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Journal articles on the topic 'Flour Mill Workers (FMW)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Yagnesh, Nayak, Kacha Yogesh, Mehta Hemant, Shah Chinmay, Vegad Anup, and Varu Maulik. "Effects Of Flour Dust On Computerized Spirometric Parameters In Flour Mill Workers." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 2, no. 1 (2013): 208–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4492821.

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: The work environment seriously influences the organism of exposed human. The occupational hazards, such as dust, unfavourable microclimatic condition, and excessive noise and in sufficient light are most important. The occupation related lung diseases are most likely due to the deposition of dust in the lungs and are influenced by the short (types) of dusts, the period of exposure, the concentration and size of airborne dust in the breathing zone. Present study was undertaken to study the effect of flour dust on respiratory functions of exposed workers. Method: We evaluated 50 male subjects in the age group of 18-50 years consisting of 50 industrial workers from flour mills in different areas of Bhavnagar city. Computerized spirometric parameters of flour mill workers (FMW) were done by computerized software of pulmonary function test named “SPIROEXCEL”and compared with their predicted values. The various data were collected; compiled, statistically analyzed and valid Conclusion were drawn. Result: The present study results showed the mean values of FVC, FEV1, Mid expiratory flow rate, FEF25%, FEF50%, FEF75%, SVC, PEFR, and MVV were decreased in flour mill worker as compared with their predicted value, which were statistically significant. Conclusion: Flour dust causes chronic bronchial irritation which is responsible for causing restrictive type and restrictive plus obstructive mix type of pulmonary function impairment in flour mill workers.

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Ladha, Nidhi, and Shradha Haridas. "A Cross Sectional Study to Estimate the Risk of Developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Flour Mill Workers." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 14, no. 10 (2024): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20241040.

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Introduction: Flour dust is a heterogeneous substance with respiratory sensitizing properties. Wheat flour is a complex organic dust with a large diversity of antigenic or allergic components. In this study the association for risk of developing COPD among flour mill workers will be assessed using Peak expiratory flow rate and lung function questionnaire. Method: 101 flour mill workers were approached and consented for the assessment. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were assessed using peak flow meter and risk of developing COPD were assessed using lung function questionnaire (LFQ). Result: 7(6.93%) out of 101 flour mill workers were falling under a risk of developing COPD and 94(93.07%) were falling under no risk of developing COPD. 23(22.77%) out of 101 flour mill workers were found to have minimum obstruction and 78(77.23%) were found to have no obstruction. Conclusion: It was concluded that there were no significant association found for risk of developing COPD among flour mill workers. Key words: Flour mill workers, COPD, P.E.F.R., Lung function questionnaire.

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Harshali, P. Gurli, Arjit K. Das Dr., Abhijit D. Diwate(PhD) Dr., and Abhaya S. Mahadik Dr. "Prevalence of Impaired Lung Function and Quality of Life in Flour Mill Workers in Ah-mednagar City: An Observational Study." VIMS Journal of Physical Therapy 1, no. 2 (2019): 91–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3753853.

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Background: A major problem in developing countries is indoor air pollution and in India a major problem is the lack of awareness. A study says that flour mill workers, on average are exposed to such an environment for 8-10 hrs. a day. This prolongs exposure to flour mill dust and poor ventilation leads to respiratory complications. St. George’s respiratory questionnaire is one of the reliable methods to quantify health status in patients with chronic airflow limitation and also, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) has been proven to be a useful tool in assessing airway obstruction9 which is common in flour mill workers. Procedure: The 50 flour mill workers was selected for study according to the inclusion and exclu-sion criteria. The PEFR values and St. George Questionnaire was taken and the domains affected were seen. Result: The prevalence of respiratory problems in flour mill workers was 71%. Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of respirato-ry problems in flour mill workers due to prolonged exposure to flour mill dust and poor ventilation.

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Namrata, R. Nimgade, and K. Kamble Rahul. "FLOUR MILL WORKERS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN CHANDRAPUR CITY, CENTRAL INDIA." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 5, no. 1 (2016): 84–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505875.

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<strong>Background</strong>: Flour mill workers are at increased risk of developing respiratory symptoms and reduce lung capacity due to exposure to dust in their working environment. <strong>Objective</strong>: The objective of this study was to access occupational health status of flour mill workers in Chandrapur city. <strong>Method</strong>: For the study 65 flour mill workers from wheat flour and mix flour mills were selected as a subject group and 10 individual were as control group. Structured interview was carried out by questionnaire and lung capacity was measured by breath-o meter and inspection of work site was carried out for ambient temperature, humidity, light intensity and noise level. Respiratory symptoms were significantly higher in flour mill workers than control group and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) values were lower in exposed workers as in proportion with the exposure period. <strong>Result</strong>: The results showed a decrease in PEFR values as the duration of exposure increased and allergic problems were also increased in flour mill workers. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The study recommends periodic medical examination and compulsory use of personal protective equipment’s at the work site.

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5

Taytard, A., J. F. Tessier, J. Vergeret, et al. "Respiratory function in flour-mill workers." European Journal of Epidemiology 4, no. 1 (1988): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00152700.

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6

Demeke, Dessalegn, and Diresibachew W. Haile. "Assessment of Respiratory Symptoms and Pulmonary Function Status among Workers of Flour Mills in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study." Pulmonary Medicine 2018 (October 24, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9521297.

