Journal articles: 'Floral differentiation'

1

Rao, I. Usha, and H. Y. Mohan Ram. "Floral differentiation and its modification." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 94, no. 2-3 (April 1985): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053164.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Honsho, Chitose, Keizo Yonemori, Akira Sugiura, Songpol Somsri, and Suranant Subhadrabandhu. "Durian Floral Differentiation and Flowering Habit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 1 (January 2004): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.1.0042.

Full text

Abstract:

Flower bud differentiation and the flowering habit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) `Mon Thong' from budbreak to anthesis were investigated at the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center in Thailand. Clusters of flower buds appeared at the end of November on primary or secondary scaffold branches near where a flower cluster occurred the previous year. Anatomical observations revealed that the development of floral organs was acropetal; the five fused epicalyx forming a large, elongated envelope enclosing the sepals, petals, stamen and fused multi-carpellate pistil. Floral organ development was completed in early January. The mature flower bud more than doubled in size one day before anthesis, with anthesis starting around 1600 hr and ending ≈1900 hr. The anthers did not dehisce until the completion of flowering. This change induced heterostyly in this cultivar, which promoted out-crossing by reducing the possibility of self-pollination. Aromatic nectar that attracted insects to the flower was secreted during anthesis. This is the first report to have clarified the overall flowering process in durian and provides the basic information for elucidating reproductive biology of durian in future research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Zou, Feng, Jinghua Duan, Huan Xiong, Deyi Yuan, Lin Zhang, and Genhua Niu. "Flower Bud Differentiation and Development of ‘Jinsi No.4’ Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Hunan Province of Southern China." Open Biotechnology Journal 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701711010009.

Full text

Abstract:

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. is one of the most important fruit crops and has been cultivated in China for more than 4000 years. Z. jujuba fruit is rich in nutritional and medicinal values. Compared to other wood fruits, Z. jujuba is unique in its flowering and fruiting characteristics. Floral buds differentiation and formation of Z. jujuba is an essential process that affects yield. Z. jujuba ‘Jinsi No.4’ blooms profusely, yet its final yield is low. In this study, the floral bud differentiation and development of ‘Jinsi No.4’ were examined by paraffin section. Results showed that the floral buds of ‘Jinsi No.4’ differentiated in the current year and started from early April. The duration of a single flower differentiation was short, taking only 7 days for maturation of flowers buds. Floral bud differentiation of ‘Jinsi No.4’ can be divided into six stages, i.e., pre-differentiation, initial differentiation, sepal differentiation, petal differentiation, stamen differentiation, and pistil differentiation. Flower development experienced seven stages, i.e., alabastrum, alabastrum break, sepal flattening, petal flattening, stamen flattening, filament withering, and ovule swelling. Dysplasia was observed in some floral organs in Z. jujuba ‘Jinsi No.4’, suggesting that the dysplasia of floral organs may be one of the main reasons for low yields. Our findings on flower bud development in ‘Jinsi No.4’ will contribute to its production and flowering management in Hunan area of southern China.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Esumi, Tomoya, Ryutaro Tao, and Keizo Yonemori. "(280) Temporal and Spatial Expression of LEAFY and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Homologues in Floral Bud of Japanese Pear and Quince." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1052B—1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1052b.

Full text

Abstract:

Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and quince (Cydonia oblonga), both classified in the subfamily Maloideae, show differences in inflorescence architectures despite of the fact that they are genetically closely related. We previously isolated flowering related genes, LEAFY (LFY) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) homologues, from these species and showed that they had two types of homologues for each gene. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of LFY and TFL1 homologues in these species by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. The floral bud was dissected to small pieces under stereomicroscope; apical meristem, scales/bracts, pith, floral meristem, and inflorescence; and then used for RT-PCR. The LFY homologues were expressed in apical meristem and scales/bracts before the floral differentiation in both Japanese pear and quince. After floral differentiation, the expression was observed in floral meristem, scales/bracts and pith in both the species. The TFL1 homologues were strongly expressed in the apical meristem, but their expression was drastically decreased just before floral differentiation. It is considered that the decrease of expression of TFL1 homologues is a sign of floral initiation. The expression of TFL1 homologues was transiently increased at the beginning of floral differentiation in both species. Moreover, one of TFL1 homologues in Japanese pear was continuously expressed in the inflorescence part in the floral primordia, whereas expression of TFL1 homologues in quince almost completely disappeared after a solitary floral meristem was initiated. It was suggested that TFL1 homologues may also be involved in the inflorescence development of Japanese pear.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Juárez-P., N., E. Ortíz-E., and M. W. Borys. "Diferenciación floral en tejocote Crataegus pubescens (H.B.K.) Steud." Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura I, no. 04 (April 1995): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.1995.01.008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Rembur, Jacques, Arlette Nougarède, Pierre Rondet, and Dennis Francis. "Floral-specific polypeptides in Silene coeli-rosa." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-291.

