Academic literature on the topic 'Floods – South Africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Floods – South Africa"
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Khumalo, Nomcebo, Aloyce W. Mayo, and Subira Munishi. "Modelling Of Food Hazard Susceptibility in Komatipoort, South Africa." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 37, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v37i1.483.
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Komatipoort, a small town located at the confluence of Komati and Krokodil rivers, is constantly being hit by floods which affect the residents of this small town as well as the farmers settling along the rivers. This study aimed at mapping the flood hazard and susceptibility through the integration of GIS techniques and hydraulic modeling. Due to inconsistency in the length of streamflow data in the different gauging stations, a Hydrological modeling HBV model, was utilized for modelling runoff in order to extend flow records at station X2HO32 for Komati River. Calibration was conducted using observed data from 1982 to 1993, giving an efficiency value of 65% and validation was done using data from 1993 to 1999, giving an efficiency value of 53%. Flood frequencies were analyzed and flood quantiles were determined at different return periods. HEC-RAS was utilized to simulate the hydraulic parameters of Komati and Krokodil rivers to obtain flood hazard maps. GIS-based multi-criteria analysis techniques were incorporated for flood susceptibility mapping. Hydraulic analysis showed that the floods mostly affect the farms and settlements along the rivers and a small part of the central business district is affected. Flood susceptibility mapping showed that the area is generally highly susceptible to flooding because of a combination of anthropogenic and natural factors.
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Viljoen, MF, and GR Backeberg. "Management of water extremes: A South African perspective on guidelines for policy and strategy development." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2004): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i4.1300.
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This presentation endeavours to present some guidelines for policy and strategy development with regard to the effective management of floods and droughts. Insights are gained from a literature study about the social, economic and political impacts of irrigation droughts, research done on the impacts and management of floods and water restrictions in South Africa as well as analysing the disaster management policy process in South Africa since 1994. The South African experience in terms of the management of water extremes, serves as basis for policy and strategy development and should benefit all involved – including other regions.
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Benito, G., V. R. Thorndycraft, M. T. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, B. A. Botero, M. J. Machado, M. Davis, and A. Pérez-González. "Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium." Quaternary Research 75, no. 3 (May 2011): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.01.004.
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AbstractA long-term flood record from the Buffels River, the largest ephemeral river of NW South Africa (9250 km2), was reconstructed based on interpretation of palaeoflood, documentary and instrumental rainfall data. Palaeoflood data were obtained at three study reaches, with preserved sedimentary evidence indicating at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr. Geochronological control for the palaeoflood record was provided by radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Annual resolution was obtained since the 19th century using the overlapping documentary and instrumental records. Large floods coincided in the past within three main hydroclimatic settings: (1) periods of regular large flood occurrence (1 large flood/~30 yr) under wetter and cooler prevailing climatic conditions (AD 1600–1800), (2) decreasing occurrence of large floods (1 large flood/~100 yr) during warmer conditions (e.g., AD 1425–1600 and after 1925), and (3) periods of high frequency of large floods (~ 4–5 large floods in 20–30 yr) coinciding with wetter conditions of decadal duration, namely at AD 1390–1425, 1800–1825 and 1915–1925. These decadal-scale periods of the highest flood frequency seem to correspond in time with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, as inferred when comparing their onset and distribution with temperature proxies in southern Africa.
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Entwistle, N., G. Heritage, S. Tooth, and D. Milan. "Anastomosing reach control on hydraulics and sediment distribution on the Sabie River, South Africa." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-215-2015.
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Abstract. Rivers in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, have variable degrees of bedrock and alluvial influence. Pre-2000 aerial imagery for the Sabie River (catchment area 6320 km2) reveals downstream alternations from alluvial single thread or braided, to bedrock anastomosed or mixed anastomosed channel types, with pool-rapids also present locally. In 2000 and 2012, extreme floods resulted in significant alluvial erosion, widely exposing the underlying bedrock. Since the 2012 flood, aerial LiDAR surveys reveal the strong gradient control exerted by the bedrock and mixed anastomosed channel types, which influences hydraulic conditions and sediment dynamics. Two dimensional hydraulic modelling of moderate floods (<1500 m3 s−1) reveals reduced velocities upstream of bedrock or mixed anastomosed channel types, which promotes deposition. During more extreme floods (>3500 m3 s−1), the bedrock or mixed anastomosed channel types are drowned out, resulting in dramatically increased velocities along the entire river and widespread alluvial stripping regardless of initial channel type or location.
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De Villiers, Gawie, Giel Viljoen, and Herman Booysen. "Global warming and climate change with reference to South Africa. Some perspectives." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 4 (September 20, 2008): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i4.98.
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According to the geological history of the earth, climate change is an integral part of environmental changes that occurred over time. Sufficient evidence is provided of recurrent wet and dry and cold and hot periods due to natural circumstances. Since the industrial revolution human activities increasingly contribute to air pollution by releasing huge volumes of carbon dioxide and other gasses into the atmosphere, so much so that it is generally accepted that increase in global warming the past decades is directly linked to human activities. Observable signs of human induced climate change include increasing average temperatures at many places, melting ice caps in polar areas, rising sea levels on a global scale and coastal disturbances and damages due to storm surges on coastal areas in various countries, also in South Africa. Consensus from a number of hydrological-meteorological circulation models show, for South Africa, a rise in average annual winter and summer temperatures of between 1.5 and 3.0 degrees Centigrade the following number of decades with a strong possibility of an increase in rainfall in the eastern parts and a decrease in rainfall in the western parts. Bigger floods and longer droughts should occur more frequently as well as severe sea onslaught activities along the eastern and south-eastern coastal areas. The net impact of the predictions on the community is negative. There is though other scientists who indicate that no concrete proof of climate change in South Africa exists; including changes with regard to river floods and droughts. According to more beneficial than detrimental. Despite the differences in opinion about the relative contribution of natural and human activities to the present global warming, changes in hydrological and characteristics of floods in several parts of South Africa in the immediate past, necessitate modifications to available models and approaches to flood damage management and control. Flood conditions need to be managed with applicable models. Modifications are furthermore essential as a result of meaningful demographic, social, physical and economic changes in the working and living environments of people and communities.
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Heritage, G., S. Tooth, N. Entwistle, and D. Milan. "Long-term flood controls on semi-arid river form: evidence from the Sabie and Olifants rivers, eastern South Africa." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-141-2015.