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Background. Flour dust in the respiratory tract affects lung function. Flour dust is a heterogeneous organic substance which can have a tendency to cause respiratory ailments. There is growing consensus on the deleterious effects of flour dust on respiratory symptoms and lung performance of flour mill workers. Methods. The study design was comparative cross-sectional. A total of 54 flour mill workers who work for more than eight-hour shift per day and 54 control subjects matched for sex, age, weight, height, and area of residence were enrolled. Anthropometric measurement was done. Lung function was measured by using a digital portable spirometer (Spiro Pro) based on the ATS guidelines. FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, and FEF25% -75% were measured. Productive cough, dry cough, wheeze, and breathlessness were evaluated using BMRC questionnaire guidelines, administered through face-to-face interview. Result. This study showed statistically significant reduction in the mean values of pulmonary function tests in flour mill workers as compared to their matched controls. Reduction of pulmonary function indices in study subjects was significant for FVC (4.25±0.93 vs. 5.30±0.71, p<0.001), FEV1 (3.46±0.86 vs. 4.50±0.72, p<0.001), PEFR (5.43±2.43 vs. 7.87±2.53, p<0.001), and FEF25% -75%, (3.87±1.61 vs. 4.60±1.60, p<0.05), but not significant for FEV1/FVC (81.93±12.74 vs. 83.40±12.50, p>0.05). Flour mill workers developed 27.7% of restrictive type and 11.1% of obstructive type of lung disorders. Percentage prevalence of respiratory symptoms was evaluated as dry cough (27.7% vs. 9.3%), productive cough (11.1% vs. 5.6%), wheeze (14.8% vs. 3.8%), and breathlessness (16.6% vs.7.4%) in flour mill workers and controls, respectively. Conclusion. Based on the results of the present study, occupational exposure to flour dust could cause respiratory dysfunction, thereby reducing lung efficiency.

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7

Mishra, Jaynarayan, Kumudini Verma, Santosh Kumar Mohanty, and Ipsita Rath. "Health Risks and Dust Exposure among Flour Mill Workers in Eastern India: A Comprehensive Study." Current World Environment 19, no. 2 (2024): 1022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.2.39.

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Flour milling, a prevalent agricultural industry in semi-urban and urban areas of India, involves grinding whole wheat to produce flour. However, this indoor occupation exposes workers to hazardous flour dust for prolonged periods without adequate ventilation. To investigate the health implications, a study was conducted on 142 flour mill workers in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The findings revealed significant health issues, including respiratory problems (20%), eye irritation (8.6%), headache (11.4%), and shortness of breath (31.4%) among workers. Alarming levels of PM2.5 (330–385 ?g m-3) and PM10 (420–470 ?g m-3) dust particles were recorded. Notably, workers with over 10-15 years of experience displayed reduced pulmonary function, with a decline in force vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). To mitigate these risks, the study recommends implementing personal protective equipment, improved ventilation, and regular medical care for flour mill workers.

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8

Saad-Hussein, A., MM Taha, NN Fadl, et al. "Effects of airborne Aspergillus on serum aflatoxin B1 and liver enzymes in workers handling wheat flour." Human & Experimental Toxicology 35, no. 1 (2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115573596.

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Objective: The present work aimed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne molds, serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and liver enzymes of workers handling wheat flour. Methods: The study included 90 bakers, 100 flour milling workers, and 100 controls with no exposure to flour dust. Workplace aspects such as temperature and relative humidity were measured. Airborne fungi were collected and identified. In all subjects included, the serum levels of AFB1, serum albumin (Alb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Results: Air temperature and relative humidity were found to be higher in bakeries than in flour mill sections. Airborne Aspergillus species were isolated in dust particles <8 µm in size. The concentration of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were higher in bakeries than in the flour mill sections. They were higher in the grinding section than in other mill sections. The serum AFB1-Alb adduct and ALP levels were significantly higher in bakers compared to milling workers ( p < 0.0001, p = 0.05), respectively. The liver enzymes AST and ALT were significantly higher among milling workers and bakers than controls ( p < 0.05, p < 0.0001), respectively. The duration of exposure was significantly correlated with serum AFB1 in bakers. Moreover, there was significant correlation between serum AFB1, each of ALT and AST levels in bakers. Conclusions: chronic occupational exposure to high concentrations of Aspergillus in workplaces may cause elevations in serum levels of AFB1 and liver enzymes in workers exposed to flour dust. Hence, worker protection measures should be consistently adopted and enforced at the workplace.

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9

A.H. Ajeel, Narjis, and Asaad K. Al-Yassen. "WORK-RELATED ALLERGIC DISORDERS AMONG FLOUR MILL WORKERS." Medical Journal of Basrah University 25, no. 1 (2007): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33762/mjbu.2007.48127.

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10

Abdulrahman, Masood, and Ismail Murad. "Pulmonary Functions and Respiratory Symptoms of Wheat Flour Mill Workers in The Duhok District." Journal of Life and Bio Sciences Research 3, no. 02 (2022): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jlbsr30276.

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Exposure to flour dust in flour mill factories may cause diverse lung diseases with different severity of symptoms ranging from simple irritation to allergic rhinitis or occupational asthma; long-term exposure to flour dust can cause chronic lung problems. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of exposure to flour dust on the respiratory system and pulmonary function of wheat flour mill workers in the Duhok district. A cross-sectional study was performed among 63 workers who had direct contact with wheat flour mills. The data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and digital spirometry. The workers’ mean age ± (SD) was 29.79 ± 10.60 years. The current study showed the predicted Forced vital capacity (FVC) mean ± (SD) 105.34 L (±) 25.96 L, and the predicted Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) mean ± (SD) 97.90 L (±) 18.65 L, and the predicted FEV1/FVC mean ± (SD) 95.82 L (±) 17.61 L. About 43(68.3%) of workers were normal,10(15.9%) had mild pulmonary obstruction followed by moderate restriction, 5(7.9%), and 3(4.8%) had mild pulmonary restriction. The mild obstructive disorder is more among normal Body Mass Index (BMI) persons, while restrictive disorders are more among overweight workers. This study showed no significant statistical association between PFTs and respiratory symptoms (sneezing, rhinorrhea, change of voice, dyspnea and cough), BMI, and the duration of working in the wheat flour mills.