Full text

Abstract:

In Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Godron given a 7-long-day inductive treatment, scanning electron microscopy and two-dimensional minigel electrophoreses of total proteins were used to characterize the polypeptide pattern of each type of floral organ through early differentiation and to research the changes that occurred in the reproductive apex that initiated each new floral whorl. During early differentiation of each whorl, some polypeptides no longer expressed in the subsequent whorls were distinguished as unique to sepals (24), petals (7), and stamens (4). Newly expressed polypeptides were also observed that occasionally persisted in the subsequent whorl. However, qualitative changes were only between 1.2 and 3.8% of all the detected spots, and common spots remained the most numerous, even if a modulation of their expression in the various types of floral organs was observed. Comparison between leaves and differentiating floral organs showed that sepals shared 57% of their polypeptide spots with leaves, whereas petals, stamens, or carpels shared only 14.6, 10.5, and 7.7%, respectively. In the reproductive apex, polypeptides newly detected or unique to a particular whorl were expressed at the time of initiation of this whorl. However, some of these spots were also detected before, in the apex that initiated the preceding whorl, or they persisted later, in the apex that initiated the following whorl. Key words: floral organs, polypeptides, reproductive apex, Silene coeli-rosa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Warmund, Michele R., Fumiomi Takeda, and Glen A. Davis. "Supercooling and Extracellular Ice Formation in Differentiating -Buds of Eastern Thornless Blackberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 6 (November 1992): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.6.941.

Full text

Abstract:

`Hull Thornless' and `Black Satin' blackberry (Rubus spp.) canes were collected from Sept. 1989 through Mar. 1990 to determine the hardiness and supercooling characteristics of buds at various stages of development. Anatomical studies were also conducted to examine the location of ice voids in buds frozen to -5 or -30C. Differentiation of the terminal flower occurred in `Black Satin' buds by 6 Nov., whereas `Hull Thornless' buds remained vegetative until early spring. As many as nine floral primordia were observed in both cultivars by 12 Mar. The hardiness of the two cultivars was similar until February. Thereafter, `Black Satin' buds were more susceptible to cold injury than those of `Hull Thornless'. Flora1 and undifferentiated buds of both cultivars exhibited one to four low temperature exotherms (LTEs) from 9 Oct. to 12 Mar. in differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments. The stage of flora1 development did not influence the bud's capacity to supercool. The number of LTEs was not related to the stage of floral development or to the number of floral primordia. Extracellular voids resulting from ice formation in the bud axis and scales were observed in samples subjected to -5 or -30C.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Chen, Li-Yun, Chien-Young Chu, and Min-Chang Huang. "Inflorescence and Flower Development in Chinese Ixora." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 1 (January 2003): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.1.0023.

Full text

Abstract:

Experiments were conducted on 6-month-old chinese ixora (Ixora chinensis Lam.) from February 1999 to April 2000. Floral development was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the flowering sequences. Morphological characters were used to clarify the stages of flowering processes. The time of organogenesis and flowering arrangement was established through field observations. Floral evocation occurred in early September, floral initiation occurred in the middle of September and floral differentiation began in late September. A distinctly convex apex with bracts around the shoulder indicated the beginning of reproductive development. Subsequently, primary inflorescence axes were observed and differentiated into secondary, tertiary, and quaternary inflorescence axes consecutively in about one and a half months. Once the terminal apex reached the inflorescence bud stage, it would flower without abortion, and this may be assessed as no return. The sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil were well developed thereafter and anthesis was achieved in January through March in the following year. The observation of floral differentiation sequences and investigation of floret arrangement made it certain that chinese ixora had cymose inflorescence (cyme), but not corymb. A quadratic equation was established to predict floret number from the differentiation level (a quantitative description of differentiation stage) of a developed inflorescence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Castro, J., and G. Bertelsen. "Floral differentiation in five almond cultivars in Chile." Ciencia e investigación agraria 30, no. 2 (August 5, 2003): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v30i2.266.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Gasser, C. S. "Molecular Studies on the Differentiation of Floral Organs." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 42, no. 1 (June 1991): 621–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.003201.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Majerowicz, Nidia, and Maro R. Söndahl. "Induction and differentiation of reproductive buds in Coffea arabica L." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, no. 2 (June 2005): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202005000200008.

Full text

Abstract:

The induction and differentiation phases of reproductive buds of Coffea arabica L. have not received much attention. In the present paper, axillary buds from five plagiotropic branches that developed in the same growing season without fruits (1st crop branches), and from green segments of five recently grown plagiotropic branches with fruits (2nd crop branches), were collected every two weeks during successive inductive months of the year. This study was carried out with adult arabica trees, Catuaí Vermelho cv. IAC 81, cultivated under normal farming conditions in the region of Campinas, SP, Brazil (22º54' Lat. S). Slides of longitudinal-axial sections of 10-12 mum thickness were mounted for the characterization and quantification of histological stages of bud differentiation. The results indicate that the regulatory signals controlling the phases of induction and differentiation of floral buds are distinct, and that there are differences in the response between branches with and without fruits. In the case of 1st crop branches (no fruits present), induction of floral buds took place in January and February, whereas floral bud differentiation was observed during the months of March and April. In 2nd crop branches (fruits present), the induction of floral buds was observed during any month of the year provided that they had already overcome their juvenile state (October-July, in this study). In these 2nd crop branches, the flower bud differentiation was only observed after harvesting all pre-existing fruits of each branch (after May, in this study), which suggests that floral bud differentiation in Arabica coffee is influenced by the source-sink relationship, i.e. by the presence of developing fruits within each plagiotropic branch.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Bartolini, Susanna, Ermes Lo Piccolo, and Damiano Remorini. "Different Summer and Autumn Water Deficit Affect the Floral Differentiation and Flower Bud Growth in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060914.