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Abstract. Rivers in the Kruger National Park, eastern South Africa, are characterised by bedrock-influenced "macrochannels" containing variable alluvial thicknesses and riparian vegetation assemblages. Evidence from the Sabie and Olifants rivers suggests that flows up to moderate floods (<3500 m3 s−1) tend to result in net alluviation, with sediments gradually covering the underlying bedrock. More extreme floods strip alluvium and erode bedrock, effectively exerting the primary control over long-term river morphologic development. On the Olifants River, post-flood aerial LIDAR imagery reveals that the 2012 extreme flood (~14000 m3 s−1) resulted in extensive stripping of stored alluvial sediment, exposing and eroding the underlying weathered bedrock. On the Sabie River, preliminary optically stimulated luminescence ages for remnant alluvium are all less than 1000 years, highlighting typical timescales of sediment storage. Together, these results suggest that while periods of general alluviation occur on these systems, long-term river development results from extreme flood-generated bedrock erosion.
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Tandlich, Roman, Mbonisi Ncube, S. M. M. Khamanga, and Bongumusa M. Zuma. "A Case Study on the Health Risks Related to Flood Disasters in South Africa." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 732–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0732.
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Floods occurred in the Ndlambe Local Municipality in South Africa in October 2012. During various stages of the post-disaster recovery, bacterial concentrations were measured in water and soil samples from the flood zone. All drinking water concentrations ofE. coliwere below 1–3 colony forming units per 100 millilitres (CFUs/100 mL). The flood waters contained between 46500 to more than 100000 CFUs/100 mL ofE. coli. {The concentrations ofSalmonellaspp. in the flood waters varied from 5000 to 250000 CFUs/100 mL. The presumptiveVibriospp. concentrations in flood waters ranged from 1000 to over 150000 CFUs/100 mL. {The soil concentrations forE. coliranged from 1 to above 330 colony-forming units per 1 g of soil dry weight (CFUs/g). The soil concentrations ofSalmonellaspp. varied from below 1 to 22 CFUs/g. The estimated airborne fungal concentrations ranged from 16820 to 28540 colony-forming units per 1 cubic meter. An outbreak of an infectious disease was recorded among the volunteers who assisted with the post-disaster recovery. The likely bacterial causative agents included strains ofAeromonasspp. andVibrio cholerae. Any human contact with either the contaminated flood waters or of flooded dwellings should only occur, if the individuals in questions are equipped with the full-body personal protective gear. Non-governmental stakeholders performed majority of the post-disaster recovery operations, as the local government could only cover 11% of the required costs. Applying sanitation funds to disaster recovery and increased use of the low-cost flood defence products in high risk areas could provide a solution for the future.
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Rapolaki, Ramontsheng S., and Chris J. C. Reason. "Tropical storm Chedza and associated floods over south-eastern Africa." Natural Hazards 93, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3295-y.
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Huang, Yaohuan, Zhonghua Li, Mingxing Chen, Xiaoyang Song, and Ping Kang. "Spatial Variability of Water Resources State of Regions around the “Belt and Road”." Water 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 2102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152102.
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Water resource has become a key constraint for implementing the “Belt and Road” initiative which was raised by the Chinese government. Besides the study of spatial and temporal variability of precipitation, this study created a water hazard risk map along the “Belt and Road” zone through combined flood and drought data from 1985. Our results showed that South-Eastern Asia, southern China and eastern Southern Asia are areas with the most abundant precipitations, while floods in these areas are also the most serious. Northwest China, Western Asia, Northern Africa and Southern Asia are areas highly vulnerable to drought. Furthermore, the potential influence of flood and drought were also analyzed by associating with population distribution and corridor map. It reveals that China, South-Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia and Northern Africa have the largest population number facing potential high water hazard risk. China–India–Burma Corridor and China–Indo-China Peninsula Corridor have the largest areas facing potential high water hazard risk.
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De Villiers, Gawie, Giel Viljoen, and Herman Booysen. "Standard residential flood damage functions for South African conditions." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, no. 1 (September 21, 2007): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i1.122.
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Disaster risk management is an integral part of a scientific approach to disaster management. It refers to integrated, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, organizational and operational planning processes and skills to mitigate disasters. Application of the approach necessitates disaster risk analysis, requiring flood damage functions in the case of floods. A flood damage function can be described mathematically, tabularly or graphically and refers to the relationship between flood characteristics like depth and/or speed of floodwater and flood damage to a specific land use type. Research conducted at the University of the Free State indicated the value of standard residential flood damage functions and the necessity for periodic updating to secure contemporary relevance. This article focuses on updating of the latter. The article starts with an introduction to put the development, use and maintenance of standard residential flood damage functions in context with regard to the latest views on disaster risk management, risk assessment, disaster management legislation in South Africa and a computer model TEWA, in which the flood damage functions are used. Aspects that can affect flood damage are briefly discussed, followed by sections on the development and upgrading of structural flood damage functions for formal housing as well as functions for determining damage to housing contents. The development of residential flood damage functions that can be applied nationally forms the main part of the paper and is followed by a brief summary statement.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Floods – South Africa"
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Tigere, Diana. "An evaluation of flood risk communication efforts based upon the values judgements of the inhabitanats of a selection of informal settlements in the Cape Town municipal area." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/813.
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Proposal submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of MTech in Environmental ManagementIt is widely believed that experts often have a more rational approach towards risks. This is because they are known to use algorithms, formal logic, risk assessments and normative rules to make decisions about risks. The central tenet of this research is that communication based on an understanding of how people conceptualise and evaluate risk communication efforts is critical for translating risk management knowledge into effective risk practices necessary for value generation in flood risk mitigation. Rational decisionEmaking requires both analytic and intuitive systems to operate on a parallel level. Therefore, this research proposes a Flood Risk Communication Model that takes cognisance of lay perceptions. The model emphasises on how risk communication efforts are evaluated by the lay using a combination of descriptive psychological and social construction theories. In particular, the prospect theory, heuristics and biases, cultural theory and trust theory are used to provide explanatory sketches on how flood risk communication efforts are perceived in highly vulnerable environmental contexts such as informal settlements. The challenge in this research however, lies in verifying the model empirically. The associative group analysis technique will be used to generate empirical data from a case study population. Two basic analytic methods will be employed to measure psychological dispositions of respondents. Firstly, word associations are scored and weighted based on frequency of occurrence to generate a dominance score. The higher the dominance score, the greater the interpretation and the more meaningful the theme is for that particular group. Secondly, the different theories of the model are factored into a questionnaire to measure priorities. All the responses are then compared to the proposed model and also used to evaluate actual lay perceptions and feelings towards the current risk communication interventions. The results showed a high level of consistency with the FRCM and hence with the descriptive psychological models of Kahneman and Tversky. However, we conclude that what is has been proposed to be biases are intuitive tendencies to adapt and make sustainable decisions in the face of applicable contextual influences. Thus, these contextual hierarchies determine the reference point and status quo of the recipient in decision making. Therefore, these influences and hierarchies need to be factored in the designing of a risk communication.
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Sachikonye, Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice. "Natural resource use as a coping and adaptation strategy to floods of vulnerable populations in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018194.
