Academic literature on the topic 'Floral differentiation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Floral differentiation"
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Rao, I. Usha, and H. Y. Mohan Ram. "Floral differentiation and its modification." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 94, no. 2-3 (April 1985): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053164.
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Honsho, Chitose, Keizo Yonemori, Akira Sugiura, Songpol Somsri, and Suranant Subhadrabandhu. "Durian Floral Differentiation and Flowering Habit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 1 (January 2004): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.1.0042.
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Flower bud differentiation and the flowering habit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) `Mon Thong' from budbreak to anthesis were investigated at the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center in Thailand. Clusters of flower buds appeared at the end of November on primary or secondary scaffold branches near where a flower cluster occurred the previous year. Anatomical observations revealed that the development of floral organs was acropetal; the five fused epicalyx forming a large, elongated envelope enclosing the sepals, petals, stamen and fused multi-carpellate pistil. Floral organ development was completed in early January. The mature flower bud more than doubled in size one day before anthesis, with anthesis starting around 1600 hr and ending ≈1900 hr. The anthers did not dehisce until the completion of flowering. This change induced heterostyly in this cultivar, which promoted out-crossing by reducing the possibility of self-pollination. Aromatic nectar that attracted insects to the flower was secreted during anthesis. This is the first report to have clarified the overall flowering process in durian and provides the basic information for elucidating reproductive biology of durian in future research.
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Zou, Feng, Jinghua Duan, Huan Xiong, Deyi Yuan, Lin Zhang, and Genhua Niu. "Flower Bud Differentiation and Development of ‘Jinsi No.4’ Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Hunan Province of Southern China." Open Biotechnology Journal 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701711010009.
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Ziziphus jujuba Mill. is one of the most important fruit crops and has been cultivated in China for more than 4000 years. Z. jujuba fruit is rich in nutritional and medicinal values. Compared to other wood fruits, Z. jujuba is unique in its flowering and fruiting characteristics. Floral buds differentiation and formation of Z. jujuba is an essential process that affects yield. Z. jujuba ‘Jinsi No.4’ blooms profusely, yet its final yield is low. In this study, the floral bud differentiation and development of ‘Jinsi No.4’ were examined by paraffin section. Results showed that the floral buds of ‘Jinsi No.4’ differentiated in the current year and started from early April. The duration of a single flower differentiation was short, taking only 7 days for maturation of flowers buds. Floral bud differentiation of ‘Jinsi No.4’ can be divided into six stages, i.e., pre-differentiation, initial differentiation, sepal differentiation, petal differentiation, stamen differentiation, and pistil differentiation. Flower development experienced seven stages, i.e., alabastrum, alabastrum break, sepal flattening, petal flattening, stamen flattening, filament withering, and ovule swelling. Dysplasia was observed in some floral organs in Z. jujuba ‘Jinsi No.4’, suggesting that the dysplasia of floral organs may be one of the main reasons for low yields. Our findings on flower bud development in ‘Jinsi No.4’ will contribute to its production and flowering management in Hunan area of southern China.
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Esumi, Tomoya, Ryutaro Tao, and Keizo Yonemori. "(280) Temporal and Spatial Expression of LEAFY and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Homologues in Floral Bud of Japanese Pear and Quince." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1052B—1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1052b.
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Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and quince (Cydonia oblonga), both classified in the subfamily Maloideae, show differences in inflorescence architectures despite of the fact that they are genetically closely related. We previously isolated flowering related genes, LEAFY (LFY) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) homologues, from these species and showed that they had two types of homologues for each gene. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of LFY and TFL1 homologues in these species by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. The floral bud was dissected to small pieces under stereomicroscope; apical meristem, scales/bracts, pith, floral meristem, and inflorescence; and then used for RT-PCR. The LFY homologues were expressed in apical meristem and scales/bracts before the floral differentiation in both Japanese pear and quince. After floral differentiation, the expression was observed in floral meristem, scales/bracts and pith in both the species. The TFL1 homologues were strongly expressed in the apical meristem, but their expression was drastically decreased just before floral differentiation. It is considered that the decrease of expression of TFL1 homologues is a sign of floral initiation. The expression of TFL1 homologues was transiently increased at the beginning of floral differentiation in both species. Moreover, one of TFL1 homologues in Japanese pear was continuously expressed in the inflorescence part in the floral primordia, whereas expression of TFL1 homologues in quince almost completely disappeared after a solitary floral meristem was initiated. It was suggested that TFL1 homologues may also be involved in the inflorescence development of Japanese pear.
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Juárez-P., N., E. Ortíz-E., and M. W. Borys. "Diferenciación floral en tejocote Crataegus pubescens (H.B.K.) Steud." Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura I, no. 04 (April 1995): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.1995.01.008.
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Rembur, Jacques, Arlette Nougarède, Pierre Rondet, and Dennis Francis. "Floral-specific polypeptides in Silene coeli-rosa." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-291.
