Dissertations / Theses: 'Floral morphology'

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Lacroix, Christian 1962. "Floral development of Basella rubra L. (Basellaceae)." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65495.

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Raimondo, Domitilla C. "Evolution of floral morphology in Brunsvigia and Crossyne (Amaryllidaceae)." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25785.

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Floral morphology and its relationship to pollination syndromes is examined, for the genera Brunsvigia and Crossyne (Amaryllidaceae). These two genera have similar vegetative morphologies and share the same mode of seed dispersal (anemogeochory). They differ in their floral and inflorescence structures. The species Brunsvigia bosmaniae and Crossyne flava are chosen as representative species of the two genera Brunsvigia and Crossyne. Floral morphology is studied in relationship to an outgroup species Nerine humilis. Pollination syndrome, ability to self-pollinate, levels of natural seed set and patterns of seed dispersal are studied so that reproductive strategies pf the two species can be compared. Crossyne flava is pollinated by a suite of small diurnal insects and can be considered to have a generalist pollination syndrome. The first observation of pollination by moths in Brunsvigia bosmaniae is reported. I show that neither species is able to self, hence pollination events are important. Experimental manipulation reveals that Brunsvigia bosmaniae is pollinator limited. Although this experimental manipulation was not possible for Crossyne flava, high seed set levels in Crossyne flava suggests that levels of pollination are high in Crossyne and low for Brunsvigia. The amount of pollination that takes place is shown to be closely related to floral morphology. Floral divergence of the two genera is thus proposed to be the result of adaptation to a pollinator driven selective regime.

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Arnold, Elizabeth S. "Investigation of a scapeless form of Primula farinosa L. and related studies." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285744.

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Caddick, Lizabeth Rebecca. "Systematics of dioscoreales." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312537.

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Carrive, Laetitia. "Considérations sur l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS177/document.

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Les Ranunculales sont un ordre d’angiospermes d’environ 4500 espèces, incluant des plantes communes comme les boutons d’or et les coquelicots. Leurs fleurs sont très diversifiées et ont piqué l’intérêt des botanistes depuis des décennies. Les sept familles de l’ordre sont faciles à reconnaître sur le terrain, mais paradoxalement, certaines familles n’ont pas de synapomorphies et ont des états ancestraux peu clairs, comme les Ranunculaceae (~ 2500 espèces). Cette diversité florale peut être liée à la pollinisation et des innovations ont pu être guidées par cette interaction. De plus, les plantes de ce groupe produisent une grande variété de composés secondaires, certains dont les propriétés sont connues depuis fort longtemps (comme la morphine et le curare). Ces substances pourraient jouer un rôle dans la défense contre les herbivores. Les caractères floraux et chimiques sont donc de bons candidats pour produire des hypothèses adaptatives. Ici nous utilisons des méthodes analytiques modernes pour comprendre les patrons d’évolution expliquant la distribution actuelle de la diversité et l’évolution des fleurs et des toxines de Ranunculales. Un nouveau cadre phylogénétique synthétique a été produit avec des séquences publiées de 144 espèces. Seize caractères floraux et la présence de certains composés métaboliques ont été reconstruits sur cet arbre avec la méthode de parcimonie et la méthode de « Reversible Jump Monte Carlo Markov Chains ». Un nouveau scénario d’évolution florale a été produit, où les Ranunculales avaient une fleur ancestrale trimère avec trois cycles de tépales et où les ancêtres des familles ont évolué en perdant ou en différenciant des cycles du périanthe. Les patrons d’évolution des toxines montrent de la variabilité, certaines apparaissant et disparaissant aléatoirement (comme les saponines), d’autres étant des synapomorphies bien soutenues de certains clades (comme les diterpènes de type aconitine pour la tribu des Delphinieae). Ces résultats offrent une meilleure compréhension de l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales. En outre, cet ordre est le groupe-frère de toutes les autres eudicotylédones, et a donc une position clef pour comprendre l’évolution précoce de ce clade. Ces résultats vont fournir une compréhension plus profonde des changements floraux et phytochimiques qui ont eu lieu à la base des eudicotylédones, qui contiennent 70% des angiospermes actuelles
Ranunculales are an order of angiosperms comprising ca. 4,500 species including common plants like buttercups and poppies. Their flowers are highly diversified and have raised the interest of botanists for decades. Each of the seven families of the order is easily recognizable in the field, but paradoxically some families lack floral synapomorphies and have unclear ancestral states, like Ranunculaceae (ca. 2,500 species). This floral diversity may be linked to pollination and innovations may have been driven by this interaction. In addition, the plants of this group produce a variety of secondary compounds, some of which having been known for ages for their properties, like morphine or curare. Those substances could play a role in defense against herbivores. Both floral and chemical characters are thus good candidates to produce adaptive hypotheses. Here we used modern analytical methods to understand the the evolutionary patterns accounting for the extant distribution of diversity and evolution of Ranunculales flowers and toxins. A new synthetic phylogenetic framework of the Ranunculales based on already available sequences of 144 species was produced. Sixteen characters of the flower, and the presence of selected secondary metabolites were reconstructed on this tree using parsimony, and Reversible Jump Monte Carlo Markov Chains. A new scenario for floral evolution was produced, where Ranunculales had a trimerous perianth with three whorls of tepals ancestor, and the ancestors of the families evolved by losing and/or differentiating perianth whorls. The evolutionary patterns of toxins showed variability, some appearing and disappearing randomly (such as saponins), others being well-supported synapomorphies (such as aconitine-like diterpens for the tribe Delphinieae). These results offer a better understanding of the natural history of Ranunculales. Furthermore, this order is the sister-group of all other eudicots, and thus has a key position to understand the early evolution of this clade. These results will provide a deeper understanding of the floral and chemical changes that took place at the base of eudicots, which contains 70% of living angiosperms

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Adachi, Sérgio Akira [UNESP]. "Estrutura floral de representantes da tribo Cranichideae (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144031.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000869037.pdf: 4086201 bytes, checksum: 3e7f718f4023bf98b9884fa1fe3bbc4b (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Adachi, Sérgio Akira. "Estrutura floral de representantes da tribo Cranichideae (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae)." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144031.

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Orientador: Maria das Graças Sajo
Coorientador: Fábio de Barros
Banca: Ludmila Mickellumas Pansarin
Banca: Claudio Nicoletti de Fraga
Banca: Poliana Ramos Cardoso
Banca: Silvia Rodrigues Machado
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Oliveira, Inez Vilar de Morais [UNESP]. "Propagação e diferenciação floral do abacateiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105226.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Esse trabalho teve por objetivo fornecer informações sobre aspectos morfológicos da semente; determinar a possibilidade de clonagem da variedade Duke 7 por alporquia; avaliar influência da época no pegamento da enxertia em abacateiro das variedades 'Hass' e 'Fortuna' e caracterizar, por estudos anatômicos e morfológicos, mudanças na gema vegetativa à florífera, para duas variedades de abacate 'Hass' e 'Fortuna'. As sementes são monoembriônicas e exalbuminosas, de germinação hipógea e a emergência das plântulas ocorreu 33 dias após a semeadura; a raiz primária é longa e de coloração branca e as raízes secundárias são curtas e filiformes; os cotilédones são maciços e de coloração rosada sendo que foi possível observar a presença de múltiplos caulículos na semente de abacate, originados do colo; os frutos são do tipo baga; as sementes apresentam policaulia; o início da estabilização da emergência de plântulas ocorre na oitava semana. Não houve enraizamento dos alporques; o período mais indicado para o sucesso da enxertia, é de modo geral, compreendido entre os meses de novembro e dezembro para ambas as variedades 'Hass' e 'Fortuna'. A transição entre a fase vegetativa e a reprodutiva ocorre no mês de maio, quando há diminuição da temperatura; a evocação floral ocorre um mês após, caracterizado pelo formato arredondado das gemas; a iniciação da inflorescência ocorre dois meses após a transição, no mês de julho.
This work aimed to study morphological aspects of seeds; determine the cloning possibility of Duke 7 cultivar by air layering; evaluate the influence of the season on grafting of Hass and Fortuna avocado cultivars and to characterize by anatomical and morphological studies the modifications on vegetative to flowering bud. The seeds are monoembryonic, the germination is hypogea and the emergence of seedlings occurred 33 days after planting; the main root is long, white and the secondary roots are short; the cotiledons are hard and pink; the seeds presented polystems it was observed the presence of many small stems on avocado seed; the fruit is a berry. The stabilization of seed emergency occurred with eight weeks. There was no rooting in the air-Iayerings; the season more indicated for grafting is between November and December for both cultivars. The change from vegetative to reproductive phase was in May, when there is lower temperatures; the floral evocation occurs one month after, characterized by the rounded format of buds; the initiation of the inflorescence occurs after two months of the transition, in July.

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Bachelier, Julien B. "Comparative study of the floral morphology and anatomy in Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, and Kirkiaceae (Sapindales) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000286585.

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Santa-Rosa, Sandra. "Desenvolvimento floral e do óvulo e aspectos da reprodução em Aechmea sp. e Vriesea sp. (Bromeliaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64133/tde-14062016-110325/.

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A utilização de Bromélias tem sido crescente no mercado de plantas onamentais, por outro lado, muitas espécies encontram-se ameaçadas, grande parte pelos impactos humanos no ambiente. Aechmea correia-araujoi E. Pereira & Moutinho, Aechmea gamossepala Wittm, Vriesea ensiformis (Vell.) Beer e Vriesea saundersii (Carrière) E. Morren ex Mez, espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica brasileira, têm sido alvo de extrativismo. Informações básicas sobre a espécie são essenciais para subsidiar a condução de programas de conservação e melhoramento genético, que aliados a ferramentas biotecnológicas permitem a incorporação de estratégias inovadoras aos métodos de melhoramento. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever essas espécies, quanto à micromorfologia floral, aspectos reprodutivos envolvidos no processo de polinização, desenvolvimento floral e deesenvolvimento gametofítico, como mecanismo de preservação e produção comercial. A caracterização morfológica e anatômica das flores das espécies de Aechmea e Vriesea contribuiu para a compreensão do processo reprodutivo. As espécies apresentam grãos de pólen com alta capacidade reprodutiva, viabilidade polínica superior a 93%, germinação in vitro maior que 80% e o estigma apresenta-se receptivo da antese ao final do dia. A ontogênese floral de A. correia-araujoi é centrípeta, os primórdios desenvolvem-se na ordem, sépala, pétala, androceu e gineceu. O apêndice petalar é formado na fase final do desenvolvimento. O primórdio de óvulo tem origem placentária e caráter trizonal, o óvulo é anátropo, bitegumentado e crassinucelado. O meristema floral de A. gamosepala se desenvolve de forma centrípeta, de forma unidirecional reversa. O estigma diferencia-se na fase inicial do desenvolvimento e os apêndices petalares, na fase final. O óvulo é anátropo, crassinucelado, bitegumentado, tétrade linear, megásporo calazal funcional, desenvolvimento tipo monospórico e Polygonum. As anteras são bitecas, tetraesporangiadas, com tapete secretor. Botões florais de 8,7 - 13,0 mm são indicados no estudo de embriogênese a partir de micrósporo. As alterações celulares e o padrão de distribuição de pectinas e AGPs foram caracterizadas por análise citoquímica com azul de toluidina, KI e DAPI e imunocitoquímica por imunofluorescência com os anticorpos para RNA, pectinas esterificadas (JIM7), não esterificadas (JIM5) e AGPs (LM2, LM6, MAC207, JIM13, JIM14) e analisadas por microscopia de fluorescência. Foram caracterizados padrões de distribuição espaço-temporal de pectinas e AGP que podem ser utilizados como marcadores de desenvolvimento gametofítico masculino. As observações feitas nesse trabalho fornecem dados sobre aspectos reprodutivos das espécies que podem ser utilizados em programas de melhoramento genético, conservação e desenvolvimento de haploides
The use of bromeliads has grown in the ornamental market, however many native species are threatened, mostly due to human impacts. Basic information about the species is essential to support breeding and conservation programs, which combined with biotechnological tools allow for the innovative approaches to breeding methods. The objective of this study was to characterize the floral development and reproductive aspects of the ornamental species Aechmea correia-araujoi, Aechmea gamosepala, Vriesea ensiformis and Vriesea saundersii, with detais on floral morphology and anatomy, reproductive aspects involved in pollination. For the Aechmea species the gametophytic development was characterized, as well as the cellular changes that occur during the development of the male gametophyte, characterizing the distribution pattern of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), for biotechnological applications. The plants were characterized by observations of the material in the greenhouse and floral organs were described using microscopic techniques. The flowers are actinomorphic, trimerous, dichlamydeous, heterochlamydeous, with double petal appendages, six stamens, gamocarpelar, tricarpellate ovary, with septal nectaries and a large number of ovules. Aspects of the floral biology involved in reproduction were assessed by stigma receptivity, pollen morphology, viability and in vitro pollen grain germination. The species produce large amounts of pollen grains with high reproductive capacity, pollen viability higher than 93%, in vitro germination higher than 80% and stigma is receptive throughout the day. The floral ontogeny of A. correia-araujoi is centripetal, the primordia develop sepals, petals, stamens and pistil. The petal appendages are formed in the final stages of floral development. The cellular changes, and the distribution pattern of pectins and AGPs were characterized by cytochemical analysis with IKI and DAPI, and immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence with antibodies for RNA, esterified pectins (JIM7) de-esterified (JIM5) and AGPs (LM2 , LM6, MAC207, JIM13, JIM14) and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Various spatio-temporal distribution patterns of pectins and AGPs were characterized and may be used as male gametophyte development markers. The observations made in this work provide data on reproductive aspects of the species studied, and can be further used in breeding and conservation programs, and haploid production

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Leite, Viviane Gonçalves. "Desenvolvimento da flor e da inflorescência em espécies de Moraceae." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-09122016-113436/.