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Many of the anticipated increased occurances of natural hazards are not only a consequence of climate change, but rather of rapid and widespread land cover change and the subsequent loss of the buffering capacity provided by healthy ecosystems against natural hazards. Unplanned and unmanaged developments in informal settlements limit government’s ability to mitigate and manage, pointing towards natural resources as being integral for vulnerable communities in developing countries to cope with and mitigate flood disasters. There is a lack of understanding on how natural resources contribute to resilience of vulnerable populations in the Eastern Cape and how they are impacted by these populations before, during and after a flood shock. There also exists a gap in knowledge on how natural resources can mitigate the physical impacts of flooding in South Africa, more so in the Eastern Cape province. Using household questionnaires and GIS techniques, the strategies that households used to recover from the October 2012-February 2013 flood shocks were investigated in informal settlements of three towns (Grahamstown, Port Alfred and Port St Johns). Within the vulnerability paradigm and the sustainable livelihood framework, the study also quantified and evaluated the relative contribution of natural resources to recovery strategies, and lastly, the study investigated how patterns of land use, state of natural vegetation and household topographical location exacerbated or diminished the physical impacts of flooding. This study found that natural resources contributed up to 70 percent to recovery of households from the flood shock, most of this being to reconstruction of housing structures after the flood, less so to economic recovery. It was also found that at a settlement scale the buffering effect of vegetation, although variable amongst settlements, was significant. Settlements that were dominated by dense bush and small trees experienced up to 46 percent less impacts on their property than those surrounded by bare gravel and impervious roofs with degraded environments. The main findings of the research show that natural resources reduce the vulnerability of households in informal settlements to flooding in two significant ways; by physically mitigating against damage to shelters and by also providing an emergency-net function that substitutes financial capital in households. Their inclusion in disaster management has the potential to encourage the sustainable livelihoods of the urban poor in the Eastern Cape
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Raath, Gideon. "The impact of high rainfall and flood events on Eucalyptus camaldulensis distribution along the central Breede River." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97021.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., or River Red Gum, is a commercially valuable yet recognised invasive alien plant (IAP) of riparian zones throughout South Africa. The invasive potential of E. camaldulensis is widely recognised, with specific regulations aimed at the management of E. camaldulensis. E. camaldulensis is known to use large amounts of water, reduce biodiversity, change river morphology and impact hydrological regimes of rivers. In the native range throughout Australia, E. camaldulensis displays a distinct relationship between rainfall, and flood events, for seed dispersal, germination and establishment, and consequently spatial extent, yet little is known about the relationships in the South African context. The aim of this project was to assess the impact of high rainfall and flood events on the establishment and distribution of E. camaldulensis along the Middle Breede River, between Worcester and Swellendam in the Western Cape, by establishing the current spatial extent of E. camaldulensis along the river, identifying flood events since 1950 and evaluating the impact rainfall and flood events had on the spatial extent thereof. Aerial imagery, rainfall, discharge and river level data was obtained dating back to 1980, as well as field data comprising of GPS-bounding of E. camaldulensis stands. Additionally, density measurements were obtained and interviews conducted with land users. Spatial analysis of aerial imagery, coupled with perimeter (GPS) data and density data were used to conduct spatio-temporal analysis, employing GIS and conventional statistical approaches to address the various objectives. Results indicated E. camaldulensis stands had a small overall increase in spatial extent since 1980. Flooding and rainfall events coincided with an increase in occurrence of E. camaldulensis with elevated river levels and frequent flooding, while spatial variation of this relationship was observed. The hydrological regime of the Breede River coincides with a slow increase in spatial extent of E. camaldulensis stands, but no affirmation of a positive real-world relationship was possible using the available data. Results further suggested, based on the current age class composition, that existing stands originated roughly during 1980, possibly due to commercial forestry related seeding into the river. Reduced fragmentation between stakeholders, educational programmes and improved reporting systems were recommended for improved IAP management within the area.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, of Rooibloekom (RB), is ‘n waardevolle kommersiële, maar erkende indringer plantspesie (IP) wat veral oewersones in Suid-Afrika indring. Die indringerpotensiaal van E. camaldulensis is welbekend, en spesifieke regulasies, gemik op die bestuur van RB en ander spesies is reeds aangeneem. E. camaldulensis is veral bekend vir sy hoë watergebruik, sy vermindering van biodiversiteit, sy vermoë om riviervorme te verander en sy algehele impak op die hidrologiese patroon van riviere waarmee dit in aanraking kom. In sy oorspronklike verspreidingsgebied in Australië toon E. camaldulensis ‘n bepaalde verhouding tussen reënval en vloedgebeurtenisse vir saadverspreiding, ontkieming en vestiging en derhalwe die ruimtelike verspreiding van die spesie; alhoewel hierdie verhouding in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks steeds redelik onverduidelik bly. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was dus om die impak van hoë reënval en vloedgebeurtenisse op die ruimtelike verspreiding en vestiging van E. camaldulensis teenaan die Middel Breëde Rivier, spesifiek tussen Worcester en Swellendam, te evalueer. Hierdie doelwit was bereik deur die historiese ruimtelike verspreiding teenaan die rivier te meet, hoë reënval en vloedgebeurtenisse vanaf 1980 te identifiseer, en die huidige verspreiding en omtrek met GPS te meet. Digtheidafmetings, sowel as onderhoude met belanghebbendes teenaan die rivier was ook opgeneem. Visuele interpretatasie van lugfotos, sowel as omtrek (GPS) en digtheid-data was gebruik om ruimtelike analise uit te voer, deur die gebruik van GIS en konvensionele statistiese metodes, ten einde die doelwitte te evalueer. Resultate dui aan dat E. camaldulensis areas ‘n klein algemene groei getoon het sedert 1980. Hoë-reënval en gereëlde vloedgebeurtenisse het ook gepaard gegaan met ‘n groei van E. camaldulensis oppervlak, alhoewel hierdie verhouding ruimtelike variasie getoon het, met ‘n algemene groei patroon gemerk oor die volledige studietydperk. Ook geen stimulerende verhouding kon vanuit die beskikbare data bevestig word nie. Addisionele resultate het aangedui dat die verspreiding van E. camaldulensis ongeveer 1980 onstaan het, moontlik as gevolg van kommersiële bosbou-aanplanting en verwante saadverspreiding in die rivier vanaf daardie tyd. Aanbevelings ten opsigte van verbeterde indringerbestuur sluit in die beperking van huidige fragmentasie tussen belanghebbendes en betrokke verwyderingsorganisasies, addisionele onderrigprogramme sowel as die verbetering van terugvoersisteme.