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In Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Godron given a 7-long-day inductive treatment, scanning electron microscopy and two-dimensional minigel electrophoreses of total proteins were used to characterize the polypeptide pattern of each type of floral organ through early differentiation and to research the changes that occurred in the reproductive apex that initiated each new floral whorl. During early differentiation of each whorl, some polypeptides no longer expressed in the subsequent whorls were distinguished as unique to sepals (24), petals (7), and stamens (4). Newly expressed polypeptides were also observed that occasionally persisted in the subsequent whorl. However, qualitative changes were only between 1.2 and 3.8% of all the detected spots, and common spots remained the most numerous, even if a modulation of their expression in the various types of floral organs was observed. Comparison between leaves and differentiating floral organs showed that sepals shared 57% of their polypeptide spots with leaves, whereas petals, stamens, or carpels shared only 14.6, 10.5, and 7.7%, respectively. In the reproductive apex, polypeptides newly detected or unique to a particular whorl were expressed at the time of initiation of this whorl. However, some of these spots were also detected before, in the apex that initiated the preceding whorl, or they persisted later, in the apex that initiated the following whorl. Key words: floral organs, polypeptides, reproductive apex, Silene coeli-rosa.
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Warmund, Michele R., Fumiomi Takeda, and Glen A. Davis. "Supercooling and Extracellular Ice Formation in Differentiating -Buds of Eastern Thornless Blackberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 6 (November 1992): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.6.941.
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`Hull Thornless' and `Black Satin' blackberry (Rubus spp.) canes were collected from Sept. 1989 through Mar. 1990 to determine the hardiness and supercooling characteristics of buds at various stages of development. Anatomical studies were also conducted to examine the location of ice voids in buds frozen to -5 or -30C. Differentiation of the terminal flower occurred in `Black Satin' buds by 6 Nov., whereas `Hull Thornless' buds remained vegetative until early spring. As many as nine floral primordia were observed in both cultivars by 12 Mar. The hardiness of the two cultivars was similar until February. Thereafter, `Black Satin' buds were more susceptible to cold injury than those of `Hull Thornless'. Flora1 and undifferentiated buds of both cultivars exhibited one to four low temperature exotherms (LTEs) from 9 Oct. to 12 Mar. in differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments. The stage of flora1 development did not influence the bud's capacity to supercool. The number of LTEs was not related to the stage of floral development or to the number of floral primordia. Extracellular voids resulting from ice formation in the bud axis and scales were observed in samples subjected to -5 or -30C.
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Chen, Li-Yun, Chien-Young Chu, and Min-Chang Huang. "Inflorescence and Flower Development in Chinese Ixora." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 1 (January 2003): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.1.0023.
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Experiments were conducted on 6-month-old chinese ixora (Ixora chinensis Lam.) from February 1999 to April 2000. Floral development was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the flowering sequences. Morphological characters were used to clarify the stages of flowering processes. The time of organogenesis and flowering arrangement was established through field observations. Floral evocation occurred in early September, floral initiation occurred in the middle of September and floral differentiation began in late September. A distinctly convex apex with bracts around the shoulder indicated the beginning of reproductive development. Subsequently, primary inflorescence axes were observed and differentiated into secondary, tertiary, and quaternary inflorescence axes consecutively in about one and a half months. Once the terminal apex reached the inflorescence bud stage, it would flower without abortion, and this may be assessed as no return. The sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil were well developed thereafter and anthesis was achieved in January through March in the following year. The observation of floral differentiation sequences and investigation of floret arrangement made it certain that chinese ixora had cymose inflorescence (cyme), but not corymb. A quadratic equation was established to predict floret number from the differentiation level (a quantitative description of differentiation stage) of a developed inflorescence.
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Castro, J., and G. Bertelsen. "Floral differentiation in five almond cultivars in Chile." Ciencia e investigación agraria 30, no. 2 (August 5, 2003): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v30i2.266.
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Gasser, C. S. "Molecular Studies on the Differentiation of Floral Organs." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 42, no. 1 (June 1991): 621–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.003201.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Floral differentiation"
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Madec, Camille. "Genetic Variation and Evolution of Floral Display in Primula farinosa." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Växtekologi och evolution, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-215508.
