Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flore des marais littoraux'
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Emond, Catherine. "Réhabilitation de tourbières industrielles contaminées par l'eau salée : végétation de marais salés et amendements." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30402/30402.pdf.
Full textCoastal cutover bogs are prone to sea water contamination. It keeps them unvegetated because of salinity, acidity, high water table level and low nutrients availability. We want to encourage plant colonization of those bogs using salt marsh vegetation and amendments. A field experiment aimed to examine whether rock phosphate (P2O5) and dolomitic lime (CaO.MgO) improve growth of (1) Carex paleacea, (2) Spartina pectinata transplants, (3) salt marsh diaspores transfer of different maturity - July, (4) August and (5) a bare peat control. A greenhouse experiment tested the lime dose needed by C. paleacea and S. pectinata. Results showed that P improved growth of all plant treatments because of P deficiency in bogs, while C. paleacea resulted in greater vegetation cover and aerial biomass, and diaspores transfer in higher diversity. Lime failed to improve vegetation growth. Rehabilitation should be done using P, salt marsh diaspores transfer and C. paleacea transplantation.
Mulki, Gusti Zulkifli. "Gestion des marais maritimes sur la côte Ouest de Kalimantan, Indonésie." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES1017.
Full textGoeldner-Gianella, Lydie. "L'Allemagne et ses polders : conquête et renaissance des marais maritimes /." Paris : Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de la recherche et de la technologie, Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37193010d.
Full textBizuru, Elias. "Etude de la flore et de la végétation des marais du Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210966.
Full textLebigre, Jean-Michel. "Les marais maritimes du Gabon et de Madagascar : contribution géographique à l'étude d'un milieu naturel tropical." Bordeaux 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR30003.
Full textThis work abundantly illustrated (194 figures, 94 pictures) is divaded in three books. The book one is consecrated at the study of thedifferent elements and factors of the tidal marshes of gabon and madagascar : climate. Hydrology, geomorphology, soils, flora and fauna. Thebook two describe many tidal marches located along the western coast of Madagascar and in the north-west region of Gabon. The book three examine the chief problems of dynamics : tidal creeks systems, mangrove forest, transitions between and swamp forest, "tannes" (salt marshes), exploitation (forest exploitation, fisheries, rice cultivation, salt ponds, aquaculture). The work finish with a attempt of typology of tropical tidal marshes resting on the relative part of manguals, tannes and swamps
Essenlink, Jan Wieger Peter. "Nature management of coastal salt marshes : interactions between anthropogenic influences and natural dynamics /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39900395h.
Full textBel, Hassen Malika. "Fonctionnement des marais maritimes atlantiques : échanges d'énergie et effets des flux aquacoles diffus." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2046.
Full textCamus, Adrien. "Apports de l'imagerie géophysique et de la photographie satellitaire et aérienne à l'étude de l'évolution géomorphologique des marais littoraux au cours de l'Holocène : application aux marais charentais." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS250.
Full textIn a study aiming to improve soil variability mapping, the integrated use of geophysical survey methods (electromagnetic, electrical and magnetic) and multispectral remote sensing (CASI aerial and SPOT satellite sensors) allow getting complementary data in terms of resolution and covering area. This approach was developed and tested in the aim of improving our knowledge of recent geomorphologic evolution of Western France marshlands. Spreading out a protocol of correcting electromagnetic survey data acquired in anthropic influenced marshland context allows correcting draining canals influence, which involves electrical conductivity diminishing similar to these of natural fluvio-marine palaeostructures present on the study area. At parcel’s scale, high resolution study methods (geophysical surveys, remote sensing and vegetal cartography) conjointly used allow to distinguish soil areas showing moisture and salinity contrasts with precision no reached with one method used alone. In the aim of realizing scale change from local data to landscape scale application, a protocol of estimating soil electrical conductivity from aerial or satellite remote sensing (through vegetal communities) was developed, using a neural network (Radial Basis Functions)
Blanchard, Gérard. "Relations trophiques entre la méiofaune et le microphytobenthos d'un marais maritime du littoral charentais." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10605.
Full textPaticat, François. "Flux et usages de l'eau de mer dans les marais salés endigués charentais : cas du marais salé endigué de l'île de Ré." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3005.
Full textThe aim of the study is to determine how seawater is used in Ré island marine ponds (Charente-Maritime, France). Thus, we assessed the ecosystem functioning, estimated its historical evolution and determined the most suitable ways to improve current management processes. The knowledge of seawater management is essential to ensure wetland future and meet the numerous interests of wetland stakeholders, especially in term of seawater sharing. Consequently, it is necessary to consider the Ré island marine embanked wetland through its natural as well as human characteristics. Our work followed two research axes. First, a survey and a description of wetland activities were realized through their management types and their water use features, knowing that human practices are various and their characteristics (technics, economics, hydraulics) are not sufficiently known. Then, we considered relationships between this ecosystem and humans. In order to highlight the spatial activities diversity, hydraulic particularities and potential problems, our method is mainly based on GIS, investigations and risks analysis. Results demonstrate that Ré island marine embanked wetland is dominated by a mosaic of activities, established according to various spatial and management logics. We concluded that there are no real conflicts among wetland stakeholders, only few divergences about the current seawater management. Only a wise management could allow to preserve the natural and cultural inheritance while protecting the interests of each actor
Jeanmoye-Turcotte, Guillaume. "Analyse diachronique des marais intertidaux de Montmagny : l'autocyclicite hydrosédimentaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27538.
