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Journal articles on the topic 'Floral morphology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Ledesma, N., R. J. Campbell, H. W. Poor, J. J. Figueroa, and S. Zona. "Floral morphology of sevenMangiferaspecies." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1183 (November 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1183.1.

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2

Silva, Cleidson Alves da, Fábio Luiz Partelli, Elisa Mitsuko Aoyama, Robson Bonomo, Henrique Duarte Vieira, José C. Ramalho, and Ana Isabel Ribeiro‐Barros. "Floral morphology of robusta coffee genotypes." Agronomy Journal 113, no. 4 (June 23, 2021): 3080–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20743.

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3

Rymbai, H., N. A. Deshmukh, A. R. Roy, S. S. Roy, and A. K. Jha. "Floral morphology of Eleaegnus latifolia L." Indian Journal of Horticulture 74, no. 3 (2017): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2017.00068.8.

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4

Dickison, William C., and Anna L. Weitzman. "Floral Morphology and Anatomy of Bonnetiaceae." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 125, no. 4 (October 1998): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997241.

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5

Bernardello, Luis M. "Comparative Floral Morphology in Lycieae (Solanaceae)." Brittonia 39, no. 1 (January 1987): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2806983.

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6

Fenster, Charles B. "Selection on Floral Morphology by Hummingbirds." Biotropica 23, no. 1 (March 1991): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388696.

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7

TOBE, HIROSHI, and PETER H. RAVEN. "Floral morphology and evolution in Anisophylleaceae." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98, no. 1 (September 1988): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb01691.x.

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8

Dickison, William C. "Floral Morphology and Anatomy of Staphyleaceae." Botanical Gazette 147, no. 3 (September 1986): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/337598.

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9

Eriksen, Bente. "Floral anatomy and morphology in thePolygalaceae." Plant Systematics and Evolution 186, no. 1-2 (1993): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00937711.

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10

Caddick, L. R., P. J. Rudall, and P. Wilkin. "Floral morphology and development in Dioscoreales." Feddes Repertorium 111, no. 3-4 (October 2000): 189–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.4911110313.

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11

Caddick, L. R., P. J. Rudall, and P. Wilkin. "Floral morphology and development in Dioscoreales." Feddes Repertorium 111, no. 3-4 (April 18, 2008): 189–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.20001110313.

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12

Weber, Urs K., Scott L. Nuismer, and Anahí Espíndola. "Patterns of floral morphology in relation to climate and floral visitors." Annals of Botany 125, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz172.

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Abstract Background and Aims The diversity of floral morphology among plant species has long captured the interest of biologists and led to the development of a number of explanatory theories. Floral morphology varies substantially within species, and the mechanisms maintaining this diversity are diverse. One possibility is that spatial variation in the pollinator fauna drives the evolution of spatially divergent floral ecotypes adapted to the local suite of pollinators. Another possibility is that geographic variation in the abiotic environment and local climatic conditions favours different floral morphologies in different regions. Although both possibilities have been shown to explain floral variation in some cases, they have rarely been competed against one another using data collected from large spatial scales. In this study, we assess floral variation in relation to climate and floral visitors in four oil-reward-specialized pollination interactions. Methods We used a combination of large-scale plant and pollinator samplings, morphological measures and climatic data. We analysed the data using spatial approaches, as well as traditional multivariate and structural equation modelling approaches. Key Results Our results indicate that the four species have different levels of specialization, and that this can be explained by their climatic niche breadth. In addition, our results show that, at least for some species, floral morphology can be explained by the identity of floral visitors, with climate having only an indirect effect. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that, even in very specialized interactions, both biotic and abiotic variables can explain a substantial amount of intraspecific variation in floral morphology.

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13

Vallejo-Marín, Mario, Catriona Walker, Philip Friston-Reilly, Lislie Solís-Montero, and Boris Igic. "Recurrent modification of floral morphology in heterantherous Solanum reveals a parallel shift in reproductive strategy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1649 (August 19, 2014): 20130256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0256.