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In this thesis, I combine molecular analyses, common-garden and field experiments to examine how evolutionary and ecological processes influence patterns of genetic variation among and within populations of the declining, insect-pollinated, self-incompatible, perennial herb Primula farinosa. More specifically I examined 1) whether genetic diversity at neutral marker loci was related to habitat fragmentation and habitat stability, 2) whether floral display and flowering time were more strongly differentiated among populations than were putatively neutral marker loci, 3) whether adaptive population differentiation could be detected on a local spatial scale, and 4) whether floral display differentially affected male and female reproductive success. Genetic diversity at neutral marker loci was lower within fragmented populations on the Swedish mainland than within the more densely occurring populations on the island Öland, SE Sweden. On Öland, fluctuations in population size were more pronounced on thin than on deep soils, but genetic diversity was not related to soil depth. Among-population genetic differentiation in scape length and flowering time was stronger than that of neutral marker loci, which is consistent with divergent selection acting on these traits. Water availability should influence the length of the growing season and thus the time available for fruit maturation, but flowering time in a common-garden experiment was not related to estimates of water availability at sites of origin. In a reciprocal transplant experiment conducted among four populations separated by up to a few kilometres and growing in environment differing in water availability and grazing intensity, no evidence of local adaption was observed. Finally, in a field experiment, interactions with pollinators and antagonists differentially affected selection on floral display through male and female function. Taken together, the results indicate that habitat connectivity and environmental heterogeneity contribute to high neutral and adaptive genetic variation in Primula farinosa on the island Öland, SE Sweden, and illustrate that effects on both male and female reproductive success need to be considered to understand fully the evolution of floral display.
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García, Lorca Ana Luisa. "Temperature regulating floral bud differentiation in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Hormonal and genetic aspects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/79873.
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In loquat, apex of a current shoot changes from vegetative to reproductive stage during summer, i.e. under high temperature conditions. Indeed, just before floral bud differentiation, a decline in the growth rate due to high temperature takes place. The aim of this work is to study the role of this 'summer rest period' on the apex transition from vegetative to reproductive stage. For this purpose 1) sprouting of secondary shoots was promoted at different times, removing the main shoot, before, during and after floral bud differentiation occurred and 2) groups of trees were shifted to a greenhouse under average maximum temperature not exceeding 25 ° C during different periods from June to October.
Floral bud differentiation was evaluated. LEAFY (LFY), APETALA (AP1), TERMINAL FLOWERING 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT1) expression and hormonal content in abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (CKs) were analyzed in bud collected during the summer.
Results suggest that the date of shoot apex removal determining floral bud differentiation of new shoots, so that the percentage of the new reproductive shoots reduced with the delaying of apex removal. On the other hand, maximum average temperature not exceeding 25 ° C prevented floral bud differentiation. Buds of the trees under indoors conditons displayed lower expression of identity floral genes EjLFY and EjAP1 than buds of trees grown in field. On the contrary, the floral repressor EjTFL1 and EjFT1 gene expressed higher in buds of the trees grown indoors. Time-course of ABA decreased in buds of trees grown in field during studied period while in buds of trees under greenhouse conditions displayed a growing trend. Time-course of GAs, IAA and CKs concentrations did not show remarkable differences between buds of trees growing under field and indoors conditions. Accordingly, 1) secondary shoots emerged from mid- August are unfitness to flower and 2) maximum average tempertature 25±1 °C during the summer prevents floral bud differentiation, enhances ABA biosynthesis, reduces EjLFY and EjAP1 expression and enhance EjTFL1 expression in the apex.El níspero japonés diferencia sus yemas durante el verano, después de un periodo de ralentización del crecimiento vegetativo ligado a las altas temperaturas que se conoce como reposo estival. El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar la influencia de la parada estival en la diferenciación floral de esta especie. Para ello se diseñó un experimento en el que se forzó la brotación de brotes anticipados eliminado el ápice principal en diferentes fechas entre julio y septiembre, antes, durante y después de la parada estival. Paralelamente se diseñó otro experimento en el que se cambiaron las condiciones climáticas a grupos de árboles manteniéndolos en un invernadero a una temperatura máxima media de 25 °C durante diferentes periodos de diversa duración. Se evaluó la diferenciación floral y se analizó la expresión de los genes relacionados con la floración LEAFY (LFY), APETALA (AP1), TERMINAL FLOWERING 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT1) y el contenido hormonal en ácido abscisico (ABA), giberelinas (GAs), ácido indolácetico (AIA) y citoquininas (CKs) en yemas terminales muestreadas a lo largo del verano. Los resultados indican que la fecha de brotación modifica la diferenciación floral de los brotes anticipados siendo el porcentaje de brotes reproductivos inversamente proporcional a la fecha de eliminación del meristemo. Del mismo modo unas condiciones de temperatura máxima no superior a 25 °C impidieron la diferenciación floral. Las yemas de los árboles que estuvieron bajo dichas condiciones mantuvieron unos niveles de expresión de los genes de identidad floral, EjLFY y EjAP1, mucho menor que la de los árboles en condiciones de campo. Por el contrario, la expresión del represor EjTFL1 y del gen EjFT1 fue mayor en los árboles en invernadero. Por otro lado, el contenido endógeno de ABA descendió en los árboles situados en el campo durante el periodo de estudio mientras que en los árboles situados en el invernadero tuvo una evolución ascendente. Las concentraciones de GAs, AIA y CKs no mostraron prácticamente diferencias entre los ápices de los árboles mantenidos en campo y en invernadero. De acuerdo con ello, 1) los brotes anticipados surgidos a partir de mitad de agosto son incapaces de florecer y 2) la ausencia de altas temperaturas del verano promueve la acumulación de ABA, aumenta la expresión del gen represor (EjTFL1) y reduce la expresión de los genes de identidad floral (EjLFY y EjAP1) en yemas de níspero impidiendo su diferenciación floral.