Full text

Abstract:

In deciduous fruit species, floral bud initiation, differentiation and organogenesis take place during the summer–autumn season that precedes anthesis. Among factors able to modify the regularity of these processes, water availability represents a crucial aspect. This investigation aimed to assess the influence of different summer and autumn water deficit and re-watering treatments on floral morphogenesis, xylem vessel differentiation and quality of flower buds. Trials were carried out on two-year-old potted apricot trees (cv. ‘Portici’) which were submitted to different regimes: (i) fully irrigated plants; (ii) stressed plants in June (S1), July (S2) and October (S3) followed to re-watering. Midday stem water potential was used to determine water status, and leaf gas exchanges were measured during trials. Histological analyses on floral differentiation, xylem progression within flower buds and biological observations were carried out. Both summer water stress periods affected the floral differentiation leading to a temporary shutdown. The S1 trees were able to recover the development of meristematic apices while S2 had a strong delay. All drought treatments caused a slower xylem progression, variations in bud size, blooming entity and flower anomalies. Results particularly highlights the importance of water availability also in early autumn.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Contreras-Magaña, Efraín, Hortencia Arroyo-Pozos, Juan Ayala-Arreola, Felipe Sánchez-Del Castillo, and Esaú del Carmen Moreno-Pérez. "Morphological characterization of floral differentiation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura XIX, no. 4 (2013): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2012.02.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

MERT, Cevriye, Erdoğan BARUT, and Ahmet İPEK. "Variation in Flower Bud Differentiation and Progression of Floral Organs with Respect to Crop Load in Olive." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 1 (May 28, 2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118281.

Full text

Abstract:

The differentiation of olive floral buds during winter is strictly correlated with flowering in the spring and ultimately with fruit production in autumn and the determination of the time of flower bud induction is important for determining the possible causes of alternate bearing and for improving management practices to correct alternate bearing. The aim of this research was to study the time of flower bud differentiation and developmental steps in the ‘Gemlik’ olive cultivar in 2008 (off year) and 2009 (on year). The sequence of initiation of the floral organs in each flower bud was sepals, stamens, petals, and gynoecium. There was no visible difference between the time of differentiation and the developmental stage of the floral organs with respect to the ‘on’ and ‘off’ years during the study.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Kamenetsky, Rina, and Madina Akhmetova. "FLORAL DEVELOPMENT OF EREMURUS ALTAICUS (LILIACEAE)." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 42, no. 3 (May 13, 1994): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1994.10676575.

Full text

Abstract:

Morphogenesis of the monocarpic shoot and fiorai development of Eremurus altaicas (Pall.) Stev. from Kazakhstan was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The lifespan of the monocarpic shoot is about 18 months. Differentiation of the inflorescence starts in June and proceeds in the acropetal direction until the end of the following February. Each flower arises in the axil of a flower bract. Differentiation of stamens and perianth lobes occurs first from common primordia, followed by the formation of the gynoecium. One of the perianth lobes develops first opposite the floral bract in whose axil the flower is located. Cultivation of the Eremurus species for winter cut flower production could be achieved by delaying flowering so that it occurs during the following winter, instead of during May/June.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Rahim, Sumayya Abdul, Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, Aboli Kulkarni, and Deepak Barua. "Striking between-population floral divergences in a habitat specialized plant." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): e0253038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253038.

Full text

Abstract:

When the habitat occupied by a specialist species is patchily distributed, limited gene flow between the fragmented populations may allow population differentiation and eventual speciation. ‘Sky islands’—montane habitats that form terrestrial islands—have been shown to promote diversification in many taxa through this mechanism. We investigate floral variation in Impatiens lawii, a plant specialized on laterite rich rocky plateaus that form sky islands in the northern Western Ghats mountains of India. We focus on three plateaus separated from each other by ca. 7 to 17 km, and show that floral traits have diverged strongly between these populations. In contrast, floral traits have not diverged in the congeneric I. oppositifolia, which co-occurs with I. lawii in the plateaus, but is a habitat generalist that is also found in the intervening valleys. We conducted common garden experiments to test whether the differences in I. lawii are due to genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity. There were strong differences in floral morphology between experimental plants sourced from the three populations, and the relative divergences between population pairs mirrored that seen in the wild, indicating that the populations are genetically differentiated. Common garden experiments confirmed that there was no differentiation in I. oppositifolia. Field floral visitation surveys indicated that the observed differences in floral traits have consequences for I. lawii populations, by reducing the number of visitors and changing the relative abundance of different floral visitor groups. Our results highlight the role of habitat specialization in diversification, and corroborates the importance of sky islands as centres of diversification.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Bartolini, Susanna, Raffaella Viti, and Lucia Andreini. "The effect of summer shading on flower bud morphogenesis in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0109-1.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to assess whether imposed summer shading treatments in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) can affect the main phenological phases related to the floral morphogenesis (floral differentiation, xylogenesis), flower bud growth and quality in terms of bud capacity to set fruit. Experimental trials were carried out on fully-grown trees of ‘San Castrese’ and ‘Stark Early Orange’ cultivars characterized by different biological and agronomical traits to which shadings were imposed in July and August. Histological analysis was carried out from summer onwards in order to determine the evolution of floral bud differentiation, and the acropetal progression of primary xylem differentiation along the flower bud axis. Periodical recordings to evaluate the bud drop, blooming time, flowering and fruit set rates were performed also. These shade treatments determined a temporary shutdown of floral differentiation, slowed xylem progression up to the resumption of flower bud growth and a reduced entity of flowering and fruit set. These events were particularly marked in ‘San Castrese’ cultivar, which is well known for its adaptability to different climatic conditions. These findings suggest that adequate light penetration within the canopy during the summer season could be the determining factor when defining the qualitative traits of flower buds and their regular growth, and ultimately to obtain good and constant crops.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Peavey, Madeleine, Ian Goodwin, and Lexie McClymont. "The Effects of Canopy Height and Bud Light Exposure on the Early Stages of Flower Development in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091073.