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Floral morphology determines the pattern of pollen transfer within and between individuals. In hermaphroditic species, the spatial arrangement of sexual organs influences the rate of self-pollination as well as the placement of pollen in different areas of the pollinator's body. Studying the evolutionary modification of floral morphology in closely related species offers an opportunity to investigate the causes and consequences of floral variation. Here, we investigate the recurrent modification of flower morphology in three closely related pairs of taxa in Solanum section Androceras (Solanaceae), a group characterized by the presence of two morphologically distinct types of anthers in the same flower (heteranthery). We use morphometric analyses of plants grown in a common garden to characterize and compare the changes in floral morphology observed in parallel evolutionary transitions from relatively larger to smaller flowers. Our results indicate that the transition to smaller flowers is associated with a reduction in the spatial separation of anthers and stigma, changes in the allometric relationships among floral traits, shifts in pollen allocation to the two anther morphs and reduced pollen : ovule ratios. We suggest that floral modification in this group reflects parallel evolution towards increased self-fertilization and discuss potential selective scenarios that may favour this recurrent shift in floral morphology and function.

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14

Cuautle, Mariana, and John N. Thompson. "Diversity of floral visitors to sympatric Lithophragma species differing in floral morphology." Oecologia 162, no. 1 (August 11, 2009): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1424-8.

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15

Setoguchi, Hiroaki, Hideaki Ohba, and Hiroshi Tobe. "Floral morphology and phylogenetic analysis inCrossostylis (Rhizophoraceae)." Journal of Plant Research 109, no. 1 (March 1996): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02344282.

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16

Zhang, Xiao‐Hui, and Yi Ren. "Floral Morphology and Development in Sargentodoxa (Lardizabalaceae)." International Journal of Plant Sciences 169, no. 9 (November 2008): 1148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/591977.

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17

Buzgo, Matyas, Pamela S. Soltis, and Douglas E. Soltis. "Floral Developmental Morphology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae)." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, no. 6 (November 2004): 925–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/424024.

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18

Liu, Min-Lu, Wen-Bin Yu, Patrick Kuss, De-Zhu Li, and Hong Wang. "Floral nectary morphology and evolution inPedicularis(Orobanchaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 178, no. 4 (May 14, 2015): 592–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12288.

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19

McVETTY, P. B. E., R. PINNISCH, and R. SCARTH. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SEED PRODUCTION OF FOUR SUMMER RAPE CULTIVAR A-LINES WITH pol CYTOPLASM." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-109.

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pol CMS A-line plants of three summer rape cultivars with altered floral morphology showed greater degrees of sideworking by leaf cutter bees than their respective B-line plants with normal floral morphology. However, A-line seed yields were equal to or greater than those of the B-lines.Key words: Flower morphology, rape pol CMS, A-line seed set

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20

Bredenkamp, C. L., and A. E. Van Wyk. "Taxonomic significance of inflorescences, floral morphology and anatomy in Passerina (Thymelaeaceae)." Bothalia 31, no. 2 (September 17, 2001): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v31i2.528.

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Comparative studies were undertaken on the inflorescence, bracts and floral morphology of all taxa of the genus Passerina L. in southern Africa. Information is given in tabular form and a key based on bract morphology is presented.Floral morphology supported the status of the intrageneric taxa and also proved to be of taxonomic significance in the genus. Controversy surrounding the interpretation of a number of floral morphological structures in Passerina has been resolved. Morphological and anatomical evidence allowed a re-interpretation of the structure of the receptacle, hypanthium and sepals, ovary type and position, structure of the seed coat, ovule type and position, obturator, fruit and seed. On this basis an authentic generic description of the floral morphology was compiled. Passerina is distinguished by the following set of characters, a very short floral receptacle, tubular hypanthium, petaloid calyx, absence of petals and petaloid scales, diplostemonous dimorphic androecium, extrorse anthers, superior ovary, anatropous, ventrally epitropous ovule, an obturator of elongated cells, a I-seeded berry or an achene and tegmic seed with nuclear endosperm becoming cellular throughout.On this basis the flower in Passerina is considered a phylogenetically advanced structure, supporting the view that the genus is advanced within the Thymelaeoideae. The proposed taxonomic relationship between Thymelaeaceae and Malvales is confirmed by floral morphological evidence. Comparative studies were undertaken on the inflorescence, bracts and floral morphology of all taxa of the genus Passerina L. in southern Africa. Information is given in tabular form and a key based on bract morphology is presented.Floral morphology supported the status of the intrageneric taxa and also proved to be of taxonomic significance in the genus. Controversy surrounding the interpretation of a number of floral morphological structures in Passerina has been resolved. Morphological and anatomical evidence allowed a re-interpretation of the structure of the receptacle, hypanthium and sepals, ovary type and position, structure of the seed coat, ovule type and position, obturator, fruit and seed. On this basis an authentic generic description of the floral morphology was compiled. Passerina is distinguished by the following set of characters, a very short floral receptacle, tubular hypanthium, petaloid calyx, absence of petals and petaloid scales, diplostemonous dimorphic androecium, extrorse anthers, superior ovary, anatropous, ventrally epitropous ovule, an obturator of elongated cells, a I-seeded berry or an achene and tegmic seed with nuclear endosperm becoming cellular throughout.On this basis the flower in Passerina is considered a phylogenetically advanced structure, supporting the view that the genus is advanced within the Thymelaeoideae. The proposed taxonomic relationship between Thymelaeaceae and Malvales is confirmed by floral morphological evidence.

