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Journal articles on the topic 'FLOTAC'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Capasso, Michele, Maria Paola Maurelli, Davide Ianniello, et al. "Use of Mini-FLOTAC and Fill-FLOTAC for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 1 (2019): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180087.

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Abstract Animals reared in restricted environments are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal infection by helminths and protozoa and therefore zoos are characterized as being parasite-rich environments. Successful implementation of control programs of these parasites in zoo environment depends upon precise and rapid diagnosing of gastrointestinal infections. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of the Mini-FLOTAC technique in combination with Fill-FLOTAC for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals. Fecal samples were collected from 70 animals in four different zoos located in central and southern Italy. All the samples were analyzed using Mini-FLOTAC in combination with Fill-FLOTAC. Out of the 70 pooled samples examined, 80% (24/30) were positive for at least one parasite. Among the gastrointestinal nematodes, Strongyles were the most frequent (40%), followed by Trichuris spp. (23.3%), Parascaris spp. (13.3%) and Capillaria spp. (3.3%). Among the protozoa, Blastocystis spp., Giardia spp. and Eimeria spp. were detected in 6.6%, 3.3% and 3.3%, respectively. These results show that Mini-FLOTAC in combination with Fill-FLOTAC can be used, not only for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals, but also for monitoring control programs in which large numbers of fecal samples need to be examined rapidly and reliably.

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2

Van den Putte, N., E. Claerebout, and B. Levecke. "Evaluatie van de mini-FLOTAC-methode voor de detectie van gastro-intestinale parasieten bij grote huisdieren." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 85, no. 1 (2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v85i1.16403.

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Voor de microscopische diagnose van gastro-intestinale parasieten bij grote huisdieren werd recent een nieuwe techniek ontwikkeld, de mini-FLOTAC. In deze vergelijkende studie van diagnostische technieken werd de mini-FLOTAC vergeleken met de standaard McMastertechniek op basis van de detectie (gevoeligheid) en kwantificatie (aantal oöcysten/eieren per gram mest (OPG/EPG)) van parasitaire infecties bij grote huisdieren en de tijd die nodig is om een diagnose te stellen. In totaal werden honderd meststalen (78 paarden, 11 runderen, 6 schapen en 5 geiten) onderzocht met beide technieken. Mini-FLOTAC was gevoeliger dan McMaster, maar er was een zeer hoge correlatie in eieren per gram (EPG) feces (correlatiecoëfficiënt = 0,90, p < 0,001). De benodigde tijdsduur voor het onderzoeken van stalen met de mini-FLOTAC-techniek (13 minuten) lag significant hoger (p < 0,05) dan de tijd die nodig was met de McMaster-techniek (6 minuten). Dit verschil in tijdsduur was eveneens afhankelijk van de bekomen EPG-waarde, waarbij het tijdsverschil tussen beide technieken nog sterk vergrootte voor hogere waarden. Er kan geconcludeerd worden dat de mini-FLOTAC-techniek het beste gebruikt kan worden wanneer een accurate diagnose van een lage besmettingsgraad nodig is, bijvoorbeeld voor de detectie van anthelminthicumresistentie. In andere gevallen kan de voorkeur worden gegeven aan de snellere McMaster-methode.

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3

Borrelli, Luca, Ludovico Dipineto, Laura Rinaldi, et al. "New Diagnostic Insights for Macrorhabdus ornithogaster Infection." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 11 (2015): 3448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01564-15.

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The aim of this study was to propose the use of a new rapid and user-friendly diagnostic tool for the detection ofMacrorhabdusornithogasterinfection in birds. The current report focuses on the diagnostic feasibility of different methods, with particular emphasis on the application of the mini-Flotac technique for the diagnosis ofM.ornithogasterinfection. The mini-Flotac method is particularly tailored for epidemiological monitoring and surveillance, where large numbers of fecal samples must be rapidly, yet reliably, examined. Gram staining, as the standard method, was used to validate the reliability of the mini-Flotac method. This tool has not yet been used in avian species or in the diagnosis of yeast infections. In our study,M. ornithogastershowed excellent performance in a flotation assay, which had not been demonstrated previously. Our results suggest that the mini-Flotac method is a valid, sensitive, and potentially low-cost alternative technique for use in the diagnosis of this yeast infection in birds.