Full text

Abstract:

The aims of this study were to investigate the sunlight requirements during floral initiation and differentiation for the development of flower buds in ‘Autumn Bright’ nectarine and to explore its source–sink relationship. In early January 2019 (111 days after full bloom), prior to floral initiation and differentiation, 12 new shoots were tagged on 14 trees, with four shoots in each of the low (0–1.2 m), middle (1.2–2.0 m), and high (>2.0 m) canopy heights. Three treatments (bud shading; leaf pluck; bud shading and leaf pluck) were applied to three shoots in each canopy height on the fourth and eighth bud, in addition to a fourth control shoot. Light penetration was measured at the different canopy heights. Buds were assessed in Spring for floral transition, number of floral buds per node, and fruit set. The treatments at the node level had no effect on floral initiation, indicating that sink strength was not promoted by additional light. Light penetration decreased with decreasing canopy height and corresponded with lower floral buds in the low zone. Fruit set was uninfluenced by all treatments. The results of this study emphasised the importance of the availability of photosynthetic assimilates for floral initiation in peach and nectarine trees. Balanced crop load management and summer pruning to enhance canopy sunlight distribution would increase the availability of nutrients for improved floral transition in this cultivar.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Grez, J., F. Massetani, D. Neri, and M. Gambardella. "Induction and floral differentiation in white strawberry (Fragaria chiloensissubsp.chiloensisf.chiloensis)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1156 (April 2017): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1156.64.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Elomaa, P., Y. Helariutta, M. Kotilainen, and Teemu H. Teeri. "MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF FLORAL ORGAN DIFFERENTIATION IN GERBERA HYBRIDA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 420 (December 1995): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.420.2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Knudsen, Jette T., and Lars Tollsten. "Floral scent and intrafloral scent differentiation inMoneses andPyrola (Pyrolaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 177, no. 1-2 (1991): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00937829.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Bolivar-Medina, Jenny L., Camilo Villouta, Beth Ann Workmaster, and Amaya Atucha. "Floral Meristem Development in Cranberry Apical Buds during Winter Rest and Its Implication on Yield Prediction." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 144, no. 5 (September 2019): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04691-19.

Full text

Abstract:

The formation and development of floral meristems is key to fruit production. However, limited information regarding the development of floral buds during the dormant period of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) constrains the ability to forecast yield early and accurately. The objectives of this study were to characterize the development of floral meristems from fall to spring and to evaluate the number of floral meristems formed across different bud sizes and upright types, as well as their contribution to the fruit production of the next year. Apical buds of different sizes on vegetative and fruiting uprights were tagged and collected periodically from fall to spring for histological study. An extra set of tagged buds was left in the field to evaluate their flower and fruit production. Five stages of floral development were identified based on the concentric differentiation of organ primordia. Large buds from vegetative uprights developed earlier, had a higher number of floral meristems, and became fruiting uprights; they had the highest number of flowers and fruit. Buds from fruiting uprights had the lowest number of floral meristems and delayed development; subsequently, they had the lowest number of fruit per upright. Our results provide evidence of active floral meristem differentiation during fall and winter, as well as differences in the timing and development stage according to bud size. In addition, our study shows that upright types and bud sizes influence the fruit production of the following year; therefore, they should be considered in cranberry crop forecasting models.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Yang, S. G., B. Y. Zhou, and Y. L. Hu. "STUDIES ON FLORAL INDUCTION PHASE AND CARBOHYDRATE CONTENTS IN APICAL BUD DURING FLORAL DIFFERENTIATION IN LOQUAT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 750 (August 2007): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.750.63.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Kamenetsky, Rina. "Effect of the Stages of Floral Development and Postharvest Temperatures to Flowering of Eremurus in Israel." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 536d—536. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.536d.