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21

Marques Casanova, Jamile, Domingos Cardoso, Claudia Franca Barros, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, and Karen L. G. De Toni. "Floral ontogeny of Tachigali (Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae) species." PeerJ 10 (September 8, 2022): e13975. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13975.

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Background The present ontogenetic study reveals variations throughout floral development in three morphologically representative species from the genus Tachigali, allowing a better understanding of floral organs diversity, flower symmetry and their homologies, especially in Fabaceae, a diverse family that exhibits a wide variation in floral architecture. Tachigali (Caesalpinioideae) corresponds to an important Neotropical legumes tree genus with 58 species in Brazil. Species of the genus Sclerolobium Vogel were incorporated in its circumscription, increasing the diversity of its floral morphology. Methods This work aims to perform an ontogenetic study of T. denudata, T. paratyensis and T. spathulipetala, morphologically representative species of Tachigali, in order to describe the floral development and to better comprehend the floral morphology varieties among the species, using scanning electron microscopy. Results We found the studied species to have floral buds with acropetal and helical development along the inflorescence axis; sepals and petals with helical development, varying the position of the primordia in the bud, according to the different species; stamens with unilateral development and carpel with adaxial curvature. These data correspond to original records of Tachigali ontogeny and contribute to an improved understanding of floral morphology and symmetry with data related to the zygomorphic and early development of the sepals and petals.

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22

Teixeira, Marcelo Costa, Caroline Turchetto, Renan Maestri, and Loreta B. Freitas. "Morphological characterization of sympatric and allopatric populations of Petunia axillaris and P. exserta (Solanaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 192, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 550–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz064.

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Abstract Floral morphological traits are frequently used to identify species, including those that are closely related and show low genetic diversity, and floral shape and colour are known to play an important role in diversification and species isolation. Floral morphology in Petunia (Solanaceae) is considered a driver of diversification because of its association with pollinators. Here, flower morphology was characterized through morphometric analyses and floral pigments. Our main aim was to determine corolla shape in populations of Petunia axillaris and P. exserta and their natural hybrids and how floral display, size and colour are involved in pollinator attraction. In addition, we investigated floral pigments in P. exserta and different hybrid classes. The results from morphometric analyses revealed that each species has a specific floral shape, independent of the collection site. By contrast, in two contact zones, a mosaic of floral phenotypes was observed with some hybrid classes based on corolla colour being placed close to P. exserta. The results suggest that several generations of hybrids or backcrossing could have given rise to this floral diversity in contact zones.

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23

Vrijdaghs, Alexander, Petra De Block, Karen L. G. De Toni, Erik Smets, and Elmar Robbrecht. "Floral ontogeny links Dialypetalanthus (Condamineeae) with the floral developmental morphology of other Rubiaceae." Plant Ecology and Evolution 155, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.84606.