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4

Silva, Juliane Nayra Dantas, Maria de Lara Oliveira, Ruana Rafaela Lira Torquato Paiva, Antônia Aniellen Raianne Moisés Aguiar, Wesley Adson Costa Coelho, and Josivania Soares Pereira. "Comparing McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC for endoparasites diagnostic in goats." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 14, no. 4 (2020): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2020.14.4.9558.

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The Brazil Northeast region has the higher goat national herd with the endoparasitosisas one of the main factors interfering in these productive chain. Aiming to compare diagnostic techniques to quantify goats endoparasites eggs and oocysts. Eggs and oocysts recovered from feces were identified from 45 goats, Capra aegagrus hircus, by counting eggs per gram of feces (EPG) McMaster (conversion factors 100x and 25x) and Mini-FLOTAC (conversion factors 5x and 10x). The statistical analysis were performed in the SPSS program version 21.0 and the statistical differences and accordance between the techniques, by Friedman (p<0.05) and kappa (p-value), respectively. Eggs from Strongylida, Strongyloidessp., Trichurissp. and Eimeriasp were identified. The coproparasitological methods applied were efficient in quantifying and identifying recovered eggs and oocysts. Although the similarity and accordance among techniques regarding the Eimeriasp. oocysts, the McMaster 25x; Mini-FLOTAC 5x and Mini-FLOTAC 10x were the methods that better recovered such oocysts. The Strongylida eggs were equally recovered by all the techniques. The Strongyloidessp. eggs were better recovered by the McMaster 25x; McMaster 100x and Mini-FLOTAC 5x techniques; and the Trichurissp. by McMaster 100x. Considering that both techniques used in this work were capable on recovering every eggs and oocysts, both can be adopted for coproparasitological diagnostic in goats.

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5

Maurelli, Maria, Laura Rinaldi, Giuseppe Rubino, Riccardo Lia, Vincenzo Musella, and Giuseppe Cringoli. "FLOTAC and Mini-FLOTAC for uro-microscopic diagnosis of Capillaria plica (syn. Pearsonema plica) in dogs." BMC Research Notes 7, no. 1 (2014): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-591.

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6

Kruchynenko, O., та A. Antipov. "Comparison of McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC eﬃ ciency methods in diagnostics of Ascaris suum infection in young pigs". Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, № 2(160) (24 листопада 2020): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-160-2-85-91.

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The coproovoscopic methods involving count chambers are widely used in the veterinary practice for diagnostics. These methods are important in assessments of the prevalence rates of nematode infections in pigs and for FECR tests. However, more basic data is needed on the efficiency of the commercial methods of diagnostics, tested at the different specific gravity of the flotation solutions. In a thorough analysis of publications of Ukrainian scientists, we have found that the data is sparse on the efficiency comparison of the modified McMaster’s and MiniFLOTAC methods. The aim of our study was to compare the efficiency of the commercial coproovoscopic techniques: the modified McMaster’s method (with sensitivity of 25 EPG), and MiniFLOTAC combined with Fill-FLOTAC (with sensitivity of 5 EPG) in testing for A. suum infection in piglets. Results of approbation of the mentioned methods are presented for the following saturated solutions: NaCl (SG=1.2), MgCl2 •6H2 O (SG =1.27) and NH4 NO3 (SG=1.28). Fecal samples were taken at own private farm, in Mlynok village of Onufriivka district, Kirovohrad region from 20 4 month old pigs with spontaneous A. suum infection. The laboratory assessments were performed in the Scientific Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the Poltava State Agrarian Academy. It is established that at high rates of A. suum infection in young pigs, McMaster’s method with the ammonium nitrate solution is more efficient compared to the Mini-FLOTAC method. In average, 5331.2 eggs of A. suum were determined per 1 g of feces using the former method, compared to 4567.5 EGP according to the Mini-FLOTAC technique (P < 0.001). The highest diagnostic efficiency of the modified McMasters method and the combination of Mini-FLOTAC and Fill-FLOTAC is seen when ammonium nitrate (NH4 NO3 ) solution of 1.28 SG is used (P < 0.001). Our results add new data on the efficiency of the commercial methods of diagnostics with varying specific gravity of the flotation solutions, for pigs infected with nematodes. Key words: EPG, pigs, nematode, ascariasis, diagnostics, efficiency.