Full textGallier, Jonathan. "Caractérisation des processus d'évolution structurale et de salinité des sols de marais côtiers par mesures mécaniques et géo-électriques in situ." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b90aaf26-2c74-4f2c-bee0-4bdcbee77b9c.
Full textIn order to explain the mechanisms of sol consolidation and sol desalinization in marshes two grasslands and a cultivated field were studied on the INRA Experimental site of St Laurent de la Prée. The study of the structural evolutions of the soils is based on comparisons between water content (W), cone resistance (Qd) and cohesion (C) profiles. The Qd- C and soil structure relationship are based on the W-e shrinkage curve of the clay material. All the structural and mechanical profiles are represented in a W-e-Qd-C crossed diagram. Taking into account the hydraulic conductivity (K) in W-e-C-K diagram, this shows the relationship which could exist between the structural profiles and liquid-to-solid soil states. Based on the W-e-C relationship a model of soil fracturation is proposed. The results of calculations are compared to 2D and 3D petrographic features observed on polished section and by XR microtomography. The study of structural and salinity evolution of soils is based on in situ geo-electrical investigation by resistivity sections, chemical analyses of soil water sampled in piezometers, and measurement of soil electrical conductivity (CE) profile. The resistivity – electrical conductivity of soil relationship are calculated according to the structural (e-W) profiles of soils. The CE profile evolutions are governed by the hydrogeological behavior of the groundwater. Finally, the CE profiles measured during the 2006, 2008 and 2010 campaigns allow the proposing of an abacus of CE profiles – corn yield relationship for favorable and unfavorable meteorological conditions
Dupuy, Christine. "Rôle fonctionnel des protistes hétéro-mixotrophes dans le réseau trophique d'un écosystème conchylicole : le marais atlantique." La Rochelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LAROS040.
Full textGoeldner-Gianella, Lydie. "Endiguer ou ne pas endiguer sur les côtes allemandes de la mer des Wadden." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010502.
Full textWas it necessary to carry on reclaiming large parts of tidal flats and salt marshes on the German coasts of the Wadden sea, whereas more and more facts have gone against to this thousand-year-old tradition ? This question has remained unsettled in Schleswig-Holstein, where in the later part of the twentieth century the reclamations were more important than on all the neighbouring coasts. A study of the polders during that period shows that their main aim is no longer to gain agricultural land, although agriculture still prevails on other economic uses, but to protect the coast from the sea. In the eighties, reclamations slowed down, because the scientific progress realized in the Wadden ecosystems made people aware of their "ecological value" and of the harmful impacts of embankments. This led to a great protest, the periods and results of which are analysed synoptically. The study of the protagonists' speeches - that is the ecologists and the planners - emphasizes the distinctive argument used by the land for the reclamation policy, i. E. The double line of sea defence. Besides this protest, economical, political and legislative factors, all bringing forward the same point, have finally led to the end of the reclamations in the nineties. Moreover, the planners have attempted to reopen some polders. They prefer also to heighten the existing dikes against a possible sea level rise. This proves their final adhesion to the end of coastal diking, even for coastal defence purposes. The evolution of the reclamation policy has followed the same direction on the other coasts of the wadden sea, but more precociously. The idea of reopening polders is henceforth generalized, even if its materializing remains hypothetical. This last stage in the management of Wadden coasts represents a new research field in geographic studies
Buffan-Dubau, Evelyne. "Etude écologique des copépodes méiobenthiques en milieu lagunaire : alimentation, distribution." Bordeaux 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR10644.
Full textDausse, Armel. "Dynamique de la végétation et des flux inter-systèmes d'un polder reconnecté à la mer." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S140.
Full textThis study aims to determine if it is possible to restore a salt marsh and its ecological functions in a polder after partial tidal restoration. It focuses on the structure of the vegetation and inter-system exchanges, as indicators of the success of the restoration. Limited flooding only allows the development of halophytic vegetation on a small part of the polder. Its production is comparable to that of a poorly productive salt marsh. The fluxes of matter between the polder and the bay are comparable in nature to those of young salt marshes. The small inlet, however, limits the exchanges of water and thus doesn't allow exchanges of the same range as those observed in salt marshes. Different management options are considered in order to fulfil the restoration goals in the study site
Legrand, Catherine M. "Production primaire et bactérienne en marais maritimes : Excrétion organique algale et utilisation par les bactéries." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30065.
Full textEsposito, Gustavo. "Étude géomorphologique de la zone de "El Rincon" (Argentine)." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112221.
Full textThis survey deals with the geomorphological and sedimentological study of a vast perimeter of the Argentine coast (circa 2. 300 km2). This area named ''El Rincon" lies in the vicinity of the city of Bahia Blanca, and was poorly acknowledged up to now. 1) From data of field work and analysis of aerial photographs, it has been demonstrated that the development of those huge coastal marshes is linked to the progradation of the Rio Colorado delta, albeit the present mouth of this river is now situated well south of the studied area. In a second phase, the marshes were cut off by tidals channels, forming several shallow "bahias" separated by relictic islands which represent these ancient coastal deposits. 2) In the bahias as well as in the tidal channels a succession of environments linked with the action of dynamical agents can be described. In the most internal area where the tidal range is maximun, slikkes and low tidals flats are developing and the tidal our rents are mainly responsibles for the evolution of landscapes. In the external area where tidal range is limited, high sandy tidal flats are developing and are separated from the sea by beach and spit barriers. They are only owerwashed during high storm periods. Wave turbulence and exceptional storm levels are here the most effective dynamical agents. Tidal currents still play a prominent part in the uplift of the sands coming from the neighbouring continental shelf. 3) Exoscopic analysis yields to the knowledge of the origin of sands which are more represented within the external area. Results of the analysis of fine sediments are also discussed, bringing a new idea on the source of these sediments
Merle, Valérie. "Les usages, facteurs de structuration et de dynamique des milieux aquatiques : cas du marais de Bourgneuf (Loire Atlantique)." Pau, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PAUU1005.