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Background – Vegetative and fruit characters of the Amazonian genus Dialypetalanthus point to a position in Rubiaceae. However, its floral morphology is so deviant that the genus was often placed in a family of its own. Even relationships outside Gentianales were postulated. Current molecular phylogenetic studies firmly show that Dialypetalanthus belongs to Rubiaceae. Aims – This study aims to understand the idiosyncratic floral morphology in Dialypetalanthus and to compare it with the floral development in two other Condamineeae genera as well as in other Rubiaceae for which ontogenetic data are available. Material and methods – SEM and LM based floral ontogeny in Dialypetalanthus fuscescens, Mussaendopsis beccariana, and Pogonopus exsertus. Results and main conclusions – Flowers in Dialypetalanthus develop a stamen-corolla-calyx tube, which can be considered as a floral morphological link between the genus and the other Rubiaceae. The polyandrous androecium originates from an annular intercalary meristem at the adaxial side of the stamen-corolla-calyx tube.

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24

Zhou, Qingyuan, Yinzheng Wang, and Xiaobai Jin. "Ontogeny of floral organs and morphology of floral apex in Phellodendron amurense (Rutaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 5 (2002): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02015.

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The ontogeny of floral organs and the morphology of floral apex in the dioecious Phellodendron amurense Rupr. were investigated by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Investigations indicated that P. amurense is hermaphroditic in its organisation and a common set of floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) arise in all flowers during the early stages of development. Later, selective abortion of gynoecium and androecium occurs resulting in dimorphic unisexual flowers. The carpels in male flower buds become different from those in female flower buds soon after their initiation. The stamens of female flowers are not differentiated into anthers and filaments before abortion. The poorly differentiated carpel of male flowers never develops normal structures. Floral morphological evidence supports that Zanthoxylum, Tetradium and Phellodendron are related to one another in a linear sequence. LSCM revealed some interesting features on the apical meristem surface such as zonal differentiation, a triangular or sectorial cell, radiating cell files and linear rows of anticlinal cell walls fluorescing relatively brightly. The concept of carpel-enhancing meristem in the floral apex is tentatively proposed to account for the different fates of carpel development in male and female flowers in P. amurense.

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25

Galindo da Costa, Ana Carolina, William Wayt Thomas, Artur Campos D. Maia, Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz Navarro, Paulo Milet-Pinheiro, and Isabel Cristina Machado. "A Continuum of Conspicuousness, Floral Signals, and Pollination Systems in Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae): Evidence of Ambophily and Entomophily in a Mostly Anemophilous Family." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 106 (November 2, 2021): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2021674.

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Floral colors and odors are evolutionary strategies used by plants to attract pollinating animals and may be absent in mostly anemophilous groups, such as Cyperaceae. However, considering that insects are floral visitors of some Rhynchospora Vahl species, the objective of this study was to characterize the floral traits and pollination systems within this genus. We analyzed 16 Rhynchospora species with regard to flower morphology, colors of floral structures, floral scents, pollen vectors, and pollination systems. We verified factors that can favor abiotic or biotic pollination in a continuum of floral traits in Rhynchospora. The flower morphology of R. dissitispicula T. Koyama, with inconspicuous brown spikelets in open panicles, is interpreted as a complete adaptation to anemophily. Conspicuous floral traits in Rhynchospora were distinguished from the background by bees. Some species also emit floral volatiles, and we made the first record of floral scent chemistry within the genus. Most of the compounds emitted by these species are known as attractants to many floral-visiting insects. Bees, beetles, and flies visited species with conspicuous floral traits and contributed to fruit set. The investigated floral traits form a continuum across the different pollination systems in Rhynchospora, from anemophilous to ambophilous and then to entomophilous representatives.

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26

Franklin, Donald C., and Richard A. Noske. "Nectar sources used by birds in monsoonal north-western Australia: a regional survey." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 4 (2000): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98089.

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We document the flora that provides nectar for birds in monsoonal north-western Australia, and examine the relationship between floral morphology and bird morphology in the region. Twenty-four regular nectarivores (21 honeyeaters, two lorikeets, one white-eye) and 29 opportunist species have been observed probing the flowers of 116 species of plants from 28 families. Amongst the nectar sources, the Myrtaceae is dominant in both the number of species and frequency of use, followed distantly by the Proteaceae and Loranthaceae. Variation between bird species in patterns of use of different floral structures primarily reflected the habitats occupied rather than shared or co-evolved morphology. Woodland birds made particular use of staminiferous cups, mangal specialists particular use of open sepaliferous and petaliferous flowers, and forest specialists and habitat generalists intermediate use of these flower types. Bird–flower relationships in monsoonal Australia may be generalised because of a combination of the dominance of mass-flowering myrtaceous trees, aridity during past glacials that may have eliminated specialists from the system, and perhaps also because many nectar sources are shared with bats.