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Savita, Somani, Handergulle Sunita, and Joshi Prema. "EFFECT OF FLOUR DUST ON PULMONARY FUNCTIONS IN FLOUR MILL WORKERS IN MARATHAWADA REGION." International Journal of Basic & Applied Physiology 3, no. 1 (2014): 73–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4476063.

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Background and Objectives: Due to industrialization and ineffective pollution control measures indoor air pollution is major health problem in developing countries. Flour dust occurs across the range of food industries, its exposure induce acute or chronic respiratory problems. This study is aimed to compare the effect of flour dust on the lung functions of male flour mill workers with healthy subjects not exposed to flour dust. Method: We evaluated 30 flour meal workers in the age group of 20-50 years.30age and sex matched healthy subjects non exposed to dust were taken as controls. The PFT’s were carried out with a computerized spirometer “Med-Spiror”. The various data was collected, compiled, statistically analyzed and valid conclusions were drawn. Results : The present study results showed a significant decrease in the mean values of FVC (Forced vital capcity), FEV1(Forced expiratory volume in first second), FEV1%(FEV1 /FVC percentage) , FEF25-75%(Mean forced expiratory flow during the middle of FVC), PEFR(Peak Expiratory flow rate) and MVV(Maximum voluntary ventilation) in flour mills workers as compared to controls.Conclusion: Flour dust causes chronic bronchial irritation which is responsible for the obstructive as well as restrictive type of pulmonary impairment of lung functions.

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Melo, Cheryl, Satyanarayana Konda, Tanvi Shah, and Yogesh Padwale. "Lung function abnormalities in flour mill workers using spirometry." International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5, no. 4 (2016): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2016.25112015234.

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13

Ugwu, ChidiebereE, StephenO Maduka, and AnulikaJ Umezulike. "Cardiopulmonary functions of Nigerian female flour mill workers occupationally exposed to flour dust." Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 68, no. 2 (2019): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejcdt.ejcdt_77_18.

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14

Al-Mendalawi, MahmoodD. "Cardiopulmonary functions of Nigerian female flour mill workers occupationally exposed to flour dust." Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 69, no. 4 (2020): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejcdt.ejcdt_118_19.

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15

Nimgade, Namrata R., and R. K. Kamble. "Flour Mill Workers Occupational Noise Exposure in Chandrapur City, Central India." International Journal of Environment 7, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v7i1.21290.

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Assessment of occupational noise exposure of flour mill workers in Chandrapur city of central India was carried out during November 2015-January 2016. Total 62 flour mills were selected for this study comprising one, two and three grinding machines operating in the shop floor. The sound level meter was used to measure sound level at 50 cm and 3 meters from grinding machines at receiver’s position during operation. Noise monitoring was also recorded when one, two and three machines were operating individually and simultaneously. The results showed that noise levels when one grinding machine in operation in close proximity (50 cm) was in the range of 80-97 dB(A). Comparison of these observations with that of 3 meters distance; it was observed that noise levels got reduced and in the range of 70-77 dB(A). In the case of two machines in operation, it was in the range of 95-118 dB(A) at 50 cm distance and reduced to 75-95 dB(A) at 3 meters distance. This reduction in noise level was due to the propagation of noise in the ambient environment. Furthermore, daily noise exposure points, exposure points job per task and exposure points per hour were computed by using noise exposure calculator developed by Health and Safety Executive (HSE), United Kingdom. The computation from this calculator revealed that these attributes were directly depended upon noise levels in flour mills and duration of noise exposure. A positive linear Pearson’s correlation (p<0.01) was observed between noise level and exposure points per hour. Of the 65 flour mill workers surveyed, 70.76% reported a hearing problem, 23.07% headache at work and out of which 7.69% workers headache remains after completion of work also. Remedial measures to control noise exposure to flour mill workers such as ear plugs, ear muff, semi-insert are recommended.

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P., Seema, Shashi Kumar M., and Deepthi R. "Screening of flour mill workers for respiratory morbidities: a cross-sectional study in rural Bangalore." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 6 (2020): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202473.

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Background: Flour mill workers are highly exposed to organic wheat flour dust with a large diversity of antigenic/allergic component leading to respiratory morbidity and skin allergies. This work environment may affect workers health and safety if the effects are unchecked periodically.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 194 workers of 4 flour mills in Bangalore Rural district. Prior permission (factory) and informed consent *(workers) were obtained. Pre-structured interview-schedule was administered. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) readings were measured by using wrights flow meter and best of 3 readings recorded. Respiratory morbidity was assessed on PEFR classification - based on American lung association (ALA) colour coding - red, yellow and green zones. Respiratory morbidity was compared with years of experience, type of work, smoking habits and usage of appropriate PPEs. Data was analyzed using Epi-info 08.Results: Among 194 workers studied, 188 were males, 6 were females. They were in the age group of 15-50 years. 143 (73.7%) were engaged in work with direct dust exposure. 84 (43%) were working for more than 3 years, 50 (25%) between 1-3 years and 60 (30%) for less than a year. 7.2% regularly smoked. According to ALA classification, PEFRs of 71 (36%) of the workers were classified into RED, 91 (46%) to yellow and 32 (16%) to green zones respectively. Usage of PPEs was only among 126 (64%).Conclusions: Respiratory morbidity among flour mill workers was high. Adequate use of PPEs was low. Half of the workers fell into yellow zone that had a potential to fall into red zone if external factors were not considered.