Full text

Abstract:

The influence of postharvest temperature on the flowering response of Eremurus was studied. The plants were harvested at four different stages of development and were separated into three groups. The first group was immediately exposed to 2 °C, the second group to 20 °C followed by 2 °C, and the third group to 20 °C followed by 32 °C and, subsequently, 2 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for concurrent morphological analysis of floral development. Application of 2 °C to the plants in the initial stage of floral development caused plant destruction and death, while the same treatment applied at the stage of full differentiation promoted normal flowering. Temperatures of 20 °C and, especially, 32 °C, significantly improved flowering of the plants harvested in the early stages of florogenesis, whereas the same treatment applied to the plants harvested at the end of flower differentiation did not affect the flowering process. A developmental disorder, which we term “Interrupted Floral Development” (IFD), was observed only in the plants harvested when the racemes were fully differentiated. This was probably caused by the very high air and soil temperatures that prevail in Israel during the summer. The extent of floral differentiation has a determinant role in subsequent scape elongation and flowering.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Han, Yu, Aoying Tang, Jiayao Yu, Tangren Cheng, Jia Wang, Weiru Yang, Huitang Pan, and Qixiang Zhang. "RcAP1, a Homolog of APETALA1, is Associated with Flower Bud Differentiation and Floral Organ Morphogenesis in Rosa chinensis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 14 (July 20, 2019): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143557.

Full text

Abstract:

Rosa chinensis is one of the most popular flower plants worldwide. The recurrent flowering trait greatly enhances the ornamental value of roses, and is the result of the constant formation of new flower buds. Flower bud differentiation has always been a major topic of interest among researchers. The APETALA1 (AP1) MADS-box (Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens and SRF) transcription factor-encoding gene is important for the formation of the floral meristem and floral organs. However, research on the rose AP1 gene has been limited. Thus, we isolated AP1 from Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. An expression analysis revealed that RcAP1 was not expressed before the floral primordia formation stage in flower buds. The overexpression of RcAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the virus-induced down-regulation of RcAP1 expression delayed flowering in ‘Old Blush’. Moreover, RcAP1 was specifically expressed in the sepals of floral organs, while its expression was down-regulated in abnormal sepals and leaf-like organs. These observations suggest that RcAP1 may contribute to rose bud differentiation as well as floral organ morphogenesis, especially the sepals. These results may help for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of the recurrent flowering trait in rose.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Bolivar-Medina, Jenny L., Juan E. Zalapa, Amaya Atucha, and Sara E. Patterson. "Relationship between alternate bearing and apical bud development in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)." Botany 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0058.

Full text

Abstract:

Similar to other woody crops, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) exhibits alternate bearing or a tendency to produce heavier yields one year, followed by lighter yields the next year. Unfortunately, despite the occurrence in many fruit crops, this trait is not well understood. The variable differentiation of floral initials in cranberry uprights is a distinguishing characteristic associated with alternate bearing. This study evaluates bud morphology and the presence of floral initials through characterization of longitudinal sections of apical buds from vegetative and fruiting uprights of alternate and non-alternate bearing genotypes. Our results reveal that differentiation of floral initials in fruiting uprights only occurs in non-alternate bearing genotypes and after initiation in vegetative uprights. In addition, a strong positive correlation was found between the increase of bud width and the presence of floral initials. Lastly, uprights from the alternate bearing genotype exhibited significantly faster growth rates of the reproductive buds compared with the vegetative buds. In summary, our study shows marked differences in timing and growth rates of floral initials between uprights of the two genotypes, suggesting a possible correlation with resource allocation during the growth season, and thus could contribute to cultivar selection and management practices.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Galopin, Gilles, Sandrine Codarin, Jean-Daniel Viemont, and Philippe Morel. "Architectural Development of Inflorescence in Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Hermann Dienemann." HortScience 43, no. 2 (April 2008): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.361.

Full text

Abstract:

Architectural development of inflorescence in Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Hermann Dienemann was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The study of inflorescence morphogenesis shows that the architecture is of the dichasial type. The first two orders of branching are initiated from a dichasial branching without floral differentiation. The following orders present floral differentiation. They determine the formation of small units through the development of composite dichasium into biparous and uniparous cymes. This research makes it possible to establish a schematic representation of the first phases of inflorescence development and to define early stages of inflorescence morphogenesis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Zhao, Tingting, Dawei Li, Lulu Li, Fei Han, Xiaoli Liu, Peng Zhang, Meiyan Chen, and Caihong Zhong. "The Differentiation of Chilling Requirements of Kiwifruit Cultivars Related to Ploidy Variation." HortScience 52, no. 12 (December 2017): 1676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12410-17.

Full text

Abstract:

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planchon) is an economically important fruit, and its flowering and production are affected by the chill accumulation in winter. In this study, the chilling requirements of nine kiwifruit cultivars with three ploidy levels (diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid) were analyzed by using the Dynamic Model, Utah Model, and chilling hours (CH) Model. The chilling requirements for vegetative budbreak of these kiwifruit cultivars were 24–55 chill portions (CP), 316–991 chill units (CU), and 222–853 CH, and the chilling requirements for floral emergence were 45–69 CP, 825–1336 CU, and 655–1138 CH. The chilling requirements for vegetative budbreak and floral emergence were significantly lower for diploid than hexaploid cultivars with tetraploid cultivars intermediate. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that ploidy levels were positively correlated with chilling requirement, with the cv of 0.74 and 0.82 for vegetative budbreak and floral emergence chilling requirements, respectively. In conclusion, these results provide some novel insights of kiwifruit varieties of various chilling requirements, which is beneficial for kiwifruit cultivar selection for different climates and environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Lam-Yam, L., and E. Parisot. "PRELIMINARY STUDY ON PEACH FLORAL DIFFERENTIATION IN MILD WINTER AREAS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 279 (December 1990): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.279.26.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Richard, Luc, Montserrat Arró, Johan Hoebeke, D. Ry Meeks-Wagner, and Kiem Tran Thanh Van. "Immunological Evidence of Thaumatin-Like Proteins during Tobacco Floral Differentiation." Plant Physiology 98, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.98.1.337.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Knudsen, Jette T. "Floral scent differentiation among coflowering, sympatric species of Geonoma (Arecaceae)." Plant Species Biology 14, no. 2 (August 1999): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.1999.00017.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Sippel, A. D., N. J. F. Claassens, and L. C. Holtzhausen. "Floral differentiation and development in Carica papaya cultivar ‘Sunrise Solo’." Scientia Horticulturae 40, no. 1 (August 1989): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(89)90004-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Yonemori, K., A. Sugiura, K. Tanaka, and K. Kameda. "Floral Ontogeny and Sex Determination in Monoecious-type Persimmons." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 2 (March 1993): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.2.293.