Full textCourchesne, Geneviève. "Déterminants de la végétation des milieux humides aménagés pour la sauvagine dans le Québec méridional." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29005/29005.pdf.
Full textBerthelot, Maud. "Perception environnementale et connaissance des marais de l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent chez les enfants d'âge scolaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29280/29280.pdf.
Full textVaucourt, Caroline. "Le réaménagement des marais maritimes endigués le long des côtes à marée (France) : en fonction de l'évolution du milieu et de la transformation des priorités économiques." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES0003.
Full textCareau, Chrystian. "Les marais intertidaux du Saint-Laurent : Complexités et dynamiques naturelles et culturelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27015/27015.pdf.
Full textBrou, Ettien. "Gouvernance des ressources naturelles : contribution méthodologique d'une démarche multicritère à composante délibérative : application au projet de définition du plan de gestion des marais côtiers Tanoé Ehy." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS019S.
Full textRural communauties, entrepreneurs, Technical departments, ecologist movements etc. , how to find an agreement when it’s necessary to develop a policy guiding the management of natural resources in sustainable context? This question presupposes the implementation of methods, techniques and tools which should help to structure relationship between the different actors and their respective complex value systems. The INTEGRAALTM approach of multi-criteria and deliberative assessment includes a set of tools for a comprehensive, functional and interactive analysis. It should help to structure and analyze stakeholders' preferences in participatory decision-making process. Throughout present thesis, we analyze its contributions for managing common pool resources in rural territories. An application is dedicated to the problem of collective choice in Tanoé-Ehy’s coastal swamps management project (Côte d’Ivoire)
Pétillon, Julien. "Évolutions structurales, conservatoires et fonctionnelles de marais salés envahis par le chiendent : études de communautés d'arthropodes en baie du Mont Saint-Michel." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S178.
Full textMorera, Raphaël. "Les assèchements de marais en France au XVIIè siècle (1599-1661) : technique, économie, environnement." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010639.
Full textAliaume, Catherine. "Ichtyofaune des herbiers à "Thalassia" du Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin en Guadeloupe : organisation spatio-temporelle du recrutement - liaisons avec les variables de l'environnement." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA077236.
Full textThe Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin lagoon in Guadeloupe (French West Indies), enclosed inshore by mangroves and seaward by a coral barrier reef, is colonized by turtlegrass beds (Thalassia) wich is associated with a rich juvenile ichtyofauna. The ichtyological community structure living in these seagrass beds has been studied in relation to environmental descriptors. Multivariate analysis (clustering, ordination, chronological clustering) has been carried out in order to define spatial, temporal and bioassociative community structures. The relation between ichtyofauna and environmental factors (habitat descriptors, physical and chemical characteristics, plankton) has been studied by (1) a stepwise discriminant analysis in order to explain spatial community structure, (2) multiple linear regressions to explain ichtyological richness and abundance. The most discriminant environmental factors found in this study are (1) nutritive descriptors (plankton, nitrates) and (2) habitat descriptors (blade length, turbidity)
Charpentier, Anne. "Biologie des populations d'une espèce clonale : architecture et fonctionnement clonal chez "Scirpus maritimus" dans les marais temporaires méditerranéens du sud de la France." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20040.
Full textAgoulon, Albert. "Ecologie de deux aedes halophiles du littoral atlantique français : aedes (ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday, 1833) et aedes (ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771) (diptera, culicidae) : identification génétique des populations. Recherche d'autogenèse." Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT06VS.
Full textCoulombe-Carrier, Tanya, and Tanya Coulombe-Carrier. "Avant et après l'endigument : l'évolution biogéographique du marais salé de la baie de Kamouraska." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26255.
Full textÀ l’heure actuelle, la MRC de Kamouraska se demande si elle devrait renaturaliser plusieurs des marais salés endigués depuis le siècle dernier. Les digues, ou aboiteaux, ont été mises en place principalement pour permettre aux agriculteurs d’agrandir la superficie de leurs terres et ainsi augmenter leurs revenus. À l’heure où l’on parle de protection de l’environnement, de changements climatiques, de développement durable et où les discours de certains scientifiques portent sur l’érosion et le coincement des marais, on se demande si le renversement de l’ancienne politique d’endiguement et l’adoption d’une politique de renaturalisation des berges ne seraient pas des avenues à envisager. Mais à quel état faudrait-il renaturaliser les marais? À quel moment dans le passé exactement? La période pré-contact? Préindustrielle? Pour répondre à cette question, il faut effectuer un retour dans le temps, avant les premières modifications anthropiques importantes du milieu. Ce retour se fera à l’aide de cartes anciennes, de textes, de photographies aériennes et d’ArcGIS afin de mieux saisir l’évolution biophysiques du marais avant, pendant et après son endiguement. Le marais choisi pour cette recherche est celui de la baie de Kamouraska, situé près du village de Saint-Denis-de-Kamouraska, dans la MRC de Kamouraska. Les résultats de la recherche démontrent que l’impact de l’aboiteau est important : il a amputé plus de 70 % de la surface du marais et réduit de manière importante certaines zones de végétation, affectant ainsi l’habitat de la faune et de la flore. Les conclusions tirées de l’étude sont qu’il faut, dans une optique de développement durable, reconsidérer l’utilité de l’aboiteau et l’usage du marais. Mots-clés : Biogéographie, succession des plantes, marais salé, renaturalisation, développement durable, aboiteaux.
Bilodeau, Clélia. "Apports du LiDAR à l'étude de la végétation des marais salés de la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587416.
Full textLechêne, Alain. "Trajectoire de restauration des marais intertidaux : réponse du necton à la dépoldérisation dans l’estuaire de la Gironde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0883/document.
Full textEuropean intertidal marshes have greatly declined during the past centuries because of land claim andhave recently been threatened by the effects of climate change. In recent years, an increasing number of tidal resto-ration projects have been implemented, following a global trend termed de-embankment. This thesis describes therestoration trajectory of tidally restored marshes from the response of nekton (i.e., fish and decapod crustaceans)based on two storm-breached study sites in the Gironde estuary : the Mortagne marsh and the Nouvelle island.Nekton assemblage composition of tidally restored marshes was described through a whole-estuary approach en-compassing natural, restored and dyked habitats. Nekton assemblages of tidally restored marshes showed highcompositional similarity with natural intertidal habitats and greatly departed from dyked marshes. Dyked marsheswere characterized by high occurrence of freshwater exotic taxa. Tidally restored marshes seemed particularly at-tractive for the thin-lipped grey mullet, Liza ramada. The functional traits’ distribution within fish communities revealeda change in functional structure in the course of restoration using the naturalness state of habitats as a proxy forrestoration time. Most notably, functional specialization, dispersion and richness increased with restoration time.No clear pattern of change was observed in community assembly over time ; trends chiefly varied with respect totraits. Temporal trends in one of the restored sites revealed three phases in the first four years of tide restoration.The abundance of several species and the community functional structure changed more steeply in the midst ofthe second phase, less than two years following tide restoration. Community turnover was probably delayed dueto incomplete drainage of the site in the early stages of restoration. The results of this thesis lead to a better un-derstanding of the restoration trajectory of tidal marshes without human intervention and highlight the strengths andweaknesses of some theoretical models used in restoration ecology
Tortajada, Sébastien. "De l'étude du fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques planctoniques des marais de Charente Maritime vers la recherche d'indicateurs." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808599.
Full textSureau, Dany. "Télémétrie acoustique en marais maritime : analyse du rythme cardiaque comme indicateur de la relation entre le poisson et son environnement naturel : étude chez la sole (solea solea) et le bar (dicentrarchus labrax)." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2001.
Full textBaumann, Juliette. "Signature sédimentaire des submersions de tempête dans le domaine rétrolittoral : application à la Charente Maritime." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS038/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the study of the sedimentary signature of marine submersions triggered by storms, in the back barrier area. This signature can be extremely variable mainly according to the meteo-oceanic parameters leading to the submersion of the back barrier area, the morphology of the nearshore, shore and back barrier area, and sediment availability. Firstly, the study of washover deposits emplaced during the winter of 2013-2014 on the southern end of the Oléron Island, characterized by an exceptional wave climate, via a coupled hydrodynamical and sedimentological approach, allowed us to (1) highlight the importance of infragravity waves, on macrotidal and dissipative coasts, in triggering the overwash and emplace washover deposits ; and (2) to suggest a new facies model of washover deposits emplaced by infragravity waves combined to high tides. Secondly, the characterization of the sedimentary signature of marine submersions in the distal part of the back barrier area showed that in the morphological context of the Charente-Maritime coastal marshes, the extremely limited amounts of sediments in provenance from the continent, between two submersion events, prevent the distinction of the different marine submersion sedimentary layers. Nevertheless, this study allowed validating new proxies as microfauna and organic matter isotopy for the identification of marine submersion sedimentary signature, allowing to work independently of the granulometric anomaly proxy and its known limits. This study also allowed evidencing the variability in the sedimentary signature of marine submersions in geomorphologically contrasted marshes and that this variability was linked to the ocean waves exposure
Sarrazin, Jean-Luc. "La campagne et la mer : les pays du littoral poitevin au Moyen Age (fin XIIe siècle - milieu XVe siècle)." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040292.
Full textThe thesis presents a study of littoral countries of Poitou between the great expansion that hat taken place during the central years of the middle ages and the relative ending of the ordeals of the XIVth and XVth centuries. It consists in three parts. The first one (prolegomena) describes the geographical components especially the lay-out of the coast and the link between the ocean and the sea-side countries. The second one (book i: expanding and organization of the space - around 1170; around 1340) is the core of the work where are studied the genesis of the marais poitevin, the salt marshes spreading, the conquest of the intended coastline as well as production and seigniorial structures. Towards the beginning of the XIVth century the huge development effort leads to a high con, trol of the environment and to an exceptional occupation of the whole coastline. The third part (book II: crisis and strengthening -around 1340; around 1460-) deals with a study of the ordeals which affect the region starting from 1346-1350 (insecurity, plagues). This part puts into light the firmness of the seigniory which goes through the turmoil without major damage. The main themes studied are: organization of the coastline, control of the waters, salt production means, social and seigniorial structures, peasants agitations
Dan, Céline. "Etudes écologique, floristique, phytosociologique et ethnobotanique de la forêt marécageuse de Lokoli, Zogbodomey - Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210288.