El nispro japonés diferència les seus gemmes durant l'estiu, després d'un període d'alentiment del creixement vegetatiu lligat a les altes temperatures que es coneix com repòs estival. L'objectiu d'aquesta Tesi va ser estudiar la influència de la parada estival en la diferenciació floral d'aquesta espècie. Per a això es va dissenyar un experiment en què es va forçar la aparició dels brots anticipats eliminat l'àpex principal en diferents dates entre juliol i setembre, abans, durant i després de l'aturada estival. Paral·lelament es va dissenyar un altre experiment en què es van canviar les condicions climàtiques a grups d'arbres mantenint-los en un hivernacle a una temperatura màxima mitjana de 25 °C durant diferents períodes de diversa durada. Es va avaluar la diferenciació floral i es va analitzar l'expressió dels gens relacionats amb la floració LEAFY (LFY), APETALA (AP1), TERMINAL FLOWERING 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT1) i el contingut hormonal en àcid abscísic (ABA) , gibberel·lines (GAs), àcid indolacètic (AIA) i citoquinines (CKs) en gemmes terminals mostrejades al llarg de l'estiu. Els resultats indiquen que la data de brotació modifica la diferenciació floral dels brots anticipats i el percentatge de brots reproductius es inversament proporcional a la data d'eliminació del meristema. De la mateixa manera unes condicions de temperatura màxima no superior a 25 ° C varen impedir la diferenciació floral. Les gemmes dels arbres que van estar sota aquestes condicions van mantenir uns nivells d'expressió dels gens d'identitat floral, EjLFY i EjAP1, molt menor que la dels arbres en condicions de camp. Per contra, l'expressió del repressor EjTFL1 i del gen EjFT1 va ser més gran en els arbres en hivernacle. D'altra banda, el contingut endogen d'ABA va baixar en els arbres situats al camp durant el període d'estudi mentre que en els arbres situats a l'hivernacle va tenir una evolució ascendent. Les concentracions de GAs, AIA i CKS no van mostrar pràcticament diferències entre els àpexs dels arbres mantinguts en camp i en hivernacle. D'acord amb això, 1) els brots anticipats sorgits a partir de meitat d'agost són incapaços de florir i 2) l'absència d'altes temperatures de l'estiu promou l'acumulació d'ABA, augmenta l'expressió del gen repressor (EjTFL1) i redueix l'expressió dels gens d'identitat floral (EjLFY i EjAP1) en gemmes de nispro del Japó impedint la seva diferenciació floral.
García Lorca, AL. (2017). Temperature regulating floral bud differentiation in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Hormonal and genetic aspects [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79873
TESIS
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Esumi, Tomoya. "Studies on floral differentiation and flowering-related gene expression in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.)." Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136571.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第13448号
農博第1659号
新制||農||949(附属図書館)
学位論文||H19||N4304(農学部図書室)
UT51-2007-S479
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)教授 米森 敬三, 教授 矢澤 進, 教授 谷坂 隆俊
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Alberti, Mariana Freire. "Florescimento de gemas axilares em abacateiros não irrigados cultivados em clima subtropical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-21012019-142759/.