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Pushkar, Bishara, Unnikrishnan V, Vijayalakshmi T, and Akhil Pushkar. "Study of pulmonary function tests in workers of rurally located flour mills." National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology 13, no. 5 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2023.13.08418202215092022.

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Background: Agro-based industrial works like flour milling are a significant component in the industrial arena of Kerala. In milling industry, dusts are produced in substantial quantities and inhalation of which can result in pulmonary impairment in workers. In such situations, spirometric evaluation can aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary diseases. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the effect of flour dust on pulmonary function among flour mill workers and to study the variation in pulmonary function among workers according to duration of exposure and their working environment in the factory. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three wheat flour mills. Subjects were selected after proper exclusion and after getting informed consent. In the present study, 79 flour mill workers aged more than 20 years and employed for more than 1year, were considered and their FVC,FEV1,FEV1/FVC,PEFR and FEF25-75% values were assessed. The objective was to find out the effect of their duration of employment and exposure to dust on their spirometric parameters based on their type of job and age. These parameters were tested using a portable electronic spirometer in the factory premises. Results: The study showed no significant relation of these parameters with duration of employment and dust exposure. However, there was significant reduction in FVC and FEV1 with increasing age. Conclusion: Even though apparently normal PFT values are obtained in many subjects, these may be on the extremes of normal spectrum.

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Manasova Izimkul Serdanovna1, Ibotova Makhfuza Oybekovna, Samadova Khadichabegim Samandarovna, and Umurov Shamsiddin Sattorovich. "Epidemiological Analysis Incidence of Workers in Flour Production." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S6 (2023): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is6.2101.

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The article analyzes the results of medical examinations and morbidity with temporary disability among flour mill workers. The assessment of the level of prevalence of the disease among production workers was carried out according to the data of the reporting form and cards for personal records, taking into account the analysis of the incidence with VUT. The incidence of year-round individuals was studied (from 2019 to 2023) over a three-year period. The authors showed that diseases, the respiratory system, allergic diseases and the musculoskeletal system predominate in the nosological structure of morbidity.

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Lohani, Dipti, Deepa Vinay, and Kanchan Shilla. "Evaluation of pulmonary functions of flour mill workers using Medspiror." Pharma Innovation 9, no. 4S (2020): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2020.v9.i4sa.4697.

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20

Fakhri, Z. I. "Causes of hypersensitivity reactions in flour mill workers in Sudan." Occupational Medicine 42, no. 3 (1992): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/42.3.149.

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Yestiana Lamba. "Analysis of Flour Dust Exposure to Lung Capacity of Flour Mills Workers." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 37s (2025): 603–12. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i37s.6497.

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Introduction: Optimal lung capacity is essential for worker health and productivity. A dusty work environment can increase the risk of inhaling particles that affect workers' health. Workers in flour mills are at risk of respiratory problems due to exposure to flour dust in the work environment. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effect of exposure to flour dust on lung capacity in flour mill workers. Methods: This type of research is quantitative research with an analytical observational approach using a cross sectional study design, conducted in October-December 2024. The research sample was 96 respondents consisting workers in the production and non-production department. Data were collected through measurements and questionnaires, then analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: The study showed that 80.2% of workers had abnormal lung capacity. Exposure to flour dust (p=0.001), history of lung disease (p=0.006), working department (p=0.003), smoking habits (p=0.004), and use of personal protective equipment (p=0.000) were significantly associated with lung capacity (p<0.05). The variables of age (p=0.865) and lenght of work (p=0.486) are not significant (p>0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that among all the variables studied, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and exposure to flour dust had the most influence on lung capacity. Conclusions: The use of personal protective equipment and exposure to flour dust are the variables that most significantly affect the lung capacity. Therefore, we recommend the need to implement occupational safety and health programs such as the provision of adequate ventilation systems, provision of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and periodic assessment of workers' lung capacity.

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Salam, Siti Najihah Abdul, Nurul Farahana Kamaludin, Normah Awang, Anuar Ithnin, Dayana Hazwani Mohd Suadi Nata, and Nur Zakiah Mohd Saat. "Occupational noise exposure and its effects among mill workers: A narrative review." Noise and Health 26, no. 123 (2024): 461–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/nah.nah_43_23.

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There are many possibilities for noise exposure in industrial workplaces, including sectors that extensively use heavy machinery in processing each product. Various studies indicate a causal relationship between noise exposure and auditory/nonauditory effects among workers. Noise exposure poses risks to health and workers’ hearing acuity and safety. This review paper aims to identify and summarize occupational noise exposure by examining the auditory and nonauditory effects among mill workers. The mills included in the study are palm oil, lumber, textiles, rice, sugarcane, flour, paper, and sawmills. A two-step methodology was used to achieve the aims of this narrative review. The literature search was conducted by gathering PubMed and Google Scholar papers, focusing on occupational noise in different occupational mill environments. Grey’s literature was conducted by screening the worldwide national standard for the laws, guidelines, and other related information based on this topic. A total of 22 articles published have been included. The content of each publication was subsequently summarized. Most of the machine areas within the mills emitted high level of noise. The auditory effects of occupational noise exposure among mill workers were noise-induced hearing loss and hearing impairment. Hypertension, stress, communication disturbance, cardiovascular disease, and headache were the nonauditory effects experienced by workers. The recommendations provided in this review for mitigating noise exposure are derived from the hierarchy of control. Overall, most mill workers are exposed to a high noise level exceeding the standard noise exposure limit. Preventive actions should be taken to address and reduce work-related injuries among mill workers worldwide.