Full textLa forêt marécageuse de Lokoli, située dans le sud du Bénin est une formation non protégée, bien qu’elle soit la seule forêt marécageuse avec un cours d’eau permanent connue en Afrique de l’Ouest. Pour envisager une prise de décision de conservation et de protection de cet écosystème forestier, il est important de disposer d’une meilleure connaissance de sa flore, de sa végétation et de son fonctionnement. C’est dans ce cadre que la présente étude a été envisagée. Les données collectées concernent le milieu naturel, la structure de la forêt, la régénération naturelle des espèces et les usages faits des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL).
Le milieu naturel se compose d’un substratum acide (pH variant de 3,5 à 5,5) et argilo-sableux. Le cortège floristique de cette forêt est composé de 241 espèces réparties en 185 genres et 70 familles dont des espèces endémiques (Uapaca paludosa) ou en danger (Hallea ledermannii), Nauclea xanthoxylon, etc.
Sept groupements végétaux ont été identifiés (forêt primaire inondée à Alstonia congensis et Xylopia rubescens, forêt secondaire inondée à Ficus trichopoda et Spondianthus preussii et raphiale à Raphia hookeri et Anthocleista vogelii en forêt ;forêt ripicole à Alchornea cordifolia et Mitragyna inermis, savane marécageuse à Ficus asperifolia et Paullinia pinnata ;prairie marécageuse à Cyclosorus gongylodes et Polygonum pulchrum et enfin prairie marécageuse à Rhynchospora corymbosa et Ludwigia abyssinica en lisière) avec des précisions sur leurs caractéristiques floristiques, biologiques, phytogéographiques et écosociologiques. Les mésophanérophytes sont abondants en forêt alors qu’en lisière, ce sont les microphanérophytes qui sont les plus nombreux. Ces groupements constituent un refuge pour de nombreuses espèces animales dont Barboides britzi, poisson déterminé pour la première fois en 2006. D’après cette étude, on note une bonne régénération des espèces forestières malgré une recrudescence des trouées liées à l’installation de champs de Colocasia esculenta.
Parmi les 75 espèces, source de PFNL recensées, les produits et sous-produits issus de Raphia hookeri sont les plus exploités car ils constituent pour les populations riveraines d’importantes sources de revenus. Ces PFNL sont exploités à Lokoli pour plusieurs usages à savoir l’alimentation, l’emballage, boisson alcoolisée, recettes médicinales, construction, etc. Le nombre de pieds de Raphia hookeri saignés par an est de 15.452 par 320 exploitants dont 148 cueilleurs, 81 transformateurs et 91 commerçants ;ce qui fournit aux exploitants des revenus de l’ordre de 28.000 à 159.000 FCFA (42,7 à 242,4 euros) par mois et par exploitant, sans oublier les autres activités menées par les riverains dans cet écosystème. On note une forte pression anthropique sur cette formation qu’il est donc urgent de protéger.
En effet, elle dispose d’importants atouts qui militent en faveur de sa conservation. Elle abrite des espèces végétales et animales rares, endémiques, vulnérables et en danger (inscrites sur la liste rouge de l’UICN), telles que :Hallea ledermannii, Uapaca paludosa, Nauclea xanthoxylon, Cercopithecus erythrogaster erythrogaster, Cercopithecus mona, Colobus vellerosus, Ceriagrion citrinum Campion, Barboides britzi, etc. La forêt marécageuse de Lokoli joue un rôle de refuge pour toutes ces espèces qui y trouvent leur niche écologique. Sur le plan socio-économique, la FML fournit aux populations riveraines des revenus pour leur subsistance. Toutes ces potentialités font d’elle une Forêt à Haute Valeur pour la Conservation (FHVC) et elle pourrait constituer une véritable réserve de biosphère dans le Sud-Bénin.
Ecological, floristic, phytosociological and ethnobotanical studies of the swamp forest of Lokoli (Zogbodomey - Benin)
The swamp forest of Lokoli, located in the south of Benin, is a non-protected area, although it is the only swamp forest in West Africa accompanied by a river which always contains water. To be able to make decisions concerning the conservation and protection of this forest ecosystem, it is important to have a better knowledge of its flora, its vegetation and its ecology and dynamics. It is within this framework that the present study was considered. The data that were collected relate to the natural environment, the structure of the forest, the natural regeneration of the species and the uses of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP).
The natural environment is composed of a substratum which is acid (pH varying from 3.5 to 5.5) and loamy-sandy. The floristic composition of this forest is composed of 241 plant species from 185 genera and 70 families.