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O abacateiro (Persea americana Mill.) possui desenvolvimento organizado em fluxos de crescimento e florescimento em panículas, provenientes principalmente de gemas terminais, podendo ocorrer em menor intensidade a partir de gemas axilares. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de florescimento e a presença de substâncias ergásticas nas células de gemas axilares, bem como determinar a contribuição dos fluxos de crescimento de primavera e verão para a composição floral dos abacateiros \'Geada\', \'Fortuna\', Quintal\', \'Margarida\' e \'Hass\', localizados no sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e por meio da contagem do número de brotações e inflorescências, o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo foi feito em 40 ramos do fluxo de primavera e 40 ramos do fluxo de verão, distribuídos em cinco plantas por cultivar, no período de março a agosto/2016. A capacidade de florescimento de gemas axilares foi avaliada em estruturas coletadas mensalmente entre março e julho de 2016 nos ramos dos fluxos de primavera e verão, sendo as alterações anatômicas do meristema e a presença de substâncias ergásticas (amido, proteínas totais, compostos fenólicos e polissacarídeos) monitoradas a partir de testes histológicos e histoquímicos. Para as análises histológicas, as amostras vegetais foram desidratadas em série gradual de álcoois, emblocados em historesina e coradas em coloração dupla com reagente ácido periódico de Schiff e Naftol Blue Black. O florescimento de todas as cultivares ocorreu no mês de agosto/2016 e a formação de inflorescências foi predominante em ramos provenientes do fluxo de verão para todas as cultivares. Os resultados evidenciam a capacidade de florescimento de gemas axilares dos abacateiros, as quais são anatomicamente idênticas às gemas terminais e apresentaram início do comprometimento com o florescimento, caracterizada pelo aparecimento dos eixos secundários da inflorescência, dois meses antes (entre maio e julho) da época de floração (agosto/setembro).Avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.) has an organized development in fluxes of growth and flowering in panicles, mainly coming from terminal buds, and may occur in less intensity from axillary buds. Thus, the present study had as objective the evaluation of the flowering potential and presence of ergastic substances in axillary buds, as well as to determine the contribution of the spring and summer fluxes growth to the floral composition of the avocado trees \'Geada\', \'Fortuna\' , Quintal \',\' Margarida \'and\' Hass\', located in the southwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized and the vegetative and reproductive development was monitored in 40 branches of the spring flux and 40 branches of the summer flux by counting the number of shoots and inflorescences, distributed in five plants per cultivar, in the period from March to August / 2016. The flowering capacity of axillary buds was evaluated in monthly collected structures between March and July of 2016 in the branches of spring and summer fluxes, being the anatomical alterations of the meristem and the presence of ergastic substances (starch, total proteins, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides) monitored from histological and histochemical analyses. For the histological analyzes, the plant samples were dehydrated in a gradual series of alcohols, placed in historesin and stained in double staining with periodic acid reagents of Schiff and Naftol Blue Black. The flowering of all cultivars occurred in August / 2016 and inflorescence formation was more significant in branches from the summer flow for all cultivars. The results showed the flowering ability of axillary buds of the avocado trees, which are anatomically identical to the terminal buds and showed the beginning of the flowering, characterized by the appearance of the secondary axes of the inflorescence two months before (between May and July) of flowering (August / September).
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Voigt, Vanessa. "Caracterização fenotípica e avaliação da expressão de genes envolvidos na indução e no florescimento da laranjeira \'x11\'." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64133/tde-16012014-162939/.
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A laranjeira ,,x11\" é um mutante espontâneo de laranja doce, com seedlings florescendo a partir do primeiro ou segundo ano de cultivo e plantas adultas podendo florescer em várias épocas num mesmo ano. Estas características tornam este mutante um excelente material para estudos de genômica funcional relacionado ao florescimento e a frutificação. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar o florescimento da laranjeira ,,x11\" em quatro épocas do ano e acompanhar o desenvolvimento do meristema apical em gemas axilares de plantas adultas, em relação às plantas de ,,Valência\". Também foi avaliado o perfil de expressão dos genes envolvidos na indução e no florescimento em plantas adultas e juvenis das duas laranjeiras. Plantas adultas de ,,x11\" enxertadas em ,,Cravo\" e ,,Swingle\" foram podadas no outono, inverno, primavera e verão e, em seguida, realizou-se a caracterização do florescimento em ramos novos e a determinação da viabilidade e germinação in vitro de grãos de pólen. O acompanhamento morfo-anatômico do meristema apical foi realizado em quatro estádios das brotações axilares das duas laranjeiras após a poda de outono. A expressão dos genes integradores das vias de indução (FT, SOC1 e LFY), genes repressores (FLC, SVP e TFL1) e os genes de identidade do meristema floral (AP1, BAM e WUS) foram analisados por RT-PCR em três estádios de desenvolvimento das brotações de plantas adultas e juvenis. A caracterização fenotípica do florescimento em ,,x11\" demonstrou que as podas de primavera e de outono induziram a formação de ramos com flores terminais, sendo que no outono ocorreu a formação de ramos vegetativos. A poda de inverno resultou em ramos multiflorais e a poda de verão flores abortadas. O número de dias até a formação de botões florais variou entre 5 e 20 dias após a poda, com ramos medindo entre 18 a 24 cm e número médio de folhas variando entre 9 e 12. A viabilidade e germinação in vitro de grãos de pólen foram maiores após a poda de inverno. Pelas análises morfo-anatômicas foi possível observar a diferenciação de botão floral em laranjeira ,,x11\" quando as brotações apresentavam 13 mm