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7

Lima, Victor Fernando Santana, Giuseppe Cringoli, Laura Rinaldi, et al. "A comparison of mini-FLOTAC and FLOTAC with classic methods to diagnosing intestinal parasites of dogs from Brazil." Parasitology Research 114, no. 9 (2015): 3529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4605-x.

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8

Vieira, Osires Lustosa, Lucia Oliveira Macedo, Marcos Antônio Bezerra-Santos, et al. "Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster egg counting method for detection of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants: a comparison study." Medicina Veterinária (UFRPE) 15, no. 2 (2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v15n2-4397.

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The proper diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants requires the development of multivalent techniques characterized by high sensitivity, specificity, precision, reproducibility, and the ability to quickly detect and monitor infections that pose risks to animal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Mini-FLOTAC technique and McMaster egg counting (gold standard) in the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of goats and sheep. A total of 789 fecal samples were analyzed (401 of sheep and 388 of goats). From those, nematode eggs were detected in 80.86% (638/789), being 72.57% (291/401) from sheep and 89.43% (347/388) from goats. The Mini-FLOTAC technique presented a better performance to detect helminth eggs in both goats (88.40%; 343/388) and sheep (71.57%; 287/401) (?2 = 10.358; p < 0.0001). Kappa analysis revealed a weak concordance between techniques for goats (k = 0.342; p < 0.001) and sheep (k = 0.281; p < 0.001). Data herein reported suggests that the Mini-FLOTAC is a technique more sensitive than the McMaster egg counting, therefore its use might be adopted for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infection in small ruminants.

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9

Elghryani, Nagwa, Joseph Crispell, Roohollah Ebrahimi, et al. "Preliminary evaluation of a novel, fully automated, Telenostic device for rapid field-diagnosis of cattle parasites." Parasitology 147, no. 11 (2020): 1249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020001031.

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AbstractNew ideas for diagnostics in clinical parasitology are needed to overcome some of the difficulties experienced in the widespread adoption of detection methods for gastrointestinal parasites in livestock. Here we provide an initial evaluation of the performance of a newly developed automated device (Telenostic) to identify and quantify parasitic elements in fecal samples. This study compared the Telenostic device with the McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC for counting of strongyle eggs in a fecal sample. Three bovine fecal samples were examined, in triplicate, on each of the three fecal egg-counting devices. In addition, both manual (laboratory technician) and automated analysis (image analysis algorithm) were performed on the Telenostic device to calculate fecal egg counts (FEC). Overall, there were consistent egg counts reported across the three devices and calculation methods. The Telenostic device compared very favourably to the Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster. Only in sample C, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the egg counts obtained by Mini-FLOTAC and by the other methods. From this limited dataset it can be concluded that the Telenostic-automated test is comparable to currently used benchmark FEC methods, while improving the workflow, test turn-around time and not requiring trained laboratory personnel to operate or interpret the results.

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10

Rinaldi, L., A. D. Mihalca, R. Cirillo, et al. "FLOTAC can detect parasitic and pseudoparasitic elements in reptiles." Experimental Parasitology 130, no. 3 (2012): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.01.011.