Seven vegetation types were identified: 1. Inundated primary forest with Alstonia congensis and Xylopia rubescens; 2. Inundated secondary forest with Ficus trichopoda and Spondianthus preussii; 3. Raphia forest with Raphia hookeri and Anthocleista vogelii; 4. Riparian forest with Alchornea cordifolia and Mitragyna inermis; 5. Marshy savanna with Ficus asperifolia and Paullinia pinnata; 6. Marshy savanna with Cyclosorus gongylodes and Polygonum pulchrum; and 7. Marshy savanna with Rhynchospora corymbosa and Ludwigia abyssinica. Precise details are given on their floristic, biological, phytogeographical and phytosociological characteristics. The mesophanerophytes are abundant in forest whereas at forest edges the microphanerophytes are most numerous. These vegetation types constitute a refuge for many animal species, for example Barboides britzi, a species of fish first identified in 2006. This study noted a good regeneration of forest species, in spite of disturbance related to the installation of fields of Colocasia esculenta.
About 75 investigated NTFP are exploited in Lokoli for many purposes, among which food, packaging, alcoholic drinks, medicines, construction, etc. Among the listed NTFP, the products and by-products made from Raphia hookeri are the most important because they are important sources of revenue for the inhabitants of the area. The number of stems of Raphia used per year for palm wine production is 15.452 by the 320 inhabitants, including 148 gatherers, 81 transformers and 91 tradesmen. This provides to the inhabitants an income of about 28,000 to 159,000 FCFA per month and per inhabitant, without forgetting the other activities undertaken by these inhabitants. This results in a strong human pressure on the vegetation of the area which is therefore in urgent need of protection.
The vegetation of the Lokoli forest has important values which indicate its conservation concern. It shelters plant and animal species that are endemic and/or endangered or vulnerable according to the red list of the IUCN, such as: Hallea ledermannii, Uapaca paludosa, Nauclea xanthoxylon, Cercopithecus erythrogaster erythrogaster, Cercopithecus mona, Colobus vellerosus, Ceriagrion citrinum Campion, Barboides britzi, etc. The swamp forest of Lokoli is a refuge for all these species who find here their ecological niche. On the socio-economic level, the Lokoli forest provides to the inhabitants an income for their subsistence. The Lokoli forest in southern Benin is a forest with a high conservation value and it has the potential to become a “biosphere reserve”.\
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Das, Shagnika. "Effects of environmental factors on the eco-physiology and life traits of a macro-crustacean (shrimp) and micro-crustacean (copepod)." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R015.
Full textThe present thesis constitutes two major sections, the first deals with macro crustaceans, mud shrimp Austinogebia edulis and the second with micro crustaceans, the copepod Eurytemora affinis. The objectives were to 1. Explore the role of A. edulis as an ecological engineer, 2. Effects of Cadmium (Cd) on oxidative enzymes and morphology in A. edulis, 3. To assess the spatial and temporal variation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the natural habitat of A. edulis, 4. To explore the effect of combined heavy metals to E. affinis and to depict the effect of sediment in re-suspension to E. affinis by following a multigenerational approach. For the first objective, we highlight the significant differences between burrow walls and burrow lumen. The burrow wall of A. edulis showed low permeability and increased sheer strength. Statistically, a significant difference was noticed in the comparison between the sediment composition of the burrow wall and the background. The burrow wall consisted of a 24 times higher organic matter content than one individual of mud shrimp. Thus, they transform the sediment characteristics as an ecological engineer, which is expected to have a significant ecological impact on the ecosystem. Furthermore, on exposure to Cd the antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities decreased with increasing Cd concentration and extended exposure time in these organs of A. edulis. Significant damage of the hepatopancreas of A. edulis was noticed at higher concentrations of Cd, showing damages like the disappearance of epithelial cell boundaries, detachment of cells from the basal lamina, cellular swelling, necrosis, etc. In conclusion, Cd caused oxidative damage by reducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and by damaging the tissue structure in major organs of A. edulis. For the measured POPs, the spatial distribution showed that the proximity to sources was the most important determining factor for the distribution of these contaminants showing greater concentrations in samples collected near the industrial parks. The analyzed PAH ratios determined an existence of both pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs. PCBs Aroclor 1016 and 1260 were the main sources near the industrial zone, with DDT inputs showing recent addition to the area. The overall study reflected a borderline risk to the benthic organisms. For E. affinis, the acute toxicity LC 50% (96h) for the exposure of Lead (Pb) was found to be 431.99 µg/l for males showing lower sensitivity than females with 394.27 µg/l. The total population became lowest in the 2nd generation (F1) for all the exposure treatments and also the mortality increased in this generation. The bioaccumulation of metals in the copepod E. affinis was also higher in this generation; thereby fecundity and survival appeared to be linked to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and concluding that the sensitivity or fitness of E. affinis was directly connected to the trace metal accumulation. The percentage of males was less in the sediment treatment than the heavy metal and control. This observation can slightly indicate the different ways of copepod sensitivity to heavy metals and sediment in re-suspension when exposed for multiple generations
Parlier, Emmanuel. "Approche quantitative de la fonction de nourricerie des systèmes estuaires-vasières : cas du bar européen (Dicentrarchus labrax, L. 1758 ; a.k.a. Morone labrax) dans cinq nourriceries du Ponant : estuaire de la Seine, estuaire de la Loire, baie du Mont Saint-Michel, baie de Saint-Brieuc et baie de l'Aiguillon." La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS169.