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As flores das espécies de Moraceae são díclinas (= unissexuais), aclamídeas ou monoclamídeas, pequenas e chama a atenção o gineceu por ser unilocular e uniovulado, mas com aspecto tubular no decorrer do desenvolvimento, resultado de pseudomonomeria. Estas flores estão inseridas em inflorescências consideravelmente diversas em termos estruturais, além de apresentarem síndromes de polinização diferentes. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram esclarecer as vias que originam as diferentes formas de inflorescências e elucidar condições florais enigmáticas como a ausência de perianto e gineceu pseudomonômero, utilizando sete espécies de linhagens diferentes de Moraceae como modelos de estudo: Brosimum gaudichaudii, Castilla elastica, Clarisia ilicifolia, Ficus citrifolia, F. pertusa, Maclura tinctoria e Morus nigra. Inflorescências em vários estádios de desenvolvimento, botões florais e flores foram processados para exames de superfície e anatômico. O meristema da inflorescência é semelhante quanto à forma entre as espécies apenas nos estádios iniciais. Em Ficus pertusa a inflorescência se fecha pelas margens devido à presença de orobrácteas; em Castilla elastica a inflorescência forma uma depressão central (inflorescência pistilada), podendo se tornar bivalvar (inflorescência estaminada), sendo rodeada por brácteas involucrais; em Brosimum gaudichaudii o meristema torna-se plano, e as flores estaminadas e pistiladas ficam imersas no receptáculo e cobertas por brácteas interflorais; em Clarisia ilicifolia e Maclura tinctoria os meristemas das inflorescências estaminadas e pistiladas tornam-se planos e alongam-se, porém, na pistilada adquire uma forma globosa; em Morus nigra o meristema se alonga. Brácteas interflorais estão ausentes apenas em Morus nigra. A morfologia e desenvolvimento florais diferem entre as espécies estudadas em especial quanto ao número de órgãos florais. O perianto é constituído de sépalas robustas, verdes, presentes na maioria das espécies estudadas, com exceção de Brosimum gaudichaudii, cuja flor estaminada exibe uma bractéola que envolve os órgãos florais e a flor pistilada é aclamídea, assim como a flor estaminada de Castilla elastica. Em todas as espécies as sépalas variam em número (dois a cinco), sendo sua iniciação assincrônica. Não há iniciação de primórdios de pétalas, individualizados ou oriundos de divisão dos primórdios de estames. Os primórdios de estames iniciados na flor estaminada (1-5, dependendo da espécie) tornam-se funcionais; portanto, não há aborto de estames na flor estaminada. Na flor pistilada de Castilla elastica raramente iniciam estaminódios. A estrutura anatômica das sépalas e dos estames varia entre as espécies, representando possíveis adaptações à entomofilia ou anemofilia descritas para a família. A epiderme pode apresentar tricomas tectores e secretores, dependendo da espécie. O mesofilo varia em número de camadas nas espécies, e esta variação é refletida na união entre os órgãos. Laticíferos e idioblastos fenólicos e cristalíferos ocorrem no mesofilo das sépalas e conectivo dos estames em todas as espécies, provavelmente atuando na proteção da flor contra herbívoros e radiação UV. Os estames apresentam variação na forma dos filetes e no conectivo. Nas flores estaminadas de Morus nigra e Maclura tinctoria as células do mesofilo são maiores com espaços intercelulares; e na estrutura final da flor, as quatro sépalas são acompanhadas de estames inflexos e um pistilódio, os quais compõem uma complexa estrutura que atua na dispersão dos grãos de pólen. O gineceu pseudomonômero é modificado em pistilódio na flor estaminada de Maclura tinctoria e Morus nigra. Os carpelos são iniciados como um único primórdio central que se divide, originando dois outros, que se alongam assimetricamente. Os próximos estádios diferem entre as espécies e foram resumidos em duas vias ontogenéticas: (1) contribuição total dos dois carpelos na formação do ovário, estilete e estigma, porém, apenas um dos carpelos inicia um óvulo em seu ovário unilocular - encontrado na maioria das espécies. (2) contribuição parcial dos dois carpelos, sendo que o carpelo de maior comprimento participa da formação do ovário, estilete e estigma e inicia um óvulo, enquanto o de menor comprimento participa apenas da formação do ovário - encontrado em Maclura tinctoria. As espécies de Moraceae compartilham estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento da inflorescência, do perianto, androceu e gineceu pseudomonômero, sendo que as principais diferenças ocorrem nos estádios intermediários, o que altera a estrutura da flor e inflorescência. Essas vias de desenvolvimento parecem ser estáveis dentro do clado urticoide e contribuem para a redução da estrutura floral neste grupo de rosídeas.
The flowers of the species of Moraceae are diclinous (= unisexual), achlamydeous or monochlamydeous, small, drawing attention the gynoecium for being unilocular and uniovular but with tubular shape in the course of development, a result of pseudomonomery. These flowers are inserted in structurally diverse inflorescences, and show different pollination syndromes. The objectives of this study were to clarify the pathways that cause the different forms of inflorescences, and to elucidate enigmatic floral conditions as the absence of perianth and pseudomonomerous gynoecium in Moraceae, by using seven species of different lineages of the family as study models: Brosimum gaudichaudii, Castilla elastica, Clarisia ilicifolia, Ficus citrifolia, F. pertusa, Maclura tinctoria and Morus nigra. Infllorescences, buds and flowers in several developmental stages were prepared for examination under scanning electron and light microscopies. The meristem of the inflorescence is similar in shape among the species only in the early stages of development. In Ficus pertusa the inflorescence closes along the margins due to the presence of orobracts. The inflorescence of the Castilla elastica forms a central depression (pistillate inflorescence) and may become bivalvar (staminate inflorescence), being surrounded by involucral bracts. In Brosimum gaudichaudii the meristem becomes flat, and the staminate and pistillate flowers are immersed in the receptacle and covered by interfloral bracts; in Clarisia ilicifolia and Maclura tinctoria the meristem of the staminate and pistillate inflorescences becomes flat and lengthens, however, the pistillate inflorescence acquires a globose shape; in Morus nigra the meristem is elongated. Interfloral bracts are absent only in Morus nigra. The floral morphology and development differ among the species studied especially in terms of number of floral organs. The perianth consists of robust green sepals, present in the majority of the species studied, with the exception of Brosimum gaudichaudii, whose staminate flower exhibits a bract involving the floral organs and the pistillate flower is achlamydeous, as well as the staminate flower of Castilla elastica. In all species the sepals vary in number (two to five), and show asynchronous initiation. There is no initiation of petal primordia, individualized or originated from division of stamen primordia. The stamen primordia initiated in the staminate flower (1-5, depending on the species) become functional; so there is no stamen abortion in the staminate flower. The pistillate flower of Castilla elastica rarely initiates staminodes. The anatomical structure of the sepals and stamens varies among species, representing possible adaptations to the entomophily or anemophily described for the family. The epidermis may have glandular and/or non glandular trichomes, depending on the species. The mesophyll varies in number of layers in the species, and this variation is reflected in the union of the organs. Laticifers and crystal and phenolic idioblasts occur in the mesophyll of the sepals and connective of the stamens in all species, probably acting on flower protection against herbivores and UV radiation. The stamens vary in terms of filament and connective shape. In the staminate flowers of Morus nigra and Maclura tinctoria the cells of the mesophyll are larger with intercellular spaces; and in the final structure of the flower, the four sepals are accompanied by inflexed stamens and a pistillode, which compose a complex structure that acts in the pollen grain dispersal. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium is transformed into pistillodes in the staminate flowers of Maclura tinctoria and Morus nigra. The carpel initiates as a single central primordium which divides and originates two others, which elongate asymmetrically. The next stages differ among species and have been summarized in two ontogenetic pathways: (1) the total contribution of the two carpels in the formation of the ovary, style and stigma, however, in only one of the carpels an ovule arises at the single locule - found in most species. (2) Partial contribution of the two carpels, wherein the carpel with greater length participates in the formation of the ovary, style, stigma and ovule, while the carpel with shortest length is only involved in the formation of ovary - found in Maclura tinctoria. The species of Moraceae share early stages of development of the inflorescence, the perianth, androecium and pseudomonomerous gynoecium, and the main differences occur in the intermediate stages, which alters the structure of the flower and inflorescence. These developmental pathways seem to be stable within the urticalean rosids and contribute to the reduction of the floral structure in this group.

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Simons, Kristin Jean. "Cloning and characterization of the wheat domestication gene, Q." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/135.

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Lombardi, Giorgio Colombo. "Variation in breeding systems, floral morphology and nectar properties in three co-occurring Erica species with contrasting pollination syndromes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018567.

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The genus Erica is the most species rich in the Cape Floristic Kingdom, yet there are limited data on the various flower-pollinator interactions and breeding systems for the majority of these species. Until recently research has focussed on predictive floral traits, including flower shape, length of corolla and corolla opening to identify likely pollinators in this genus. Field observations provide an empirical test of such predictions. This study investigated three species of Erica and compared their pollination and breeding systems and floral biology. Research, including field experiments and pollinator observations was undertaken in the Vogelgat Private Nature Reserve, Maanschynkop Nature Reserve and Boskloof farm in the vicinity of Hermanus in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Field observations were conducted to determine what flower- visitor interactions occurred, while nectar volumes and sugar concentrations were measured to determine the value of the reward to the different visitors. Selective exclusion and breeding system experiments were carried out to determine whether these Erica species were capable of autonomous self-fertilization or whether they are pollinator dependent for breeding success. The unusual morphology of Erica lanuginosa suggested rodent-pollination. Field observations, including photographs of visits to plants in the field, the presence of pollen in scat sample and selective exclusion and breeding system experiments identified rodents, primarily Acomys subspinosus to be the primary pollinator. Long-proboscid flies of the family Nemestrinidae were found, on the basis of field observations to be responsible for pollination of the endemic Erica aristata. This was supported by with nectar volume and sugar concentration samples which are consistent with other long-proboscid fly-pollinated plant species. Selective exclusion and breeding system experiments undertaken confirmed that Erica aristata required a pollinator to set seed. Observations and breeding trials revealed bird-pollination in Erica sessiliflora. Nectar volume and sugar concentrations in Erica sessiliflora were in line with other sunbird-pollinated plant species, providing the necessary rewards for sunbirds visiting this species. Specialised pollination by single pollinators was found in all three species and results from breeding system experiments show that out-crossing is important. Further research into pollinator-flower interactions in the genus Erica is necessary, not least to understand more fully the conservation importance of specific pollinators.

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Trevizor, Ana Mayumi Hayashi. "Influência da área de reserva legal sobre a biologia da polinização de SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L. híbrido pizzadoro (SOLANACEAE)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/27.

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It is estimated that approximately 73 % of the world crops are pollinated by a bees. The constant alteration of habitats has led to the decline of pollinators, which may reflect limitations in the quantity and quality of the fruits and seeds grown, becoming one of the biggest problems when it comes to agricultural production. Studies with agricultural crops and their pollinators may contribute in seeking proposals that combine agriculture and conservation of forest fragments. The general objective of this work was to study aspects of Solanum lycopersicum L. hybrid Pizzadoro pollination. The specific objectives were: 1) verify if the floral morphology influences the behavior of the pollinator visits, 2) evaluate the richness of pollinating bees and pollinators at different distances from the Legal Reserve area, 3) compare the efficiency of three species of bees pollination in two treatments: spontaneous self-pollination, and pollination under natural conditions. The study was conducted on a conventional tomato cultivation in the municipality of Estiva Gerbi, Sao Paulo. Flowers were collected and observed under a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Efficiency was compared between Apis mellifera, Augochloropsis sp. and Exomalopsis sp. by Spears index. Observations and sampling were made in situ at 50, 100 and 150 meters from the Legal Reserve. It was found that the anther dehiscence is longitudinal and that the efficiency of pollination by A. mellifera (0.72) was similar to Exomalopsis sp. (0.85) and greater than Augochloropsis sp. (0.22). It is considered that the success of A. mellifera is associated with the floral morphology. Eleven species of insects, of which 7 were considered pollinators were found. Fifty eight floral visits were recorded, out of which 24 in quadrant A (50 m), 13 in B (100 m) and 21 in C (150 m), with A. mellifera dominant with 62.1% of visits, followed by Augochloropsis sp. and Oxaea flavescens both with 10.3%, Exomalopsis sp. with 6.9 %, Allograpta sp. with 5.2 % ,Bombus sp. with 3.4 % and Xylocopa sp. 1.7 %. The data indicates that the Legal Reserve played a key role in providing pollinators for tomato crops and therefore emphasizes the need for conservation and restoration of forest fragments to assist in increasing crop production.
Estima-se que aproximadamente 73% das plantas cultivadas mundialmente sejam polinizadas por alguma espécie de abelha. A constante alteração de habitats vem provocando o declínio de polinizadores, que pode refletir em limitações na quantidade e qualidade dos frutos e sementes cultivados, constituindo-se em um dos maiores problemas quando se trata de produção agrícola. Estudos com culturas agrícolas e seus polinizadores podem contribuir na busca de propostas que conciliem agricultura e conservação de fragmentos florestais. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi estudar aspectos relacionados com polinização de Solanum lycopersicum L. híbrido Pizzadoro. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) verificar se a morfologia floral influencia no comportamento de visita do polinizador; 2) avaliar a riqueza de abelhas polinizadoras e visitantes florais em diferentes distâncias da área de Reserva Legal; 3) comparar a eficiência de três espécies de abelhas na polinização em dois tratamentos: kautopolinização espontânea, e a polinização em condições naturais. O estudo foi realizado numa área de cultivo convencional de tomate no município de Estiva Gerbi, São Paulo. Foram coletadas flores e observadas em estereomicroscópio e microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Foi comparada a eficiência de Apis mellifera, Augochloropsis sp. e Exomalopsis sp. pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Observações e coletas foram feitas in situ a 50, 100 e 150 metros da RL. Verificou-se que a deiscência da antera é do tipo longitudinal e que não houve diferença entre as espécies de abelhas, ou seja, o número de sementes produzidas não depende da espécie de abelha. Considera-se que o sucesso de A. mellifera esteja associado à morfologia floral. Foram encontradas 11 espécies de insetos, das quais 7 foram consideradas polinizadoras. Foram registradas 58 visitas florais; dessas, 24 no quadrante A (50 m), 13 no B (100 m) e 21 no C (150 m), sendo A. mellifera dominante com 62,1% das visitas, seguida de Augochloropsis sp. e Oxaea flavescens ambos com 10,3%, Exomalopsis sp. com 6,9%, Allograpta sp. com 5,2%, Bombus sp. com 3,4% e Xylocopa sp. com 1,7%. Os dados indicam que a RL desempenhou um papel fundamental no fornecimento de polinizadores para a cultura de tomate e, por isso, enfatiza-se a necessidade de conservação e restauração de fragmentos florestais para auxiliar no aumento da produção da cultura.