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11

El-Nadi, Nada, Amal Ahmed, Noha Ahmed, and Amany El-Laah. "Evaluation of mini-FLOTAC method for diagnosing intestinal parasitic infections." Parasitologists United Journal 12, no. 2 (2019): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/puj.2019.13212.1045.

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12

Kochanowski, Maciej, Jacek Karamon, Joanna Dąbrowska, and Tomasz Cencek. "Experimental Estimation of the Efficacy of the Flotac Basic Technique." Journal of Parasitology 100, no. 5 (2014): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/13-333.1.

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13

Monteiro, Maria Fernanda Melo, Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos, Andréa Maria Campos Calado, et al. "Gastrointestinal parasites of cats in Brazil: frequency and zoonotic risk." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 2 (2016): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016019.

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Abstract Gastrointestinal helminths are considered to be the most common parasites affecting cats worldwide. Correct diagnosis of these parasites in animals living in urban areas is pivotal, especially considering the zoonotic potential of some species (e.g. Ancylostoma sp. and Toxocara sp.). In this study, a copromicroscopic survey was conducted using fecal samples (n = 173) from domestic cats living in the northeastern region of Brazil. Samples were examined through the FLOTAC technique and the overall results showed positivity of 65.31% (113/173) among the samples analyzed. Coinfections were observed in 46.01% (52/113) of the positive samples. The most common parasites detected were Ancylostoma sp., Toxocara cati, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris sp., Dipylidium caninum and Cystoisospora sp. From an epidemiological point of view, these findings are important, especially considering that zoonotic parasites (e.g. Ancylostoma sp. and Toxocara sp.) were the nematodes most frequently diagnosed in this study. Therefore, the human population living in close contact with cats is at risk of infection caused by the zoonotic helminths of these animals. In addition, for the first time the FLOTAC has been used to diagnosing gastrointestinal parasites of cats in Brazil.

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14

Rinaldi, L., M. P. Maurelli, V. Musella, A. Santaniello, G. C. Coles, and G. Cringoli. "FLOTAC: An improved method for diagnosis of lungworm infections in sheep." Veterinary Parasitology 169, no. 3-4 (2010): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.008.

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15

Knopp, Stefanie, Dominik Glinz, Laura Rinaldi, et al. "FLOTAC: A promising technique for detecting helminth eggs in human faeces." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, no. 12 (2009): 1190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.05.012.

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16

d’Ovidio, D., L. Rinaldi, D. Ianniello, et al. "FLOTAC for diagnosis of endo-parasites in pet squirrels in southern Italy." Veterinary Parasitology 200, no. 1-2 (2014): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.021.

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17

Godber, Olivia F., Clare J. Phythian, Antonio Bosco, et al. "A comparison of the FECPAK and Mini-FLOTAC faecal egg counting techniques." Veterinary Parasitology 207, no. 3-4 (2015): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.029.

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18

Knopp, Stefanie, Benjamin Speich, Jan Hattendorf, et al. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Kato-Katz and FLOTAC for Assessing Anthelmintic Drug Efficacy." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, no. 4 (2011): e1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001036.

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19

Barda, Beatrice, Davide Ianniello, Fulvio Salvo, et al. "“Freezing” parasites in pre-Himalayan region, Himachal Pradesh: Experience with mini-FLOTAC." Acta Tropica 130 (February 2014): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.10.008.

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20

Mohammad S, Rania, Yasmeen Mohammad S, Aisha Tawfik Has, and Hala Said Salem. "Mini-FLOTAC Versus Other Copromicroscopic Methods in Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections." Research Journal of Parasitology 13, no. 2 (2018): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jp.2018.36.46.

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21

Fortunato, Simona, Barbara Castagna, Maria Rita Monteleone, Raffaela Pierro, Giuseppe Cringoli, and Fabrizio Bruschi. "Parasite prevalence in a village in Burkina Faso: the contribution of new techniques." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 05 (2014): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3660.