Full textCoastal fish populations settle more or less frequently, at different stages, estuarine systems. Tidal marshes are one of the components of these mosaics of habitats. The first part of this work describes fish assemblages through the utilisation of these systems by fishes analysed in order to propose revised functional classification of ecological guilds. This new classification is used to compare four fish communities of estuarine system of the western coast of France : the Mont Saint-Michel Bay, the Saint-Brieuc Bay, the Loire estuary and the Aiguillon Bay. The second part aims at characterizing the nursery function as defined by Beck et al. (2001). A combinative approach based on gut content analysis, and stable isotope analysis shows that YoY sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) that are caught in tidal marshes feed actively in situ and that the salt marsh's preys contribute significantly to the first year's food resources. An examination of the microstructure of the YoY sea bass otoliths using SEM shows characteristic marks, which are interpreted as fingerprints of the passage in the salt marsh. The microstructural analysis showed that sea bass recruit in estuarine areas after variable length of time (33 days to 126 days) spent in marine waters during migration from spawning areas to estuaries. After entry into estuarine complexes, growth rate increases. Microchemical analysis of the whole otolith using ICPMS technology revealed characteristic signatures of each of the studied estuarine systems. This suggests that the chemical composition of trace elements in the otolith can be used as chemical tag of the fish. After a synthesis of this combinative approach, a reflection is committed concerning the effectively of these approach in order to advise managers. The same though is engaged to evaluate the sustainability of these studies that mix strong field investments and theoretical ecology (guilds, life history traits. . . )
Bawedin, Vincent. "La Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) confrontée aux dynamiques territoriales dans le bassin d'Arcachon et sur la côte picarde." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00431534.
Full textRadimy, Raymond Tojo. "Cinétique d'évolution structurale des sols argileux : relation stress hydrique-stress salin ; Application à la biodiversité et rendement de culture." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2310/document.
Full textThe coastal marshlands are territories generally reclaimed on primary fluvio-marine sediments. They result from hydraulic managements and/or polderization which may date from the Middle Ages. Historically these hydraulic managements were built for goals of wholesomeness, breeding and farming. They isolate two territories: the dried marshes and the wet marshes. For the intensive cereal crops the slow drying caused by land reclamation was recently improved by the drainage, in part for increase the depth of desalinization and decrease waterlogging. Nevertheless, these territories remain characterized by shallow ground water of initial salt water. Consequently, the hydric profiles are governed by the meteoric conditions including the Evapotranspiration, the rainfall, but also the capillarity rises from the salt groundwater. Moreover, the clay dominated nature of the soils and their drastic shrinkage properties govern the hydrodynamic functioning and the soil structure behavior.The first part of the work was the monitoring of the water content and salinity profiles in drained cereal crops and in undrained grasslands. These measurements have been completed by the ground water level and tensiometric monitoring. The final goal was the calculation and modeling of the available water capacity (AWC) and plant available water (PAW) profiles. In these systems mainly supplied by the capillarity rises, the root network gets water in the subsurface vadose zone and then in the deeper saturated groundwater zone. The water content characteristic of the interface between the vadose and saturated zone was determined by comparison between the clay material state paths along its shrinkage curve and along its compaction curve. The PAW profiles were calculated from the water content profiles and then compared to the AWC profiles. The PAW profiles have been equated as polynomial second degree equations. In these shallow groundwater environments the PAW profiles have been modeled taking into account an easy measurable surface parameter which includes the soil structure behavior and the meteoric conditions: i.e. the water content measured at 10 cm depth. The PAW modelling remains sufficiently realistic to be used as a tool for farming management. Two preliminary studies were added to this work: - the measurement of effective thermal conductivity of the clayey soils by the transient hot wire method, and the modeling of the effective thermal conductivity of biphasic air-clay and water-clay media, but also triphasic unsaturated air-water-clay media. The prospect is the modeling of thermal and hydric transfer from the surface to the depth. - and the elaboration of a protocol of impregnation - hardening for wet clay dominated soils by HEMA resins. This impregnation allows the making of thin sections in these clay materials with conservation of their initial wet structures. The prospective is the quantitative petrography at the root - clay matrix interface along vertical profiles in clayey soils at different degrees of saturation and different structures
Lebarbenchon, Camille. "Maladies infectieuses et écosystèmes : écologie des virus influenza aviaires en Camargue." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20079.
Full textEmerging infectious diseases are particularly studied and monitored today because of their unprecedented increase in number, speed and wideness of dispersion within wildlife, domestic or human populations. In humans, it is now estimated that 75% of these emerging diseases have a zoonotic origin, meaning they are caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted naturally between humans and other vertebrate animal species. The origin of the emergence of these zoonoses is directly linked to human interference with the natural environment, to a greater or lesser degree. Within this framework, my thesis specifically focuses on the interactions between pathogens responsible for these diseases and ecosystems. The objectives were (i) to study interactions between human activities, parasites and ecosystems through synthesis and discussion papers; (ii) to study in more detail the ecology of avian influenza viruses in the Camargue, especially the prevalence of infections in bird communities present throughout the year, the role of aquatic ecosystems in the temporal dynamics of the disease, and genetic characteristics of the circulating virus; (iii) to study more specifically highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses within the Camargue but also on a wider scale, particularly to highlight the need to integrate knowledge about the ecology of the host and the functioning of ecosystems in the study of this emerging disease. The work led to increased knowledge of the ecology of influenza virus in the Camargue and, more generally, to stress the need to study pathogens responsible for emerging zoonotic diseases at the level of ecosystems
Stéphan, Pierre. "Les flèches de galets de Bretagne : morphodynamiques passée, présente et prévisible." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355047.