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15

Teixeira, Reinaldo Chaves. "Partilha de polinizadores por espécies quiropterófilas em fragmento de Cerrado, São Paulo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1720.

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Flowering plants need some external pollen vectors to accomplish sexual reproduction. For plants, the access of sexual mates by pollinators agents is a limiting factor, wich make pollen vectors a critical resource for plants to reproduce successfully. Simpatric plants that share the same pollination guild avoid direct competition differing the pollinators use mode. These thesis investigate in a cerrado community the coexistence mechanisms between plant species that use the same pollinators guild, the bats. The work was carried out in a cerrado area in Brazilian southeast, between July, 2007 and June, 2009. First of all, I assessed the chiropterophilous species composition in the area, describe the floral biology and the interactions with their flower visitors. I found nine species framed in the chiropterophily syndrome, and which the flowers received visits mainly from the bat Glossophaga soricina (except in Irlbachia alata). The species flowers are adjusted to the bats morphology, ethology and physiology, and offer flowers all year long, assuring food for the bats. Then I verify the mechanisms that allow the chiropterophilous species coexistence or the facilitative interactions in the area by pollinators share. I assess the floral characteristics, blooming phenology, nectar attributes and floral visitors. Nine plant species share similar floral characteristics that are noted by the bats sense, which play as facilitative interaction between species, which produces a single floral display for attract the pollen vector in common. However, the plant species differ in the places for pollen deposition in the bats body due to differing in floral morphology, species offered distinct nectar volume and concentration which may select/segregate the pollinator and share the pollinator use during the year by flowering at different moments, which allows species that share pollinators to coexist. At last, I checked how two species in the same genus and that use the same bats as pollinators differ in the way to use the same pollen vector. I estimate the bats role in the plants species floral biology and if the species differ in floral characteristics, nectar attributes and secretion time, flowering period. I verified that group - flowers with different size shall avoid pollen mixture among species, nectar with distinct soluble concentration shall attract higher number of visitors in distinct moments, massive flowering in different periods and sequentially, allows the Bauhinia holophylla and B. longifolia coexistence in the area, even sharing the G. soricina use as main pollinator.
Plantas com flores necessitam de vetores de pólen para reproduzir sexuadamente, tornando o acesso das plantas a parceiros sexuais via polinizadores um fator limitante e o polinizador, recurso crítico. Plantas simpátricas que compartilham as guildas de polinizadores evitam competição direta diferenciando seu modo de utilização. A presente tese investigou em uma comunidade de cerrado os mecanismos de coexistência entre espécies de plantas com mesma guilda de polinizadores, os morcegos. Realizei o estudo em uma área de cerrado no sudeste brasileiro, entre julho/2007 e junho/2009. Avaliei primeiramente a composição de espécies quiropterófilas na área, descrevi sai biologia floral e interações com os visitantes. Encontrei nove espécies, enquadradas como quiropterófilas, e que receberam visitas principalmente do morcego Glossophaga soricina (exceto Irlbachia alata). As flores das espécies são ajustadas às características morfo-eto-fisiológicas dos morcegos, e estão presentes ao longo de todo ano, garantindo alimento. Em seguida, verifiquei os mecanismos que permitem a coexistência e/ou facilitação das espécies quiropterófilas na área mediante a partilha dos polinizadores. Avaliei a diversidade de atributos florais, fenologia de floração, características do néctar e visitantes florais. Nove espécies de planta compartilharam característica florais notáveis aos sentidos dos morcegos, o que atua como facilitação entre espécies, criando display floral único para a atração do vetor de pólen em comum. Porém, as espécies diferem no local de deposição de pólen no coro do vetor via morfologia floral distinta, ofertaram distinto volume e concentração de solutos no néctar que pode selecionar/segregar o polinizador e partilharam o polinizador ao longo do ano via fenologia floral, o que permite a coexistência das espécies com polinizadores em comum (G.soricina). Por fim, verifiquei como duas espécies de mesmo gênero e que se utilizam dos morcegos como polinizadores diferenciam na forma de utilização destes quanto ao papel dos morcegos para a biologia floral das espécies de plantas e à morfologia floral, características do néctar e período de secreção e época de floração. Verifiquei que o conjunto flores com tamanho distinto que evita a mistura polínica entre espécies; néctar com diferentes concentrações de soluto que atrai maior número dos visitantes em horas distintas; floração maciça em diferentes períodos e em seqüência; permitem a coexistência de Bauhinia holophylla e B. longifolia na área ao dividirem o uso de G. soricina polinizador principal.

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16

Pedersoli, Giseli Donizete. "Morfologia, desenvolvimento e aspectos da flor em espécies de Urticaceae Juss." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-08012018-143400/.

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A maioria dos representantes de Urticaceae, a família da urtiga, exibe flores díclinas, muito pequenas e discretas, que variam em número de peças florais, principalmente em relação ao perianto e androceu (perda ou união de órgãos). Gineceu pseudomonômero, ou seja, iniciação de dois ou raramente três carpelos no meristema floral, mas com apenas um carpelo contendo óvulo, é descrito para a família. Outra característica interessante com registro para a família é a presença de pistilódio nas flores estaminadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar comparativamente a morfologia da flor em desenvolvimento de espécies de diferentes tribos de Urticaceae, a fim de compreender: (1) as vias que levam à grande redução floral exibida pelo grupo, (2) se o desenvolvimento pode explicar a formação do gineceu com ovário unilocular, uniovulado, provavelmente pseudomonômero, e (3) a estrutura do pistilódio nas flores estaminadas e sua função na anemofilia. Para tal, foram selecionadas 10 espécies pertencentes a cinco tribos da família Urticaceae, com exceção da tribo Forsskaoleeae. Ainda, para o estudo comparativo do pistilódio foram amostradas duas espécies de Cannabaceae (Celtis iguanaea e Trema micrantha) e uma de Moraceae (Morus nigra). Botões florais e flores foram coletados de pelo menos dois indivíduos de cada espécie e processados para exames de superfície, anatômico e de vascularização em micro-CT. Em todas as espécies estudadas, com exceção da flor pistilada de Phenax sonneratii, há a iniciação de órgãos de apenas um verticilo do perianto; a variação na meria do perianto (2-5) resulta de ausência de órgãos desde o início do desenvolvimento. A diclinia decorre de ausência de estames desde o início do desenvolvimento na flor pistilada, com exceção de Pilea cadierei (aborto de estames), e de aborto do pistilo nos estádios intermediários do desenvolvimento na flor estaminada, com exceção de Cecropia pachystachya e Coussapoa microcarpa. O gineceu pseudomonômero é atestado pela iniciação de um primórdio carpelar que se divide em dois em Cecropia pachystachya, Coussapoa microcarpa, Laportea aestuans, Myriocarpa stipitata, Pourouma cecropiifolia, Urera baccifera e Urtica dioica; em Boehmeria cylindrica, Phenax sonneratii e Pilea cadierei não ocorre essa divisão do primórdio carpelar. Os estudos de vascularização revelaram que em todas as espécies apenas um traço vascular entra no gineceu, ramifica-se em dois logo na porção basal, sendo que um entra no óvulo e o outro segue para o estilete e estigma; exceção a isso ocorre em Myriocarpa stipitata e Urtica dioica, em que entram dois traços vasculares, um se ramifica em dois, sendo que um entra no óvulo e o outro segue para o estilete e estigma, e o outro segue direto para o estilete e estigma. Essa segunda condição seria o esperado para gineceu pseudomonômero. Pistilódios estão presentes nas flores estaminadas de Boehmeria cylindrica, Myriocarpa stipitata, Laportea aestuans, Urera baccifera e Urtica dioica (Urticaceae), Celtis iguanaea e Trema micrantha (Cannabaceae), e Morus nigra (Moraceae), e rudimentos carpelares nas de Phenax sonneratii e Pilea cadierei (Urticaceae);. O pistilódio, juntamente com as sépalas e os estames, formam um aparato que atua no mecanismo de liberação explosiva de pólen a ser transportado pelo vento. Este aparato é considerado aqui como uma sinorganização floral, sem que haja união verdadeira de tecidos, que deve otimizar a anemofilia, de modo que o pólen alcance distâncias maiores, evitando autopolinização e garantindo maior variabilidade genética para essas espécies
Most species of Urticaceae, the nettle family, exhibit very small and inconspicuous diclinous flowers, which vary in number of organs, mainly in relation to the perianth and androecium (loss or union of organs). Pseudomonomerous gynoecium, that is, initiation of two or rarely three carpels in the floral meristem, but with only one carpel containing ovule, is described for the family. Another noteworthy characteristic reported for the family is the presence of a pistillodium in staminate flowers. The objective of this work was to study the morphology of the developing flower of different species of Urticaceae in order to better understand: (1) the vias that lead to a great floral reduction exhibited by the group, (2) if the development may explain the formation of a pseudomonomerous gynoecium, and (3) the pistillodium structure in staminate flowers and its function in the anemophily. For this, 10 species belonging to five tribes of the family were selected, except the Forsskaoleeae tribe. In addition, flowers of two Cannabaceae species (Celtis iguanaea and Trema micrantha) and one Moraceae species (Morus nigra) were sampled. Buds and flowers were collected and prepared for examination under scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Vascularization was also studied by means of a micro-CT. In all studied species, except for the pistillate flower of Phenax sonneratii, organs of only one whorl of the perianth initiate; the variation in the merosity of the perianth (2-5) results from absence of organs from the beginning of development. The dicliny results of the absence of stamens from the beginning of development in pistillate flower, except for Pilea cadierei (stamen abortion), and pistil abortion occurs in the intermediate stages of development in the staminate flower, with the exception of Cecropia pachystachya and Coussapoa microcarpa. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium is characterized by the initiation of a carpel primordium that divided into two in Cecropia pachystachya, Coussapoa microcarpa, Laportea aestuans, Myriocarpa stipitata, Pourouma cecropiifolia, Urera baccifera and Urtica dioica; in Boehmeria cylindrica, Phenax sonneratii and Pilea cadierei apparently does not occur a division of the carpel primordium. Vascularization studies showed that in all species a vascular bundle enters the gynoecium, branching in two soon in the basal portion, one goes to the ovule and the other goes to the style and stigma; exceptions are Myriocarpa stipitata and Urtica dioica, in which two vascular bundles enter the pistil: one branches in two, one enters the ovule and the other goes to the style and stigma, and the other goes straight to the style and stigma. This second condition would be expected for a pseudomonomerous gynoecium. Pistillodium are present in the staminate flowers of Boehmeria cylindrica, Myriocarpa stipitata, Laportea aestuans, Urera baccifera and Urtica dioica (Urticaceae), Celtis iguanaea and Trema micrantha (Cannabaceae); and Morus nigra (Moraceae). rudimentary carpels were observed in Phenax sonneratii and Pilea cadierei (Urticaceae); The pistillodium, together with the sepals and stamens, forms an apparatus that acts on the mechanism of explosive release of pollen to be carried by the wind. This apparatus is here considered as a floral synorganization, without a true union between tissues, that should optimize the anemophily, so that the pollen can reache greater distances, avoiding selfpollination and guaranteeing greater genetic variability for these species

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Långström, Elisabeth. "Systematics of Echiochilon and Ogastemma (Boraginaceae), and the Phylogeny of Boraginoideae." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Systematisk botanik, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1863.

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Echiochilon, Ogastemma and Sericostoma are revised resulting in the recognition of 15 species of Echiochilon and one Ogastemma species. Several species are placed in synonymy and three new species are described, E. baricum, E. callianthum and E. cyananthum. The single species of Sericostoma is shown to be nested within Echiochilon. The plastid atpB gene was sequenced for Echiochilon and Ogastemma from the Old World and Antiphytum from the New World, plus for a selection of 33 other Boraginaceae taxa. They were analysed together with selected outgroup taxa to give a framework of the tribes of Boraginoideae. The analysis gave support for establishing the new tribe Echiochileae for Antiphytum, Echiochilon and Ogastemma, and for merging the traditionally accepted tribe Eritrichieae with Cynoglosseae. The ITS region was sequenced for all but one species of Echiochilon and for representatives of Antiphytum and Ogastemma. Phylogenetic analysis of Echiochilon revealed that the strongly zygomorphic-flowered species form a paraphyletic group. The morphological data gave results fairly congruent with the ITS phylogeny. Biogeographic interpretations of the ITS and atpB phylogenies indicated a trans-Atlantic dispersal of Antiphytum as the most plausible explanation to the Old/New World disjunction. Analyses using DIVA (Dispersal Vicariance Analysis) of the distributions of the Echiochilon species indicated an ancestor to Echiochilon with a wide distribution over northern Africa and Arabia to India.

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18

Pedron, Marcelo. "Estudos biossistemáticos em espécies de Habenaria (Orchidaceae) nativas no Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115622.