de comprimento. A análise de transcritos das plantas adultas de ,,x11\" no estádio 1 indicou maiores níveis de expressão nos genes FT e TFL1 enquanto os genes BAM e LFY foram reprimidos em relação às plantas de ,,Valência\". No estádio 2, os genes FT, LFY e BAM apresentaram um maior número de transcritos, porém o gene TFL1 teve um baixo número de transcritos quando comparado com plantas de ,,Valência\". No estádio 3, uma elevada expressão relativa foi observada no gene LFY nas plantas adultas de ,,x11\" em relação à ,,Valência\". As plantas juvenis de ,,x11\" nos três estádios não apresentaram grandes alterações de expressão dos nove genes em relação às plantas juvenis de ,,Valência\". A exceção foi para o gene BAM, que apresentou maiores expressões nos estádios 1 e 3, mas no estádio 2, sofreu repressão em relação a \"Valência\". Palavras-chave: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Florescimento precoce. Indução. Diferenciação floral. Genes do florescimentoThe ,,x11\" plant is a spontaneous mutant of sweet orange, with seedlings flowering from the first or second year of the growing and adult plants can flower several times a year. These features make this mutant into an excellent material for functional genomics studies related to flowering and fruiting. The present work aimed to characterize the flowering of ,,x11\" sweet orange in four seasons and to follow the development of the apical meristem in axillary buds of adult plants, compared to ,,Valencia\" sweet orange. In addition, the expression profile of genes involved in the induction and flowering was evaluated in adult and juvenile plants of the both sweet oranges. Adult plants of ,,x11\" grafted on \'Rangpur\' and \'Swingle\' were pruned in fall, winter, spring and summer, and then, the characterization of the flowering in new branches and the viability and in vitro germination of pollen grains were evaluated. The following morpho-anatomical apical meristem was carried out in four stages of the axillary sprouts in both sweet oranges after fall pruning. Gene expression of floral pathway integrators (FT, SOC1, and LFY), repressor genes (FLC, TFL1 and SVP) and the genes of floral meristem identity (AP1, BAM and WUS) were analyzed by RT-PCR in three stages development of sprouting from juvenile and adult plants. Phenotypic characterization of flowering in ,,x11\" showed that the spring and fall pruning induced the formation of terminal branches with flowers, and the fall pruning also presented vegetative branches. The winter pruning resulted in multifloral branches and the summer pruning produced aborted flowers. The number of days up to the arising of flower buds ranged between 5 and 20 days after pruning, with branches measuring between 18 and 24 cm and number of leaves between 9 and 12. The viability and in vitro germination of pollen grains were higher after winter pruning. It was observed the differentiation of floral bud in ,,x11\" sweet orange by the morpho-anatomical analysis when the sprouting was 13 mm in length. The analysis of transcripts of the ,,x11\" adult plants in stage 1 showed higher levels of expression in FT and TFL1 genes while the BAM and LFY genes were repressed in relation to ,,Valencia\" plants. In stage 2, FT, LFY and BAM genes had a larger number of transcripts, but the TFL1 gene had a low number of transcripts compared with ,,Valencia\" plants. In stage 3, high expression was observed in LFY gene in ,,x11\" adult plants relation to the ,,Valencia\". Juvenile plants of ,,x11\"in the three stages showed no significant changes of expression of nine genes in relation to juvenile plants of ,,Valencia\". The exception was the BAM gene, which showed higher expression in stages 1 and 3, but in stage 2, had a repression when compared to ,,Valencia\"
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Sandring, Saskia. "Plant-Animal Interactions and Evolution of Floral Display and Flowering Phenology in Arabidopsis lyrata." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7592.
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Boberg, Elin. "Evolution of Spur Length in a Moth-pollinated Orchid." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekologisk botanik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-113086.
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There is considerable evidence that pollinator shifts can explain many differences in flower morphology between closely related plant species, but the extent to which pollinator shifts can explain the maintenance of among-population variation in floral traits within species is poorly known. In this thesis, I combined comparative and experimental approaches to examine the evolution of floral traits in the moth-pollinated orchid Platanthera bifolia. More specifically, I investigated (1) the relationship between flower and pollinator morphology, (2) phenotypic selection on morphology and phenology in populations in contrasting environments, (3) components of prezygotic reproductive isolation among divergent populations, and (4) the adaptive and functional significance of two correlated floral traits. A study of Scandinavian of P. bifolia populations revealed that spur length was positively correlated with proboscis length of local pollinators, which suggests that variation in spur length reflects adaptive evolution in response to geographically variable pollinator-mediated selection. A phenotypic selection study on Öland, SE Sweden, suggested that disruptive selection on spur length contributes to the maintenance of a bimodal distribution of spur length in mixed habitats, but provided very limited evidence of divergent selection on plant morphology and flowering phenology in grassland and woodland habitats. Field experiments revealed strong reproductive isolation between divergent populations on Öland, due to differences in spatial distribution, flowering phenology, and pollinators, and among-population incompatibility. The results suggest that prezygotic reproductive isolation contributes to the maintenance of population differentiation in floral traits in P. bifolia. A field manipulation experiment demonstrated that spur length but not perianth size affects pollination success and seed production. This suggests that among-population differentiation in perianth size may be the result of a genetic correlation with spur length. Taken together, the results of this thesis suggest that pollinator-mediated selection can shape the evolution of intraspecific floral variation.