Full textSur le long terme, l'évolution des flèches au cours de l'Holocène a été reconstituée à partir d'une analyse stratigraphique des dépôts préservés au sein de trois marais maritimes situés en rade de Brest. En parallèle, les variations holocènes du niveau marin ont été reconstituées afin d'appréhender le rôle des mouvements eustatique dans l'évolution à long terme des flèches de galets. Quatre grandes phases dans les courbes des variations eustatiques peuvent toutefois être identifiées. Ainsi, un stationnement relatif du niveau marin à environ 5 m sous son niveau actuel est enregistré entre 5 500 et 4 800 BP. Cette phase de ralentissement important de la transgression holocène aurait favorisé la mise en place de tourbières au niveau de la ligne de rivage actuelle à la fin de l'Atlantique et au début du Subboréal. Un mouvement transgressif important semble s'opérer entre 4 800 et 3 000 BP, amenant la mer a un niveau proche, quoique légèrement inférieur à l'actuel à la fin du Subboréal. En rade de Brest, cette phase de remontée relativement rapide du niveau marin a vraisemblablement entraîné l'inondation des tourbières littorales ou dulçaquicoles par la mer et leur remplacement par des marais maritimes protégés de l'agitation des vagues par la présence de cordons littoraux. Ces cordons auraient progressivement reculé jusqu'à une position assez voisine de l'actuelle vers 3 000 BP. Ensuite, une petite régression marine se serait traduite par une baisse du niveau marin relatif de 2 à 3 m entre 3 000 et 2 700 BP, entraînant l'abandon temporaire des systèmes littoraux (marais maritimes/cordons littoraux) par la mer. Dans le nord du Finistère, cette régression aurait favorisé l'exondation de vastes surfaces sableuses sur lesquelles la déflation éolienne aurait favorisé la construction des grands massifs dunaires de la région (Guilcher et Hallégouët, 1991). Il convient toutefois de préciser que cet épisode régressif datant de la fin de l'âge du Bronze pose question dans la mesure où il n'est enregistré par aucune courbe construite sur les différentes façades maritimes françaises (Lambeck, 1997, Vella et Provansal, 2000), ni même sur les côtes de Belgique (Denys et Beateman, 1995) ou du sud de l'Angleterre (Long et al., 1999). Cette baisse du niveau marin, ne reposant que sur deux points, pourrait simplement être attribuée à un manque de précision des données (mauvaises datations, erreur de positionnement altitudinal). De toute évidence, il apparaît nécessaire de multiplier les études de cas afin de proposer une courbe beaucoup plus fiable des variations eustatiques holocènes dans le nord-ouest de la Bretagne. A partir de 2 700 BP, le mouvement transgressif reprend à un rythme décroissant jusqu'à nos jours. La mer réinvestit peu à peu les milieux littoraux et édifie, en rade de Brest, les principaux cordons et flèches de galets actuels, qui apparaissent comme de véritables héritages morpho-sédimentaires.
Sur le moyen terme, la mobilité des flèches de galets de Bretagne a été retracée à partir d'un traitement numérique de cartes anciennes et de photographies aériennes. Une tendance au recul des flèches se dessine à l'échelle régionale au cours des trois derniers siècles. Près de 80% des flèches étudiées montrent des signes de cannibalisation, de recul relativement rapide par rollover, d'ouverture de brèches et de démantèlement. Ces évolutions traduisent un contexte d'érosion liée à une sous-alimentation sédimentaire résultant d'apports insuffisants en matériaux grossiers provenant du recul des falaises meubles quaternaires. Les flèches de galets constituent donc actuellement des héritages en cours de dilapidation. Par ailleurs, l'analyse des forçages météo-marins sur la période récente fait apparaître une différence de fonctionnement morphodynamique opposant les flèches de type SAB (swash-aligned barriers) orientées perpendiculairement aux houles incidentes et dont l'évolution récente est fortement contrôlée par les épisodes de submersion marine, et les flèches de type DAB (drift-aligned barrier) alignées dans le sens des vagues incidentes, peu influencées par les événements météo-marins.
Sur le court terme, la mobilité des flèches de galets a été retracée à partir d'un suivi topo-morphologique réalisé entre 2002 et 2008, couplé à une analyse des conditions météo-marines. La mobilité des flèches présente un caractère spasmodique, marquée par des phases de stabilité permettant la consolidation des cordons et de brusques épisodes érosifs liés à l'intervention d'épisodes de submersion marine très morphogènes. Les méthodes d'analyse prévisionnelle utilisées (méthode historique, cartographie de la submersion, modèle de Sallenger (2000)) permettent de prévoir une poursuite du recul de ces édifices sédimentaires et, par endroits, l'exagération des phénomènes d'érosion. Dans ce contexte, se pose la question d'une éventuelle gestion de ces formes d'accumulation puisque ces flèches participent à la protection de marais maritimes à forte valeur écologique. En outre, ces flèches constituent des objets géomorphologiques à forte valeur patrimoniale, comme en témoigne le classement récent du Sillon de Talbert en Espace Remarquable de Bretagne.
Loiselle, Audréanne. "Impacts de l’urbanisation et de l’historique d’utilisation des sites sur la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle de la flore des milieux humides non-riverains." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21317.
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