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Introduction: Parasites are a major public health problem in developing countries. A coproparasitological and immunoparasitological study was conducted in Burkina Faso, in the rural village of Touguri, in November and December 2011. The coproparasitologic analysis was conducted in the pediatric population and seroprevalence surveys were conducted in the adult population to research intestinal, blood, and helminth parasites. Methodology: The coproparasitologic study was performed on stool samples using two diagnostic methods – standard microscopy and the FLOTAC technique. The total of 49 stool samples analyzed were obtained from children between two months and eleven years of age. The serology study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of P. falciparum, Echinococcus spp., Tenia solium, and A. lumbricoides using different immunological techniques such as ELISA and Western Blot techniques. The study population included 85 adult patients between 15 and 70 years of age. Results: Results of coproparasitological analyses showed Hymenolepis nana as the only helminth found, in 28.6% of the total number of patients. Results of serological evaluation revealed a practically null prevalence of Echinococcus, Taenia solium, and Ascaris lumbricoides, and a 77.64% prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusions: Despite the small number (especially in terms of coprological samples) of individuals examined, this study showed that the parasite prevalence in a rural area of Burkina Faso has a significant impact in the general population, particularly in children. Another finding was that FLOTAC had a higher sensitivity than the widely used ethyl ether-based concentration technique for coprological sample analysis.

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22

do Nascimento Ramos, Ingrid Carla, Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos, Alessio Giannelli, et al. "An Additional Asset for the FLOTAC Technique: Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Vegetables." Acta Parasitologica 64, no. 2 (2019): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00059-3.

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23

Ianniello, Davide, Paola Pepe, Leucio Camara Alves, et al. "Why Use the Mini-FLOTAC to Detect Metastrongyloid Larvae in Dogs and Cats?" Acta Parasitologica 65, no. 2 (2020): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-020-00171-9.

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24

Utzinger, Jürg, Laura Rinaldi, Laurent K. Lohourignon, et al. "FLOTAC: a new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, no. 1 (2008): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.09.009.

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25

Růžicová, M., K. J. Petrželková, B. Kalousová, D. Modrý, and K. Pomajbíková. "Validation of Flotac for the Detection and Quantification ofTroglodytella abrassartiandNeobalantidium coliin Chimpanzees and Pigs." Journal of Parasitology 100, no. 5 (2014): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/14-505.1.

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26

Barda, Beatrice, Pamela Cajal, Eliana Villagran, et al. "Mini-FLOTAC, Kato-Katz and McMaster: three methods, one goal; highlights from north Argentina." Parasites & Vectors 7, no. 1 (2014): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-271.

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27

Maurelli, Maria P., Laura Rinaldi, Settimia Alfano, Paola Pepe, Gerald C. Coles, and Giuseppe Cringoli. "Mini-FLOTAC, a new tool for copromicroscopic diagnosis of common intestinal nematodes in dogs." Parasites & Vectors 7, no. 1 (2014): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-356.

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28

Silva, L. M. R., M. J. M. Vila-Viçosa, M. P. Maurelli, et al. "Mini-FLOTAC for the diagnosis of Eimeria infection in goats: An alternative to McMaster." Small Ruminant Research 114, no. 2-3 (2013): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.06.017.

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29

Dias de Castro, Luciana L., Carolina L. H. Abrahão, Andreia Buzatti, et al. "Comparison of McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC fecal egg counting techniques in cattle and horses." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 10 (December 2017): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.10.003.

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30

Lima, Victor Fernando Santana, Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos, Raphael Lepold, et al. "Use of the FLOTAC technique to diagnosing parasites of the urinary tract of dogs." Parasitology Research 115, no. 4 (2016): 1737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4950-4.