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27

KANTA, Chandra, and Ishwar P. SHARMA. "Floral polymorphism and scanning electron microscopy determination in relation to climatic influence on Solanum nigrum L." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12210722.

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Growing concern about climatic influence on plants reproductive biology leads to a recent surge. Climate affects directly floral morphology of plants on this basis current study summarizes climatic effects on floral or reproductive biology of Solanum nigrum L. Effect of summer, rainy and winter seasons were recorded on floral morphology, pollens viability & germination, pollen tube growth, fruit-set percentage during investigations which were subjected to one factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant differences at p < 0.05. Climatic conditions affect floral morphology and produce polymorphism in specific conditions. In rainy and winter seasons, polymorphism was recorded in petals, stamens and pistil which is a first record of climatic influence on polymorphism. Rainy season reported for their maximum flowers numbers which promote a huge fruit-set percentage in open pollination as compared with self and cross pollination. This study confirms the effect of various climates on different floral parts which produce polymorphism along with growth, germination, length, etc. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study indicated the climatic variations on microscopic observations.

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28

Shivaprasad D., Shivaprasad D., Prasanna Kumar C. N. Prasanna Kumar C. N, Dr R. K. Somashekar Dr. R. K. Somashekar, and Dr B. C. Nagaraja Dr. B. C. Nagaraja. "Phenology and Floral Morphology of Dipterocarpus Indicus From Western Ghats of Karnataka." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/14.

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29

Jager, Marinus L., and Rod Peakall. "Does morphology matter? An explicit assessment of floral morphology in sexual deception." Functional Ecology 30, no. 4 (September 16, 2015): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12517.

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30

Kamata, Naoko, Ayaka Sugihara, Yoshibumi Komeda, and Taku Takahashi. "Allele-specific effects ofPDF2on floral morphology inArabidopsis thaliana." Plant Signaling & Behavior 8, no. 12 (December 2013): e27417. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.27417.

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31

KURZWEIL, H. "Floral morphology and ontogeny in Orchidaceae subtribe Disinae." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 102, no. 1 (January 1990): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01869.x.

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32

LINDER, H. P., and H. KURZWEIL. "Floral morphology and phylogeny of the Disinae (Orchidaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 102, no. 3 (March 1990): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01882.x.

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Kurzweil, H., and A. Weber. "Floral morphology of southern African Orchideae. I. Orchidinae." Nordic Journal of Botany 11, no. 2 (June 1991): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01818.x.

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34

Kramer, Elena M., Bharti Sharma, Faye Rosin, Joshua Puzey, and Lynn Holappa. "Genomic level views of novel floral organ morphology." Developmental Biology 344, no. 1 (August 2010): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.023.

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35

SINGER, R. B. "Pollinarium Morphology and Floral Rewards inBrazilian Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae)." Annals of Botany 93, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch009.

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Kurzweil, H., and A. Weber. "Floral morphology of southern African Orchideae. II. Habenariinae." Nordic Journal of Botany 12, no. 1 (March 1992): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb00200.x.

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37

Zhou, Qingyuan, Dezhi Fu, and Xiaobai Jin. "Floral morphology and anatomy of Pittosporum tobira (Pittosporaceae)." Nordic Journal of Botany 23, no. 3 (July 2003): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2003.tb00404.x.

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38

Oskolski, Alexei, Maria von Balthazar, Yannick M. Staedler, and Alexey B. Shipunov. "Inflorescence and floral morphology ofHaptanthus hazlettii(Buxaceae, Buxales)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 179, no. 1 (July 14, 2015): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12303.

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39

Weigend, M. "Notes on the floral morphology in Vivianiaceae (Geraniales)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 253, no. 1-4 (May 25, 2005): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-004-0273-5.