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Hansmann, Florian Heinrich [Verfasser]. "Investigation of murine and canine glia cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo / Florian Heinrich Hansmann." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037801148/34.
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Völlner, Florian [Verfasser], Christian Akademischer Betreuer] Morsczeck, and Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] [Grifka. "A two-step strategy for neuronal differentiation in vitro of human dental follicle cells / Florian Völlner. Betreuer: Christian Morsczeck ; Joachim Grifka." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024208745/34.
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Ell, Jascha [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Stark, Thomas [Gutachter] Stark, and Florian [Gutachter] Bassermann. "Inter-individual differences in human adipose derived stem cells with regards to adipogenic potential and endothelial progenitor cell differentiation potential in in-vitro experiments / Jascha Ell ; Gutachter: Thomas Stark, Florian Bassermann ; Betreuer: Thomas Stark." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202921892/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Floral differentiation"
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Wołkowycki, Dan. Różnicowanie i ujednolicanie się flor ruderalnych w warunkach izolacji środowiskowej: Differentiation and unification of ruderal floras in environmental isolation conditions. Łódź: Polskie Tow. Botaniczne, 2000.
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Böllinger, Sarah, Carsten Mildner, and Ulf Vierke, eds. Diversity Gains. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748909705.
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Diversity is gaining in visibility, acceptance and creativity, but also in contradictions and complexity. In this book, the authors discuss experiences, analysis, practices and policies from Europe, USA and Africa in essays, articles and a poem. The contributions range from social differentiation within the Kenyan middle class, inclusive art and education, to politics and experiences relating to disability, gender, race and sexuality. All the contributions discuss how we confront diversity and social complexity, and how we can transform ‘Diversity Gains’ into something beneficial for everyone. The authors and editors are anthropologists, scholars of art and literature, teachers, sociologists, journalists and activists from Europe, Africa and the USA. With contributions by Sarah Böllinger, Katharina Fink, Ann Fox, Thomas Hughes, Ras-I Mackinzeph; Carsten Mildner, Kevin Mwachiro, Dieter Neubert, Emmanuel Sackey, Florian Stoll, Ulf Vierke, Monika Windisch
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Thompson, John D. Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835141.001.0001.
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Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.
Book chapters on the topic "Floral differentiation"
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Pharis, R. P. "Physiology of Gibberellins in Relation to Floral Initiation and Early Floral Differentiation." In Gibberellins, 166–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3002-1_16.
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Davies, Brendan, and Zsuzsanna Schwarz-Sommer. "Control of Floral Organ Identity by Homeotic MADS-Box Transcription Factors." In Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, 235–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48037-2_11.
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Tran, K. Thanh Van. "Floral and Vegetative Differentiation in Vitro and in Vivo." In Morphogenesis in Plant Tissue Cultures, 215–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9253-6_8.
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Meusel, H., and E. J. Jäger. "Ecogeographical differentiation of the Submediterranean deciduous forest flora." In Woody plants — evolution and distribution since the Tertiary, 315–29. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3972-1_17.
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Galkienė, Alvyra, and Ona Monkevičienė. "Preconditions of Transforming the Educational Process by Applying Inclusive Education Strategies: Theoretical Background." In Inclusive Learning and Educational Equity, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80658-3_1.
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AbstractThe experience of the development of inclusive education strategies in various countries has been the source of various conceptions and practices, which have gradually evolved into the axis of the education policy of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. This chapter presents an overlook of insights that are significant for the practical implementation of inclusive education and substantiated by scientific research. As the perception of inclusive education developed from meeting special educational needs in general schools (Florian. Int J Incl Educ 23(7–8): 691–704. 10.1080/13603116.2019.1622801, 2019) to recognising the variety of needs of all students (Meyer et al. Universal design for learning: theory and practice. CAST, 2014), the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) approach was presented to the pedagogical circles. This chapter of the book examines the fundamental aspects of the UDL approach in the context of the development of the inclusive education construct, from emphasising the Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky. Thought and language. MIT Press, 1962) to highlighting the processes taking place in the inclusive education ecosystem (European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education. Inclusive school leadership: exploring policies across Europe. (E. Óskarsdóttir, V. Donnelly & M. Turner-Cmuchal, Eds.). Odense, Denmark. https://www.european-agency.org/sites/default/files/sisl_synthesis_report.pdf. Retrieved 16 April 2021, 2019), revealing the variety of perceptions of student uniqueness and education differentiation concepts in implementing inclusive education, and discussing the differences between the specificities of education goals and their implementation in the UDL and traditional approaches. The analysis of scientific research allowed us to distinguish the basic aspects of the UDL approach that are significant for the transformation of the traditional education system into a high-quality one based on the presumptions of success for every student and formed on the grounds of inclusive education.
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Antonio Vázquez-García, José, Miguel Angel Muñiz-Castro, Alex Dahua-Machoa, Edison Antonio Osorio-Muñoz, Gerardo Hernández-Vera, Alondra Salomé Ortega-Peña, Rosa de Lourdes Romo-Campos, César Jacobo-Pereira, Noelia Álvarez de Román, and Viacheslav Shalisko. "How to Save Endangered Magnolias? From Population Biology to Conservation Action: The Case of Allopatric Radiation in Western Mexico." In Endangered Plants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346.
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Numerous Neotropical Magnolia species are endangered and red-listed by the IUCN. Here we highlight major results from over a decade of research on endangered magnolias in western Mexico. Particularly, we compare three species of Magnolia (M. pugana, M. pacifica and M. vallartensis) along a large-scale continentality and moisture gradients, in terms of a) their morphological adaptations, b) genetic structure, diversity, and differentiation, c) reproductive phenology, and d) floral scents and their floral visitors. Fieldwork along this gradient unveiled two new species of Magnolia sect. Magnolia; M. granbarrancae and M. talpana. We found that most continental populations have a higher extinction risk than those with greater maritime influence, due to their lower genetic diversity, and greater fragmentation, isolation, and water stress. Also, these populations are more vulnerable to the environmental conditions predicted with the global warming climate scenarios. We share fieldwork experience and advise on pre-germination treatments and seed dormancy. We propose an ex-situ and in-situ conservation strategy, identify new challenges, and suggest future directions of collaborative work as a global Magnolia conservation consortium.
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Blondel, Jacques. "The Nature and Origin of the Vertebrate Fauna." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0015.
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The aim of this chapter is to provide an account of the complex history of Mediterranean faunas as they evolved from the end of the Pliocene about 1.8 million years ago until the present day. Reconstructing this history is difficult because the Mediterranean basin is one of the most complex regions in the world and is characterized by significant geographical and topographical variation. The Mediterranean basin was formed during the Tertiary by the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, in combination with several African microplates, Iberia, and two main African promontories: Apulia in the west and Arabia in the east (Chapter 1 and Dercourt et al. 1986). Where the African and Eurasian plates meet, seismic and volcanic activity have combined with other processes to form a very heterogeneous region. High mountains and deeply dissected topography form the main part of a coastline some 46,000 km in length, 18,000 of which are island shores (Chapter 13). A dominant feature of the region, which has had many consequences for species diversity and the process of differentiation, is the striking contrast between the northern half of the basin with its many large peninsulas—Iberian, Apennine, Balkan, and Anatolian—and the southern half with its more or less rectilinear shorelines. In addition, there is a marked biogeographical contrast between the western and the eastern halves of the Mediterranean, the former having shifted somewhat to the north with respect to the latter. The line separating the two north–south ranges in each half of the basin runs approximately along the 36th parallel in the western half and the 33rd in the eastern half. In the western half, west of the Sicily–Cap Bon line, biota are more boreal in character and overlap to a large degree with those of central Europe. To the east, biota have more affinities with central Asia (Blondel and Aronson 1999). Modern patterns of regional floral and faunal diversity mostly result from differential speciation and extinction rates during the Quaternary (Chapter 4).
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Smedal, Olaf H. "Hierarchy, Precedence and Values: Scopes for social action in Ngadhaland, Central Flores." In Precedence: Social Differentiation in the Austronesian World. ANU Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/p.05.2009.09.
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Forth, Gregory. "A Tale of Two Villages: Hierarchy and precedence in Keo dual organization (Flores, Indonesia)." In Precedence: Social Differentiation in the Austronesian World. ANU Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/p.05.2009.08.
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Newell-Price, John. "Cushing’s syndrome." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 825–36. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.0583.
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Harvey Cushing described the first case of Cushing’s syndrome with a severe phenotype in 1912. Since that time, investigation and management of Cushing’s syndrome has remained a significant clinical challenge (1, 2) and patients suspected of this diagnosis warrant referral to major centres. Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome is due the chronic, excessive, and inappropriate secretion of cortisol. When presentation is florid diagnosis is usually straightforward, but in modern practice Cushing’s syndrome is frequently and increasingly considered in mild cases in the absence of the classical signs in the context of osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, gynaecology, and psychiatric clinics, and achieving a diagnosis can be difficult. Appropriate management of Cushing’s syndrome is dependent on correctly identifying the cause of excess cortisol. Separating non-ACTH-dependent causes (adrenal tumours) from ACTH-dependent causes (pituitary or ectopic secretion of ACTH) is usually simple. However, many ectopic sources are occult and the differentiation of the source of ACTH secretion may require meticulous and repeated investigation to enable the appropriate surgery to be undertaken. In most circumstances the mainstay of therapy remains surgery to either an ACTH-secreting tumour or directly to the adrenal glands, but additional treatment with cortisol-lowering drugs and tumour-directed radiotherapy is often needed.