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Habenaria é um dos maiores gêneros da família Orchidaceae, e estimativas atuais pressupoem a existência de aproximadamente 835 espécies. Habenaria seção Pentadactylae com 34 espécies é a maior entre as 14 seções do gênero existente no novo mundo e compreende um conjunto de espécies morfologicamente bastante heterogênea. A fim de investigar a monofilia da seção e sua relação com outras seções do gênero, foram executadas análise Bayesiana e de Máxima Parcimônia com o emprego de um marcador nuclear (ITS) e três marcadores plastidiais (matK, intron trnK, rps16-trnk). Os resultados demonstraram que a seção Pentadactylae é altamente polifilética. Baseado nas análises filogenéticas e reavaliação de caracteres morfológicos, a seção Pentadactylae foi recircunscrita neste trabalho e sete espécies são aceitas: H. dutraei, H. ekmaniana, H. exaltata, H. henscheniana, H. megapotamensis, H. montevidensis e H. pentadactyla, enquanto outras 32 espécies foram excluídas. Habenaria crassipes é reconhecida como um sinônimo de H. exaltata. Lectótipos são designados para H. crassipes e H. recta. Todas as espécies da seção habitam pântanos ou locais bastante úmidos; com área de distribuição passando pelo norte da Argentina, Uruguai, Paraguai, sul, sudeste e centro do Brasil. O estado do Rio Grande do Sul (sul do Brasil), possivelmente, constitui um centro de diversidade da seção onde todas as espécies podem ser encontradas. A biologia reprodutiva de duas espécies da seção Pentadactylae, H. megapotamensis e H. montevidensis; e duas espécies da seção Macroceratitae, H. johannensis e H. macronectar, foram estudas. Todas as espécies estudadas oferecem néctar como recompensa floral aos polinizadores, produzido no interior de um prolongamento do labelo denominado esporão. Habenaria montevidensis é polinizada por borboletas da família Hesperiidae, enquanto as demais espécies são polinizadas por mariposas da família Sphingidae. Todas as espécies estudadas são auto-compatíveis mas dependentes de agentes polinizadores para a produção de frutos. O sucesso reprodutivo é alto (69,48 - 93%). Na área de estudo, todas as quatro espécies estudadas são reprodutivamente isoladas devido a um conjunto de fatores tais como diferenças na morfologia floral e diferentes polinizadores.
Habenaria is one of the largest genus of Orchidaceae family and current stimates accounts to the existence of 835 species. Habenaria section Pentadactylae with 34 species is the largest among the 14 New World sections of the genus and comprises a morphologically heterogeneous group of species. To investigate the monophyly of the section and the relation with other sections of the genus, Bayesian and parsimony analyses using one nuclear marker (ITS) and three plastid markers (matK, trnK intron, rps16-trnK) were performed. The results demonstrated that sect. Pentadactylae is highly polyphyletic. Based on the phylogenetic analyses and re-evaluation of morphological characters, Habenaria sect. Pentadactylae is re-circumscribed and seven species are accepted for the section: H. dutraei, H. ekmaniana, H. exaltata, H. henscheniana, H. megapotamensis, H. montevidensis and H. pentadactyla, while other 32 species were excluded. Habenaria crassipes is included under the synonym of H. exaltata. Lectotypes are designated for H. crassipes and H. recta. All species in the section are from marshes or wet grasslands and range from Northern Argentina, Uruguai, Paraguai and south, southeast and center of Brazil. The Rio Grande do Sul state (south Brazil), possibly constitute a diversity center of the section where every species can be founded. Most are rare, known by few populations, and threatened due to loss of habitat and population decline. The reproductive biology of two species from the section Pentadactylae, H. megapotamensis and H. montevidensis; and two species from the section Macroceratitae, H. johannensis and H. macronectar, were studied. All studied species offer nectar as floral reward concealed in a labellar process termed spur. Habenaria montevidensis is pollinated by Hesperiidae butterflies, while the remaining species are pollinated by Sphingidae moths. All studied species are self-compatible, but pollinator-dependent. The reproductive success is high (69.48 - 93%). At the study site, every four studied species are reproductively isolated by a set of factors that includes differing floral morphologies and different pollinators.

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Reyes, Elisabeth. "Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS489/document.

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Les Angiospermes forment un clade connu pour sa grande diversité d’espèces et une répartition inégale de cette diversité en son sein. Ce travail se concentre sur la reconstruction d’états ancestraux de caractères floraux sur les phylogénies dans le but d’étudier leur impact sur la diversification. En premier lieu, nous nous sommes focalisés sur deux innovations-clés potentielles chez les Proteaceae, la symétrie bilatérale du périanthe et la présence dans les hotspots à climat méditerranéen. L’utilisation sur une phylogénie de modèles de diversification dépendants des états de caractère a permis de montrer que le premier état caractère n’a pas d’impact significatif sur la diversification des espèces dans ce groupe, contrairement au second. Ensuite, nous avons reconstruit les états ancestraux de la symétrie du périanthe à l’échelle de toutes les Angiospermes, avec une stratégie d’échantillonnage permettant de refléter toutes les transitions de ce caractère. Nous avons mis en évidence un minimum de 130 origines de la symétrie bilatérale, suivies de 69 réversions vers la symétrie radiaire. Enfin, la même méthode a été étendue à l’étude de quatre autres caractères du périanthe. Différents modèles de reconstruction d’états ancestraux ont été utilisés sur une phylogénie de 1232 espèces pour examiner l’influence des changements de modèle sur les états ancestraux reconstruits. Nos résultats montrent que les changements de modèles de reconstruction ont une influence sur l’état de certains nœuds seulement, jamais sur l’ensemble. Les différents résultats trouvés pour la symétrie, caractère commun aux trois chapitres, révèlent que notre méthode d’échantillonnage présente l’inconvénient d’estimer des taux de transition trop élevés pour donner des résultats concluants avec la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance. Les résultats sont en revanche beaucoup moins biaisés lorsque l’on examine plusieurs caractères simultanément
Angiosperms are a clade known for its great species diversity and the uneven distribution of this diversity among its lineages. This work focuses on the ancestral state reconstruction of floral characters on phylogenies in the purpose of studying their impact on diversification. We first focused on two potential key innovations in Proteaceae, bilateral perianth symmetry and presence in Mediterranean-climate hotspots. Using character state dependent diversification models, we found that the first character state did not have any significant impact on species diversification in this group, contrary to the second one. We then reconstructed ancestral states for perianth symmetry in angiosperms as a whole, using a sampling strategy aimed at capturing all of the transitions in this character. We found a minimum of 130 origins of bilateral symmetry, followed by 69 subsequent reversals to radial symmetry. Lastly, the same approach was extended to the study of four other perianth characters. Different ancestral state reconstruction models were used on a phylogenetic tree of 1232 species to test the influence of model changes on reconstructed ancestral states. Our results show that changes in reconstruction models have an impact on the inferred ancestral state of some nodes, but not all of them. The various results obtained for symmetry, a character shared among the three chapters, indicate that our sampling method has the drawback of estimating transition rates too high to give conclusive results with maximum likelihood. On the other hand, results are much less biased when several characters are examined simultaneously

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Desaegher, James. "Effets de l’urbanisation sur la morphologie florale et les relations plantes-pollinisateurs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS408/document.

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L'expansion des surfaces urbaines a de fortes conséquences sur la composition des communautés de plantes et de pollinisateurs. Néanmoins, les effets de l'urbanisation sur l’interdépendance entre ces deux communautés et leurs conséquences évolutives restent peu étudiés. Premièrement, nous avons cherché à identifier le long d'un gradient d'urbanisation les facteurs affectant les communautés de plantes et de pollinisateurs. Deuxièmement, nous avons testé l'existence de divergences évolutives intra-spécifiques pour les caractéristiques reproductives de plantes d'origine urbaine et rurale. Dans ce but, nous avons combiné l'analyse de données issues de programmes de sciences participatives en région de l'Ile-de-France et nous avons également mis en place une expérience de transplantation réciproque impliquant quatre espèces végétales fréquentes dans cette région. Nos résultats révèlent que la morphologie florale est le facteur le plus souvent impliqué dans l'observation des familles d'insectes sur les fleurs le long du gradient. Les familles d'insectes ayant une affinité positive aux surfaces imperméables préfèrent les corolles tubulaires, tandis que les familles ayant une affinité négative préfèrent les corolles évasées. L'urbanisation modifie la composition des communautés végétales, en sélectionnant notamment des espèces autogames et non-entomophiles. Nos résultats indiquent une perte fonctionnelle de pollinisateurs en milieu urbain. Une analyse détaillée de l’espèce Cymbalaria muralis suggère que les plantes auraient un plus grand bénéfice reproductif à allouer plus de ressources à la production de fleurs sur les sites de plantation urbain. En conséquence, les plantes d'origine urbaine ont tendance à produire plus de fleurs que celles d’origine rurale, au détriment de la production d'ovules par fleur et de la coloration des corolles. Cette divergence évolutive pourrait s'expliquer par des changements dans le comportement des pollinisateurs induits par une fragmentation accrue de l'habitat dans les zones urbaines. Cette thèse révèle que les changements induits par l'urbanisation dans l'abondance, le comportement ou les affinités florales fonctionnelles des pollinisateurs peuvent servir d'agents de sélection sur les espèces végétales spontanées
The expansion of urban areas is known to impact the composition of plant and pollinator communities. However, the effects of urbanization on the interdependency between both communities, and the subsequent evolutionary consequences, are still poorly studied. First, we tried to identify along an urbanization gradient which factors shape plant and pollinator communities. Second, we tested the existence of intra-specific evolutionary divergences of plant reproductive characteristics between populations from urban and rural origins. For these purposes, we combined the analysis of data collected in the Ile-de-France region originating from citizen science projects, and we set up a reciprocal transplantation experiment involving four plant species commonly found in this region. We found that floral morphology was the most frequently implicated factor in the observation of insect families along the gradient. Insect families with positive affinity to impervious areas prefer tubular corollas, while families with negative affinity prefer non-tubular (open) corollas. Urbanization modifies the composition of plant communities, by selecting in particular autogamous and non-entomophilous species. Altogether, our results point towards a functional loss of pollinators along with urbanization. A detailed analysis of the species Cymbalaria muralis suggests a greater reproductive benefit in allocating more resources to flower production in urban plantation sites. As a consequence, plants from urban origin tend to produce more flowers compared to plants from rural origin, at the expense of ovule production per flower and flower coloration. This evolutionary divergence could be explained by shifts in pollinator behaviour induced by higher habitat fragmentation in urban areas. This thesis reveals that shifts in the abundance, in the behaviour or in the functional floral affinities of pollinators, induced by urbanization, could act as selection agents on spontaneous plant species

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Espinosa, Moreno Felipe. "Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS126/document.

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Les plantes à fleurs se caractérisent par une diversification rapide au cours de l’évolution des plantes à graines, en partie grâce à l'émergence de la structure florale. L’étude des phénotypes tératologiques se présente comme un outil important pour mieux comprendre l’apparition et le maintien des innovations florales. Le genre Delphinium L. appartient à la famille des Ranunculaceae, une des premières familles ayant divergé parmi les Eudicotylédones (clade le plus diversifié au sein des Angiospermes) et présentant une grande diversité florale.Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé une étude phylogénétique, morpho-anatomique et pollinique de l'espèce Delphinium turcicum (H.Duman, Vural, Aytac & Adiguzel) Espinosa, espèce endémique turque connue depuis plus de 20 ans dans la nature et présentant des déviations par rapport à la fleur typique du genre Delphinium. Cette étude nous a permis de comprendre l'organisation de la fleur de cette espèce ainsi que de mettre en évidence des modifications de symétrie, du type d'organes formant le périanthe, et du développement des éperons. Des anomalies dans le développement des organes floraux, potentiellement liées à des modifications dans l'expression des gènes responsables de l'établissement de l'identité florale, sont à l'origine de ce phénotype particulier. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une étude de la morpho-anatomie florale de cultivars, organismes présentant des variations florales importantes issues d’une sélection artificielle, des genres Delphinium L. et Aquilegia L. (ce dernier appartenant également aux Ranunculaceae et un des genres modèles pour les études évo-dévo). Cette étude nous a permis d'identifier les étapes cruciales du développement floral pendant lesquelles ces variations prennent place. Chez les deux genres nous avons trouvé que la symétrie florale et la phyllotaxie sont conservées, tandis que l'organisation florale et la vascularisation de la fleur sont modifiées par rapport à la morphologie des fleurs typiques. La plupart des déviations morphologiques et anatomiques se situent au niveau du périanthe, et concernent notamment le nombre et l'identité des organes qui le forment. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les phénotypes floraux des cultivars d'Aquilegia L. et Delphinium L. résultent d'altérations génétiques affectant la taille du méristème, les frontières entre les organes d'identité différente, l'organogenèse et le développement des structures nectarifères. Dans un troisième temps, une recherche historique sur la taxonomie du genre Delphinium L. a permis de mettre en évidence les possibles ambiguïtés induites par les variations florales au sein du genre. L'inclusion de l'espèce D. turcicum dans le genre Delphinium requiert d’amender la description du genre afin d'inclure les particularités florales de l'espèce.Cete thèse permet de mettre en évidence les étapes cruciales du développement pendant lesquelles les variations morphologiques prennent place, ainsi que de viser les gènes potentiellement à l'origine de ces variations chez une espèce sauvage et chez des variétés issues d’une sélection artificielle. Ces nouvelles informations permettront d'orienter des études en évo-dévo visant la compréhension de l'évolution florale au sein des Angiospermes
In the evolution of seed plants, flowering plants are characterized by an especially rapid, partly due to the emergence of the floral structure. The study of teratological phenotypes is an interesting tool to better understand the origin and maintenance of floral innovations. The genus Delphinium L. belongs to the family Ranunculaceae, one of the earliest-diverging families among Eudicots and characterized by an outstanding floral.First, we carried out phylogenetic, morphological, anatomical and palynological studies of Delphinium turcicum (H.Duman, Vural, Aytac & Adiguzel) Espinosa, a Turkish endemic species known for more than 20 years in the wild and presenting unusual floral features. This study allowed us to understand the organization of the flower of this species, as well as to characterize the deviations to the typical morphology (modification of symmetry, of the type of organs composing the perianth and of the spur development). Changes in floral organ development, possibly related to changes in the expression of genes involved in floral identity, are responsible for this particular phenotype. Second, I carried out a morphological-anatomical study of cultivars (organisms with major floral variations resulting from artificial selection) of the genera Delphinium L. and Aquilegia L. (the latter belongs to Ranunculaceae and has been proposed as model genus for evo-devo studies). This study allowed me to identify the crucial stages of floral development where morphological variations take place. In both genera, floral symmetry and phyllotaxis were found to be conserved, while flower arrangement and vascularization were altered with respect to the typical flower morphology. Most morphological and anatomical deviations affect the perianth, especially on the number and identity of the organs. We hypothesized that the floral phenotypes of the cultivars of Delphinium L. and Aquilegia L. result from genetic alterations affecting meristem size, boundaries between sets of organs of different identity, organogenesis and development of nectariferous structures. Third, a historical research on the taxonomy of the genus Delphinium L. highlighted the taxonomical ambiguities induced by the floral morphological variations recorded within the genus. The inclusion of the species Delphinium turcicum implies amending the genus description in order to include the floral features of the species.This thesis, through the study of a wild species and of varieties undergoing artificial selection, allowed to highlight the crucial developmental stages during which the morphological floral variations take place, as well as to target the genes possibly responsible for these variations. These results will guide future evo-devo studies aiming at understanding floral evolution within angiosperms, and better understand the evolution of angiosperms as a whole

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Menk, Florian [Verfasser]. "Morphology and Interface Control of Conducting Materials / Florian Menk." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1205689990/34.