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De, Waal Jan Hofmeyr. "Extreme rainfall distributions : analysing change in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71654.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.Severe floods in the Western Cape have caused significant damage to hydraulic structures, roads and other infrastructure over the past decade. The current design criteria for these structures and flood return level calculations are based on the concept of stationarity, which assumes that natural systems vary within an envelope of variability that does not change with time. In the context of regional climate change and projected changes in rainfall intensity, the basis for these calculations may become unrealistic with the passage of time. Hydraulic structures and other infrastructure may become more vulnerable to damaging floods because of changing hydroclimatic conditions. This project assesses the changes in extreme rainfall values over time across the Western Cape, South Africa. Using a Generalised Pareto Distribution, this study examines the changes in return levels across the Western Cape region for the periods 1900-1954 and 1955-2010. Of the 137 rainfall stations used in this research, 85 (62%) showed an increase in 50-year return level, 30 (22%) a decrease in 50-year return level and 22 (16%) stations displayed little change in rainfall intensity over time. While there were no clear spatial patterns to the results, they clearly indicate an increase in frequency of intense rainfalls in the latter half of the 20th and early 21st century. The changes in return level are also accompanied by a change in the frequency of high intensity 2-3 day long storms. 115 (84%) of the 137 rainfall stations showed an increase in the frequency of long duration, high intensity storms over the data record. This change generates a shifting risk profile of extreme rainfalls, which, in turn, creates challenges for the design of hydraulic structures and any infrastructure exposed to the resulting damaging floods. It can therefore be argued that it is inappropriate to design structures or manage water resources assuming stationarity of climate and that these principles should be assessed in order to reduce the risk of flood damage owing to increasing storm intensity. KEY WORDS Flood Risk, Stationarity, Disaster Risk, Hazard, Extreme Rainfall, Generalized Pareto Distribution, Climate
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Surovitskikh, Svetlana. "The relationship between South African aviation policy in Africa and air passenger traffic flows." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30542.
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International air transport has been one of the most highly regulated and restrictive industries in the world, governed by bilateral air services agreements (BASAs). More recently progressive liberalisation, through the gradual removal of regulatory restrictions, has taken place in major air markets of the world. In Africa, more than a decade ago, African leaders agreed to liberalise the intra-African aviation market through the Yamoussoukro Decision (YD) of 2000 but its full potential across the Continent has not yet been realised. Many studies worldwide have been done on air liberalisation and its impact on air traffic flows but very few include Africa. This study focuses on the impact on air passenger traffic flows of South Africa’s aviation policy in Africa by investigating the link between South Africa’s aviation policy, as reflected in the design of its BASAs, and air passenger traffic flows over an 11 year period (2000 to 2010). A mixed research methodology was followed. Qualitatively, a two-round Delphi technique was employed to determine the views of aviation experts from academia, the public and private sectors, on features of BASAs, as well as those unrelated to BASAs, that have an influence on air passenger traffic flows between country-pairs in Africa. Twenty-five BASA features and 48 non-BASA factors were identified from which a conceptual framework was formulated. The quantitative phase aimed at estimating and statistically quantifying the impact of the degree of restrictiveness or liberalisation of the respective BASAs, as measured by four variants of the Air Liberalisation Index (ALI): STD, 5th+, DES+ and OWN+. It also aimed at identifying which specific provisions of BASAs had the most significant impact on air passenger traffic flows. A fixed one-way panel regression technique was applied to the selected 11 year panel data set of 42 African countries, representing five markets: intra- African; the SADC; West African; East African and North African. A number of other predictors were also identified which meant that the impact of the aviation policy on air passenger traffic flows could not be tested in isolation: the degree of liberalisation of the policy as measured by the ALI; the number of years BASAs have been in place; GDP; the presence of a low-income country; the magnitude of services trade flows; and population size. The simultaneous impact of the six predictors was tested in each of the five markets with the various markets showing different predictors as being statistically significant. In the intra-African and SADC regional markets these were Trade, ALI and GDP; in the East African market Low Income, Trade, ALI and Population but in the North African market only GDP. Where the impact of the aviation policy was found to be significant, individual provisions such as fifth freedom traffic rights, capacity, designation and cooperative arrangements were tested for their impact on air passenger traffic over two time periods: 2000 – 2010 and 2006 – 2010. These also proved to be significantly different for the various regions. The results of this research provide new insights into the relationship between air passenger traffic flows and aviation policy in the South African – intra-African and regional contexts. The research technique used in the South African – intra-African market expands on the established cross-sectional 2005 QUASAR database, laying a foundation for similar studies in other regions where impact of policy over time can be established.Thesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
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McClintock, Murray, and n/a. "Physical volcanology of the Sterkspruit flood basalt crater complex, South Africa." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070601.161342.
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Volcanism associated with the onset of Karoo flood basalt eruptions (c. 180 Ma) at Sterkspruit, South Africa, began with emplacement of thin lava flows before abruptly switching to phreatomagmatic and magmatic activity that formed a nest of craters, spatter and tuff rings and cones that collectively comprise a crater complex >40 km� filled by 9-18 km� of volcaniclastic debris. Phreatomagmatic activity driven by interaction of Karoo magma with groundwater hosted in country rock and crater-filling debris quarried broad, mainly shallow craters (hundreds of metres, but not kilometers deep) into wall-rock. Closely spaced individual vents, the consequence of magma emplaced over a broad area through a network of feeder dikes and stocks, were active at the same time or over short periods of time. Highly ephemeral access of external water to vents drove repeated and reversible switches between explosive to effusive magmatic and explosive phreatomagmatic activity, resulting in vents and craters that grew laterally and vertically into adjacent ones through quarrying and vent migration.
Deposits within the Sterkspruit crater complex are dominated by 7-15 km� of massive, unsorted polymict lapilli tuff and tuff breccia juxtaposed with localised fountain-fed lava and strombolian spatter deposits. Transport within the complex was dominated by jets and fountains of volcaniclastic debris and by mass movement. Country-rock breccias indicate that craters grew via a combination of mechanical fragmentation, granulation and mass-movement of 7-12 km� of wall-rock, adding mass and previously locked-up pore-water to the volcanic system. Ash and lapilli, the deposits of plumes 5-15 km high, form a 50-110 m-thick ejecta blanket mantling Clarens Formation country rock that thins gradually away from the crater-complex margins. Explosive volcanism was succeeded by brief fluvial and eolian reworking of volcaniclastic debris and formation of a shallow crater lake 12 km� in extent, and then by voluminous effusion of flood basalt that inundated the Sterkspruit crater complex with lava.