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31

Gaglio, G., G. Cringoli, L. Rinaldi, E. Brianti, and S. Giannetto. "Use of the FLOTAC technique for the diagnosis of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in the cat." Parasitology Research 103, no. 5 (2008): 1055–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1091-4.

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RINALDI, LAURA, and GIUSEPPE CRINGOLI. "Exploring the interface between diagnostics and maps of neglected parasitic diseases." Parasitology 141, no. 14 (2014): 1803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002230.

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SUMMARYAlthough not new, the ‘One Health’ concept is gaining progressively more importance in parasitology. Now more than ever, veterinary and human perspectives should be closely joined in diagnosis and surveillance of neglected parasitic diseases. We argue that concerted, standardized and harmonized diagnostic and surveillance strategies are needed for the control and/or elimination of animal and human neglected parasitic infections. A key challenge is to integrate parasitological data with available geospatial methods in an accessible and user-friendly framework. We discuss the capability of new diagnostic devices (e.g. Mini-FLOTAC) and geospatial technologies supported by mobile- and electronic-based approaches as one of the research priorities of the new millennium.

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33

Barda, Beatrice Divina, Laura Rinaldi, Davide Ianniello, et al. "Mini-FLOTAC, an Innovative Direct Diagnostic Technique for Intestinal Parasitic Infections: Experience from the Field." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, no. 8 (2013): e2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002344.

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34

Djokic, Vitomir, Radu Blaga, Laura Rinaldi, et al. "Mini-FLOTAC for counting Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from cat feces – Comparison with cell counting plates." Experimental Parasitology 147 (December 2014): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.10.009.

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35

Noel, Marie L., Jessica A. Scare, Jennifer L. Bellaw, and Martin K. Nielsen. "Accuracy and Precision of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster Techniques for Determining Equine Strongyle Egg Counts." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 48 (January 2017): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.09.006.

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36

Lobos-Ovalle, Dante, Claudio Navarrete, Juan G. Navedo, Miguel Peña-Espinoza, and Claudio Verdugo. "Improving the sensitivity of gastrointestinal helminth detection using the Mini-FLOTAC technique in wild birds." Parasitology Research 120, no. 9 (2021): 3319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07267-9.

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37

Rinaldi, L., G. C. Coles, M. P. Maurelli, V. Musella, and G. Cringoli. "Calibration and diagnostic accuracy of simple flotation, McMaster and FLOTAC for parasite egg counts in sheep." Veterinary Parasitology 177, no. 3-4 (2011): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.010.

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38

Ramos, Ingrid Carla do Nascimento, Rafael Antonio do Nascimento Ramos, Victor Fernando de Santana Lima, Alessio Giannelli, Irma Yaneth Torres López, and Leucio Câmara Alves. "Applicability of FLOTAC® technique in recovering equine strongyle larvae in the pasture: A comparison study." Veterinary Parasitology 250 (January 2018): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.014.

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39

Habtamu, Kassahun, Abraham Degarege, Yemane Ye-Ebiyo, and Berhanu Erko. "Comparison of the Kato-Katz and FLOTAC techniques for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infections." Parasitology International 60, no. 4 (2011): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.020.

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40

Cringoli, Giuseppe, Maria P. Maurelli, Bruno Levecke, et al. "The Mini-FLOTAC technique for the diagnosis of helminth and protozoan infections in humans and animals." Nature Protocols 12, no. 9 (2017): 1723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2017.067.

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41

Cringoli, Giuseppe, Laura Rinaldi, Maria Paola Maurelli, and Jürg Utzinger. "FLOTAC: new multivalent techniques for qualitative and quantitative copromicroscopic diagnosis of parasites in animals and humans." Nature Protocols 5, no. 3 (2010): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.235.

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Cociancic, Paola, Laura Rinaldi, María Lorena Zonta, and Graciela Teresa Navone. "Formalin-ethyl acetate concentration, FLOTAC Pellet and anal swab techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites." Parasitology Research 117, no. 11 (2018): 3567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6054-9.

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Schnyder, Manuela, Maria P. Maurelli, Maria E. Morgoglione, et al. "Comparison of faecal techniques including FLOTAC for copromicroscopic detection of first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum." Parasitology Research 109, no. 1 (2010): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2221-3.

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ABDEL-GAFFAR, MOHAMED, GEHAN SADEK, SALWA OSHIBA, and EMAN ESMAIL. "EVALUATION OF FECONOMICS AND MINI-FLOTAC AS RECENT STOOL PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF INTESTINAL PARASITES." Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 48, no. 1 (2018): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesp.2018.77477.

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Bortoluzzi, C., K. L. Paras, T. J. Applegate, and G. G. Verocai. "Comparison between McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC methods for the enumeration of Eimeria maxima oocysts in poultry excreta." Veterinary Parasitology 254 (April 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.039.

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Jeandron, Aurelie, Gulnara Abdyldaieva, Jumagul Usubalieva, et al. "Accuracy of the Kato-Katz, adhesive tape and FLOTAC techniques for helminth diagnosis among children in Kyrgyzstan." Acta Tropica 116, no. 3 (2010): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.010.

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Barda, Beatrice, Davide Ianniello, Henry Zepheryne, et al. "Parasitic infections on the shore of Lake Victoria (East Africa) detected by Mini-FLOTAC and standard techniques." Acta Tropica 137 (September 2014): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.012.

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48

Britt, A. D., R. M. Kaplan, K. L. Paras, K. K. Turner, A. W. Abrams, and K. J. Duberstein. "A comparison of McMasters versus mini-FLOTAC techniques in quantifying small strongyles in equine fecal egg assessments." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 52 (May 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.143.

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Lozano, João, Cristina Almeida, Ana Cláudia Victório, et al. "Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 8 (2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080160.

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Abstract:

Mini-FLOTAC (MF) has recently been proposed for the fecal quantification of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in birds due to its higher sensitivity and precision in comparison with the McMaster method. The current research aimed to test the use of MF in routine diagnosis of coccidia and helminth infections in several domestic and exotic bird collections in Portugal. Between July 2020 and April 2021, a total of 142 fecal samples from organic layers, peacocks and ratites were collected in four Portuguese bird collections and processed using MF and fecal cultures to identify and calculate GI parasite shedding and prevalence. The McMaster method was also used to compare the shedding levels obtained for both quantitative techniques. MF’s relative sensitivity and specificity were also assessed, using McMaster as the reference technique. The implementation of MF resulted in an average Eimeria spp. shedding higher in peacocks from bird collection 2 (502 OPG), followed by peacocks from collection 1 (107 OPG) and organic layers (24 OPG) and peacocks from collection 3 (9 OPG). Peacocks were also positive for Capillaria spp., Trichostrongylus tenuis and Strongyloides pavonis, whereas ostriches and emus were infected by L. douglassii. The MF protocol for exotic animals and the McMaster method did not differ significantly for each parasitic agent and bird species, and MF achieved relative sensitivities and specificities higher than 70% for Galliform Eimeria spp., peacock helminths and ratites’ L. douglassii infections. Higher L. douglassii EPG values were identified using the MF protocol for exotic species (2 g of feces/38 mL of sucrose solution), followed by McMaster 2/28, MF 5/45 and MF 2/18. The use of MF allowed for obtaining different intestinal parasitic populations in several bird species and locations, and MF 2/38 is globally proposed as the most suitable protocol for bird fecal samples as an alternative to the McMaster method in the diagnosis of avian intestinal parasitic infections.

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Speich, Benjamin, Stefanie Knopp, Khalfan A. Mohammed, et al. "Comparative cost assessment of the Kato-Katz and FLOTAC techniques for soil-transmitted helminth diagnosis in epidemiological surveys." Parasites & Vectors 3, no. 1 (2010): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-71.

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