past flooding frequency and magnitude is difficult owing to the deficiency of observations (data available for less than 10 % of the world's rivers) and extremely short measurement time series (<100 years). In this study, a numerical model, HYDROTREND, which generates synthetic time series of daily water discharge at a river outlet, was applied to the Yalu River to (1) reconstruct annual peak discharges over the past 1000 years and estimate flood annual exceedance probabilities and (2) identify and quantify the impacts of climate change and human activity (runoff yield induced by deforestation and dam retention) on the flooding frequency and magnitude. Climate data obtained from meteorological stations and ECHO-G climate model output, morphological characteristics (hypsometry, drainage area, river length, slope, and lapse rate), and hydrological properties (groundwater properties, canopy interception effects, cascade reservoir retention effect, and saturated hydraulic conductivity) form significant reliable model inputs. Monitored for decades, some proxies on ancient floods allow for accurate calibration and validation of numerical modeling. Simulations match well the present-day monitored data (1958–2012) and the literature records of historical flood events (1000–1958). They indicate that flood frequencies of the Yalu River increased during 1000–1940, followed by a decrease until the present day. Frequency trends were strongly modulated by climate variability, particularly by the intensity and frequency of rainfall events. The magnitudes of larger floods, events with a return period of 50 to 100 years, increased by 19.1 % and 13.9 %, respectively, due to climate variability over the last millennium. Anthropogenic processes were found to either enhance or reduce flooding, depending on the type of human activities. Deforestation increased the magnitude of larger floods (100- and 50-year floods) by 19.2 %–20.3 %, but the construction of cascade reservoirs in 1940 significantly reduced their magnitude by 36.7 % to 41.7 %. We conclude that under intensified climate change and human activities in the future, effective river engineering should be considered, particularly for small- and medium-sized mountainous river systems, which are at a higher risk of flood disasters owing to their relatively poor hydrological regulation capacity.
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Mannucci, Simona, Federica Rosso, Alessandro D’Amico, Gabriele Bernardini, and Michele Morganti. "Flood Resilience and Adaptation in the Built Environment: How Far along Are We?" Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074096.
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Cities are experiencing an increased rate of climate-related extreme events threats derived from climate change. Floods are one of the most challenging issues to address to reduce damages and losses in urban areas. Building resilience through adaptation to these changing conditions has become a common goal for different disciplines involving planning for the future. Adaptation planning is widely recognized as generally applicable to any field. However, there are current limitations to overcome for architectural and urban planning to switch from theory to practice. This paper proposes a critical overview of literature works on flood mitigative strategies and adaptive approaches considering uncertainties, linking strategies for the Built Environment (BE) to mitigate the effects of floods, and operative frameworks to pursue adaptation under changing environmental conditions. The literature selection accounts for the pivotal components of the BE: open spaces (OSs), buildings, and users. Next, we provide an overview of the most relevant adaptive methodologies that have emerged in literature, and, lastly, the planning strategies are discussed, considering the climate-related uncertainties that might undermine the effectiveness of the designed action. The present paper aimed to provide a contribution to the discussion regarding the necessity of making architectural and urban planning adaptive, providing a base for future studies for operative adaptation.
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Chen, Long, and Aizhong Liu. "The Incidence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Floods: A Meta-Analysis." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 3 (April 10, 2015): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.17.
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AbstractThis study analyzes the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among flood victims, between different flood intensities, and between different time points after a flood. A search of several electronic literature databases was conducted to collect data on the incidence of PTSD after a flood. Loney criteria for research quality were used to evaluate the quality of selected search results. The combined incidence of PTSD was estimated using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation method. Subgroup analyses were conducted on different trauma intensities and different time points after a flood. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of research quality. Fourteen articles were included in this meta-analysis, including a total of 40 600 flood victims; 3862 victims were diagnosed with PTSD. The combined incidence of PTSD was 15.74%. The subgroup analyses showed that the incidence of PTSD in victims who experienced severe and moderate flood intensity was higher than that in victims who experienced mild flood intensity. The incidence of PTSD was lower at 6 or more months after a flood (11.45%) than within 6 months (16.01%) of a flood. In conclusion, the incidence of PTSD among floods of different trauma intensities was statistically significant. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:329-333)
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Curto, Gemma. "Floods in contemporary biocentric graphic novels." Green Letters 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14688417.2020.1752508.
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Ozcelik, Ceyhun, and Yuri Gorokhovich. "An Overland Flood Model for Geographical Information Systems." Water 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 2397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092397.
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A variety of flood models and commercial flood simulation software are provided in the literature, with different accuracies and precisions changing from coarse to fine, depending on model structure and detailed descriptions of basin and hydrologic properties. These models generally focus on river processes, taking overland processes as inputs of 1D or 2D hydrodynamic or hydrologic river flow models. Due to the discrete structure of overland flow and unknown-dynamic boundary conditions, such classical approaches are not cable of fast and reliable spatio–temporal estimations for overland flows, and require detailed and well-organized spatial data that cannot be immediately obtained during an emergency. A spatially-distributed Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based flood model is developed in this study to simulate overland floods, using cellular automata principles. GIS raster cells are considered hydrologic homogeneous areas throughout which hydrologic properties remain constant. Hydrodynamic flow principles, conservations of mass, momentum and energy are applied at pixel level to simulate floodwaters. The proposed GIS model is capable of directly manipulating spatio–temporal pixel level data (e.g., topography, precipitation, infiltration, surface roughness etc.) for modeling of rainfall-induced overland floods; therefore, it can provide fast, temporal and spatial flood depth estimations as well as maximum flood depths and times of concentration for all pixels throughout a study area. The model is quite simple and easy to apply via easily creatable GIS input layers, and is thus very convenient for preliminary engineering applications that need quick and fast response. Its main advantage is that it does not need a predefined flood boundary and boundary conditions. This advantage is especially valuable for coastal plains where delineation of a basin is generally too difficult. Floodwaters of Cyclone Nargis/Myanmar were simulated to test the model. Sensitivity analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of the model parameters (i.e., surface roughness and infiltration rates) on simulation results. The study shows that the proposed GIS model can be readily applied for the fast and inexpensive modeling of rainfall caused floods in areas where flood boundaries and boundary conditions cannot be clearly identified.