Flood basalt magmas involved in Sterkspruit eruptions were chemically heterogenous. This study documents the rapid (perhaps simultaneous) eruption of multiple, chemically distinct basaltic magmas, which cannot be simply related to one another, from one vent site, and possibly many others, within the Sterkspruit crater complex. Five distinct magma types were involved in eruptions at Sterkspruit, indicating that in the early stages of flood basalt eruption (i) magma batches may be small and not simply related to one another, (ii) heterogeneities in the magma source region may be close to each other in time and space, and (iii) eruptions of chemically distinct magmas may take place over short intervals of space and time without significant hybridisation.
Formation of the Sterkspruit Complex, and many others like it in South Africa, confirms that the opening phases of Karoo flood basalt volcanism were explosive, and that the volume of the products of explosive volcanism may have important implications for climate change and landscape development associated with the emplacement of large igneous provinces.
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Els, Zelda. "Data availability and requirements for flood hazard mapping in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17803.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Floods have been identified as one of the major natural hazards occurring in South Africa. A disaster risk assessment forms the first phase in planning for effective disaster risk management through identifying and assessing all hazards that occur within a geographical area, as required by the Disaster Management Act (Act No. 57 of 2002). The National Water Act (Act No. 36 of 1998) requires that flood lines be determined for areas where high risk dams exist and where new town developments occur. However, very few flood hazard maps exist in South Africa for rural areas. The data required for flood modelling analysis is very limited, particularly in rural areas. This study investigated whether flood hazard maps can be created using the existing data sources. A literature review of flood modelling methodologies, data requirements and flood hazard mapping was carried out and an assessment of all available flood-related data sources in South Africa was made. The most appropriate data sources were identified and used to assess an evaluation site. Through combining GIS and hydraulic modelling, results were obtained that indicate the likely extent, frequency and depth of predicted flood events. The results indicate that hydraulic modelling can be performed using the existing data sources but that not enough data is available for calibrating and validating the model. The limitations of the available data are discussed and recommendations for the collection of better data are provided.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vloede is van die vernaamste natuurlike gevare wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom. 'n Ramprisiko-analise is die eerste stap in die proses van suksesvolle ramprisiko-beplanning deur middel van die identifisering en analise van alle gevare wat voorkom in 'n geografiese gebied, soos vereis deur die Rampbestuurwet (Wet 57 van 2002). Die Nasionale Waterwet (Wet 36 van 1998) bepaal dat vloedlyne slegs vir gebiede waar hoë-risiko damme voorkom en vir nuwe uitbreidingsplanne in dorpe vasgestel moet word. Egter is die data wat vir vloedmodelleringsanalises benodig word baie skaars in Suid-Afrikaanse landelike gebiede. Hierdie studie het ondersoek of vloedgevaar-kartering met die beskikbare data moontlik is. 'n Literatuurstudie oor vloedmodelleringsmetodologieë, data-vereistes en vloedgevaarkartering is voltooi en alle beskikbare vloed-verwante data in Suid-Afrika is geëvalueer. Geskikte data-bronne is gekies en gebruik om 'n toetsgebied te assesseer. Deur GIS en hidrouliese modellering te kombineer, is die omvang, waarskynlikheid en diepte van die voorspelde vloedgebeurtenisse gemodelleer. Die studie het bevind dat, alhoewel vloedgevaarkartering met die beskikbare data moontlik is, daar nie genoeg data beskikbaar is om die model te kalibreer en te valideer nie. Tekortkominge van die bestaande data word bespreek en aanbevelings oor die verbetering van die bestaande data vir toepassings in vloedgevaarkartering word gemaak.
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Ntsham, Xolile. "Information flows in the social development grant process: a user experience perspective." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1390.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Information Technology
in the Faculty of Informatics and design
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014This study focuses on information flows in the social grant process from a user experience perspective. The study was conducted with the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA), which is responsible for the administration and distribution of social grants to underprivileged citizens. Social grants help poor citizens to attain equitable income on a monthly basis. Grants play an increasingly important role in reducing poverty and inequality in South Africa, but are also subject to challenges like dependency, mismanagement and corruption. Information flow within SASSA is essential for the coordination of the grant process. The success of administering any social grant process depends largely on efficient communication practices and stable information technology. Communication among grant users requires the transfer of relevant information from its point of inception to the next point(s) of use. Government departments are transposing their paper-based systems into digital systems, which pose new implications for grant administration, however. Accordingly, the use of electronic services in government should mean faster information flow and, thus, more effective service delivery. The literature reveals, however, that non-technical aspects like user experience (UX) are essential in designing meaningful e-government systems. With a focus on user experience, this study uncovers the problems that SASSA and grant users face in the grant process and works toward possible solutions to resolve these problems. This research lays an important foundation in terms of gaining a better understanding of information flows, e-government, and user experiences in the grant process. This research is exploratory in nature and adopts a qualitative interpretivist approach. To gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives and experiences of grant users, the researcher employed the „Institutionalise User Experience in Government‟ (IUXG) methodology. The study targeted individuals that had knowledge of the social grants. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the research participants. Furthermore, the researcher adopted a thematic analysis method to code and analyse data. The findings of this study revealed the centrality of user experience in the grant process, notably in terms of the many challenges associated with information flow. The findings also revealed that factors such as social grant awareness, availability and use of information technology, digital divide, and grant accessibility bring enormous impact on grant processes and service delivery. The study contributes a landscape model for depicting the information flows in processing grants, and develops a broader understanding of how technology can help users to better disburse, access, and utilise grants. The study also informs e- government practitioners about the design and implementation of user-centred design with emphasis on information flows. Key Words: Information flows, social grants, e-government, and user experience.
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Dzangare, Gillian. "The impact of private capital flows on economic growth in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007134.
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In this study an analysis of the long-term equilibrium relationship between economic growth measured as real GDP growth and private capital inflows is explored. The link between private capital inflows and economic growth is well-documented in the literature. However, a void in the literature relates to examining the cointegrating relationship between private capital inflows and economic growth particularly for South Africa. It is widely claimed that private capital inflows foster economic growth by closing the savings/investment gap. However, clarity on this point is necessary because of the seemingly unclear nature of the relationship in the literature. The exact form of this relationship as well as the nature of capital flows that could impact on real growth requires further investigation. Moreover, what exactly happens to this relationship in an economic crisis such as recently recorded in the global financial crisis is not clear. The analysis is undertaken by employing cointegration and vector error correction modeling approach using quarterly data for the period 1989q4-2009q4. This study employs the Johansen (1998) cointegration test. This technique distinguishes itself since it establishes the long run relationship between variables. Thereafter, residual diagnostic checks are performed on the variables. Our results show among others, that private capital inflows have impacted positively on the growth of the South African economy. The areas for further research that emerge from this study include the effect of some government policies on economic growth that should also receive more attention in the future since political instability slows down investment.
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Mishi, Syden. "The impact of capital flows on real exchange rates in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007089.
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The neoclassical theory suggests that free flows of external capital should be equilibrating and thereby facilitating smoothening of an economy's consumption or production patterns. South Africa has a very low savings rate, making it highly dependent on capital inflows which create instability and volatility in global markets. A policy dilemma is undoubtedly evident: capital inflows help to cater for the domestic low savings and at the same time the inflows pose instability, a threat on competitiveness and volatility challenges to the same economy due to their impact on exchange rates. The question is: are all forms of capital flows equally destabilizing? Since studies based on South Africa considered only the relationship between aggregate capital flows and real exchange rate, modelling individual components of capital flows could enlighten policy formulation even further. The composition of the flows and their effects on the composition of aggregate demand determine the evolution of real exchange rate response to surges in capital flows. Through co-integration and vector error correction modelling techniques applied to South African data between 1990 and 2010, the study found out that foreign portfolio investment exerts the greatest appreciation effect on the South African real exchange rate, followed by other investment and finally foreign direct investment. Thus the impact of capital flows on real exchange rate in South Africa differs by type of capital. This presents varied policy implications.
Books on the topic "Floods – South Africa"
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Lord, Dick. Fire, flood, and ice: Search and rescue missions of the South African Air Force. Roodepoort, Johannesburg: Covos Books, 1998.
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Ochsenius, Claudio. Trapps geological significance for the evolution of waterfall sceneries: From the Gondwanaland to the last glacial age (South America, Africa, and India) : a brief essay. 3rd ed. El Arrayan, Santiago: Geowissenschaftliche Beiträge, 1998.
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International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology (6th 1997 Cape Town, South Africa). Fluvial aspects of the Ordovician table mountain group: Slack-water deposits of the 1981 Buffels River flood, Laingsburg : alluvial fan enon formation (cretaceous), Oudtshoorn : post-conference field excursion, 6th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 27 September to 1 October 1997. [Cape Town, South Africa: The Conference, 1997.
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Cardon, Nathan. A Dream or Nightmare of the Future? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190274726.003.0006.
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The book concludes with the 1907 Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, which both reflected and refracted the hopes and dreams of the Cotton States and Tennessee Centennial. It reflected New South desires for a society in which industrial capital flooded the South, opened foreign markets, and where a race hierarchy included African Americans in the region’s progress yet separated them within that society. But it also saw the refraction of their dreams in in which the vision of an ordered and prosperous South came unhinged in the fair’s financial disaster. Southern women were all but eliminated from participating, and African Americans’ dreams of inclusion in the region’s progress—albeit on the white South’s terms—now appeared a very dubious assertion. The Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition still represented the New South dream of a modern and imperial future, but for others, it was a nightmare.
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Sewlal, Robin, ed. REFLECTIONS of the SOUTH AFRICAN MEDIA 1994 - 2019. Radiocracy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/dut.3.
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Prior to 1994, the media operated in an environment that can best be described as ‘suppressed’. Diversity of thoughts, views and opinions on media platforms were non-existent as the regime, at the time, ruled with an iron-fist. A variety of print media outlets sought to reflect reality, but it was a steady struggle especially for those with meagre resources, and exacerbated by the constant clampdowns. The state-run broadcaster, if anything, entrenched discriminatory principles and practices. Given our precarious past, the birth of democracy proved to be the perfect panacea for a promising pathway for the media fraternity. Transformation, in more ways than one, permeated the sector. Reflections of the South African Media: 1994-2019 is a compilation by authors who have peculiar insight of and excelled in the different areas of the fast-developing industry in the first 25 years of South Africa’s democracy. And they are no ordinary authors. Every chapter contributed came from women and men who had, through the years, a direct link with ML Sultan Technikon, Technikon Natal, Durban Institute of Technology (DIT) or Durban University of Technology (DUT) * either as a student, lecturer, visiting professor, speaker or associate. Compiling and editing this book has been an incredibly invigorating experience. It was never in doubt whose image will adorn the cover of the book, so it was beautifully uplifting that many authors, not knowing my choice, gave Nelson Mandela due recognition. My brief to the authors was simple: let me have your personal lookback in your own style on the topic that you are most comfortable with. All of them stepped up to the plate, and the vast array of content in the book bares strong testimony. A section titled Journeys in Journalism encapsulates input from alumni of DUT Journalism – they were afforded free reign to trace the territory they traversed. I’m indebted to each and every contributor for generously volunteering their precious time and talent to the book. They were simply magnificent. It has to be said that this publication far exceeded my expectations as it, initially, was a humble idea to celebrate 25 years of the media industry with a handful of contributions. Little did I realise that my desk will be flooded with 40 pieces of excellence and a Foreword penned by the brilliant Jeremy Thompson. My eternal gratitude must also be extended to the small team of assistants for understanding my vision upfront and rallying remarkably throughout. Once you’ve enjoyed the read, I invite you to share Reflections of the South African Media: 1994-2019 with whoever you believe can benefit from its rich and diverse content!
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Ho, Jennifer. Southern Eruptions in Asian American Narratives. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037832.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the emergence of Asian American literature and film about the South as they disrupt multiple narratives about race relations and racial subjectivity. It particularly studies Susan Choi's novel The Foreign Student (1998), Mira Nair's feature-length film Mississippi Masala (1992), and Paisley Rekdal's creative nonfiction collection of autobiographical essays, The Night My Mother Met Bruce Lee: Observations on Not Fitting In (2000). Asian American stories set in the South erupt the myth of imaginary lines between the past and present, arguing that the inclusion of Asian American voices signals not simply a pluralistic affirmation of racial harmony but the complications of understanding race beyond a black–white paradigm. Indeed, a true understanding of southern race relations crosses the geographic borders of the American South into not only Europe and Africa but the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia as well, because the South is a space that is implicated in larger transnational and global flows.
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Lawrence, David Todd, and Elaine J. Lawless. When They Blew the Levee. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496817730.001.0001.
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In this ethnography of a destroyed town in southern Missouri’s Bootheel region, authors David Todd Lawrence and Elaine J. Lawless examine two conflicting narratives about the flood of 2011—one promoted by the Corps of Engineers that boasts the success of the levee breach and the flood diversion, and the other gleaned from oral narratives collected from the displaced Pinhook residents, stories that reveal a lack of concern on the part of the government for the destruction of their town. Receiving inadequate warning and no evacuation assistance during the breach, residents lost everything. Many still seek restitution and funding for relocation and reconstruction of their town. The authors’ research traces a long history of discrimination and neglect of the rights of the Pinhook community, beginning with migration from the Deep South to the southern-most counties in Missouri, through purchasing and farming the land, up to the Birds Point levee breach. Their stories relate what it has been like for the former residents of this stable African American town to be displaced dispersed in other small towns, living with relatives and friends while trying to negotiate the bureaucracy surrounding Federal Emergency Management Agency and State Emergency Management Agency assistance. Ultimately, the stories of displaced citizens of Pinhook reveal a strong African American community, whose bonds were developed over time and through shared traditions, bonds that will persist even if the town is never rebuilt.
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Mosley, Layna. Investment and Debt. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.21.
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Abstract: This article examines the political determinants and economic consequences of financial openness in low- and middle-income countries, with emphasis on government autonomy rather than on other important outcomes such as economic growth and development. After sketching trends in financial openness in developing countries, the article illustrates how the effects of financial integration are intertwined with the type of capital flow (e.g., short-term versus long-term investment) and with a nation’s domestic interests and institutions. It then considers the possibility that BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) will emerge as alternative financial leaders at a regional or global level. It also assesses the impact of capital flows on government-policy decisions and outcomes before reflecting on the politics of investment and debt.
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Cereal, The Preparations of, Fruit, Vegetable Flours Research Group, and The Preparations Of Cereal and Fruit and. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Preparations of Cereal and Fruit and Vegetable Flours in South Africa (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2001.
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Nash, David. Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.539.
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Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.
Book chapters on the topic "Floods – South Africa"
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Ngarava, Saul, Leocadia Zhou, Abbyssinia Mushunje, and Petronella Chaminuka. "Impacts of Floods on Livestock Production in Port St Johns, South Africa." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 221–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74192-1_13.
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Llopis, Jorge C. "Down by the Riverside: Cyclone-Driven Floods and the Expansion of Swidden Agriculture in South-western Madagascar." In The Environmental Crunch in Africa, 241–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77131-1_9.
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Ngarava, Saul, Leocadia Zhou, Abbyssinia Mushunje, and Petronella Chaminuka. "Vulnerability of Settlements to Floods in South Africa: A Focus on Port St Johns." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 203–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74192-1_12.
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Chikodzi, David, Kaitano Dube, and Nonkululeko Ngcobo. "Rethinking Harbours, Beaches and Urban Estuaries Waste Management Under Climate-Induced Floods in South Africa." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 127–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74192-1_7.
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Nhamo, Godwell, and David Chikodzi. "Hotel Management Under Increasing and More Intense Floods: A Focus on The Centurion Hotel, South Africa." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 105–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74192-1_6.
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Siwedza, Shelton, Simbarashe Mukonzo, Chalo Ngambi, and Soul Shava. "Impacts of Cyclones Idai and Kenneth and the 2019 Floods on the Insurance Sector in South Africa and Mozambique." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 157–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74192-1_9.
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Matheri, Anthony Njuguna, Belaid Mohamed, and Jane Catherine Ngila. "Smart Climate Resilient and Efficient Integrated Waste to Clean Energy System in a Developing Country: Industry 4.0." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1053–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_69.
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AbstractClimate change impacts a natural and human system on the entire globe. Climate-related extreme weather such as drought, floods, and heat waves alters the ecosystems that society depends on. Climate, land, energy, and water systems (CLEWS) are a critical aspect of high importance on resource availability, distribution, and interconnection. The nexus provides a set of guidelines to South Africa that aims on creating a level playing field for all sectors while achieving the aims of the SDGs that are cross-sectoral and multilevel approaches to climate change. The nexus expressed three domains that included resources, governance, and security. It integrated a smart climate resilient with inclusion of the governance and involvement of the stakeholders. Recognition of spatial and sector interdependencies should inform policies, investment and institutional for enhancing nexus security and climate change towards making transition green carbon deals. The nexus offers an integrated approach that analyzes the trade-offs and synergies between the different sectors in order to maximize the efficiency of using the resources that adapt institutional and optimum policy arrangements. Economic transformation and creation of employment through green economy is one of the COP26 green deal agendas in curbing the carbon emissions (green house emission, industrial processes, fuel combustion, and fugitive emissions) as mitigation to climate change, which is cost-effective and economically efficient. The future climate change policy in the developing countries is likely to be both promoted by climate technology transfer and public-private cooperation (cross-sector partnership) through the technology mechanism of the nexus and inclusion of the gender.
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Kamga, Serges Djoyou. "Illicit financial flows in South Africa." In Illicit Financial Flows from South Africa, 161–72. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003197232-14.
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Carmody, Pádraig, and James T. Murphy. "The Impact of China and South Africa in Urban Africa." In Foreign Capital Flows and Economic Development in Africa, 29–49. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53496-5_2.
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Kamga, Gerard Emmanuel Kamdem. "Insights into illicit financial flows from South Africa." In Illicit Financial Flows from South Africa, 15–30. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003197232-3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Floods – South Africa"
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Mahrour, Illili. "To inhabit the twelve i𝛾amawen of Taguelzi: fortified dwellings as alive ruins in the Gourara (Algerian Sahara)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11329.
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In the southwest of the Algerian Sahara, Taguelzi is one of the fortified settlement oases forming the network of the Gourara defensive structures situated on the southern edge of the Ouled Aïssa Hmada. It is a large and long flat limestone area, which borders, from north to south, the west side of the Timimoun sebkha. Despite its position on the periphery of Charouine, one of the Gourara sub-region main human settlement, Taguelzi is exactly situated at the crossroads of ancient caravan routes linking sub-Saharan Africa to the Atlantic shores and the Mediterranean world through both the Messaoura wadi and the shortcut to Figuig in Morocco, across the Great Western Erg. Taguelzi strategic position, on the southern cornice of the Ouled Aïssa hamada facing the north of Moulay Mohemmed Erg, an arm of the Great Western Erg, allows to reach the Aougrout, the main sub region of the Gourara, through the Deldoul sub region in few hours, and eventually from there to get to the Gourara main cities. By using a space anthropological approach based on spatiality vocabulary, we have tried to understand this Saharan settlement formed by twelve distinct defensive inhabited structures and why some of them are considered as “dead ruins” and others as still “alive ruins”. Taguelzi twelve fortified inhabited structures reported through “the spatiality living word” reveals the living space organization complexity at the territory scale and may explain the morphogenesis of those defensive structures which gave birth to troglodyte habitat, to stone defensive towers and double walled fortifications with gardens, wells, water system irrigation and wide-open cemeteries. Today, despite unsuccessful state rehabilitation projects and the fortifications advanced state of ruins after the 2008 devastating floods, the inhabitants still clearly identify and refer to them as the twelve “i𝛾amawen of Taguelzi”.
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Pennefather, Sean, and Barry Irwin. "An exploration of geolocation and traffic visualisation using network flows." In 2014 Information Security for South Africa (ISSA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issa.2014.6950507.
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Tshamala, Mubenga Carl, and Derik Ehlers. "Hybrid Cooling for Power Generation and Water Scarcity in the South African Context." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7410.