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Shaban, M. M., N. M. Abdou, and A. I. Abdel Rehim. "Occupational Asthma Severity among Flour Mill Workers and Adherence to Preventive Guidelines." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 10 (2019): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.03002.x.

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Ijadunola, K. T., G. E. Erhabor, A. A. Onayade, M. Y. Ijadunola, A. O. Fatusi, and M. C. Asuzu. "Prevalence of respiratory symptoms among wheat flour mill workers in Ibadan, Nigeria." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 45, no. 3 (2004): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.10344.

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Ijadunola, K. T., G. E. Erhabor, A. A. Onayade, M. Y. Ijadunola, A. O. Fatusi, and M. C. Asuzu. "Pulmonary functions of wheat flour mill workers and controls in Ibadan, Nigeria." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 48, no. 4 (2005): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20219.

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Neenu, N., Ketaki Utpat, Unnati Desai, Magizh Samuel, Rahul Bagul, and Hem Shah. "Silicosis-Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Overlap—A Rare Duet!" Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 28, no. 1 (2024): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_170_23.

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Abstract Silicosis is a progressive pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust commonly seen in workers of construction sites, flour mills, and mining. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens commonly encountered in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. We report a case of 60-year-old flour mill worker presented with clinico-radiological features of silicosis; further evaluation was found to have an overlap of ABPA in view of severe atopic symptoms. We describe a rare duet of silicosis with ABPA overlap.

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Fihurnyi, Yurii, Olena Zham, and Oksana Vysoven. "Participation of the Subjects of the Habsburg Empire in the Flour Industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine (19th — Early 20th Centuries)." Ukrainian Studies, no. 4(85) (January 15, 2023): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267875.

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The article analyzes the participation of the subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the milling industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was revealed that during the researched period, citizens of the Habsburg monarchy played a prominent role in the flour industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine. It was found that they gave a powerful impetus to the development of the flour industry and the formation of the qualified workforce of mill workers, which in turn became an important factor in accelerating the economic development of the region. It is noted that this was facilitated by the close economic, social and political ties between the two empires and the relevant legislation in the field of trade and industrial entrepreneurship. It is shown that the active participation of Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs and other representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the flour milling industry of the Right-Bank Ukraine ensured their positive influence on the development of milling. It was revealed that the Austrian immigrants expanded advanced technologies, European entrepreneurial and management culture, invested capital in the flour industry. It was found that high professionalism and good reputation of the citizens of Austria-Hungary contributed to their recruitment to the positions of employees, mill workers, therefore, on the Right-Bank of Ukraine specialists from European countries were highly valued and recruited to the most important positions: managing directors, assistant managers, machinists, mechanics. It is shown that many Austro-Hungarian industrial and trading companies had their representative offices on the Right-Bank of Ukraine, through which they sold goods of Austrian and Hungarian production. Steam engines and mill mechanisms manufactured by the Royal Hungarian Engineering Works in Budapest proved very popular in the region’s steam mills. It is proven that with the beginning of the First World War, the entrepreneurship of Austrian subjects began to curtail as a result of a series of laws, according to which German and Austro-Hungarian subjects were obliged to forcibly sell real estate (land, enterprises, firms) that they owned.

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Chantal, Kra Anny Adjoua, Aka Irel Narcisse Arnaud, Linda Melissa Affoue N'guessan, et al. "Respiratory signs of workers in a wheat flour mill in Abidjan in 2020." Safety and Health at Work 13 (January 2022): S250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.1532.

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Meo, Sultan A. "Dose Responses of Years of Exposure on Lung Functions in Flour Mill Workers." Journal of Occupational Health 46, no. 3 (2004): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.46.187.

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Moghtaderi, Mozhgan, Shirin Farjadian, and Sara Kashef. "Lung Function and Skin Prick Test in Wheat Flour Mill Workers in Southwestern Iran." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 9, no. 3 (2012): D52—D54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2011.648845.

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Kadir, Abdul, and Stevan Deby Anbiya Muhammad Sunarno. "STUDI LITERATUR EFEK KESEHATAN TERHADAP PAJANAN FLOUR DUST PADA PEKERJA INDUSTRI TEPUNG." PREPOTIF : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 6, no. 1 (2022): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/prepotif.v6i1.3269.

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Bread products are a useful source of nutrients as a food source. Bread is made with flour as the main raw material which has hazards and risks to health depending on the duration and concentration of exposure and its microbial in it. Health complaints that are often experienced by baker workers are asthma, sensitization, conjunctivitis and skin problems. Literature study was carried out in this study using the PRISMA method on 9 relevant articles. In Ethiopia, bakery workers had higher health complaints compared to the control group. Milling mill workers had chronic symptoms such as 58.3%. In Italy, exposure to breadcrumb dust exceeds the threshold value and results in nasal inflammation and allergies. In Thailand there is evidence to support that flour dust can cause asthma. In France, flour dust may cause head and neck squamous cell cancer. In Egypt, exposure to flour dust increases the risk of workers' respiratory symptoms and disorders. The studies that have been carried out confirm that flour dust and its microbes can cause health problems for workers in the flour industry. Control of health impacts can be carried out by implementing controls starting from elimination/substitution, engineering, administration and use of personal protective equipment, especially those that protect respiratory function.  Keywords: Workers, Flour, Asthma, Sensitization, Skin disorders, Hierarchy of control  ABSTRAK Produk roti merupakan sumber nutrisi yang bermanfaat sebagai sumber makanan. Roti dibuat dengan bahan baku utama tepung yang memiliki bahaya dan risikonya terhadap kesehatan tergantung dari durasi dan konsentrasi pajanan serta mikroba di dalamnya. Keluhan kesehatan yang sering dialami pekerja pembuat roti adalah asma, sensitisasi, konjungtivitas dan masalah kulit. Literatur studi dilakukan dalam penelitian ini dengan metode PRISMA pada 9 artikel yang relevan. Di Ethiopia, pekerja roti memiliki keluhan kesehatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol.Pekerja pabrik penggilingan tepung memiliki gejala kronis pernapasan sebesar 58,3%. Di Italia, pajanan debu tepung roti melebihi nilai ambang batas dan mengakibatkan peradangan hidung dan alergi. Di Thailand didapatkan ada bukti yang mendukung bahwa debu tepung dapat menyebabkan asma. Di Perancis, debu tepung berpotensi menyebabkan kanker sel skuamosa kepala dan leher. Di Mesir, pajanan debu tepung meningkatkan risiko gejala dan gangguan pernapasan pekerja. Penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan mengkonfirmasi bahwa debu tepung serta mikrobanya dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan pada pekerja di industri tepung. Pengendalian terhadap dampak kesehatan bisa dilakukan dengan menerapkan hierarki pengendalian dimulai dari eliminasi/subtitusi, rekayasa teknik, administrartif dan penggunaan alat pelindung diri khususnya yang melindungi fungsi pernapasan.  Kata kunci: Pekerja, Tepung, Asma, Sensitisasi, Gangguan kulit, Hierarki pengendalian