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Massoni, Julien. "Phylogeny, molecular dating and floral evolution of Magnoliidae (Angiospermae)." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01044699.

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Deep phylogenetic relationships in the angiosperms had long been uncertain. However, by the end of the 1990s, large-scale studies contributed to the current well resolved picture of the tree of flowering plants, in which eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids are the three largest clades. Whereas monocots and eudicots have been recognized since the very first phylogenetic analyses, the monophyly of magnoliids (Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, and Piperales) is a more recent result. Magnoliidae, as now circumscribed, consist of 20 families and ca. 10,000 species mostly distributed in the tropics. Before the present thesis, several parts of the magnoliid tree had been well studied, but little was known about the evolutionary history of Magnoliidae as a whole. The first chapter of this thesis is a phylogenetic study conducted to clarify the relationships among families and orders of Magnoliidae. To do so, I sampled 199 species of Magnoliidae and 12 molecular markers from the three genomes and conducted phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. The results confirm, with a greater level of support, two clades in Magnoliidae: Canellale + Piperales, and Laurales + Magnoliales. In addition, the relationships among the 20 families are generally well supported, and Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae are nested within Aristolochiaceae (Piperales). In the second chapter, the ages and phylogenetic positions of 10 fossils attributed to Magnoliidae were reviewed in detail. The goal of this study was to provide new reliable calibration points in order to conduct molecular dating analyses. These fossils were selected from the rich fossil record of the group because of their previous inclusion in phylogenetic analyses with extant taxa. The resulting calibration scheme provides six solid, internal minimum age constraints. The third chapter includes molecular dating analyses using the present calibration scheme and the same molecular dataset of Chapter 1. This study tends to push back in time the ages of the crown nodes of Magnoliidae (127.1-198.9 Ma), and of the four orders, Canellales (126.3-141.0 Ma), Piperales (88.2-157.7 Ma), Laurales (111.8-165.6 Ma), and Magnoliales (115.0-164.2 Ma). In the same chapter, I investigated the mode of diversification in the group. The strongly imbalanced distribution of species appears to be best explained by models of diversification with 6 to 14 diversification rate shifts. Finally, in the last chapter, I traced the evolution of 26 floral characters to reconstruct the ancestral flowers in key nodes of Magnoliidae. I used the phylogeny of Chapter 1 and an exemplar approach. Our results show that the most recent common ancestor of all Magnoliidae was a tree bearing actinomorphic, bisexual flowers with a differentiated perianth of two alternate, trimerous whorls of free perianth parts (outer and inner tepals) and probably three free stamens. This work provides key results on the evolution of Magnoliidae and raises several new questions such as the impact of geological crises on diversification of the group or the influence of pollinators and the environment on the evolution of floral morphology.

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Ribeiro, Carimi Cortez. "As Galipeinae (Galipeeae, Rutaceae) no estado da Bahia, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-27072015-183725/.

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A família Rutaceae tem sido objeto de vários estudos na região neotropical. Entretanto, há ainda áreas que necessitam de estudos mais aprofundados de sua flora. A Bahia possui uma grande diversidade de espécies vegetais, incluindo plantas da família Rutaceae, notadamente da subtribo Galipeinae. Áreas pouco exploradas botanicamente e de elevada biodiversidade e endemismo, como o sul da Bahia, tem revelado espécies novas para a ciência, sendo mais uma evidência da necessidade de estudos florísticos. O presente trabalho integra o projeto Flora da Bahia, desenvolvido por instituições baianas em colaboração com universidades e centros de pesquisa de outros estados, que tem como um dos objetivos levantar a flora de angiospermas do estado da Bahia, além de formar recursos humanos na área de taxonomia vegetal. Neste projeto, os tratamentos taxonômicos dos grupos de angiospermas estão sendo realizados em nível de famílias, tribos ou ainda gêneros. O presente trabalho complementa o projeto através de estudos taxonômicos da subtribo Galipeinae (Galipeeae, Rutaceae) para a Bahia. Na Bahia há um grande número de espécies de Galipeinae, principalmente nas áreas de Mata Atlântica da porção sul. A subtribo Galipeinae é o grupo de Rutaceae mais diverso dos neotrópicos e o maior grupo intrafamiliar, com ca. 26 gêneros e ca. 120 espécies. As Galipeinae diferem da maioria das Rutaceae devido as flores com tendência à zigomorfia, redução do número de estames férteis de 5 para 2 (variavelmente), transformação dos estames em estaminódios, presença de anteras apendiculadas, cotilédones frequentemente plicados e ausência de endosperma na semente; o fruto é sempre deiscente, do tipo cápsula ou folículo. O projeto foi executado com a utilização de métodos usuais em taxonomia vegetal, tais como consulta à literatura especializada, visita a herbários, empréstimo de materiais, análise de exsicatas e trabalho de campo. Os resultados obtidos contam com descrições da subtribo, gêneros, espécies, chaves de identificação para espécies, comentários acerca da distribuição, ocorrência, fenologia e nomes populares das espécies relatados somente para o estado da Bahia, além de ilustrações em nanquim e fotografias. Foram levantadas 46 espécies da Subtribo Galipeinae que ocorrem no estado da Bahia, sendo que, destas, 39,1% são endêmicas deste estado evidenciando, portanto, o alto grau de endemismo desta região.
The Rutaceae family has been the subject of several studies in the Neotropics. However, there are areas that need further more studies of its flora. Bahia has a great diversity of plant species, including plants of the Rutaceae family, especially the subtribe Galipeinae. Botanically unexplored areas, high biodiversity and endemism, like southern Bahia, has revealed new species to science, suggesting the need of floristic studies. The present work is part of the project \"Flora da Bahia\", developed by Bahian institutions in collaboration with universities and research centers from other states, which aims to raise the angiosperm flora of Bahia, and train new taxonomists. In this project, the taxonomic treatments of angiosperm groups are being performed at the level of families, tribes or genera. This work complements the project contributing to taxonomic studies of Galipeinae subtribe (Galipeeae, Rutaceae) of Bahia. In Bahia there is a large number of species of Galipeinae, mainly in the Atlantic Forest of south side. The subtribe Galipeinae is the most diverse group of Rutaceae of the Neotropics and the largest intra-family group, with ca. 26 genera and ca. 120 species. The Galipeinae differs from most Rutaceae due its tendency to zygomorphy flowers, transformation of fertile stamens into staminodes, these strucutures 2 to 5 (variously), anthers appendage, often plicate cotyledons and endosperm absence; the fruit is always dehiscent, capsule or follicle. The project was conducted following the usual methods in plant taxonomy, such as consulting the literature, visit the herbaria, loan materials, exsiccates analysis and field work. The results contain descriptions of the subtribe, genera, species, identification keys, comments of distribution, occurrence, phenology and common names of species reported only for the Bahia state, and illustrations in ink and photographs. In Bahia were raised 46 species of Subtribe Galipeinae, which 39.1% are endemic showing high degree of endemism in this region.

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Lima, Luis Fernando Paiva. "Estudos taxonômicos e morfopolínicos em Curcubitaceae brasileiras." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26294.

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Na flora brasileira, Cucurbitaceae representa uma importante família entre a sinúsia de trepadeiras, com aproximadamente 180 espécies nativas, distribuídas em 30 gêneros, poucos dos quais são monografados para o Brasil. Esta tese tem como objetivo o estudo taxonômico e morfológico de sete destes gêneros, distribuídos em quatro tribos: Anisosperma e Fevillea (Zanonieae), Apodanthera e Melothrianthus (Coniandreae), Melothria (Benincaseae) e, Cyclanthera e Sicyos (Sicyeae). Anisosperma é monotípico e Fevillea está representado por sete espécies de distribuição bicêntrica no neotrópico. Verificou-se a ocorrência de distintos padrões de distribuição geográfica para as espécies destes gêneros: Padrão amplo neotropical (F. cordifolia), Padrão amplo atlântico (F. trilobata), Padrão restrito amazônico (F. anomalosperma, F. pedatifolia e F. pergamentacea), Padrão restrito atlântico (A. passiflora) e Padrão higrófilo sul bahiano (F. bahiensis). Apodanthera está representada no Brasil por 11 espécies (10 delas endêmicas), distribuídas em duas secções: Apodanthera (A. argentea, A. glaziovii, A. laciniosa, A. sagittifolia var. villosa e A. ulei) e Pseudoapodanthera (A. congestiflora, A. hindii, A. pedisecta, A. succulenta, A. trifoliata e A. villosa). O gênero Melothria compreende oito espécies na flora brasileira (M. candolleana, M. cucumis, M. dulcis, M. hirsuta, M. pendula, M. schulziana, M. trilobata e M. warmingii), assim como Cyclanthera (C. eichleri, C. hystrix, C. multifoliola, C. oligoechinata, C. pedata, C. quinquelobata, C. tenuifolia e C. tenuisepala). Sicyos possui somente três espécies: S. martii na secção Atractocarpus, e S. polyacanthus e S. warmingii em Sicyos. O estudo taxonômico apresenta uma revisão e atualização nomenclatural, descrições, ilustrações e chaves analíticas para os gêneros e espécies, bem como dados sobre distribuição geográfica, ecologia e aspectos fenológicos. As características da morfologia polínica revelaram- se extremamente úteis na identificação dos gêneros estudados. No entanto, a diferenciação entre espécies de um mesmo gênero requer uma análise mais acurada. Fevillea apresenta grãos típicos de Nhandiroboideae, pequenos, tricolporados e estriados. Os gêneros representativos de Coniandreae (Apodanthera e Melothrianthus) e de Benincaseae (Melothria) são predominantemente de tamanho médio, tricolporados, reticulados e/ou microreticulados. Dentre as tribos estudadas, Sicyeae apresenta os maiores tamanhos de grãos de pólen, sendo Cyclanthera estes são 4-8-colporados e punctitegilados, e em Sicyos estefanocolpados e supra-microreticulados equinados. Os grãos foram descritos com base em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e, em cada gênero, as espécies foram comparadas.
In the Brazilian flora, Cucurbitaceae represents an important family among the climbing synusia, comprising ca. 180 native species, distributed in 30 genera, few of which are already reviewed in Brazil. The object of this thesis is to carry out a taxonomic and morphological study concerning seven of these genera: Anisosperma and Fevillea (Zanonieae), Apodanthera and Melothrianthus (Coniandreae), Melothria (Benincaseae), Cyclanthera and Sicyos (Sicyeae). Anisosperma is monotypic and Fevillea is represented by seven species whit bicentric distribution in the Neotropics. We verified the occurrence of distinct geographic distributional patterns for the species of these genera: Wide Neotropical pattern (F. cordifolia), Wide Atlantic pattern (F. trilobata), Restricted Amazonian pattern (F. anomalosperma, F. pedatifolia e F. pergamentacea), Restricted Atlantic pattern (A. passiflora) and South-Bahian hygrophilous pattern (F. bahiensis). Apodanthera is represented by 11 species in Brazil (10 of which are endemic), distributed in two sections: Apodantera (A. argentea, A. glaziovii, A. laciniosa, A. sagittifolia var. villosa and A. ulei) e Pseudoapodanthera (A. congestiflora, A. hindii, A. pedisecta, A. succulenta, A. trifoliate and A. villosa). The genus Melothria encompasses eight species in the Brazilian flora (M. candolleana, M. cucumis, M. dulcis, M. hirsuta, M. pendula, M. schulziana, M. trilobata and M. warmingii) as well as Cyclanthera (C. eichleri, C. hystrix, C. multifoliola, C. oligoechinata, C. pedata, C. quinquelobata, C. tenuifolia and C. tenuisepala). Sicyos presents only three species: S. martii in Atractocarpus section and S. polyacanthus and S. warmingii in Sicyos section. The taxonomic study presents nomenclatural revision and updating, descriptions, illustrations and analytical keys for genera and species, as well as data concerning geographic distribution, ecology and phenological aspects. Characters concerning pollen morphology were extremely useful for the identification of the studied genera. However, differentiation between congeneric species demands more acurate analyses. Fevillea presents typical Nhandiroboideae grains, small, tricolporate and striate exine. Representative genera of Coniandreae (Apodanthera and Melothrianthus) and Benincaseae (Melothria) are predominantly medium-sized, tricolporate, reticulate and/or micro-reticulate exine. Among the studied tribes, Sicyeae presents the largest pollen grains, 4-8-colporate and punctitegillate exine in Cyclanthera and stephanocolpate and supra-microreticulate echinate exine in Sicyos. Grains descriptions were based in light microscopy and scanning microscopy and, within each genus, species were compared.

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Bruniera, Carla Poleselli. "Sistemática e taxonomia de Rudgea Salisb. (Palicoureeae, Rubiaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-28072015-145432/.