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40

Huang, Y. H., C. E. Johnson, and M. D. Sundberg. "Floral Morphology and Development of `Sharpblue' Southern Highbush Blueberry in Louisiana." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 5 (September 1997): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.5.630.

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Floral morphology and differentiation of `Sharpblue' southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were studied under natural growing conditions. There was no rest period during floral development of `Sharpblue' blueberry in Louisiana. Basal florets were already present within a racemic inflorescence in early September. All floral and reproductive organs were clearly visible in early December. Microspores and pollen grains were observed in mid- and late-January, respectively. Megasporocytes, two-cell, four-cell, and seven-cell embryo sacs were found to be simultaneously present in developing ovules in late January, suggesting that megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in `Sharpblue' blueberry are asynchronous.

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41

Guzmán, B., J. M. Gómez, and P. Vargas. "Is floral morphology a good predictor of floral visitors to Antirrhineae (snapdragons and relatives)?" Plant Biology 19, no. 4 (April 25, 2017): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12567.

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42

Juenger, Thomas, Michael Purugganan, and Trudy F. C. Mackay. "Quantitative Trait Loci for Floral Morphology in Arabidopsis thaliana." Genetics 156, no. 3 (November 1, 2000): 1379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.3.1379.

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Abstract A central question in biology is how genes control the expression of quantitative variation. We used statistical methods to estimate genetic variation in eight Arabidopsis thaliana floral characters (fresh flower mass, petal length, petal width, sepal length, sepal width, long stamen length, short stamen length, and pistil length) in a cosmopolitan sample of 15 ecotypes. In addition, we used genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to evaluate the genetic basis of variation in these same traits in the Landsberg erecta × Columbia recombinant inbred line population. There was significant genetic variation for all traits in both the sample of naturally occurring ecotypes and in the Ler × Col recombinant inbred line population. In addition, broad-sense genetic correlations among the traits were positive and high. A composite interval mapping (CIM) analysis detected 18 significant QTL affecting at least one floral character. Eleven QTL were associated with several floral traits, supporting either pleiotropy or tight linkage as major determinants of flower morphological integration. We propose several candidate genes that may underlie these QTL on the basis of positional information and functional arguments. Genome-wide QTL mapping is a promising tool for the discovery of candidate genes controlling morphological development, the detection of novel phenotypic effects for known genes, and in generating a more complete understanding of the genetic basis of floral development.

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Barnes, Richard W., and Andrew C. Rozefelds. "Comparative morphology of Anodopetalum (Cunoniaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 13, no. 2 (2000): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99006.

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The vegetative and floral morphology of the Tasmanian endemic Anodopetalum biglandulosum is re-examined and illustrated. A detailed study of herbarium and fresh material identified a number of characters that have, in the past, been misinterpreted. The subsidiary cell arrangement around the stomates is brachyparacytic, and not anomocytic; the petals are shown to be notched, and not entire; the fruit is a weakly lignified, septicidally dehiscent capsule, not a berry, and the pollen is dicolporate, not tricolporate as has been previously reported. The two- and three-flowered inflorescences and solitary flowers are interpreted as a reduced cyme, while the leaf is interpreted as a unifoliolate compound leaf. The vegetative and floral morphology in Anodopetalum is compared with the closely related genera Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum. Features including notched/fringed petals, dicolporate pollen with a discontinuous (heterogeneous) tectum and weakly heterogeneous wood rays provide support for interpreting Anodopetalum, Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum as a monophyletic group. Anodopetalum differs from these genera in its strongly dehiscent fruits and winged seeds.

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Bruhl, JJ. "Comparative Development of Some Taxonomically Critical Floral Inflorescence Features in Cyperaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 2 (1991): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910119.

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Morphology at different developmental stages was investigated by dissection and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in five sedges: Eleocharis (three species) and Schoenoplectus (both Cyperoideae, Scirpeae), and Lepidosperma (Caricoideae, Schoeneae). In each case all the perianth segments (scales or bristles) were positioned outside the staminal primordia or stamens, consistent with classical interpretations of flowers. Putative exceptions and previous alternative interpretations of floral morphology in the Cyperaceae are discussed. SEM developmental studies of Hypolytreae (e.g. Scirpodendron) are needed for further clarification of interpretative floral/inflorescence morphology in the family.

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Morokawa, Rosemeri, Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer, André Olmos Simões, and Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita. "Floral development of Condylocarpon isthmicum (Apocynaceae)." Botany 93, no. 11 (November 2015): 769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0081.

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Apocynaceae is one of the largest families of angiosperms. Its representatives have flowers with relatively simple morphology, ranging from anthers free from the style head to more complex flowers in which the anthers are postgenitally united with the style head, forming a gynostegium, and those with a style head that is vertically differentiated into distinct functional regions. The aim of this study is to understand the morphology and secretory structures of Condylocarpon isthmicum (Vell.) A.DC. at different stages of development. This species, which is in the family Apocynaceae, has morphologically simple flowers. Flowers at four different stages of development were collected and processed for anatomical and histochemical analysis; floral anatomy was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The simplicity of the C. isthmicum flower morphology was contrasted with the complexity observed in the secretory structures at different stages of flower development. Four secretory structures were identified in this species: colleters, style head epidermal cells, nectariferous tissue, and an obturator. The colleters were observed in the bracts and bracteoles of the young inflorescences. The style head began the secretory phase in the pre-anthetic stage and remained in this phase until anthesis. The nectariferous tissue was secreted during anthesis, and the obturator was present only in post-anthetic flowers. We identified a nectary in the wall of the ovary, and we verified and described a new structure in the Apocynaceae, the obturator.

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Tsai, Wen-Chieh, and Hong-Hwa Chen. "The Orchid MADS-Box Genes Controlling Floral Morphogenesis." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.321.

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Orchids are known for both their floral diversity and ecological strategies. The versatility and specialization in orchid floral morphology, structure, and physiological properties have fascinated botanists for centuries. In floral studies, MADS-box genes contributing to the now famous ABCDE model of floral organ identity control have dominated conceptual thinking. The sophisticated orchid floral organization offers an opportunity to discover new variant genes and different levels of complexity to the ABCDE model. Recently, several remarkable research studies done on orchid MADS-box genes have revealed the important roles on orchid floral development. Knowledge about MADS-box genes' encoding ABCDE functions in orchids will give insights into the highly evolved floral morphogenetic networks of orchids.

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Moody, Michael, and Larry Hufford. "Floral development and structure of Davidsonia (Cunoniaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1034–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-073.

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Few data on floral development and morphology are available for the monotypic Australian genus Davidsonia. New data on floral form and development are presented for Davidsonia, and comparisons are made to allied clades. Phylogenetic analysis allies Davidsonia with core Cunoniaceae. Flower maturation on each branch of the cauliflorous inflorescences is basipetal, beginning with the terminal flower. Flowers are hypogynous, radially symmetrical, and have a uniseriate perianth that consists of a campanulate calyx. Davidsonia has been traditionally allied with Cunoniaceae, and it shares various basic floral attributes, especially gynoecial states, with some members of this family. The bicarpellate gynoecium of Davidsonia has an ovary that is completely synorganized and biloculate, two separate styles that have prominent ventral commissures, and terminal, papillate stigmas. Davidsonia differs most from core Cunoniaceae in androecial morphology, including the development of the androecium and the form of stamens. The stamens of Davidsonia display a mosaic of states present among members of Oxalidales (including Cephalotaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, and Tremandraceae) in which the genus is nested. Although Davidsonia shares various floral states with Cunoniaceae, it can best be perceived as displaying a mosaic of features that occur more broadly among Oxalidales.Key words: Cunoniaceae, Davidsonia, flower development, morphology, Oxalidales.

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Li, Qun, Cheng-Jiang Ruan, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, and Xue-Ying Wang. "Floral morphology and mating system of Alcea rosea (Malvaceae)." Plant Ecology and Evolution 145, no. 2 (July 6, 2012): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2012.651.

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Chauhan, Nirmla, BS Thakur, and Munmun Joshi. "Floral morphology, pollen viability and pollinizer efficacy of persimmon." Journal of Hill Agriculture 8, no. 2 (2017): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2230-7338.2017.00030.1.

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Liston, Aaron. "A new interpretation of floral morphology in Garrya (Garryaceae)." TAXON 52, no. 2 (May 2003): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3647395.

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