Full text

Abstract:

Patterns of floral differentiation were studied in two monoecious-type Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cultivars Hana-gosho and Kakiyama-gaki. In both cultivars, the pistillate and staminate floral primordium started to differentiate in early June, and differentiation progressed until August, when the sepal primordia in pistillate flowers and petal primordia of staminate flowers had become evident. The buds then entered a quiescent, overwintering state. Thus, flower sex of monoecious-type persimmons was determined at a relatively early stage of floral development. Moreover, in both cultivars, sex differentiation was associated with previous history of the current season's shoots. Current season's shoots that bore pistillate flowers differentiated pistillate buds (mixed buds from which pistillate flowers emerge) at significantly higher rates than for shoots that bore staminate flowers. Similarly, shoots that bore staminate flowers produced staminate buds (mixed buds from which staminate flowers emerge) at a higher percentage than shoots that had borne pistillate flowers. With `Hana-gosho', the flower type was also predictable with fair accuracy by bud position on the current season's shoot, i.e., pistillate flowers emerged from distal mixed buds, whereas staminate flowers arose predominantly from basal buds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Sun, Bo, and Toshiro Ito. "Floral stem cells: from dynamic balance towards termination." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 2 (March 22, 2010): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380613.

Full text

Abstract:

During early flower development in Arabidopsis, floral stem cells proliferate and produce a sufficient amount of cells that are recruited for organogenesis. However, after the central organ primordia initiate, stem cell activity in the floral meristem is terminated to ensure the differentiation of a fixed number of floral organs. Underlying this process, the genetic programme regulating the fate of floral meristems undergoes a shift from a spatially balanced signalling scheme for stem cell maintenance to a temporally controlled transcriptional scheme for stem cell termination. Precise timing of stem cell termination is a key issue for flower development, which is secured by the orchestration of multiple regulators in transcriptional and epigenetic regulation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Trull, Melanie C., Brian L. Holaway, and Russell L. Malmberg. "Development of stigmatoid anthers in a tobacco mutant: implications for regulation of stigma differentiation." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-293.

Full text

Abstract:

We characterized the development of a tobacco floral mutant, Mgr27, previously obtained by selecting for resistance to an inhibitor of an enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Mgr27 plants are shorter than the wild type with smaller leaves and a compact inflorescence. The plants have a regular leaf plastochron and a vegetative shoot apex similar to the wild-type vegetative shoot apex. There are frequently more than five floral organs in the first three whorls, and the anthers produce stigmatoids. At the scanning electron microscope level, the stigmatoids appear concurrently on all of the anthers and at approximately the same time that the stigma appears on the pistil. The stigmatoids contain tissue histologically and biochemically similar to transmitting tissue and they permit the germination and growth of pollen tubes. The mutant line has significantly lower levels of free and conjugated spermidine as well as significantly lower levels of conjugated putrescine. Key words: floral development, mutant, Nicotiana tabacum (tobaccco), polyamines, stigmatoid anthers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Huang, Y. H., C. E. Johnson, and M. D. Sundberg. "Floral Morphology and Development of `Sharpblue' Southern Highbush Blueberry in Louisiana." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 5 (September 1997): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.5.630.

Full text

Abstract:

Floral morphology and differentiation of `Sharpblue' southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were studied under natural growing conditions. There was no rest period during floral development of `Sharpblue' blueberry in Louisiana. Basal florets were already present within a racemic inflorescence in early September. All floral and reproductive organs were clearly visible in early December. Microspores and pollen grains were observed in mid- and late-January, respectively. Megasporocytes, two-cell, four-cell, and seven-cell embryo sacs were found to be simultaneously present in developing ovules in late January, suggesting that megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in `Sharpblue' blueberry are asynchronous.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Barzilay, Amalia, Hanita Zemah, Rina Kamenetsky, and Itzhak Ran. "Annual Life Cycle and Floral Development of 'Sarah Bernhardt' Peony in Israel." HortScience 37, no. 2 (April 2002): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.2.300.