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Noël, Françoise. "Chambly Mills, 1784‑1815." Historical Papers 20, no. 1 (2006): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030934ar.

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Abstract The study of Gabriel Christie's investments in, and operation of, Chambly Mills in the late eighteenth century provides insight into the role of a small-scale seigneurial enterprise in the rural economy. Despite the sizable investment involved, the flour mill employed only a small number of permanent wage workers, and other cash expen- ditures were minimal. The mill can therefore be seen to have operated within a traditional structure of rural society rather than as a force for change. The mill, however, also depended on artisanal labour and a link between the establishment of the mills and the growth of the village is suggested. Seigneurial investment may have been a major factor in the increasing number of villages in Lower Canada between 1815 and 1831. A need for further study of the role of seigneurial capital in the wider economy is indicated, an area which the focus on centralized and large-scale industries has left virtually unexplored.

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Mohammadien, Hamdy A., Mona T. Hussein, and Raafat T. El-Sokkary. "Effects of exposure to flour dust on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of mill workers." Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 62, no. 4 (2013): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.09.007.

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Laki, Mihaly. "Opportunities for workers’ participation in privatisation in Hungary: The case of the Eger Flour Mill." Europe-Asia Studies 47, no. 2 (1995): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668139508412258.

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Nair, Arun, and Taiji Adachi. "Screening and Selection of Hypoallergenic Buckwheat Species." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.157.

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Both common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) flour and meal cause an allergy in sensitive patients, and if unnoticed, it can be fatal. It has become a potential occupational hazard for some mill workers. The development of hypoallergenic buckwheat would be more efficient if natural mutants for allergenic protein are detected. A screening and selection method was developed using SDS-PAGE coupled with PCR techniques. SDS-PAGE analysis of 14 different species of buckwheat revealed thatF. lineareandF. urophyllumlack the 22-kDa major allergenic protein. PCR-based screening with specific primers for sequences encoding the allergenic protein was also effective in distinguishing the allergen-deficient species.

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Wagh, Nilesh D., Bhushan G. Pachpande, Vijay S. Patel, Sanjay B. Attarde, and Sopan T. Ingle. "The Influence of Workplace Environment on Lung Function of Flour Mill Workers in Jalgaon Urban Center." Journal of Occupational Health 48, no. 5 (2006): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.48.396.

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Massin, N., A. B. Bohadana, P. Wild, M. N. Kolopp-Sarda, and J. P. Toamain. "Airway responsiveness to methacholine, respiratory symptoms, and dust exposure levels in grain and flour mill workers in eastern france." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 27, no. 6 (1995): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700270609.

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Lohani, Dipti, and Deepa Vinay. "A study of socio-economic status and coping strategies among flour mill workers in Udham Singh Nagar district in Uttarakhand." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 7, no. 1 (2016): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/7.1/26-30.

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Odetokun, Ismail Ayoade, Nma Bida Alhaji, Jibrin Aminu, Mohammad Kabir Lawan, Madinat Abimbola Abdulkareem, and Ibraheem Ghali-Mohammed. "One Health risk challenges and preparedness regarding bovine tuberculosis at abattoirs in North-central Nigeria: Associated drivers and health belief." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 9 (2022): e0010729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010729.

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Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a serious public health and neglected zoonotic disease responsible for 147,000 human cases and 12,500 deaths annually. This study assessed knowledge, risk perceptions, and preventive practices regarding bTB among occupationally exposed abattoir workers and drivers for transmission in slaughterhouses. Methods Using a pre-tested questionnaire, we surveyed a cross-section of workers in five main abattoirs in North-central Nigeria between 2018 and 2019. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and univariable/multivariable logistic regression analyses at a 95% confidence level. Results All recruited respondents (n = 422: 77.7% meat processors and 22.3% meat and sanitary inspectors) participated and 10.4% had no formal education. About 44.0% and 27.0% of workers knew about bTB occurrence at the abattoirs and its transmission to humans. Less than one-third use personal protective equipment (PPE) during meat handling, only a few workers correctly practised routine handwashing, and 21.8% sterilized meat handling tools. A few participants (6.4%) had BCG vaccination against tuberculosis. Demographic characteristics (age, gender, occupation, and formal education) significantly influenced the perception and practices about bTB. A few workers perceived raw meat and milk, direct contact with infected carcasses, organs and contaminated fomites, contaminated environment through infected blood, dirty slaughtering floor, and aerosols of contaminated faeces as high-risk bTB transmission routes. Perceived drivers that influenced bTB transmission at abattoirs include unhygienic meat processing (OR = 5.4, 95%CI = 3.1–9.4, p < 0.001) and non-enforcement of abattoir standard operating systems (OR = 10.4, 95%CI = 6.0–18.5, p = 0.001). Conclusion The workers have low knowledge levels, perceptions, and practices toward bTB emergence. These demand the workers’ education on hygienic meat handling to mitigate the menace of the disease. Surveillance and preventive preparedness considering the identified drivers through the ’One Health’ approach are recommended.