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Traditionally, water is used in thermal power plant for heat rejection processes such as in the steam condenser for use in a Rankine cycle. Typically, research has shown that approximately 2 litres of water are required to generate 1 kWh of electricity on a wet-cooling system; which on a bigger scale could translated to more than 11000000 m3 per year of make-up water for a 600 MWe coal-fired plant. The ever-increasing cost of water resources as well as the water resource scarcity have paved a path to dry-cooling systems which alternatively provide a significant cooling potential. However, dry-cooling systems performance are generally driven by the atmospheric conditions which at time do not meet the desired cooling temperatures resulting in significant drop in their performance. Recent developments in cooling technology suggest that hybrid systems (dry-wet) be used to insure good and manageable performances while maintaining the cost of operation at admissible range. In light of the recent draught experienced in South Africa, attention was drawn to evaluation of deluged systems performance as well as water consumption to increase the public awareness in the field. In this study, a deluged bundle was used to experimentally determine the cooling performance characteristic as well as water consumption for performance management. The above is then considered on a bigger scale to in order to open floor for further discussion on future strategies in term of the South African policy on water usage.
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Singo, L. R., P. M. Kundu, F. I. Mathivha, and J. O. Odiyo. "Evaluation of flood risks using flood frequency models: a case study of Luvuvhu River Catchment in Limpopo Province, South Africa." In URBAN WATER 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw160191.
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Scholz, Christopher A. "Advancing Models of Facies Variability and Lacustrine Source Rock Accumulation in Rifts: Implications for Exploration." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2577056-ms.
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ABSTRACT Important syn-rift hydrocarbon discoveries in the Tertiary East African Rift and in the South Atlantic subsalt basins have in recent years promoted renewed interest in the variability of source and reservoir rock facies in continental rifts. This talk considers several important new observations and developments in our understanding of the sedimentary evolution of lacustrine rift basins. Offshore subsalt basins in the South Atlantic demonstrate the importance of lacustrine carbonates, and especially microbialites, as reservoir facies in extensional systems. The role of rift-related magmatism is significant in these basins, both as drivers of hydrothermal systems around and within rift lakes, and as a source of solutes that facilitate carbonate accumulations. In the Tertiary East African Rift, substantial new hydrocarbon resources have been identified, including onshore siliciclastic reservoirs in remarkably young and shallow parts of the sedimentary section in the Albertine Graben. Rollover anticlines and fault-related folds serve as important structures for several new fields in the East African Rift, but larger structures affiliated with accommodation zones, in many instances located far offshore in the modern lakes, remain untested. Lacustrine source rocks that accumulated in stratified lake basins are the source of the oil and gas in these systems, however there is still much to be learned about their spatial and temporal variability. There is observed considerable variation in the character of organic matter on the floors of modern African lake basins, even adjacent ones. A number of factors likely govern the amount of total organic carbon preserved within the basins. These include 1) primary productivity; 2) degree of siliciclastic dilution, which is controlled in part by offshore slopes and the extent of onshore catchments, and 3) physical limnology, controlled by climate and basin-scale physiography, and the fetch-depth ratio of the lakes, which determines the likelihood of water column stratification. Scientific drilling in the African Rift lake basins is providing considerable information on the high temporal hydroclimate variability of the region, especially in the later Tertiary and Quaternary, which substantially controls basin lithofacies.
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Gerber, J., and G. Van Aswegen. "Modelling the Seismic Response of Flooded Faults in an Ultra-Deep South African Gold Mine." In 81st EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2019 Workshop Programme. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902006.
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GERICKE, OCKERT J. "DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF A SINGLE-EVENT DESIGN FLOOD ESTIMATION TOOL: CASE STUDY IN FOUR CLIMATOLOGICAL REGIONS OF SOUTH AFRICA." In RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rbm190061.
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Kundu, P. M., R. L. Singo, J. O. Odiyo, and R. N. Nkuna. "An evaluation of the effects of climate change on flood frequency in the Luvuvhu River Catchment, Limpopo Province, South Africa." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si140151.
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Osukuku, Godfred, Abiud Masinde, Bernard Adero, Edmond Wanjala, and John Ego. "Integrated Geophysical Interpretation of Kerio Valley Basin Stratigraphy, Kenya Rift." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2670415-ms.
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Abstract This research work attempts to map out the stratigraphic sequence of the Kerio Valley Basin using magnetic, gravity and seismic data sets. Regional gravity data consisting of isotactic, free-air and Bouguer anomaly grids were obtained from the International Gravity Bureau (BGI). Magnetic data sets were sourced from the Earth Magnetic Anomaly grid (EMAG2). The seismic reflection data was acquired in 1989 using a vibrating source shot into inline geophones. Gravity Isostacy data shows low gravity anomalies that depict a deeper basement. Magnetic tilt and seismic profiles show sediment thickness of 2.5-3.5 Km above the basement. The Kerio Valley Basin towards the western side is underlain by a deeper basement which are overlain by succession of sandstones/shales and volcanoes. At the very top are the mid Miocene phonolites (Uasin Gishu) underlain by mid Miocene sandstones/shales (Tambach Formation). There are high gravity anomalies in the western and southern parts of the basin with the sedimentation being constrained by two normal faults. The Kerio Valley Basin is bounded to the west by the North-South easterly dipping fault system. Gravity data was significantly of help in delineating the basement, scanning the lithosphere and the upper mantle according to the relative densities. The basement rocks as well as the upper cover of volcanoes have distinctively higher densities than the infilled sedimentary sections within the basin. From the seismic profiles, the frequency of the shaley rocks and compact sandstones increases with depths. The western side of the basin is characterized by the absence of reflections and relatively higher frequency content. The termination of reflectors and the westward dip of reflectors represent a fault (Elgeyo fault). The reflectors dip towards the west, marking the basin as an asymmetrical syncline, indicating that the extension was towards the east. The basin floor is characterized by a nearly vertical fault which runs parallel to the Elgeyo fault. The seismic reflectors show marked discontinuities which may be due to lava flows. The deepest reflector shows deep sedimentation in the basin and is in reasonable agreement with basement depths delineated from potential methods (gravity and magnetic). Basement rocks are deeper at the top of the uplift footwall of the Elgeyo Escarpment. The sediments are likely of a thickness of about 800 M which is an interbed of sandstones and shales above the basement.
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"Determinants for Crafting a Winning Organisational Strategy for the South African Manufacturing Sector: Perspectives from Shop Floor Employees." In 21st European Conference on Knowledge Management. ACPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ekm.20.251.
Full textReports on the topic "Floods – South Africa"
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Amaya, Ana B., Stephen Kingah, and Philippe de Lombaerde. Multi-Level Pro-Poor Health Governance, Statistical Information Flows, And The Role Of Regional Organizations In South-America And Southern Africa. Unknown, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii158.
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