Full text

Abstract:

The life cycle and morphogenesis of the floral shoot of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas cv. Sarah Bernhardt were studied under Israeli conditions. The renewal buds for the following year originate on the underground crown, at the base of the annual stems. Bud emergence begins in early spring. Stems elongate rapidly and reach heights of 50-70 cm in 60-70 days. Flowering begins in April and continues until the end of May. After flowering, the leafy stems remain green until September-October, when the leaves senesce, and the peony plant enters the “rest” stage for 3-4 months. The new monocarpic shoot initiated in the renewal bud at the end of June with the formation of the first leaf primordia and continued to increase in size until February. During summer, the renewal buds remain vegetative. The apical meristem ceases leaf formation after senescence of the aboveground shoots in the fall. During September, the apical meristem of the renewal buds reaches the generative stage and achieves the form of a dome, but remains undifferentiated. In October, floral parts become visible. Floral differentiation is terminated at the beginning of December. Floral initiation and differentiation of peony do not require low temperatures. Morphological development and florogenesis were similar to other geophyte species with an annual thermoperiodic life cycle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Tollsten, Lars, and Dag Olav Øvstedal. "Differentiation in floral scent chemistry among populations of Conopodium majus (Apiaceae)." Nordic Journal of Botany 14, no. 4 (August 1994): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1994.tb00619.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Sablowski, Robert. "Control of patterning, growth, and differentiation by floral organ identity genes." Journal of Experimental Botany 66, no. 4 (January 21, 2015): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru514.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Yamada, T., T. Kashiwagi, M. Sawamura, and M. Maki. "Floral differentiation among insular and mainland populations of Weigela coraeensis (Caprifoliaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 288, no. 1-2 (July 4, 2010): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0317-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Chen, Ye, Shijuan Xu, Lingzeng Meng, Shaolong Wang, Yaqing Chen, and Weichang Gong. "Ploidy differentiation and floral scent divergence in Buddleja macrostachya (Scrophulariaceae) complex." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 96 (June 2021): 104271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2021.104271.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Evans, LT. "The Physiology of Flower Induction — Paradigms Lost and Paradigms Regained." Functional Plant Biology 20, no. 6 (1993): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9930655.

Full text

Abstract:

Three aspects of the physiology of flowering - namely photoperiodic time measurement, the florigen hypothesis, and models for floral differentiation - are examined in relation to T.S. Kuhn's concept of paradigms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Zhou, Qingyuan, Yinzheng Wang, and Xiaobai Jin. "Ontogeny of floral organs and morphology of floral apex in Phellodendron amurense (Rutaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 5 (2002): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02015.

Full text

Abstract:

The ontogeny of floral organs and the morphology of floral apex in the dioecious Phellodendron amurense Rupr. were investigated by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Investigations indicated that P. amurense is hermaphroditic in its organisation and a common set of floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) arise in all flowers during the early stages of development. Later, selective abortion of gynoecium and androecium occurs resulting in dimorphic unisexual flowers. The carpels in male flower buds become different from those in female flower buds soon after their initiation. The stamens of female flowers are not differentiated into anthers and filaments before abortion. The poorly differentiated carpel of male flowers never develops normal structures. Floral morphological evidence supports that Zanthoxylum, Tetradium and Phellodendron are related to one another in a linear sequence. LSCM revealed some interesting features on the apical meristem surface such as zonal differentiation, a triangular or sectorial cell, radiating cell files and linear rows of anticlinal cell walls fluorescing relatively brightly. The concept of carpel-enhancing meristem in the floral apex is tentatively proposed to account for the different fates of carpel development in male and female flowers in P. amurense.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Weis, Kitren G., Stephen M. Southwick, and George C. Martin. "319 CONTROL OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN APRICOT AND PEACH BY GIBBERELLIN." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 476b—476. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.476b.

Full text

Abstract:

Gibberellic acid reduces return bloom in many fruit tree species. Reducing bloom may cut costs of hand thinning apricot, peach and plum fruit. Sprays of 250 ppm GA, during floral bud evocation (June 1993) resulted in bud death and abscission as determined by light microscopy sections in `Patterson' apricot (Prunus armeniaca L). GA treatment in May did not cause observable effects. August treatments, immediately prior to floral initiation, did not impede differentiation. Treatment of `Elegant Lady' peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.) buds with 75-250 ppm GA, in late June, 1993 (evocation phase) did not have any discernable effects in that season with respect to abscission or differentiation. Treated peach buds differentiated simultaneously with untreated buds in early August. The patterns of response to GA treatment imply `windows of opportunity' with respect to effectiveness of GA treatments. The specific response suggests that apricot buds possess differing levels of sensitivity to GA treatment and probably reflect distinct phases in transition to flowering. In August buds were already `determined' and were in a potentially floral state that was irreversible.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Zhang, Hongfei, Weizheng Li, Yan Zhang, Guohui Yuan, and Mingsheng Yang. "Preference of three scarab beetle species to floral cues." Materials Express 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2020.1817.