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Alemseged, Embay Amare, Abera Kumie Takele, Yifokire Zele, et al. "Assessment of Chronic Respiratory Health Symptoms and Associated Factors Among Flour Mill Factory Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Asthma and Allergy Volume 13 (October 2020): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jaa.s273820.

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Lagiso, Zemachu Ashuro, Worku Tefera Mekonnen, Samson Wakuma Abaya, Abera Kumie Takele, and Hailemichael Mulugeta Workneh. "Chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function and associated factors among flour mill factory workers in Hawassa city, southern Ethiopia: “comparative cross-sectional study”." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08950-9.

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Abstract Background Occupational related respiratory diseases arise as a result of the deposition of dust particles in the lungs. Flour milling industries; generate organic dust during industrial processes, such as cleaning, milling, packaging, and loading which release dust into the air and later inhaled by workers. Flour mill workers are at risk of developing respiratory health problems because of exposure in their working environment, but existing data were few. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function and associated factors among flour mill factory workers. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 196 flour mill factory workers and 210 soft drinks factory workers. We selected study participants using a systematic sampling technique. We assessed the chronic respiratory symptoms using the questionnaire adopted from the British Medical Research Council. Binary logistic regression analysis with 95% CI and p < 0.05 was used to identify the factors. Lung function parameters; Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) and ratio FEV1/FVC was measured by using spirometer and analyzed by using an independent t-test. Results We included 406 (96.7%) workers in this study. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was higher among flour mill workers as compared to soft-drinks factory workers (56.6% vs.12.9%). Primary education (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI, 1.3–23.2), mixing department (AOR = 5.3, 95% CI = 1.68–16.56), work experience 6–9 years (AOR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.05–12.48), work experience ≥10 years (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.01–6.11) and working over eight hours (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI, 1.16–5.10) were factors that significantly associated with chronic respiratory symptoms among flour mill workers. FVC (p < 0.002), FEV1 (p < 0.001) and FEV1/FVC (p < 0.012) were significantly reduced among flour mill workers. Conclusions We found chronic respiratory symptoms to be high among flour mill workers. Lower education level, mixing department, increased work experience, and longer working hours were identified factors. The flour mill dust exposed worker’s lung function parameters were highly reduced. This study suggested that workers’ dust exposure reduction and control methods in flour mill factories need to be implemented.

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Mekonnen, Tesfaye Hambisa, Awrajaw Dessie, and Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye. "Respiratory symptoms related to flour dust exposure are significantly high among small and medium scale flour mill workers in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional survey." Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 26, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-01019-y.

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Abstract Background International Labour Organization (ILO) report indicates more than 2.4 million workers die from work-related diseases and accidents each year. Work-related respiratory ailments related to airborne particulate matter such as flour dust are responsible for about 386,000 deaths and 6.6 million illness-adjusted life years. Even though exposure to flour dust together with the extreme expansions of flour mill sectors is a priority health concern, extent of the problem is little investigated in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude and risk factors of work-related respiratory symptoms among flour mill workers in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Methods This study employed a comparative cross-sectional survey of 560 samples (280 exposed group from flour mill workers and 280 unexposed group from office workers) with a stratified random sampling technique. The study was conducted from March to April 2019 in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. We used the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) questionnaire to assess work-related respiratory symptoms. The questionnaire was pretested and interview administered to collect data. Binary logistic regression analysis was fitted to evaluate significant factors of respiratory symptoms at a < 0.05 p value. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% was calculated to determine a strength of association. Results All the sampled participants had fully responded to the interview. The median age of exposed and unexposed groups was 28.5 interquartile range (IQR, 20) and 31 (IQR, 15) years, respectively. The prevalence of work-related respiratory symptoms among flour mill workers was substantially higher than that of among controls, 63.9% and 20.7%, respectively (Χ2 = 107.11; p < 0.0001). Chest illness among flour mill workers was higher, 43.6% (N = 122) compared to that of among control group, 7.9% (N = 22) followed by dyspnea, 33.6% (N = 94) versus 2.5% (N = 7) among flour mill workers and control group, respectively. Age > 35 years [AOR, 2.03; 95% CI (1.34, 5.48), having no education [AOR, 1.54; 95% CI (1.28, 3.06)], work set up with inadequate ventilation [AOR, 2.05; 95% CI (1.18, 3.56)], work experience > 5 years [AOR, 1.89; 95% CI (1.23, 4.67)] and having no training in safety [AOR, 2.45; 95% CI (1.45, 4.76)] significantly affected the experience of respiratory symptoms among flour mill workers whereas age [AOR, 1.79; 95% CI (1.06, 3.04)], monthly salary [AOR, 1.98; 95% CI (1.04, 3.78)] and exposure status [AOR, 5.18; 95% CI (3.34, 8.04)] were detected to be significant factors of respiratory symptoms in the exposed and the unexposed combined model. Conclusion Respiratory symptoms emanating from exposure to various flour dusts were significantly higher among flour mill workers than among the control group. Therefore, we recommend the need to effectively implement health and safety programs that account for the reduction of dust at a source, use of engineering controls (e.g., provision of adequate ventilation systems), use of administrative measures (e.g., training program and health surveillance) and provision of a suitable personal protective equipment (PPE). Furthermore, it is vital to integrate workplace health and safety programs to the wider public health policies and strategies to effectively mitigate the burden of work-related respiratory conditions. We also encourage future studies to evaluate concentration of flour dusts combined with physical examinations to establish plausible associations of respiratory symptoms with dusts of flour mill-related origin.

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KR, Usha, Laishram Dabashini Devi, and Swapna Mary A. "Knowledge regarding the ill effects of Grain Dust Exposure on Respiratory System and its Prevention among Flour Mill workers in Bangalore Rural." Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, November 14, 2022, 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2349-2996.2022.00092.

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Grain dust is the dust produced during harvesting, drying, handling, storage or processing of wheat, oats, rice, barley or maize. Grain dust is composed of a large number of materials including various types of grain and their disintegration products, silica, fungi, insects and mites. The study aims to assess the knowledge and determine the relationship regarding the ill effects of grain dust exposure on respiratory system among flour mill workers. The research approach for this study is explorative and descriptive survey. The researcher planned to explore the knowledge regarding the ill effects of grain dust exposure on respiratory system and its prevention. The structured interview schedules were tried out with flour mill workers in selected flour mill at Bangalore rural. Split half method was done and co- efficient correlation was found (r= 0.82) which indicates high degree of reliability. Finding of the study showed, knowledge score of the flour mill workers 82% of them were having below average knowledge and 10% of them were having average knowledge and 8% of them only having good knowledge regarding the ill effects of grain dust exposure. The study concluded that the knowledge of mill workers is a basic education programme in community area such as occupational health. The primary task of nursing education is to improve the knowledge and practices to prevent the ill effects among occupational development among the community.

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M. R, Rashmi, Laishram Dabashini Devi, and Swapna Mary A. "Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge regarding Occupational Health Hazards and its Prevention among Flour Mill Workers at selected rural area." Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, November 14, 2022, 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2349-2996.2022.00079.

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Many people believe that work is worship, equally important is the place of work because the workplace has significant influence on individual’s health and is a primary site for the delivery of preventive health care. The present study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding occupational health hazards and its prevention among flour mill workers in selected rural area. The objectives are to assess the existing knowledge level on occupational health hazards and its prevention, to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding occupational health hazards and its prevention. Quasi experimental, one group pre test and post test design was adopted. Evaluative approach with selected Flour mill in rural area. 60 Flour mill worker were selected by Random Sampling. The collected data was analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The over all knowledge score obtained by the subject in the pre-test was 13.95 with standard deviation of 5.25 and in the post-test was 25.21 with standard deviation of the obtained “t” value for over all knowledge score 15.11 is found to be greater than the table value at the level of p<0.001. It revealed that there is an effectiveness of Structured teaching programme on occupational health hazards and its prevention among flour mill workers, hence the hypothesis H1 was accepted. The study proved that structured teaching programme on occupational health hazards and its prevention among flour mill workers was scientific, logical and coast effective strategy.

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FATIMA, AMBREEN, Asmita Dujawara, and Sonam Kumari. "Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Flour Mill Workers." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3560370.

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Patel, Nehal, Dharmesh Patel, and Jitesh Sarvaiya. "Effect of flour dust on forced vital capacity in flour mill workers." National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2019, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019.9.0309422032019.

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Beshir, Safia, Weam Shaheen, Amal Saad-Hussein, and Yuosra Saeed. "Aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor among miller flour workers." South Eastern European Journal of Public Health, January 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56801/seejph.vi.161.

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Aim: Aflatoxin В1 has been stated to inhibit the function of different endocrine glands. This study was proposed to clarify the possible effects of aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor on pituitary gland, thyroid gland and gonads among miller flour workers, and to evaluate its effects on human male sexual function. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in a flour mill in Helwan District Cairo, Egypt in 2019. The study included 42 exposed flour milling male workers from the grinding department which showed the highest level of aspergillus flavus in the air sampling of airborne fungi and 40 non-exposed males. Serumaflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, 17-beta-estradiol, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone were measured for the studied groups. Results: Sampling of airborne fungi revealed that aspergillus flavus and penicillum were the predominant fungal types in the flour mill. Indoor/Outdoor ratios for aspergillus flavus were ≥ 1 in all the locations indicating presence of indoor sources. Serum Aflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating, the existence of various types of sexual disorders (decreased libido, impotence and premature ejaculation) were higher while testosterone was lower in the miller flour workers compared to non-exposed. However, there was no significant difference regarding 17-beta-estradioland thyroid hormone levels between both studied groups. Conclusion: Aflatoxin B1creates possible human male reproductive health distresses in miller flour workers.

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Upadhyay, Kuldip, Bhavani Shankara Bagepally, Rakesh Balachandar, Ankit Sheth, and Ankit Viramgami. "Pulmonary function among flour mill workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMC Public Health 25, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21286-6.

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Shende, Dr Prashila P., and Dr Krishnakant B. Patil. "Evaluation of QT dispersion and P wave dispersion in flour mill workers in Pune District." GEDRAG & ORGANISATIE REVIEW 34, no. 01 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/gor34.01/038.

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Narasimhan, Sharanya, Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan, Jeffrey Justin Margret, et al. "Audiometric notch as a sign of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) among the rice and market flour mill workers in Tamil Nadu, South India." Hearing, Balance and Communication, March 23, 2022, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21695717.2021.1989249.

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