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A sistemática da família Rubiaceae passou por grandes mudanças nas últimas duas décadas. O uso de dados moleculares levou a revisões significativas na classificação intra-familiar, principalmente a nível genérico. As relações entre alguns dos gêneros neotropicais mais diversos de Rubiaceae (e.g. Psychotria, Palicourea e Rudgea) estão sendo investigadas. O gênero neotropical Rudgea possui c. 130 espécies, distribuídas do México ao nordeste da Argentina, com dois centros de diversidade, um no noroeste da América do Sul, e outro no sudeste do Brasil. As espécies são caracterizadas pelas estípulas inteiras ou fimbriadas, com apêndices glandulares, presença de domácias nas folhas, inflorescência terminal, lobos da corola corniculados e sementes profundamente sulcadas na face adaxial. Trabalhos filogenéticos anteriores incluíram uma amostragem limitada de espécies do gênero Rudgea. Nossas análises moleculares mostram Rudgea como um gênero monofilético com a exclusão de R. woronovii, uma espécie mais próxima de Palicourea sensu lato. Por outro lado, R. stipulacea emergiu como grupo-irmão das demais espécies de Rudgea, sendo o grupo formado por estas espécies altamente sustentado e denominado \"Rudgea sensu stricto\". Mudanças taxonômicas serão necessárias para acomodar Rudgea stipulacea, e uma classificação infragenérica de Rudgea será proposta, com suporte molecular e morfológico. Além da análises filogenéticas, também foi realizado um tratamento taxonômico para as espécies brasileiras de Rudgea, com 64 espécies aceitas e 26 sinônimos novos. Informações nomenclaturais completas foram fornecidas e 36 lectótipos foram designados. Chaves de identificação para as espécies e subespécies (quando apropriado) também foram apresentadas. Informações sobre distribuição geográfica, habitat, fenologia, discussões taxonômicas, material examinado e figuras também foram apresentadas. Este é o primeiro tratamento de Rudgea para o Brasil desde a monografia de Mueller Argoviensis em 1881 para a Flora Brasiliensis. Como parte dos estudos taxonômicos em Rudgea, o manuscrito que compreende as descrições de duas novas espécies da Bahia (Brasil) e o manuscrito com novas combinações em Rudgea e Palicourea sensu lato também foram incluídos nesta tese
Systematics of Rubiaceae has undergone major changes during the last two decades. The use of molecular data has lead to a profound revision in the intra-familiar classification, mainly at generic level. It has become clear that the relationships between some of the largest genera of Neotropical Rubiaceae (e.g. Psychotria, Palicourea and Rudgea) had to be investigated. The neotropical genus Rudgea encompasses c. 130 species distributed from Mexico to northeastern Argentina with two main centers of diversity, one in the western portion of South America and another in southeastern Brazil. The species are characterized by the entire to fimbriate stipules, with glandular appendages, presence of domatia in the leaves, terminal inflorescence, corniculate corolla-lobes and pyrenes deeply furrowed adaxially. Previous Rubiaceae phylogenies have included a limited sample of Rudgea species. Our molecular analyses have shown Rudgea as a monophyletic genus with the exclusion of R. woronovii, a species more closely related to Palicourea sensu lato. On the other hand, R. stipulacea appears as sister to all other Rudgea, this last group strongly supported and formed by the species of \"Rudgea sensu stricto\". Taxonomic changes will be necessary to accommodate R. stipulacea and an infrageneric classification of Rudgea will be proposed, with molecular and morphological support. Besides the phylogenetic analyses, it was also conducted a taxonomic study for the Brazilian species of Rudgea, with 64 species accepted species and 26 new synonyms proposed. Comprehensive nomenclatural information is supplied and 36 lectotypes are designated. Identification key for the species and subspecies (where appropriate) are provided and information on geographical distribution, habitat, phenology, taxonomic notes, examined material and illustrations are also provided. This is the first comprehensive treatment of Rudgea for Brazil since Mueller Argoviensis published the Flora Brasiliensis monograph in 1881. As part of the taxonomic studies with Rudgea, the manuscript comprising the descriptions of two new species from Bahia (Brazil) and the manuscript with new combinations in Rudgea and Palicourea sensu lato were also included in this thesis

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27

Al, Hallak Maesa [Verfasser], and Florian [Akademischer Betreuer] Heinen. "Correlation between gross motor function and MRI brain morphology in children with cerebral palsy / Maesa Al Hallak ; Betreuer: Florian Heinen." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162443448/34.

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28

Gong, Fade. "Vitis Seeds (Vitaceae) from the Late Neogene Gray Fossil Site, Northeastern Tennessee, USA." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1819.

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This study focuses on the morphometric and systematic studies of fossil vitaceous seeds recently recovered from the Gray Fossil Site (7-4.5 Ma, latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene) northeastern Tennessee. Morphologically, all fossil seeds correspond to the extant subgenus Vitis (genus Vitis) of the Vitaceae based on the smooth dorsal surface with a centrally positioned chalaza connected with a conspicuous chalaza-apex groove and short linear ventral infolds that are slightly diverged apically. A multivariate analysis based on 11 measured characters from 76 complete seeds identified three types of seeds, each representing a distinct morphotaxon. Based on comparison with modern and fossil vitaceous specimens, three new species were recognized: Vitis grayana sp. nov., Vitis lanatoides sp. nov., and Vitis latisulcata sp.nov. The close resemblance between the first two fossil grapes (Vitis grayana and Vitis lanatoides) with extant eastern Asian Vitis provides further evidence that the eastern Asian floristic elements existing in the southeastern North American flora continued to as late as late Neogene.

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29

Deer, Linda Nicole. "Palaeodietary and palaeoecological investigation of pleistocene diprotodontids : a multi-facetted study of tooth morphology, flora assemblages and stable isotopes within collagen and carbonate hydroxylapatite /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbd312.pdf.

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30

Sandmann, Rabea [Verfasser], Sarah [Akademischer Betreuer] Köster, and Florian [Akademischer Betreuer] Rehfeldt. "Blood Platelet Behavior on Structured Substrates : From Spreading Dynamics to Cell Morphology / Rabea Sandmann. Betreuer: Sarah Köster. Gutachter: Sarah Köster ; Florian Rehfeldt." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078420084/34.

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31

Fischer, Florian S. U. [Verfasser], and Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Ludwigs. "The impact of donor-acceptor polymer crystal structure and mesoscopic morphology on opto-electronic devices / Florian S. U. Fischer ; Betreuer: Sabine Ludwigs." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1124841393/34.

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32

Shaw, Aaron David. "A comparative study of vascular plants associated with Allium tribracteatum Torrey and Allium obtusum Lemmon, with special consideration of the flora of the Mehrten Formation, Tuolumne and Calaveras Counties, California." Scholarly Commons, 2002. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/565.

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This investigation was undertaken to determine if there were morphologic characters that would allow rapid field identification of Allium tribracteatum Torrey and A. obtusum Lemmon, or if, in the absence of such characters, it would be possible to separate the two species on the basis of plant associations that might be unique to each. Allium tribracteatum is restricted or nearly restricted to volcanic soils of the Mehrten Formation in Tuolumne County, California and is a species of concern to the United States Forest Service because of this restricted distribution. Allium obtusum, on the other hand, is found both on the Mehrten Formation and on other soil types in the Sierra Nevada and has a much wider geographic distribution. I found that the only reliable way to differentiate the two species morphologically was by the cell pattern on the bulb coats, a difficult characteristic to ascertain in the field. However a number of species of vascular plants were found that were associated only with one or the other of the species in question and were reliable indicators of the Allium species identity. Environmental impacts facing Allium tribracteatum include winter recreation activities, illegal off highway vehicles, power line maintenance, seasonal wood cutting, some livestock grazing, and activities associated with the Bald Mountain Helitack fire base. Currently, these activities have minimal impacts on the Allium tribracteatum populations.

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33

Silva, Marcia Vignoli. "O gênero Cestrum L. (Solanaceae) no Brasil extra-amazônico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142839.

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RESUMO – (O gênero Cestrum L. (Solanaceae) no Brasil extra-amazônico). O gênero Cestrum L. (Solanaceae) é exclusivamente americano e pertence à tribo Cestreae (Cestroideae). O Brasil extra-amazônico é formado pelos biomas Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampa, Pantanal e Mata Atlântica, sendo este último o bioma com a maior diversidade específica do gênero. A necessidade de uma revisão taxonômica para as espécies de Cestrum, ocorrentes nesta área, motivou a realização deste trabalho, visando o reconhecimento e identificação das mesmas. Para o Brasil extraamazônico são reconhecidas 25 espécies nativas de Cestrum, C. axillare Vell., C. bracteatum Link & Otto, C. corcovadense Miers, C. corymbosum Schltdl., C. euanthes Schltdl., C. gardneri Sendtn., C. intermedium Sendtn., C. latifolium Lam., C. mariquitense Kunth, C. martii Sendtn., C. obovatum Sendtn., C. parqui L’Hér., C. pedicellatum Sendtn., C. reflexum Sendtn., C. retrofractum Dunal, C. salzmannii Dunal, C. schlechtendalii G. Don, C. strictum Schott ex Sendtn., C. strigilatum Ruiz & Pav., C. subpulverulentum Mart., C. subumbellatum Vignoli-Silva & M. Nee, C. tenuifolium Francey, C. tubulosum Sendtn., C. velutinum Hiern e C. viminale Sendtn. As características do indumento, das nervuras secundárias das folhas, das pseudoestípulas, das inflorescências, dos hipsofilos, do cálice, da corola e dos grãos de pólen são relevantes para a identificação das espécies. São apresentadas chaves analíticas para as espécies nativas e duas cultivadas (C. diurnum L. e C. nocturnum L.), descrições para o gênero e para as espécies nativas, discussões sobre a morfologia das espécies, hábitat e distribuição geográfica, além de comentários, ilustrações e material examinado. São propostos 79 lectotipificações, quatro neotipificações, uma epitipificação, um nome novo e 57 novos sinônimos. Os dados sobre a revisão nomenclatural dos nomes de espécies citados para o Brasil extra-amazônico, assim como sobre a morfologia polínica de 23 espécies nativas são apresentados e discutidos detalhadamente. O estudo polínico permite concluir que os táxons estudados apresentam certa heterogeneidade polínica quanto à forma, aos atributos das aberturas e à ornamentação da sexina, o que possibilita identificar palinologicamente as espécies.
(The genus Cestrum L. (Solanaceae) in extra-Amazonian Brazil). The genus Cestrum L. (Solanaceae) occurs only in America and belongs to the tribe Cestreae (Cestroideae). The extra-Amazonian Brazil is formed by the biomas “Caatinga”, “Cerrado”, “Pampa”, “Pantanal” and “Mata Atlântica”, being this last the bioma with the biggest of specific Cestrum richness. The goal of this paper is to provide a taxonomic review that allows the recognition and identification of the extra-Amazonian Brazilian species. In this region, 25 native species are found: C. axillare Vell., C. bracteatum Link & Otto, C. corcovadense Miers, C. corymbosum 10 Schltdl., C. euanthes Schltdl., C. gardneri Sendtn., C. intermedium Sendtn., C. latifolium Lam., C. mariquitense Kunth, C. martii Sendtn., C. obovatum Sendtn., C. parqui L’Hér., C. pedicellatum Sendtn., C. reflexum Sendtn., C. retrofractum Dunal, C. salzmannii Dunal, C. schlechtendalii G. Don, C. strictum Schott ex Sendtn., C. strigilatum Ruiz & Pav., C. subpulverulentum Mart., C. subumbellatum Vignoli-Silva & M. Nee, C. tenuifolium Francey, C. tubulosum Sendtn., C. velutinum Hiern and C. viminale Sendtn Attributes of the indument, secondary veins of leaves, pseudostipules, inflorescences, hipsophylls, calyx, corolla and pollen grains are important for the identification. This study presents an analytical keys for native species and for two cultivated ones (C. diurnum L. and C. nocturnum L.), descriptions for the genus and the native species, discussion on the species morphology, habitat and geographic distribution, as well as commentaries, illustrations and a list of the examined material. are proposed 79 lectotypifications, four neotypifications, a epitypification, a new name and 57 new synonymous. The data about nomenclatural revision of the species names cited for extra-Amazonian Brazil, along with a pollinic morphology of 23 native species, is presented and discussed in detail. The polynic study confirm that the taxa presents some pollinic heterogeneity in the form, attributes of aperture and sexine ornamentation which can be used in the genus taxonomy.

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34

Kister, Florian Manfred Karl-Heinz Richard [Verfasser], and Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Rupp. "Funktionalität und Morphologie Anatas-beschichteter dentaler Implantatoberflächen nach Einwirkung zahnärztlicher Prophylaxe- und Reinigungsmaßnahmen / Florian Manfred Karl-Heinz Richard Kister ; Betreuer: Frank Rupp." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1165236451/34.

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35

Shaw, Aaron David. "A comparative study of vascular plants associated with Allium tribracteatum Torrey and Allium obtusum Lemmon, with special consideration of the flora of the Mehrten Formation, Tuolumne and Calaveras Counties, California : a thesis." Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/565.

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This investigation was undertaken to determine if there were morphologic characters that would allow rapid field identification of Allium tribracteatum Torrey and A. obtusum Lemmon, or if, in the absence of such characters, it would be possible to separate the two species on the basis of plant associations that might be unique to each. Allium tribracteatum is restricted or nearly restricted to volcanic soils of the Mehrten Formation in Tuolumne County, California and is a species of concern to the United States Forest Service because of this restricted distribution. Allium obtusum, on the other hand, is found both on the Mehrten Formation and on other soil types in the Sierra Nevada and has a much wider geographic distribution. I found that the only reliable way to differentiate the two species morphologically was by the cell pattern on the bulb coats, a difficult characteristic to ascertain in the field. However a number of species of vascular plants were found that were associated only with one or the other of the species in question and were reliable indicators of the Allium species identity. Environmental impacts facing Allium tribracteatum include winter recreation activities, illegal off highway vehicles, power line maintenance, seasonal wood cutting, some livestock grazing, and activities associated with the Bald Mountain Helitack fire base. Currently, these activities have minimal impacts on the Allium tribracteatum populations.

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36

Siegerist, Florian [Verfasser], Nicole [Akademischer Betreuer] Endlich, Sylvia [Gutachter] Stracke, and Hermann [Gutachter] Haller. "Four-dimensional in vivo imaging of glomerular morphology and glomerular barrier function in a zebrafish podocyte injury model / Florian Siegerist ; Gutachter: Sylvia Stracke, Hermann Haller ; Betreuer: Nicole Endlich." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1211087123/34.

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37

Monasterio, Sarmiento Maximina. "Recherches écologiques sur les Espeletia du Paramo désertique des Hautes Andes tropicales du Venezuela." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066320.

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On étudie les caractéristiques morphologiques individuelles : une rosette de feuilles épaisses à l'extrémité d'un tronc que protège la litière des feuilles mortes depuis la formation de la plante, c'est à dire plus de 150 ans chez les plus âgées. On analyse ensuite les caractéristiques démographiques de la population, sa répartition par classes d’âge, son taux de renouvellement, sa production biologique.

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38

Wagner, Florian [Verfasser], Marcus Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Loew. "Kardiale Morphologie und Funktion bei Adipositas anhand echokardiographischer und elektrokardiographischer Daten der „Obesity Weight Reduction and Remodeling-Study“ / Florian Wagner ; Marcus Fischer, Thomas Loew." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1197901086/34.

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39

Wagner, Florian Verfasser], Marcus [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Loew. "Kardiale Morphologie und Funktion bei Adipositas anhand echokardiographischer und elektrokardiographischer Daten der „Obesity Weight Reduction and Remodeling-Study“ / Florian Wagner ; Marcus Fischer, Thomas Loew." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1197901086/34.

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40

Hagin, Florian [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Koppe, Thomas [Gutachter] Koppe, and Andreas [Gutachter] Prescher. "Wird die Morphologie des Sinus maxillaris beim Menschen (Homo sapiens) durch die Concha nasalis inferior beeinflusst? Eine biometrische Studie auf der Grundlage der Digitalen Volumentomographie (DVT) / Florian Hagin ; Gutachter: Thomas Koppe, Andreas Prescher ; Betreuer: Thomas Koppe." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201481449/34.

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41

Hagin, Florian [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Koppe, Thomas Gutachter] Koppe, and Andreas [Gutachter] [Prescher. "Wird die Morphologie des Sinus maxillaris beim Menschen (Homo sapiens) durch die Concha nasalis inferior beeinflusst? Eine biometrische Studie auf der Grundlage der Digitalen Volumentomographie (DVT) / Florian Hagin ; Gutachter: Thomas Koppe, Andreas Prescher ; Betreuer: Thomas Koppe." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-opus-34111.

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42

Boudko, Ekaterina. "Phylogenetic Analysis of Subtribe Alopecurinae (Poaceae)." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30696.

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Subtribe Alopecurinae (Poeae, Poaceae) sensu lato‘s seven genera share interesting morphological similarities (dense spicate panicles and one-flowered spikelets) that were widely thought to have a common origin. However, recent molecular evidence for three of the genera has suggested that the subtribe may be polyphyletic. To test this, five DNA regions were sequenced and analyzed using phylogenetic methods. Results confirm that Alopecurinae s.l. as presently treated is polyphyletic and should be dissolved. Additionally, the genus Cornucopiae may be just another Alopecurus. Limnas and Pseudophleum are not closely allied to Alopecurus or each other, and are even further from Phleum. Phleum is a distinct lineage that is not closely allied to any other included Alopecurinae genus. Evidence for revising infrageneric classifications of Alopecurus and Phleum is presented, as is evidence for separating A. magellanicus into two or more subspecies.

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43

Zimmerman, Erin. "Systematics and floral evolution of the Dialiinae (Caesalpinioideae), a diverse lineage of tropical legumes." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11208.

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Le clade Dialiinae représente l’une des premières lignées de la sous-famille Caesalpinioideae des Leguminosae. Il se compose de 17 genres (environ 90 espèces), avec des taxons qui sont répandus dans toutes les régions tropicales du monde. Morphologiquement, le groupe comprend un assemblage divers de taxons qui peut représenter une «phase expérimentale» dans l’évolution florale des légumineuses. Différents représentants du clade présentent de la poly-, mono-, et asymétrie, et semblent avoir subi un haut degré de perte d’organe, produisant, dans certains cas, des fleurs extrêmement réduites qui sont à peine reconnaissables comme appartenant à la famille des légumineuses. Afin d’obtenir une image plus claire de l’évolution florale du clade Dialiinae, une phylogénie bien résolue et bien soutenue est nécessaire. Dans le but de créer une telle phylogénie, un total de 37 échantillons d’ADN des Dialiinae a été séquencé pour deux régions chloroplastiques, soit rps16 et trnL. De plus, une étude morphologique complète a été réalisée. Un total de 135 caractères végétatifs et reproductifs a été évalué pour 79 espèces de Dialiinae et pour quatre groupes externes. Les analyses phylogénétiques ont d’abord été effectuées sur un groupe restreint de taxons pour lesquels les trois types de données étaient disponibles. Les nœuds fortement soutenus de cette phylogénie ont ensuite été utilisés comme contrainte pour une seconde analyse de parcimonie avec les données morphologiques d’un ensemble plus important de taxons. Les caractères morphologiques ont été optimisés sur l’un des arbres les plus parcimonieux de cette seconde analyse. Un certain nombre de nouvelles relations au niveau de l’espèce ont été résolues, créant une image plus claire quant à l’évolution de la forme florale dans le temps, particulièrement pour les genres Labichea et Dialium. En plus de leur morphologie florale mature diverse, les Dialiinae sont également très variables dans leur ontogénèse florale, affichant à la fois la perte et la suppression des organes, et présentant une variété de modes d’initiation d’organes. Afin de construire une image plus complète du développement floral et de l’évolution dans ce clade, l’ontogénèse florale de plusieurs espèces non documentées à ce jour a été étudiée. La série complète du développement a été compilée pour six espèces de Dialiinae; quatre de Dialium, ainsi que Poeppigia procera et Mendoravia dumaziana. Le mode et le moment de l’initiation des organes étaient pour la plupart uniforme pour toutes les espèces de Dialium étudiés. Tant pour ce qui est des gains ou des pertes d’organes chez Dialium, une tendance est apparente – l’absence d’organe abaxial. Que ce soit pour les sépales ou les étamines, les gains se produisent toujours en position médiane adaxiale, tandis que les étamines et les pétales perdus sont toujours les organes les plus ventraux. Les taxons étudiés ici illustrent le manque apparent de canalisation du développement observé chez les Caesalpinioideae. Cette plasticité ontogénétique est le reflet de la diversité morphologique au niveau des fleurs tel qu’observée dans l’ensemble de la sous-famille. Une des espèces de Dialiinae, Apuleia leiocarpa, produit une inflorescence andromonoïque, une caractéristique qui est unique en son clade et rare dans les légumineuses dans son ensemble. La microscopie optique et électronique ont été utilisées pour entreprendre une étude détaillée de la morphologie florale de ce taxon. On a constaté que tandis que les fleurs hermaphrodites produisent un seul carpelle et deux étamines, les fleurs staminées produisent trois étamines sans toutefois montrer signe de développement du carpelle. Les inflorescences semblent produire près de quatre fois plus de fleurs staminées que de fleurs hermaphrodites, lesquelles occupent toujours la position centrale de l’inflorescence cymeuse. Ce ratio élevé mâle/bisexuel et la détermination précoce du sexe chez Apuleia sont rares chez les Caesalpinioideae, ce qui suggère que l’andromonoecie se développe dans ce genre comme un moyen d’accroître la dispersion du pollen plutôt qu’en réponse à des limitations de ressources.
The Dialiinae clade represents one of the early-diverging lineages of the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae; it consists of 17 genera (circa 90 species), and is pantropically distributed. Morphologically, the group comprises a diverse assemblage of taxa that may represent a so-called “experimental phase” in legume floral evolution. Different members of the clade exhibit poly-, mono-, and asymmetry, as well as having undergone a high degree of organ loss, producing, in some cases, extremely reduced flowers which are barely recognisable as belonging to the legume family. In order to obtain a clearer picture of floral evolution in the Dialiinae, a well resolved and well supported phylogeny is needed onto which morphological characters may be optimised. With the goal of creating such a phylogeny, a total of 37 Dialiinae DNA samples were sequenced for two plastid genes, rpS16 and trnL. Additionally, a comprehensive morphological study was carried out. A total of 135 vegetative and reproductive characters were scored for 79 ingroup and four outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out first on a restricted group of taxa for which all three data sets were available. The highly supported nodes of this phylogeny were then used as a constraint for a second parsimony analysis of morphological data from a much larger taxon set. Morphological characters were then mapped onto one of 20,000 most parsimonious trees from this second analysis. A number of novel species-level relationships were resolved, creating a clearer picture of changes in floral form over time, particularly in the genera Labichea and Dialium. In addition to their diverse mature floral morphology, the Dialiinae are also widely variable in their floral ontogeny, displaying both organ loss and suppression, and exhibiting a wide variety of organ initiation modes. In order to build a more complete picture of floral development and evolution in this clade, the floral ontogeny of several previously undocumented species was investigated. Complete developmental series were compiled for six species of the Dialiinae; four from Dialium, as well as Poeppigia procera and Mendoravia dumaziana. Mode and timing of organ initiation were mostly consistent across the Dialium species studied. In the instances of both gains and losses of floral organs in Dialium, one trend is apparent — an absence of abaxial organs. Gains in both sepals and stamens occur in the adaxial median position, while stamens and petals that are lost are always the ventral-most organs. The taxa examined here exemplify the apparent lack of developmental canalisation seen in caesalpinioid legumes. This ontogenetic evolvability is reflective of the morphological diversity shown by flowers across the subfamily. One of the species of the Dialiinae, Apuleia leiocarpa, produces an andromonoecious inflorescence, a feature that is unique in its clade and rare in the Leguminosae as a whole. Light and electron microscopy were used to undertake a detailed study of the floral morphology of this taxon. It was found that while hermaphrodite flowers produced a single carpel and two stamens, staminate flowers developed three stamens but showed no sign of carpel development. Inflorescences also appear to produce approximately four times as many staminate as hermaphrodite flowers, with hermaphroditic flowers consistently occupying the central position in cymose inflorescences. Both this high male-to-bisexual ratio and the early determination of gender seen in Apuleia are rare in the Caesalpinioideae and suggest that andromonoecy developed in this genus as a means to increase pollen dispersal rather than in response to resource limitations.

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Chen, Chin-Mu, and 陳錦木. "Floral morphology, inheritance, and breeding of double-flowered Catharanthus roseus." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10994414790331162944.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
園藝暨景觀學系
101
Periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don] is a heat and sun-loving plants with prolonged flowering duration. Cultivars have been developed rapidly in recent years. This study aimed to compare flower bud development of TYV1, a double-flowered periwinkle mutant, and its parent, single-flowered ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ by dissection and wax sectioning to determine the origin of doubled petals. Plants of TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ were also grown under different temperatures to establish cultural, cell membrane thermostability, and pollen germination information. With functioning pistils and stamens, TYV1 was cross-pollinated with single-flowered cultivars to create reciprocal F1 hybrid, F2, and back-crossed F1 generation to determine the inheritance of double-floweredness in periwinkle. Moreover, based on morphological and genetical information, the procedure of breeding and selection for double-flowered periwinkle was established. TYV1 has five salverform outer corolla lobes and five funnel-shaped inner corolla lobes. Sectioning results showed inner corolla lobes of TYV1 originated from adaxial meristem originally formed into orifice in ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’. Plants of TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ were grown at day/night temperature of 30/25oC, flower buds at different developmental stages were taken for anatomical observations. The overlap between the top end of the pistil and bottom ends of anthers in TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ flowers at 1-2 d after anthesis was 0.56±0.01 and 0.82±0.02 mm, respectively. TYV1 had fewer ovules per ovary than ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’. Based on flower bud longitudinal length, 12 stages were proposed for flower bud development of periwinkle and the first six stages were taken for further observations. At stage 1 (0.5-0.9 mm long), undifferentiated carpel was surrounded by five stamens, then five polypetals, and five thin sepals outermost. At stage 2 (1.0-1.9 mm long), polypetals had fused into sympetal and stamens and pistil were enclosed within. Dissecting stage 2 flowers showed that TYV1 had initiated inner corolla lobe at the transition of corolla tube and lobe, but not for ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’. At stage 3 when petals and sepals have same lengths, inner corolla lobes started to elongate and had marginal hairs. Sectioning results showed both outer and inner corolla lobes had the same originality. Corolla tube rapidly elongated from stage 5 (4.0-4.9 mm long) until stage 10 (21.0-25.9 mm long). Flower anthesis at stage 11 and corolla lobe fully expanded at stage 12. Young seedlings from self-pollinated TYV1 had crinkled leaf before the sixth pair of leaves emerged, as compare with smooth leaf surface in ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’. Petiole length of TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ was 1.3 and 0.4 cm, respectively. Plants of TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ were grown at day/night temperatures of 20/15, 25/20, and 30/25oC, for the evaluation of the responses of growth, flowering, and cell membrane thermostability. Results showed that plants at 20/15oC had poor growth, both TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ exhibited reduced plant height, flower diameter, and branching, and more days to flowering, but fewer node number below the flower. Optimum temperature for growth and flowering of TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ was 25/20oC. The relationship between the RI value, as measured with water bath temperature from 25 to 75℃ for 30 min, occurring in leaf tissue discs and the water bath temperature was sigmoidal in both TYV1 and ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’. ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’ showed more heat acclimatization response than TYV1, but TYV1 could tolerate higher temperatures than ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’. Pollen from plants grown at 30/25oC was tested for incubation temperatures of 10-45oC, and results showed that the optimum pollen germination temperature was 25-30℃ for TYV1 and 20-40oC for ‘Pacifica Polka Dot’. Vegetative propagated double-flowered TYV1, single-flowered ‘Little Pinkie’, and ‘Titan Burgundy’ were used for self-pollination, cross between single- flowered and double-flowered lines (F1), F2, and back-crossed F1 of seed parents. Self-pollinated TYV1 produced all double-flowered progeny compared to self-pollinated single-flowered lines which produced all single-flowered progeny. F1 plants between TYV1 and ‘Little Pinkie’ or ‘Titan Burgundy’ were all single. Three among four F2 population segregated into 3 single : 1 double ratio (χ2 = 0.78-1.53, P = 0.22-0.37). Two BCF1 population segregated into 1 single : 1 double ratio (χ2 = 0.25-0.69, P = 0.41-0.62). Results indicated a double-flowered form was controlled by a recessive allele. A single dominant gene expressed in the homozygous or heterozygous state resulted in the single-flowered phenotype. DNA length of double-flowered TYV1 and single-flowered ‘Titan Burgundy’ did not differ with diploid ‘Little Pinkie’, and estimated to have 1468.0, 1508.1, and 1457.2 Mbp, respectively. Double-flowered TYV1 was used as female parent and crossed with single-flowered TYV3 and TYV4. Fifteen single-flowered F1 seedlings were selected based on bigger flower diameter and vigorous growth habit. Five double-flowered lines with desirable traits were selected after the first selection and two line comparison tests, and were named as ‘Taoyuan No.1 Rose Girl ’, ‘Taoyuan No.2-Peach Lady’, ‘Taoyuan No.3-Red Butterfly’, ‘Taoyuan No.4-Summer Snow’, and ‘Taoyuan No.5-Red Lady’. The new double-flowered cultivars were suitable for potted flower production characterized with more branching, flower number per plant, and shorter plant height. All the selectrd cultivars had two whirls of compacted petals in funnel-shaped, and had flower diameter of 3.3 ± 0.3 cm. The selected new double-flowered cultivars had been certified of plant breeders’ right (PBR) by Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, and were the world’s first PBR protected double-flowered periwinkle cultivars.

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Ellis, Mark Fredric. "Breeding systems and interspecific hybridisation in the genus Eucalyptus L'Hér." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/80389.

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This study investigated the reproductive biology of four Eucalyptus species of the subgenus Symphyomyrtus; E. spathulata, E. cladocalyx and E. leptophylla of the section Bisectaria, and E. Ieucoxylon of the section Adnataria. Aspects of the breeding system, floral morphology and pistil cytology were studied in three trees each of E. spathulata, E. cladocalyx and E.leptophylla. E. spathulata and E. Ieptophylla were found to be highly self incompatible, setting very low levels of seed from controlled self pollination. E. cladocalyx trees ranged from self compatible to self incompatible. Reductions were seen in both the number of capsules and the numbers of seed per capsule, from self pollination. The mechanism of self incompatibility was investigated in the pistil by following the success of cross and self pollinations with fluorescence microscopy. ln E. cladocalyx and E. leptophylla no reduction in ovule penetration was seen from self pollination while in E. spathulata a significant reduction was seen in two trees but not the third, indicating post-zygotic mechanisms of self incompatibility operating in all three species, with some pre-zygotic control in E. spathulata. Floral architecture differed between the three species in the structure of the inflorescence units, flower morphology, and anther, pollen and ovule numbers per flower. Pistil cytology was similar for all three species but there were differences in the length of the stylar canal, the degree of sclerotinisation of the style, stigma morphology and volume of transmitting tissue. The breeding system of E. leucoxylon was investigated with emphasis on the unusual features of gynodioecy and secondary pollen presentation. Fifty seven percent of trees in the study population were found to be male sterile, with pollen grains aborted during development between tetrad formation and anthesis. Hermaphrodite trees presented 93 percent of pollen grains on the upper style and stigma, with only seven percent of pollen grains remaining on the anthers. In the absence of pollinators hermaphrodite trees set low levels of autogamous seed compared with open pollinated pistils. Counts of pollen tubes in open pollinated pistils of each morph revealed that female trees were pollen limited in the study population. Multilocus estimates of outcrossing rates were determined for female isozyme electrophoresis. Female trees showed values of (t) approaching 1.0, indicating complete outcrossing, while hermaphrodite trees showed significant levels of selfed seed in open pollinated seed crops, but still maintained an outcrossing rate higher than that reported for most eucalypts. The pollen-pistil interaction was investigated in three intraspecific, 57 interspecific and six intergeneric crosses using the three species Eucalyptus spathulato, E. cladoclayx and E. leptophylla as female parents. Interspecific prefertilisation isolation was found to occur in the pistil and manifested as a number of pollen tube abnormalities in the style and ovary associated with a lowered probability of ovule penetration. The major selection points in the pistil were the upper style and the ovary. The severity of abnormalities and the probability of pollen tube arrest in the pistil was proportional to the taxonomic distance between parent species. Ovule penetrations were seen mainly in crosses within the section Bisectaria or between the sections Bisectaria and Adnataria. Pollen storage, style length and mean maximum temperature during the flowering period of the male parent had no significant effect on pollen tube growth in the crosses used. Intra and interspecific combinations which showed ovule penetration were repeated the following flowering season and monitored for seed set. Most combinations produced capsules although only combinations within the section Bisectaria and between the sections Bisectaria and Adnataria set viable seed. There was considerable variation between years in cross compatibility with some female trees which showed no ovule penetration in the first year setting viable seed in the same combinations the following year. Many close combinations set levels of seed approaching intraspecific cross pollinations, while interspecific crosses outperformed intraspecific self pollinations in both capsule set and the number of seeds per capsule. Some crosses between the sections Bisectaria and Adnataria showed hybrid breakdown at the early seedling stage. Hybrid parentage was confirmed through intermediate seedling morphology. The findings of this study have implications for the ecology and conservation of Eucalyptus species, for breeding strategies in tree improvement programmes and for the taxonomic relationships of the species.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1991

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Ley, Alexandra [Verfasser]. "Evolutionary tendencies in African Marantaceae : evidence from floral morphology, ecology and phylogeny / Alexandra Ley." 2008. http://d-nb.info/990408663/34.

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Lee, Young Wha. "Genetics Analysis of Standing Variation for Floral Morphology and Fitness Components in a Natural Population of Mimulus Guttatus (Common Monkeyflower)." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/1271.

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An unresolved problem in evolutionary biology is the nature of forces that maintain standing variation for quantitative traits. In this study we take advantage of newly developed genomic resources to understand how variation is maintained for flower size and fitness components in a natural population of annual Mimulus guttatus in the Oregon Cascades. Extensive inbreeding depression has been documented in this population for fertility and viability (Willis 1999 a,b), while previous biometric experiments have demonstrated that some of the floral variation in this site is due to common alleles perhaps maintained by balancing selection (Kelly and Willis 2001, Kelly 2003). Detailed comparison of the genetic architecture of these two categories of traits can clarify the relative contributions of mutation versus selection in maintaining trait variation within populations as well as the relevance of standing variation for trait diversification.

We present here the results from a large scale effort to dissect variation for flower size and a suite of genetically correlated traits. In 3 independent F2 mapping populations we mapped QTLs for floral morphology (flower width and length, pistil length, and stamen length), flowering time, and leaf size. We also mapped segregation distortion loci and QTLs for fertility components (pollen viability and seed set) that exhibit inbreeding depression. We compare the genetic architecture of these two sets of traits and find clear differences. Morphological traits and flowering time are polygenic and QTLs are generally additive. In contrast, deleterious QTLs associated with segregation distortion or fertility are partially recessive and include major QTLs. There is also little co-localization between morphological/flowering time and fertility QTLs. The analysis suggests that the genetic basis of segregating variation in morphology is fundamentally different from traits exhibiting inbreeding depression. Further, there is considerable variation in the extant of pleiotropy exhibited by QTLs for morphological traits as well as flowering time and we report that epistasis contributes to the standing variation for these traits. The analysis suggests that the standing variation is relevant for trait diversification and that the variation in floral allometry, plant form, and life history observed in the guttatus species complex could have readily evolved from the standing variation.

Dissertation

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"Development, growth and ultrastructure of the floral nectar spur of Centranthus ruber (L.) DC (Valerianaceae)." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-07-1117.

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The main objective of this research project was to study the growth and development of the floral nectar spur of Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. Nectar spurs are tubular floral outgrowths, generally derived from the perianth organs, which typically contain secreted floral nectar. The morphological characteristics of the spur, particularly the length, determine which floral visitors will be able to access the nectar reward pooled at the spur tip. Therefore, nectar spurs are ecologically important for the development of specialised pollinator interactions and have been demonstrated to act as key innovations in the evolution of some taxa. Morphological and anatomical characteristics of the spur and floral nectary were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Ultrastructural features of the nectar spur, particularly the floral nectary within, were assessed using transmission electron microscopy. Nectar in C. ruber is produced by a trichomatous nectary which runs along the entire, inner abaxial surface of the spur. The nectary is aligned with the single vascular bundle which runs along the abaxial side of the spur, through the sub-nectary parenchyma, and back up the adaxial side. The secretory trichomes are unicellular and, in late development, they develop a thick layer of secondary wall ingrowths which vastly increases the surface area of the plasma membrane for nectar secretion. Elongate, non-secretory trichomes occupy the entire remaining circumference of the spur’s inner epidermis, but their density is reduced compared to the secretory trichomes. The cellular basis for spur growth is poorly characterized in the literature. Until recently, it was assumed that all nectar spurs grow by the constant production of new cells via up to three potential meristematic regions (the meristem hypothesis, Tepfer 1953). The cellular basis for spur growth in C. ruber was investigated by cell file counts and cell length and width measurements along the lateral side of nectar spurs in each of the developmental stages. DAPI stained spurs were also examined with Confocal/Apotome microscopy to determine the timing and position of cell division activity throughout spur development. It was determined that elongation of the spur epidermal cells contributes much more to spur growth than cell division. In early development, division is the primary driver of spur growth and the cells are isotropic. However, as development progresses, cell division activity slows down and the spur cells become increasingly anisotropic until anthesis. The patterns of nectar secretion were determined by assessing the volume, solute concentration and carbohydrate composition of the nectar throughout flowering phenology in two C. ruber plants. Nectar volumes and solute amounts rose initially, followed by an eventual decline in both as phenology progressed towards senescence. Because this study was conducted on greenhouse grown plants, it can be assumed that nectar was not removed by insects, suggesting that it is likely reabsorbed following secretion. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis determined that C. ruber's nectar is sucrose dominant and that nectar composition remains stable following anthesis throughout floral phenology.

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Brown, Mark. "Nectar preferences of specialist and occasional avian nectarivores, and their role in the evolution of floral traits." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10779.

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Our understanding of bird pollination systems has changed dramatically in the last few years. A long-standing paradigm was that hummingbirds and passerine birds select for different nectar properties in flowers (phylogenetic hypothesis). However, specialist passerines, such as sunbirds, have similar nectar preferences to hummingbirds and nectar in plants pollinated by these two bird groups is strongly convergent. Thus, as an alternative to the existing paradigm, it has been argued that the most useful distinction that can be drawn is that between specialist and generalist avian nectarivores (feeding niche hypothesis). This was supported by phylogenetically-controlled analyses that show that nectar in plants pollinated by specialist avian nectarivores (whether hummingbird or passerine) tends to have a lower volume, higher concentration and higher sucrose content than that in plants pollinated by generalist avian nectarivores. The aim of this thesis was to determine if these trends can be explained by the nectar preferences of avian nectarivores, and to determine whether the generalist-specialist dichotomy can be applied to Kniphofia, a largely bird-pollinated African plant genus. This thesis consists of two sections. In the first, I present data from equicaloric choice experiments to determine sugar preferences of both specialist and occasional nectar feeding birds across a range of concentrations. In addition, I determine apparent sugar assimilation efficiencies and concentration preferences for a range of occasional nectar feeding birds. Using Malachite Sunbirds (Nectarinia famosa), Dark-capped bulbuls (Pycnonotus tricolor), Speckled Mousebirds (Colius striatus) and Red-winged Starlings (Onychognathus morio) (plus Village Weavers (Ploceus cucullatus) in an appendix) as representatives of the major groups of nectar feeding birds in South Africa, I show that some differences occur between occasional nectar feeding birds and all specialist nectar feeding birds studied so far. Specialists show a switch from hexose preference at low (5%) concentrations, exhibit no preference at medium concentrations (10-20%) and prefer sucrose or show no preference at high concentrations (25%). However, specialists are unable to maintain energy balance at low concentrations, and always select the higher concentration when given choices within this range. Occasional nectar feeding birds prefer hexose solutions at low and medium concentrations (5 and 10%), but show varied preferences at higher concentrations. Occasional nectar feeding birds are able to maintain energy balance at low concentrations, and either show no concentration preference, or a preference for lower concentrations when given a choice. Occasional nectar feeding birds show a range in ability to digest sucrose, although some species, like the Dark-capped Bulbul, are quite proficient at it. Surprisingly, no significant difference is found between specialist and occasional nectarivores sugar preferences when analysed globally, even when phyllogeny is accounted for. Instead, I found a significant relationship between body size and bird sugar preference at different concentrations, from which I build the body size hypothesis, which I suggest is a better predictor to use than bird diet type (specialist or occasional nectarivores – feeding niche hypothesis). In the second section of the thesis, I examine the associations between plant traits and nectarivore nectar preferences. This section focuses on flower morphology and nectar characteristics in Kniphofia species, and ecotypes within species, pollinated by specialist versus occasional avian nectarivores. I show that apart from sugar type, which appears to be phylogenetically constrained, flower morphology and nectar characteristics appear to diverge according to whether plants are pollinated by generalist or specialist nectar feeding birds.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

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Prančl, Jan. "Taxonomická revize rodu Callitriche v České republice." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312719.

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Callitriche (water-starwort) belongs among difficult and insufficiently known genera of the Czech flora. The presented work provides the first critical taxonomic revision of the genus in the Czech Republic, with information relevant also to the broader region of Central Europe. Morphological and cytometric investigation resulted in identification of six Callitriche species in the Czech Republic. The genome size of all six Czech representatives of the genus was estimated using flow cytometry. The hybrid C. × vigens Martinsson (C. cophocarpa × C. platycarpa) was found for the first time in the Czech Republic. An individual related to C. hamulata was found in the Tichá Orlice river, which has aberrant genome size and aborted flowers; further study of this taxon is necessary. Multivariate morphometric analyses of fruits and cultivation were used to check and define reliable distinctive features and an impact of phenotypic plasticity. Key to the identification of species (including the first key for sterile plants), its detailed descriptions and ecological demands were provided. Each species differ significantly from the others in genome size, morphological features as well as in ecology. The reproductive strategy has the main importance for ecology and morphology of the studied species. The distribution of...

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Floral morphology'

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