Full text

Abstract:

The role of floral visual cues was studied in both sexes of three nocturnal scarab beetle species (Holotrichia oblita, Holotrichia parallela, and Anomala corpulenta). Flower patterns were designed using n-petal rose curve and radial gradient tools. Bioassay of plain colored patterns showed that both sexes of H. oblita and H. parallela preferred yellow and white. In contrast, A. corpulenta showed sexual differentiation in preferences. Comparison between given radial gradient patterns and their color components indicated that a radial gradient was necessary in both sexes of H. oblita rather than both sexes of H. parallela to elicit the highest response. Sexual differentiation was found in A. corpulenta. Among 4-, 8-, and 12-petaled patterns, the 4-petaled patterns were most preferred by all of the test insects, regardless of species and sex. Choice assays that provided both odor and visual cues suggest that olfaction may be the primary sensory modality in the three scarab species.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Jiang, Xinmei, Xihong Yu, and Dan Li. "Meristem Development and its Relation to Endogenous GA₃ and IAA Contents During Floral Bud Differentiation in Broccoli." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 35, no. 1 (July 8, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v35i1.7966.

Full text

Abstract:

The effects of three temperature treatments on morphological changes in the apical meristem and contents of GA3 and IAA in leaves during floral bud differentiation in early maturing cultivar of broccoli were studied. Plants went through every stage of flower-bud differentiation at day/night temperatures of 17.3±1/9.3±1°C. At 21.3±1/13.3±1°C, floral bud development ceased after primary axillary scape primordium differentiation and apical meristem entered a reversion stage. The apical meristem remained in the vegetative growth phase in plants growing at 25.3±1/17.3±1°C. Leaf GA3 contents started to increase while IAA contents started to decrease when plants entered the flower bud initiation stage. GA3 content was high and IAA content was low during all stages of axillary scape primordium differentiation.Key words: Meristem development; Broccoli; Apical meristem; GA3; IAADOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v35i1.7966 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol.35, No.1, 1-6, 2011

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

ÇETİNBAŞ, Aslıhan, and Meral ÜNAL. "Comparative Ontogeny of Hermaphrodite and Pistillate Florets in Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae)." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 4, no. 2 (May 10, 2012): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb427576.

Full text

Abstract:

The inflorescence of Helianthus annuus L. has two types of flowers (or florets) on a single capitulum; central hermaphrodite disc florets and peripheral pistillate ray florets. In both florets, reproductive development starts with the conversion of apical meristem into floral meristem that will produce floral organ primordia. The only difference between hermaphrodite and pistillate florets in apical meristem stage is that apical meristem of the pistillate florets is not as apparent and curvaceous as apical meristem of the hermaphrodite florets. The differentiation of apical meristem into floral meristem is in the same progress in both florets. In hermaphrodite florets, flower organs; petals, stamens and carpels develop from floral meristem. Differentiation of five petal primordia takes place in the same way in both florets. Firstly filament and then anther differentiates in a stamen. Two carpel primordia appear below the stamen primordia in hermaphrodite florets. In following stages, carpel primordia are lengthened and formed inferior ovary, style, stigma respectively. In pistillate florets, flower organs; petals and carpels develop from floral meristem. They pass directly from the periant initiation to the start of carpel formation. Stamen primordia don’t appear and the further development of carpel primordia stops in a short time, as a result, stigma and style do not exist in pistillate florets. However, an inferior ovary with no ovule forms. In the capitulum of hermaphrodite florets, the development takes place in a centripetal manner; it starts firstly on the outermost whorl, and it proceeds towards inner whorl. However, this is not the case in pistillate florets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Krajnčič, B., J. Kristl, and I. Janžekovič. "Possible role of jasmonic acid in the regulation of floral induction, evocation and floral differentiation in Lemna minor L." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 44, no. 11-12 (November 2006): 752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.10.029.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

De la Rosa, Raul, Luis Rallo, and Hava F. Rapoport. "Olive Floral Bud Growth and Starch Content During Winter Rest and Spring Budbreak." HortScience 35, no. 7 (December 2000): 1223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1223.

Full text

Abstract:

In the olive (Olea europaea L.), inflorescence and flower differentiation occur in the early spring following a period of winter chilling and dormancy of the potentially reproductive buds. We examined the size, structure, and starch content of these buds during winter rest in the field and during forcing under standard growth-chamber conditions. Basic bud structure and dimensions remained unchanged during the rest period, but starch content increased in the bud's central axis. When cuttings were forced in the growth chamber, the buds followed a morphogenetic pattern similar to that observed in the field, but the sequence of developmental events could be timed more precisely. The first changes observed were the onset of axis growth and the differentiation of axillary primordia within 3 days of transfer to the growth chamber. This was followed by the initiation of new nodes, and, at 15 to 18 days, by the first signs of floral differentiation in the terminal and axillary bud apical meristems. Bud growth and differentiation were accompanied by a decrease in starch content.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Xu, Yifeng, Nobutoshi Yamaguchi, Eng-Seng Gan, and Toshiro Ito. "When to stop: an update on molecular mechanisms of floral meristem termination." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 6 (March 1, 2019): 1711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz048.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Flowers have fascinated humans for millennia, not only because of their beauty, but also because they give rise to fruits, from which most agricultural products are derived. In most angiosperms, the number and position of floral organs are morphologically and genetically defined, and their development is tightly controlled by complex regulatory networks to ensure reproductive success. How flower development is temporally initiated and spatially maintained has been widely researched. As the flower develops, the balance between proliferation and differentiation dynamically shifts towards organogenesis and termination of floral stem cell maintenance. In this review, we focus on recent findings that further reveal the intricate molecular mechanisms for precise timing of floral meristem termination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Floral differentiation'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles