Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flour – Quality'

High ratio cake formulations such as sponges and cupcakes are well appreciated by the market due to their favourable attributes like sweet taste, moist mouthfeel, and tender texture. To bake a successful cake of such kind, it is necessary to change flour functionality. This can be done by dry heat treatment. The aim of this work was to investigate the dry heat treatment of flour and to implement it on a novel thermal processing equipment, the Revtech system, for the production of high ratio cake flour. For this purpose, flour was heat treated in lab-scale experiments at accurately controlled time-temperature conditions. The effect of heat on flour functionality was evaluated with a variety of analytical methods, e.g. the Rapid-Visco-Analyser (RVA) or the rheometer. The Revtech system is presented for the continuous heat treatment of flour. Particles are conveyed through helical pipes by vibrations and the pipe walls are heated by resistive heating. Residence time distributions were determined depending on process parameters and shown to be narrow. The residence time was generally found to increase during extended periods of operation, which was related to the deposition of a powder layer inside the pipe. Temperature distributions of pipe and flour flow were characterised. After flour heat treatment in the Revtech equipment, high ratio cakes were baked and analysed. A method was developed to compare the results to lab-scale experiments. The time-temperature history of flour was described in terms of equivalent, constant treatment times and temperatures, which may be correlated to cake quality attributes. The approach is industrially relevant for the development of a cake flour specification and the facilitation of process validation.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cassava flour is recommended for substitution with wheat flour in composite flour for baking. The potential use of cassava flour in the food and pharmaceutical industries is attributed to its gluten-free nature and excellent functional properties. However, optimum packaging solution and storage conditions for cassava flour is critical in maintaining the quality attributes and shelf-life stability during storage. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the effects of package types (plastic buckets, low density polyethylene (LDPE) bags and brown paper bags) and storage conditions (cool condition (15 °C, 90% RH); ambient condition (23 °C, 60% RH); and higher condition (38 °C, 60% RH)) on the functional properties, quality attributes and shelf-life stability of cassava flour (cvs. ‘TME 419’ and ‘UMUCASS 36’) developed at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria. Proximate composition, physicochemical attributes, functional properties, and microbial safety of flour were analysed every 4 weeks for 12 weeks storage duration. Flour stored under cool condition with paper bags became moist and sticky with appearance of mould growth before 4 weeks of storage. However, at the end of 12 weeks storage, a decline in moisture content of 11.00 ± 0.02 and 7.05 ± 0.01% flour of ‘TME 419’ was observed at ambient and higher conditions, respectively. Rate of moisture decline was similar in flour of ‘UMUCASS 36’. A slight decrease in protein content of flour was observed during the 12 weeks storage from 1.9 ± 0.07 to 1.30 ± 0.001% for cv. ‘TME 419’ and 3.0 ± 0.05 to 2.27 ± 0.001% for cv. ‘UMUCASS 36’; however, no significant difference was observed under ambient and higher conditions. Cassava flour packed in paper bags and stored under higher condition (38 °C, 60%) had the highest loss (50%) of carotenoid content from 1.84 ± 0.10% to 0.91 ± 0.08%, while a minimal loss (24%) of carotenoid was observed in flour packed in plastic buckets under ambient condition. The concentration of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) decreased across all treatments and was below the safe cyanide level of 50 µg/ mL for food products. After the 12 weeks of storage, flour packed in plastic buckets had the highest aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts (3.43 ± 0.04 log cfu/ g) followed by flour in LDPE bags (3.37 ± 0.03 log cfu/ g) and paper bags (3.35 ± 0.01 log cfu/ g). No significant difference was observed in the package types; however the counts observed were within the acceptable microbial limit Swelling power (SP), solubility and peak viscosity were used to characterise the changes in functional and pasting properties of cassava flour relevant in food industries. Flour packed in plastic buckets under ambient condition had the lowest swelling power (8.48 ± 0.55%) and peak viscosity (260 ± 0.51 RVU) compared to flour packed in LDPE and paper bags with (9.10 ± 0.13 and 9.32 ± 0.41%) SP and (263.67 ± 4.04 RVU and 302 ± 9.52 RVU) peak viscosity, respectively. The essential minerals (sodium, potassium, copper, and iron) were significantly higher in flour of ‘TME 419’ compared to ‘UMUCASS 36’. In summary, for the production of high grade foods such as bread where higher swelling power and viscosities are required, flour from ‘TME 419’ packed with paper bags under higher condition could be desirable. In addition, for infant formulation, flour from ‘UMUCASS 36’ packed in plastic buckets and stored under ambient condition which best maintained nutritional contents (protein and fat) and had the lowest peak viscosity would be more suitable. Flour from both cassava cultivars could be stored up to 12 weeks duration under ambient and hot tropical conditions using all package types evaluated. However, storage with paper bag under higher condition offers the chances of better shelf -life stability of cassava flour.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word aanbeveel dat kassavameel in plaas van koringmeel in saamgestelde meel by gebak gebruik word. Die potensiële gebruik van kassavameel in die kos- en farmaseutiese industrieë word toegeskryf aan die glutenvrye aard en funksionele kenmerke daarvan. Optimale verpakking en stoortoestande is egter belangrik vir die instandhouding van die gehalte kenmerke en raklewe stabiliteit tydens stoor. Daarom is die fokus van hierdie studie op die effek van verskillende tipes verpakking (plastiekemmers, lae densiteits politelien (LDPE) sakke en bruin papiersakke) en stoortoestande (koel toestande (15 °C, 90% RH); omringende temperature (23 °C, 60% RH); en hoër temperature (38 °C, 60% RH) op die funksionele kenmerke, gehalte kenmerke en raklewe stabiliteit van kassavameel (kultivare. ‘TME 419’ en ‘UMUCASS 36’) wat by die Nasionale Wortelgewasse Navorsingsinstituut, Umudike, Nigerië ontwikkel is. Die komposisie, fisiochemiese kenmerke, funksionele kenmerke en mikrobiale veiligheid van meel is elke vier weke tydens die 12-weke stoortydperk ontleed. Meel wat onder koeltoestande in papiersakke gestoor word, word klam en taai en swamme maak by vier weke van stoor ’n verskyning. Teen die einde van 12 weke stoortydperk is daar ’n afname in klammigheid van 11.00 ± 0.02 en 7.05 ± 0.01% in ‘TME 419’ meel by onderskeidelik omgewings- en hoër temperature. Die afname in klammigheid is soortgelyk by ‘UMUCASS 36’ meel. ’n Effense afname in die proteïen inhoud van die meel is tydens die 12- weke stoortydperk vanaf 1.9 ± 0.07 tot 1.30 ± 0.001% by die kultivaar . ‘TME 419’ en 3.0 ± 0.05 tot 2.27 ± 0.001% vir kultivaar ‘UMUCASS 36’ opgemerk. Geen noemenswaardige verskil is egter onder omgewings- en hoër temperature opgemerk nie. Kassavameel wat in papiersakke en onder hoër temperature (38 °C, 60%) gestoor is het die hoogste verlies (50%) aan karotien inhoud vanaf 1.84 ± 0.10% tot 0.91 ± 0.08% getoon , terwyl ’n minimale verlies (24%) by meel wat in plastiekemmers onder omgewingstemperature verpak is, opgemerk is. Die konsentrasie van waterstof hidrosianied (HCN) het tydens alle behandelinge afgeneem en was onder die veilige vlak van 50 µg/ mL vir kosprodukte. Na ’n 12-weke stoortydperk het die meel wat in plastiekemmers verpak is, die hoogste mesofiliese bakterië telling getoon \ (3.43 ± 0.04 log cfu/ g) gevolg deur die meel in die LDPE sakke (3.37 ± 0.03 log cfu/ g) en papiersakke (3.35 ± 0.01 log cfu/ g). Daar was geen merkbare verskil ten opsigte van verpakkingstipes nie; die tellings wat geneem is, was almal binne die aanvaarbare mikrobiale perk. Swelkrag (SP), oplosbaarheid en piek viskositeit is gebruik om die veranderinge in funksionele kenmerke van kassavameel wat betrekking het op die kosindustrie, te ondersoek. Meel wat onder omgewingstemperature in plastiekemmers verpak is, het die laagste swelkrag (8.48 ± 0.55%) en piekviskositeit getoon (260 ± 0.51 RVU) getoon vergeleke met meel wat in LDPE- en papiersakke (9.10 ± 0.13 en 9.32 ± 0.41%) swelkrag en (263.67 ± 4.04 RVU en 302 ± 9.52 RVU) piekviskositeit, onderskeidelik toon. Die belangrike minerale (natrium, kalium, koper en yster) was noemenswaardig hoër in die ‘TME 419’ meel vergeleke met ‘UMUCASS 36’. Ten slotte, vir die produksie van hoëgraad kossoorte soos brood waar hoë swelkrag en viskositeit belangrik is, is In ‘TME 419’ meel onder hoër toestande verpak in papiersakke, die beste keuse. In die geval egter van babakosse is ‘UMUCASS 36’meel wat in plastiekemmers verpak en onder omgewingstemperature gestoor is, en wat dus koswaardes (proteïen en vette) behou en wat die laagste piek viskositeit het, meer geskik. Meel van albei kultivaars kan vir tot twaalf weke onder omgewings- en hoë, tropiese temperature in al die verpakkingstipes wat evalueer is, gestoor word. Stoor in papiersakke onder hoër temperature verbeter egter die kanse op beter raklewe stabiliteit.

Specific enzymes have been used to improve flour quality for bread but enzyme action in tortilla flour has not been investigated. Two different wheat flours were prepared into tortillas using laboratory-scale, commercial equipment with fixed processing parameters. Dough and tortilla properties were evaluated using subjective and objective methods. Tortillas were stored in plastic bags at 22°C for evaluation. The effects of nine enzymes (amyloglucosidase 1, amyloglucosidase 2, bacterial 1, bacterial 2, fungal, maltogenic 1, maltogenic 2, malted barley and xylanase) on quality of wheat flour tortillas were evaluated. Dough absorption was adjusted to attain uniform dough for tortillas. Enzyme addition to tortilla flour did not significantly affect tortilla weight, moisture and pH. Bacterial 2 amylase extended shelf stability while maltogenic 1 and xylanase exhibited smaller improvements in shelf stability and other tortilla properties. Addition of 0.05 activity unit bacterial 2 amylase improved tortilla diameter and improved tortilla shelf life from 12 to 28 days. Maltogenic 1 at 280 ppm improved tortilla diameter, opacity and shelf life. Addition of 100 ppm of xylanase effectively improved tortilla diameter and shelf life. Bacterial 1 amylase at 60 ppm improved tortilla diameter but did not improve shelf stability. Amyloglucosidase 2, maltogenic 2 and malted barley amylase did not improve tortilla quality at any of the evaluated levels. Amyloglucosidase 1 and fungal amylase reduced overall tortilla quality at all the evaluated levels. Bread-making quality of wheat flour is correlated with the damaged starch present in the flour. Damage was induced by grinding the samples for 0, 1, 4 and 8 hr to determine the effects of starch damage on tortilla quality. Processing increased starch damage of control tortilla flour from 5.4% to 12.6%. Damage starch increased dough water absorption, toughness and press rating and reduced diameter and opacity of tortillas. Damage starch improved tortilla rollability at higher levels but did not improve tortilla properties in combination with bacterial 2 amylase. Overall tortilla quality was not improved due to additional starch damage. Improved tortilla quality using bacterial 2 amylase at very low levels could be commercialized.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
Endoxylanases are known to improve dough stability, oven spring, loaf volume, crumb structure and shelf life. The use of endoglucanases (cellulases) usually results in increased bread loaf volume, bread score and reduced crumb firmness. Even though bakeries use ‘pure’ enzymes in their formulations, they are supplied with an enzyme mixture which can contain up to five different enzymes. These mixtures often also include an emulsifier and ascorbic acid. To compare the ability of endoxylanase and endoglucanase to improve bread quality characteristics, a commercial endoxylanase (from Aspergillus niger) and endoglucanase (from Trichoderma reseei) were evaluated together with a pure endoxylanase and endoglucanase (both from Trichoderma sp). Baking trials were conducted on small (100 g) as well as commercial (700 g) scale. Quality characteristics evaluated included dough quality, bread weight, bread height, bread volume, softness of crumb, bread slice characteristics and overall crumb texture. All the results were compared to a control. From the results of the small-scale baking trials both the pure and commercial endoxylanases significantly (P<0.05) improved bread height and softness of crumb, with the pure endoxylanase also increasing slice brightness. Both the pure and commercial endoglucanases significantly (P<0.05) increased softness of the crumb and slice brightness. When the enzymes were evaluated in combination, only an increase in bread height was observed for some of the combinations. From the results of the baking trials conducted on commercial scale, the loaf height was significantly (P<0.05) increased by the pure endoxylanase and the pure endoglucanase, while the bread volume was significantly (P<0.05) increased by all the enzymes being tested. Enzyme combinations resulted only in a significant (P<0.05) increase in bread volume. The texture of the bread crumb was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the commercial endoxylanase, the pure endoxylanase, the pure endoglucanase as well as two of the enzyme combinations, resulting in a more open and coarse crumb texture. Slice brightness was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by the commercial endoxylanase, the pure endoxylanase, the pure endoglucanase as well as the two enzyme combinations. Both endoxylanases and endoglucanases can therefore be used to improve bread quality characteristics such as bread height and/or volume, slice brightness and softness of crumb. However, using pure enzymes specific characteristics can be targeted. This would become more feasible if pure or single component enzymes become more readily available and cost effective to use. Apart from testing the effect of the enzymes on bread quality characteristics using small-scale baking trials, it was shown in this study that testing of enzymes could also be efficiently conducted on commercial scale. In the latter the enzymes were being tested using commercial white bread flour as well as a leaner formulation. The leaner formulation allowed for the effect of the enzymes to be observed more prominently. The benefit of the evaluation on commercial scale was that the effect of the enzymes was tested in a process similar to that used in industry.

Kishk is a very popular dried fermented milk/cereal mixture consumed in many countries of the world. The manufacture of Kishk is based on traditional methods, and may differ from one region to another. In the present study, the following aspects were investigated: First, standardising the production of laboratory-made Kishk; after using different ratios of wheat Burghol and yoghurt, a ratio of 1:4 was found to be suitable. Second, evaluating the compositional quality of Burghol made from different varieties of oats and barley, and the effect of these cereals on the overall characteristics of Kishk. Third, assessing the quality of Kishk using different cereals (porridge oats, oats flour, wheat flour, Burghol and Burghol flour), yoghurt, acidulant and/or 'milk'. Burghols from different varieties of barley and oats were prepared in a similar manner to that for the production of wheat Burghol. The traditional cracking process was successful for barley and oats, but difficulties were experienced in the separation of husk from the oats product. The chemical composition of the parboiled 'cracked' cereals were compared with that of the original grains, and with wheat Burghol. In all, the proximate composition (i.e. fat, protein and ash) of the parboiled 'cracked' products were reduced compared to the original cereals. Sensory evaluation of these Kishks could be summarised as follows: First, Kishks made with different cereal Burghols (oats, barley or wheat) were differentiated by the type of cereal used. Second, the flavour of Kishk made with different cereals (oats and wheat), yoghurt, GDL and 'milk' were different. Most of the odour, flavour, after-taste and mouth feel characters have differentiated the Kishk according to the type of 'dairy' base used. The perceived mouth feel characters (chalky, sticky, slimy) differentiated the Kishk according to the type and particle size of cereals (e.g. porridge oats, oats flour, wheat Burghol or wheat flour) used. Third, Kishk made with different wheat products (Burghol, Burghol flour or wheat flour) was also differentiated by the particle size. Fourth, wheat flour-based Kishk was perceived to have better mouth feel characters followed by Burghol flour- and Burghol-based Kishk. Yoghurt/Burghol or wheat flour mixtures were studied during the secondary fermentation period (0, 48, 96 and 144 h), and the influence of particle size of the cereal was evident on the β-amylase and proteolytic activities. Burghol-based mixture had the highest β-amylase content/activity and wheat flour the lowest, whilst the non-protein nitrogen compounds content was higher in wheat flour than the Burghol-based mixture after 144 h. The degradation of starch in all these mixtures was almost linear during the secondary fermentation period. This appeared to be influenced by the interactions between the starch and other components such as protein, lipids and polyphenols to make the starch resistant to enzymatic degradation. The release of enzyme inhibitors such as phytic acids during the secondary fermentation period may also have interfered in the recovery of the starch during analysis. The microstructure of cereal (Burghol or wheat flour)/yoghurt or whey from yoghurt mixture suggest that physical change in starch granules occurred rather than degradation.

This study was conducted to evaluate the kernel, flour and dough qualities and dietary fiber content of hulled wheats. Experimental design was separate randomized complete block designs for hulled wheat species with four field replicates. According to the results, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in kernel quality, flour, and dough quality compared to common bread wheat. Einkorn and spelt reported significantly lower insoluble dietary fiber and total dietary fiber content, in contrast emmer had contents with both higher and lower genotypes. Interestingly, few genotypes of hulled wheat had a higher content of low molecular weight soluble dietary fibers (LMW-SDF) such as fructo and galacto oligosaccharides. Overall, hulled wheats differed from modern bread wheat in their kernel, flour, baking and nutritional quality. Moreover, due to higher LMW-SDF content, hulled wheats would be a potential candidate for breeding and producing health beneficial novel food products.

Master of Science
Food Science Institute
Fadi Aramouni
Flour from the fruit of breadfruit trees (Artocarpus altilis) holds the potential to serve as an alternative to gluten-containing flour and may aid in alleviating food insecurity. This study assessed the effects breadfruit flour contributes to gluten-free bread quality. Breadfruit flour was included at a baker’s percentage (0, 20, 35, 50%) of a gluten-free flour blend, and was treated with various leavening agents (yeast, 15% baking powder, 20% baking powder) to create varying gluten-free bread formulas. Density and pH of each batter was assessed along with loaf density, yield, specific volume, pH, water activity, crust color (L*, a*, b*), crumb color (L*, a*, b*), and texture. Additionally, a consumer sensory study was performed to ascertain degree of liking of appearance, color, flavor, texture, aftertaste, likelihood to purchase, and overall acceptability. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in batter pH, loaf density, yield, specific volume, color (crust b*, crumb L*, a*, b*), pH, water activity, and texture among flour inclusion and leavening treatments. Consumer testing yielded significant differences (p < 0.05) between the control and a yeast leavened 20% breadfruit formula in appearance, color, flavor, aftertaste, likelihood to purchase, and overall acceptability. While most consumers rated the breadfruit treatment lower than the control, five celiac panelists rated it higher. Among all treatments, loaves produced from 20% breadfruit flour inclusion had significantly lower density, yield, hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and crumb yellowness (b*), as well as higher specific volume, springiness, crust yellowness (b*) and darkness (L*), crumb darkness (L*), and magenta hue (a*) compared to other breadfruit flour inclusion levels. Similarly, loaves leavened with yeast had significantly lower batter pH, loaf pH, density, yield, hardness, chewiness, crust yellowness (a*), crumb darkness (L*), magenta hue (a*), and yellowness (b*) as well as higher loaf water activity, volume, springiness, and crust darkness (L*) compared to other breadfruit flour inclusion levels. These results indicate breadfruit flour can be used at ≤ 20% in gluten-free bread formulas to replace rice flour and has potential as a fiber supplement. Further research is needed to assess how breadfruit flour affects the quality of other gluten-free product formulas.

Yellow pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour was deodorized using high-pressure solvent extraction (HPSE) with ethanol and water as solvent. These flours were evaluated in gluten-free (GF) baked goods. Sensory evaluation, volatile analysis, and laboratory quality testing were completed to determine the impact on flavor, aroma, and flour quality. The HPSE pea flours obtained from 1:1 and 3:1 ethanol and water were tested against a control pea flour in cake and cookie sensory tests. Both showed significantly higher (P<0.05) acceptance scores for flavor, texture, and overall acceptance, but acceptance was not significantly different. Texture of cookies did not change significantly over 5 days, but significant differences (P<0.05) between the three flour treatments in cookies and cakes were observed. The protein of the HPSE treated flours were significantly higher than the control. The headspace analysis showed some significant differences between control and treatments for the volatile standards of interest.

All-purpose wheat flour is a useful long-term storage commodity, but is subject to off-odor formation. Although flour stored in a low oxygen atmosphere should inhibit rancid odor formation, it elicits consumer complaints about odor. The purpose of this study was to examine off-odor development in all-purpose wheat flour during ambient and elevated storage by determining the effect of low oxygen atmosphere and enrichment-bleaching on quality as measured by, free fatty acids (FFA), flour descriptive sensory analysis, conjugated dienes, headspace volatiles, bread consumer sensory analysis, color, loaf volume, and vitamin analysis. Enriched, bleached (EB) and unenriched, unbleached (UU) flour was stored in a low and normal oxygen atmosphere in no. 10 cans at 22, 30, and 40°C for 24 weeks. Moisture remained constant throughout the study. Headspace oxygen was < 0.1% in flour stored in a low oxygen atmosphere and decreased in flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere. FFA increased with storage time and temperature. The "fresh flour" descriptive aroma of flour decreased during storage and decreased more rapidly in a low oxygen atmosphere. The "cardboard/stale" aroma increased in flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere. The "acid-metallic" aroma increased in flour stored in a low oxygen atmosphere and was determined to be the off-odor from consumer complaints. Conjugated dienes and volatiles generally increased more rapidly in flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere and in EB flour, suggesting that the acid-metallic odor did not result from lipid oxidation. Bread consumer sensory analysis identified EB flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere to have the lowest acceptance scores for aroma, overall acceptability, and flavor. The acid-metallic odor dissipated within 24 hours when the container was opened and was not detrimental to consumer acceptance of bread made from the flour. Oxygen absorbers prevented the darkening of flour but not the reddening or yellowing. A low oxygen atmosphere resulted in higher bread loaf volumes. Vitamin degradation is not a concern under normal storage conditions. Bleaching appears to increase flour oxidative rancidity more than enrichment. Although storage at a low oxygen atmosphere results in an off-odor present in newly opened cans, it gave higher quality flour and bread. A low oxygen atmosphere should continue to be used in flour stored long-term, and consumers should be made aware that the off-odor present in cans of flour dissipates after opening.

Kernel vitreousness is an important grading characteristics of Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat in the U.S., as subclasses vary in the dark, hard and vitreous kernel (DHV) content. This research investigated different subclasses of HRS wheat on flour and baking quality characteristics. The U.S. Regional Crop Quality Survey samples from three consecutive years were used for subclass segregation. Samples were milled, and flour quality and bread baking characteristics were evaluated for both regional and protein composites. A significant (P<0.05) difference in the flour water absorption was found between vitreous kernel treatments, and high DHV content resulted in greater water absorption. An example further showed the importance of flour water absorption on potential economical incentives that can be gained with high DHV content. These results enable the flour milling and baking industry to choose between the different subclasses of HRS wheat with varying DHV content for their intended end-use applications.

A relatively new method, solvent retention capacity (SRC), is used to determine flour end-product quality. SRC was designed for soft wheat, which is used for baking cookies. The use of SRC to evaluate Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat quality has not been conducted extensively. Eight HRS wheat cultivars from four different locations and two crop years were milled into refined and whole wheat flours. The samples were analyzed for phenotype, genotype, and environmental effects on flour composition, dough and bread quality. The SRC method was used to determine correlations between refined and whole wheat flours, and flour quality parameters. Flour quality was significantly (P<0.05) affected by cultivars, and the year x location, and year x cultivar interactions. Correlations exist between whole wheat flour and refined flour SRC profiles. Limited correlations exist between whole wheat flour SRC and flour quality. Therefore, SRC is not suitable for whole wheat HRS wheat flour.
SBARE Wheat and North Dakota Wheat Commission

The goal of this research is to determine the effects of added soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) on bread dough rheological properties and physical properties of bread loaves compared to controls, and to determine sensory attributes of bread loaves using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Protein fractions were obtained through the use of isoelectric precipitation. The pH 4.8 precipitate was found to yield the greatest LOX activity when compared with other fractions (p<0.05). The addition of pH 4.8 precipitate improved rheological properties of bread dough, examined in a farinograph, when compared to the all-purpose control (p<0.05). Addition of soy flour also increased the gluten strength of all-purpose flour (p<0.05). The addition of pH 4.8 precipitate to all-purpose flour did not improve bread loaf volume or texture. Sensory panelists described pH 4.8 supplemented bread as having firmer crumb when compared with controls (p<0.05). There were slight color differences among the loaves. The crust and crumb of bread flour loaves was lighter in color than any other sample. It was concluded that the addition of pH 4.8 precipitate to all-purpose flour greatly improved the rheological properties when compared with all-purpose flour alone.
Master of Science

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship of the protein and lipid content of soft wheat flour to baking quality and their changes as a result of chlorination. Coker 916, soft red winter wheat, was grown under different fertilization treatments involving rate and application time to alter protein content. One-half of all flour treatments were subjected to chlorination. The lipid and protein content, gliadin and glutenin composition, microstructure, rheological properties, ash, pH and color were examined. Baked angel food cakes were evaluated by volume, tenderness, color, cohesiveness, crumb structure and microstructure (SEM). Gelatinization temperatures of batters were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Sensory analysis was judged by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Increased levels of fertilization of the grain increased the protein content (8-11%) of the flour. Cakes from flours of Increased protein content were significantly lower in volume than cakes of flours of lower protein content. Chlorination decreased protein content in flour which affected the glutenin composition in some flours. Gliadin content remained unchanged. Doughs of chlorinated flours were significantly less stable as measured by mixing time stability and mixing time index. Chlorination decreased the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). There was strong correlation between evenness of cell structure and the decrease of fatty acids 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 with chlorination. Phospholipids which were qualitatively evaluated were implicated with cell evenness. Cakes of chlorinated flours were significantly less in volume and tenderness, but the structure showed complete starch gelatinization, increased whiteness and cell evenness. Sensory data correlated significantly with objective data. Chlorination of flour stabilized the structure of the baked product. Low protein and decreased FAME content improved the baking properties of the flour. Flours of lower protein and a lower lipid content that are chlorinated are recommended for baked products such as cakes and biscuits.
Ph. D.

Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Jon Faubion
Whole wheat flour has become a popular ingredient in baked goods. Consumers are seeking the added benefits of consuming healthy phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. As the demand for wholemeal flour increases it is important to understand the factors contributing to changes in whole wheat flour breadmaking quality as a function of both wheat and flour age. In wholemeal flour, the lipid composition appears to be a factor causing variable baking quality. Changes that occur in both freshly harvested wheat and milled flour can cause variations in baking quality. Bakers’ attempts to adjust formulations and processes are often unsuccessful. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of aging both new crop wheat and freshly milled flour at 2 different temperatures on baking quality and glycolipid composition. This study aged freshly harvested Overley hard red winter wheat at RT (23˚C) and FZ (-26˚C) for 8, 50, and 91 days before milling. Whole wheat flour baking and lipid extraction studies were performed incrementally over 31 days of flour storage after each milling. Glycolipid structure and amounts were measured using automated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The glycolipids analyzed in this study were DGDG (digalactosyldiglycerol), MGDG (monogalactosylmonoglycerol), MGMG (monogalactosylmonoglycerol), and DGMG (digalactosylmonoglycerol). Both the wheat and flour stored at -26˚C produced larger mean loaf volumes than did the 23˚C treatment for all 3 wheat ages. The FZ and RT DGDG:MGDG ratios were similar over both wheat and flour age so changes to the glycolipid fraction did not appear to be the cause of the significant difference between volumes of bread baked from samples stored at RT and FZ. There was limited change in mean volume over flour age except for an increase at the FZ 91 day point. The DGDG:MGDG ratios were generally unchanged over flour age. Loaf volumes were the same over wheat age except for an unexpected drop during the 50 day wheat study. The corresponding DGDG:MGDG ratios did not show any significant differences over wheat age. The FZ storage temperature might be inhibiting some biochemical change not affecting the glycolipids, leading to higher volumes than the RT storage treatment.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major cereals of the world. Farmers must produce wheat with good yield and quality to meet the high demands for wheat flour. To reduce disease and increase wheat yield, cultivars have been developed by replacing the short arm of chromosome 1B of wheat with the short arm of the 1R chromosome from rye (Secale cereale L.). This wheat-rye translocation, 1B/1R, carries linked genes which makes these wheat cultivars more disease resistant and higher yielding. Unfortunately, the 1B/1R translocation in hard wheats has been shown to produce undesirable characteristics such as dough stickiness and reduced mixing tolerance. Many promising wheat lines have been developed by crossbreeding 1B/1R Jines with soft wheat in hopes of producing a 1B/1R soft wheat of good quality for use in soft wheat products. The purpose of this research was to determine the end use quality of flours from soft red winter wheats possessing 1B/ 1R. Fourteen soft wheat varieties (7 without 1 B/1 R and 7 with 1B/lR) grown in two Virginia locations, Warsaw and Blacksburg, were assessed for flour quality and dough stickiness. Four pairs of the experimental wheats were sister lines. Flour quality was evaluated by means of protein content, farinograph analysis, cookie spread and protein analysis. Dough stickiness was measured using the "Schwarzlaff-Shephard Dough Stripping Method", specially designed for this study. It is the first method of its kind to measure dough stickiness quantitatively. Results indicated that the 1B/1R translocation, in general, had no adverse effect on flour quality and dough stickiness of the experimental wheats and even improved mixing tolerance and stability of the wheat flour doughs. The results of the study indicate that flours of 1B/lR wheats can be used in commercial soft wheat bakery formulas.
Ph. D.

An ultra-centrifugal mill was evaluated by determining the effect of mill configuration and seed conditioning on particle size distribution and quality of whole-wheat (WW) flour. Ultra-centrifugal mill configured with rotor speed of 12,000 rpm, screen aperture of 250 ?m, and seed conditioning moisture of 9% resulted in a fine WW flour where 82% of particles were <150 ?m, starch damage was 5.9%, and flour temperature was below 35?C. The single-pass and multi-pass milling systems were evaluated by comparing the quality of WW flour and the subsequent WW spaghetti they produced. Two single-pass mill configurations for an ultra-centrifugal mill were used (fine grind: 15,000 rpm with 250 ?m mill screen aperture and coarse grind: 12,000 rpm with 1,000 ?m mill screen aperture) to direct grind durum grain or to regrind millstreams from roller milling to make WW flour and WW spaghetti. Particle size, starch damage, and pasting properties were similar for direct fine grind WW flour and multi-pass reconstituted flour:fine bran blend and for direct coarse grind WW flour and multi-pass reconstituted semolina:coarse bran blend. Semolna:fine bran or semolina:coarse bran blends made spaghetti with high cooked firmness, while spaghetti made from direct coarse grind or from semolina:fine bran or coarse bran blends had low cooking loss. Nineteen durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars and 17 breeding lines grown at 19 environments in North Dakota were evaluated for physical and cooking qualities of WW and traditional spaghetti. Of the 36 genotypes evaluated, 21 and 3 genotypes produced good and poor qualities of WW and traditional spaghettis, respectively, while other 12 genotypes produced good traditional spaghetti but produced poor quality WW spaghetti. These data indicate the need to select genotypes specifically for their WW pasta quality. Raw material traits (grain, semolina and WW flour characteristics) were evaluated to identify raw material traits capable of predicting WW spaghetti quality. Grain protein content had significant positive correlation with cooking quality of WW spaghetti. Stepwise multiple regressions showed grain protein content and mixogram break-time and wet gluten were the predominant characteristics in predicting cooking quality of WW spaghetti.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different flour and protein types on quality of deep-fat fried chicken nuggets. Additionally, the rheological properties of batters were studied and the batter viscosity was correlated with fried product quality. In the first part of the study, the effects of soy and rice flour (5%) addition to the batter formulation on product quality were studied. Coating pick-up of batters, and moisture content, oil content, texture, color, volume, porosity, and cooking yield of nuggets were determined for 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes of frying times at 180º
C. In the second part of the study, the effects of protein types (soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate and egg albumen) at different concentrations (1 and 3%) on quality attributes were studied. A batter formulation with no flour or protein addition was used as control. In both parts of the study, flow behavior of batters prepared using different flour and protein types were determined. Soy flour and soy protein isolate (SPI) provided the highest apparent viscosity. Batter viscosity was found to be correlated with coating pick-up. All batters were found to show thixotropic behavior. The batters were modeled as power-law fluid and all of them turned out to be shear-thinning except egg albumen added batter, which was shear-thickening. As a result of the study, among the flour and protein types used, 3% whey protein isolate (WPI) was found to be the most effective ingredient on improving quality parameters of deep-fat fried chicken nuggets. 3% WPI added batters provided the hardest and crunchiest product with the darkest color. It also reduced the oil content of fried nuggets significantly. However, low cooking yield values were observed for batters with 3% WPI. On the other hand, soy flour containing batters provided high cooking yield. Therefore, if high cooking yield with low oil content is desired, soy flour can be advised to be used in batter formulations for chicken nuggets.

Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Bhadriraju Subramanyam
Organic, hard red winter wheat of 11% moisture was tempered with distilled water to moisture levels of 16 and 18% and held for 8, 16, and 24 h. At each moisture and holding time wheat was unexposed (control) or exposed to infrared radiation for 1, 1.5, and 2 min using a bench-top flameless catalytic infrared emitter. The mean external grain temperatures for 16% mc wheat measured with thermocouples during infrared exposure of 1, 1.5, and 2 min ranged from 77.4-83.1, 93.7-101.2, and 91.2-98.3°C, respectively; corresponding mean internal temperatures were 67.3-76.4, 80.0-85.6, and 81.3-93.2°C. Minor differences in kernel moisture, hardness, and weight were observed among treatments. Tempered wheat after infrared exposure among treatments lost 1.5-2% moisture. Infrared exposure of wheat reduced initial bacterial loads (6.7×10[superscript]4 CFU/g) by 98.7% and fungal loads (4.3×10[superscript]3 CFU/g) by 97.8% when compared with those on untreated wheat. Wheat tempered to 18% and exposed for 2 min to infrared radiation lost 2% moisture, and this wheat when milled had a yield of 73.5%. The color of flour from infrared- exposed wheat was slightly dark (color change, ΔE = 0.31) when compared with untreated flour. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that flours from infrared exposed wheat had lower enthalpy (3.0 J/g) than those unexposed to infrared (3.3 J/g). These flours were adversely affected because they had longer mixing times (7-15 min) at all infrared exposures due to the presence of insoluble polymeric proteins (up to 60%). Microbial loads in flour from wheat tempered to 18% and exposed for 1-2 min had 0.6-2.4 log reduction compared to flour from untreated wheat. Wheat tempered to 18% moisture with electrolyzed-oxidizing (EO) water reduced bacterial and fungal loads up to 66%. EO water tempered wheat exposed for 1, 1.5, and 2 min to infrared radiation showed microbial reductions of 99.5% when compared with control wheat. Infrared treatment of tempered wheat cannot be recommended as it adversely affected flour functionality. The use of EO water for tempering as opposed to potable water that is generally used in mills slightly enhances microbial safety of hard red winter wheat.

[Abstract]Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for polyphenol oxidase and xanthophyll have a significant impact on variation in wheat flour for noodle colour and colour stability. QTLs from two Australian wheat cultivars, Sunco and Tasman, have been backcrossed into two Chinese wheat varieties, Chuanmai 22 and Mianyang 11, to assess marker predictability for these important traits in significantly different genetic backgrounds. The concept of Marker-Assisted-Selection (MAS) is being trialled in this study as a proposed method for wheat improvement. In this approach molecular markers are used in conjunction with backcross breeding methods to introgress specific characters into elite breeding materials, with the goal of improving the quality attributes of wheat for the Asian noodle market. After three single seed descent generations, the backcross populations generated allow four QTLs to be investigated. These include two for polyphenol oxidase (chromosome 2A and 2D) and two for xanthophyll (chromosome 3B and 7A). This research was successful in identifying microsatellite markers that are capable of predicting PPO activity levels and Xanthophyll content within the backcross populations. These microsatellites were validated as useful markers for these quality traits, as they have also found to be important in the Sunco x Tasman doubled haploid population. The combination of marker assisted selection and backcrossing has generated three lines that contain different combinations of the PPO activity and Xanthophyll content QTLs. These lines have been found to produce low levels of PPO activity and have a low Xanthophyll content. This improvement in flour colour and colour stability highlights the potential of marker assisted selection as a useful tool in wheat breeding.

Tiriamasis darbas buvo atliktas siekiant ištirti moliūgų vaisių miltų (Helianthus tuberosum L.) poveikį kiaulių augimo dinamikai ir produkcijos formavimuisi, pašarų virškinamumui bei sveikatingumui.
This research project was conducted to investigate pumpkin fruit flour (Helianthus tuberosum L.) impact on pig growth performance and product formation, feed digestibility and wellness.

High pre-harvest rainfall in 2006 caused significant pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and weathering throughout the mid-Atlantic soft red winter wheat (SRWW) (Triticum aestivum L.) growing region. Sprouting and weathering caused decreased flour quality due to lowered dough viscosity and decreased ability to withstand mixing and processing for baked goods. Due to its decreased quality, severely sprouted grain is sold for feed, at a lower price per bushel. Pre-harvest sprouting negatively affects the chain of production from the field to baking operations. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the inherent dormancy and PHS resistance, of current SRWW cultivars and to assess the relationship between falling number and flour quality after grain weathering. Employing a weighted germination index (WGI), a large range in dormancy was observed across SRWW cultivars and seed production. Artificial weathering tests confirmed the use of WGI as a tool for screening for dormancy of SRWW cultivars. The WGI consistently identified cultivars with significantly higher or lower inherent dormancy. â Coker 9553â was highly dormant and resistant to PHS. This cultivar maintained an average falling number of 300 seconds even after receiving an average of 215 mm of rainfall, while the mean falling number for all SRWW cultivars after this amount of weathering was 131 seconds. After only moderate weathering, nine of 15 SRWW cultivars in the study exhibited severe sprouting, demonstrating the need for increased PHS resistance in SRWW wheat. Pre-harvest sprouting resistance groupings, based on average 2008 cultivar falling number were accurately predicted by WGI at both 10 (R2=0.79) and 30°C (R2=0.72) No consistent relationship was observed between head angle, glume tenacity or awn length and PHS resistance. Water absorption, dough stability, farinograph arrival and departure times, peak, and 20-minute drop were measured from grain samples with varying degrees of weathering. All parameters were negatively affected by weathering in 2008. Flour quality parameters were more affected by genotype than falling number suggesting that falling number should not be used as the sole indicator of flour quality after grain weathering. It is clear that there are vast differences in dormancy levels and PHS resistance among SRWW cultivars and stronger dormancy and higher resistance to PHS does not automatically ensure higher quality flour.
Master of Science

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A foodstuff product that is always present in the meals of Brazilians, especially in the Northeast of Brazil, manioc flour is considered a complete meal. Nowadays, the production scenario of the handmade table flour as found in street fairs and public markets, has being loosing territory and replaced by the industrialized product mainly found in big reatailers. In order to analyze the attributes and service quality presented by rural producers of table flour in the region of Pernambuco’s forest zone, the SERVQUAL tool was used to model an exploratory research through a random quality analysis considering the opinion of producers of the forest zone and consumers in the metropolitan area. Thus, the gaps found within the perceptions of table flour producers and consumers of table and industrialized flour were identified, verifying the impact on the quality of the services present in the market and identifying the critical dimensions that should be developed in an action plan to increase the level of product quality for the table flour compared to its industrial competitors.
Um produto do gênero alimentício que está sempre presente nas refeições dos brasileiros, e principalmente dos nordestinos, a farinha de mandioca é considerada um alimento completo. Nos dias atuais, o cenário produtivo da farinha de mandioca de mesa, tal como encontrada em feiras livres e mercados, foi sendo substituído pelo da farinha de mandioca industrializada, comercializada em sua grande maioria por supermercados. Com a finalidade de analisar os atributos da qualidade do serviço apresentada pelos produtores rurais da farinha de mesa na região da zona da mata pernambucana, utilizou-se o modelo SERVQUAL, em uma pesquisa exploratória por meio de uma análise aleatória da qualidade, considerando opiniões de produtores da zona da mata e consumidores na região metropolitana. Assim, foram identificadas as lacunas presentes nas percepções dos produtores da farinha de mesa e consumidores do produto de mesa e industrializado, verificando os impactos na qualidade dos serviços presentes na comercialização e identificando as dimensões críticas que devem ser desenvolvidas, num plano de ação para aumentar o nível da qualidade do serviço frente aos concorrentes.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agronomy)) --University of Limpopo, 2013
In South Africa, wheat ranks first among the winter cereal crops produced and plays an important role in the country’s economy. The study was conducted to evaluate different South African wheat cultivars under irrigation for quality and yield parameters in Limpopo province. A field experiment was conducted during 2011 winter growing season under irrigation at the University of Limpopo experimental farm (Syferkuil). Eight wheat cultivars namely: Olifants, CNR 826, SST 347, Baviaans, Duzi, Steenbrass, SST 356 and Krokodil were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications for evaluation of yield and quality. The results showed that the highest grain yield obtained was 2372 kg/ha by CNR 826, and the lowest 311 kg/ha by SST 347. Flour yield, break flour yield, flour protein and mixogram development time and water absorption were not significantly different among cultivars. The highest hectolitre mass was 75.13 kghl-1for CNR 826 and the lowest 72.20 kghl-1 for Olifants. The highest falling number obtained was 187.00 sec for SST 347 and the lowest was 81.50 sec for Steenbrass. Cultivars CNR 826, SST 347, Steenbrass and SST 356 showed a good potential on protein content but Krokodil, Olifants and Baviaans had poor protein contents at 9.63%, 9.73% and 10.24% respectively. These results showed that wheat cultivars evaluated were within the requirements of the grading systems of South Africa as regards hectolitre mass and protein content. All these cultivars did not reach the required grade of 220 seconds in falling numbers with Olifants (97.50 sec), CNR 826 (103.50 sec), SST 347 (187.00 sec), Baviaans (146.75 sec), Krokodil (139.50 sec), Steenbrass (81.50 sec) and Duzi (50.25 sec), but only SST 356 met the requirement for utility grade with164.50 seconds. Olifants, CNR 826, Krokodil and Steenbrass yielded above 1500 kgha-1thus showing good potential under Limpopo conditions. These cultivars could be included in future performance evaluations in Limpopo.

Uprkos brojnim tradicionalnim reološkim metodama koje se već dugi niz godina koriste u proceni kvaliteta brašna, postoji potreba za razvijanjem novih metoda, pomoću kojih bi se za kratko vreme i uz ograničenu količinu uzorka mogao uspešno predvideti kvalitet brašna i gotovog proizvoda. Na taj način selekcionerima bi bila omogućena procena tehnološkog kvaliteta linija pšenice čija je količina ograničena, dok bi se mlinarima obezbedio brz metod procene kvaliteta. Osnovni cilj istraživanja ove disertacije je ispitivanje mogućnosti primene novog reološkog uređaja glutopika u proceni kvaliteta brašna i finalnog proizvoda – hleba, kao i mogućnost zamene tradicionalnih dugotrajnih metoda novom reološkom metodom.Kako bi se ispitale i iskoristile mogućnosti reološkog uređaja glutopik za procenu kvaliteta pšeničnog brašna definisani su optimalni uslovi merenja koji su podrazumevali upotrebu NaCl kao rastvarača i zadate parametre temperature (36 °C), obrtne brzine mešača (2700 rpm) i odnos brašna i rastvarača (8,5/9,5). Zabeležen je veliki broj korelacija između parametara glutopika i empirijskih reoloških pokazatelja kvaliteta brašna i testa. Takođe je utvrđena značajna korelacija između parametara glutopika i indikatora kvaliteta hleba u pogledu specifične zapremine i teksturnih karakteristika sredine hleba. Na osnovu parametara dobijenih merenjem na glutopiku definisane su granične vrednosti. Ustanovljeno je da se primenom glutopik metode može izvršiti klasifikacija sorti pšenice prema kvalitetu. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da glutopik ima veliki potencijal da zameni alveograf u proceni kvaliteta brašna u mlinarskoj i pekarskoj industriji. Reološki parametri koji zavise od sadržaja proteina kao što su moć upijanja vode i žilavost testa uspešno se mogu predvideti pomoću parametara glutopika. Primenom glutopik metode postignuta je umerena predikcija specifične zapremine hleba, dok je postignuta veoma dobra predikcija teksturnih karakteristika sredine hleba.U okviru ove disertacije je ispitan uticaj sorte i lokaliteta na tehnološki kvalitet brašna pšenice kako bi se utvrdilo koja od ispitivanih sorti ispoljava ujednačen kvalitet u različitim mikroklimatskim uslovima tokom dve proizvodne godine. U obe proizvodne godine pokazatelji kvaliteta brašna su dominantno sortno određeni, pri čemu je zabeležen određeni uticaj mikroklimatskih faktora na lokalitetima gajenja. Odličan i najstabilniji kvalitet brašna u 2011. godini je imala sorta Gordana koja je pokazala najveću adaptabilnost na mikroklimatske uslove. Apač je uniformno imao najlošiji kvalitet duž svih ispitivanih lokaliteta. Domaće sorte su u 2012. godini imale promenljiv kvalitet u zavisnosti od lokaliteta gajenja. Hlebove proizvedene od domaćih pšeničnih sorti je karakterisala velika zapremina, rastresita struktura sredine sa izraženim velikim porama i mala čvrstoća sredine, dok je hleb proizveden od sorte Apač imao malu zapreminu, zbijenu strukturu sredine hleba sa velikim brojem malih pora kao posledicu velike čvrstoće. Dobra predikcija kvaliteta hleba od brašna iz 2011. godine je postignuta primenom jednog reološkog pokazatelja kvaliteta, dok je za uspešnu predikciju kvaliteta hleba od brašna iz 2012. godine neophodno izvesti nekoliko različitih reoloških merenja.Analizom tehnološkog kvaliteta brašna pšenice različitih sorti gajenih na različitim lokalitetima iz tri proizvodne godine zabeležene su velike varijacije u kvalitetu brašna i hleba na ispitivanim lokalitetima i u proizvodnim godinama, što jasno ukazuje na značajan uticaj interakcija između sortimenta i uslova gajenja (lokaliteta i godina), kao i značaj ispitivanja ovih interakcija i razvoja strategija koje imaju za cilj smanjenje uticaja spoljašnjih faktora na kvalitet pšenice.
Regardless the fact that numerous traditional rheological methods have been used for many years in the flour quality assessment, there is a need for developing new methods, which could, in a short time, and with a limited amount of sample, successfully predict the quality of flour and finished products. In this way, wheat breeders would be able to evaluate the technological quality of the wheat lines with a restricted sample quantity, while the millers would be provided with a quick method of the quality evaluation. The main goal of the research of this dissertation was to examine the possibility of using a new rheological device GlutoPeak in the quality evaluation of flour and final product – bread, as well as the possibility of replacing traditional time-consuming methods with a new rheological test.In order to examine the possibility of using a GlutoPeak rheological device for the flour quality evaluation, the optimal measurement conditions were defined and included the use of NaCl as a solvent, the rotational speed of the mixer (2700 rpm), temperature (36 °C), the ratio of flour and solvent (8.5/9.5). Numerous correlations between GlutoPeak indices and empirical rheological parameters of dough behaviour were reported in this study. Significant correations were also observed between GlutoPeak parameters and bread specific volume and breadcrumb textural properties. The limit values were defined according to the GlutoPeak parameters values. Moreover, it was found that the GlutoPeak test could be used for wheat variety diferentiation according to the quality and has a great potential to replace Alveograph in the flour quality assessment in the milling and bakery industries. Parameters which depends on the protein content, such as, flour water absorption and dough tenacity, was successfully predicted by using parameters derived from GlutoPeak tester. A moderate prediction of loaf specific volume was achieved, while a very good prediction of breadcrumb textural characteristics was accomplished with the GlutoPeak parameters.In addition, the influence of genotype and growing location on flour quality was examined in order to determine which of the tested varieties exhibited uniform quality accross different microclimatic conditions in two production years. It was revealed that in both production years flour quality indicators were predominantly influenced by genotype, with a certain influence of microclimate factors on the growing locations. Gordana variety showed excellent and uniform quality with the highest adaptability to microclimate conditions in year 2011. Apache variety showed uniformly poor quality across all tested locations. In year 2012 domestic varieties exhibited variable quality depending on the growing locations. Bread produced from domestic wheat varieties was characterized by a large volume, loose breadcrumb structure with pronounced large pores and low hardness, while the bread produced from Apache variety had a small volume, dense breadcrumb structure with a large number of small pores as a result of high breadcrumb hardness. The quality of bread produced from wheat flour from year 2011 was well predicted based on one rheological quality parameter. On the other hand, several different rheological measurements was performed to successfully predict the quality of bread produced from wheat flour from 2012 year.By analyzing the technological quality of wheat flour of different varieties cultivated at different locations from three production years, large variations in the quality of flour and bread was recorded. The variations in flour and bread quality indicated the significant influence of interactions between the variety and growing conditions (locations and years), as well as the importance of examining these interactions and developing strategies aimed at reducing the impact of external factors on wheat quality.

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Fundação Araucária
Two experiments were conducted in the Aquaculture Laboratory of the Group of Studies on Aquaculture Handling (GEMAq, in the Portuguese acronyms), which, by the way, belong to the State University of the West of Paraná, in Toledo. In experiment 1, we utilized 270 Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) with 0.88±0.33g average weight, assigned into 18 500-liter tanks, in a total random fashion, indoor system. Each experiment dealt with three treatments and six repetitions, with a daily renewal of water equivalent to 10%, done through siphonage in order to eliminate feces and occasional feed rests. The fingerlings and the juveniles was feed organic, coming from corn, wheat and soybean meal, containing 32% and 28% of gross protein (GP), for the first and the second experiment, respectively. The diets were supplemented with industrial waste seafood flour (SF), bicalcium phosphate (BF), or their combination (SF + BF), in which case both the sources contributed with 50% of phosphorus amount. Physico-chemical parameters were evaluated (OD, pH, conductivity and temperature), as well as water analyses, one in the beginning, another after 30 days and a last one in 60 days of the experiment, aiming to check the values of ammonia, nitrite, phosphrus and nitrate. At the end of the experiment, then, the evaluations focused on livestock performance data and on the fish s carcasses chemical composition. Water physico-chemical parameters fit the recommendation for the species in both the experiments. Evaluated phosphorus sources didn t influence (P<0.05) livestock performance, or the carcass centesimal composition and the water quality for the raising of Nile tilapia fingerlings. For the juveniles of Nile tilapia fingerlings, the evaluated treatments did not bring a significant difference (p>0.05) as to the survival rate. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) for the final weight, the weight gain and the food conversion, what indicates that the fish feds with diets supplemented with bicalcium phosphate obtained low final weight and weight gain when compared to the fish fed with the diets supplemented with phosphorus coming from seafood flour and with phosphorus supplementation equally divided, 50% BF, 50% SF and a worse food conversion when compared with the treatment based on phosphorus coming only from SF, but it didn t differ (p>0.05) from the treatment SF and BF. The values obtained for phosphorus in water in experiments 1 and 2 were above the accepted by the resolution 357/2005 of CONAMA, what indicates the necessity of improvement in relation to the food handling and/or alternate treatment of the generated effluent. For fingerlings, it is either possible to use the bicalcium phosphate, seafood flour, or their combination as source of phosphorus. However, for Nile tilapia juveniles it is recommended to use the seafood waste meal as for the phosphorus supplementation, or also the combination of SF and BF (it is important to note that each source must supplement 50% of the phosphorus demands)
Foram realizados dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar duas fontes de fósforo, farinha de peixe e fosfato bicálcico, e sua combinação em rações orgânicas para alevinos e juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram utilizados 270 alevinos com peso inicial de cerca de 0,88±0,33g distribuídos em 18 tanques experimentais com capacidade para 250L e 180 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo com peso inicial de 13,63±1,05g distribuídos em 18 tanques experimentais com capacidade para 500L, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em um sistema indoor . Cada experimento constou de três tratamentos e seis repetições, com uma taxa de renovação diária de água equivalente a 10%, realizada através de sifonagem para eliminar as fezes e eventuais sobras de ração. Os alevinos e juvenis foram alimentados com rações de origem orgânica a base de milho, trigo e farelo de soja contendo 32% e 28% de proteína bruta (PB), para o primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente. As rações foram suplementadas com farinha de resíduos da industrialização de pescado de origem marinha (FP), fosfato bicálcico (FB) ou sua combinação (FP+FB), neste caso com 50% de cada fonte como fonte suplementar de fósforo. Foram monitorados parâmetros físico-químicos (OD, pH, condutividade e temperatura) e realizadas análises da água no início, aos 30 dias e 60 dias do experimento para avaliação de amônia, nitrito, fósforo e nitrato. Ao final do experimento foram avaliados índices zootécnicos e de composição química da carcaça dos peixes. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água enquadraram-se no recomendado para a espécie nos dois experimentos. As fontes de fósforo avaliadas não influenciaram (P<0,05) os parâmetros zootécnicos como composição centesimal da carcaça e qualidade da água de cultivo dos alevinos de tilápia. Para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo os tratamentos avaliados não proporcionaram diferença significativa (p>0,05) quanto a sobrevivência, entretanto houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) para peso final, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, indicando que os peixes alimentados com a dieta suplementada com fosfato bicálcico obtiveram menor peso final e ganho de peso quando comparados aos peixes alimentado com as dietas com suplementação de fósforo a base de farinha de peixe e com suplementação de fósforo a base de 50% de FB e 50% de FP e pior conversão alimentar que o tratamento com suplementação de fósforo a base de FP, mas não diferindo (p>0,05) do tratamento FP + FB. Os valores obtidos para fósforo na água nos experimentos 1 e 2 ficaram acima do preconizado pela Resolução 357/2005 do CONAMA, indicando a necessidade de melhorias quanto ao manejo alimentar e/ou tratamento alternativo do efluente gerado. Para alevinos é possível utilizar fosfato bicálcico, farinha de peixe ou sua combinação como fonte de fósforo, no entanto, para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo recomenda-se como suplementação de fósforo em rações orgânicas a farinha de resíduos de peixes ou a combinação de FP e FB, sendo que cada fonte deve suplementar 50% da demanda de fósforo

Orientador: Caroline Joy Steeel
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Apesar de serem poucas as pesquisas sobre a qualidade e tecnologia associada a fabricacao de massas de pizza e existirem poucos indicadores de qualidade disponiveis na legislacao para este tipo de produto, alguns fenomenos podem ser explicados, por analogia, a fabricacao de pao, ja que os ingredientes basicos destes dois produtos sao praticamente os mesmos. O aumento do mercado de pizzas no Brasil, de 5% ao ano em vendas, e a crescente preocupacao da populacao em manter uma alimentacao saudavel, como tambem em buscar e dar preferencia aos alimentos de conveniencia e praticidade sao indicativos de que o desenvolvimento de massas de pizza pre-assadas enriquecidas com fibras podem ter impacto positivo sobre este mercado em expansao e sobre as tendencias para escolha de alimentos industrializados pelos consumidores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adicao de farinha de trigo de grao inteiro (FTGI) e fibra branca de trigo (FBT) sobre a qualidade de massas de pizza pre-assadas. Foram identificados seus efeitos sobre o processamento e caracteristicas tecnologicas, sensoriais e de conservacao das massas de pizza pre-assadas. A FTGI e a FBT interferiram nos parametros farinograficos e extensograficos da mistura com a farinha de trigo refinada para pizza (FTR), o que refletiu nas condicoes de processamento das massas de pizza pre-assadas, como foi observado na pratica, como o aumento da quantidade de agua necessaria para o desenvolvimento da massa, os maiores tempos de mistura ate a formacao da rede de gluten e o aumento da elasticidade das massas. Na qualidade das massas de pizza pre-assadas, as fontes de fibras tiveram influencia significativa nas analises de volume especifico e espessura dos discos de pizza, de cor L* e cor a*, de acidez total titulavel, e, dentro das mesmas condicoes de processamento e das faixas de concentracao estudadas para a FTGI e FBT, e possivel afirmar que os modelos obtidos neste trabalho reproduzem os resultados praticos. A avaliacao microbiologica das massas de pizza pre-assadas, durante a estocagem refrigerada, garantiu a seguranca microbiologica por ate 58 dias apos sua fabricacao. Sensorialmente as formulacoes somente com FBT e a com ambas as fibras (ponto central do planejamento) foram tao aceitas pelos consumidores quanto a formulacao controle sem fibras, alem de serem produtos considerados alto teor de fibras (6 g de fibras/100 g de produto). Apesar da menor aceitacao pelos consumidores, e possivel obter um produto com apelo de fonte de fibras e de grao inteiro, pois o produto com 90% de FTGI substituindo a FTR, contem cerca de 5,6% de fibras e mais de 51% de grao inteiro em sua composicao final
Abstract: Although there is little research on the quality and technology associated with the production of pizza and few quality indicators available in the legislation for this type of product, some phenomena can be explained by analogy to the production of bread, since the basic ingredients of these two products are practically the same. The increase of the pizza market in Brazil, of 5% a year in sales, and the growing public concern in maintaining a healthy diet, but also seeking and giving preference to foods of convenience and practicality are indicators that the development of pre-baked pizza doughs enriched with fibers can have a positive impact on this expanding market and trends in the choice of foods by consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of whole grain wheat flour (FTGI) and white wheat fiber (FBT) on the quality of pre-baked pizza doughs. Their effects on the processing and technological, sensory and conservation characteristics of pre-baked pizza doughs were identified. FTGI and FBT interfered in the farinographic and extensographic parameters, which affected the processing conditions of the prebaked pizza doughs, as observed in practice as an increase in the amount of water required for the development of the dough, longer mixing times for the formation of the gluten network and an increase in dough elasticity. Regarding pre-baked pizza dough quality, the sources of dietary fiber had a significant influence on specific volume and thickness of the pizza disks, color L* and a*, total titrable acidity, and it can be said that the models obtained in this work reproduce the practical results if the same processing conditions and ingredient variation ranges are used. The microbiological evaluation of the pre-baked pizza doughs, during refrigerated storage, guaranteed the microbiological safety for up to 58 days. Sensorially, the FBT formulation and the formulation with both fibers (central point of the experimental design) were as accepted by consumers as the control formulation without fibers, as well as being considered ¿high fiber products¿ (6 g fibers/100 g of product). Despite the lower acceptance by consumers, it is possible to obtain a high fiber and whole grain pre-baked pizza dough, since the formulation with 90% of FTGI replacing the refined flour contains about 5.6% of dietary fiber and more than 51% of whole grain in its final composition
Mestrado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

A importância da implantação do sistema APPCC/HACCP em moinhos de trigo foi avaliada em três moinhos na regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, focando o estudo nos aspectos microbiológicos da etapa demolhagem do trigo do processo de fabricação de farinha. Nesses moinhos, as paredes das roscas molhadora e distribuidora dos grãos de trigo apresentavam crostas com elevada atividade de água - 0,98, favorável à multiplicação microbiana. A limpeza das roscas era apenas mensal e a água usada na etapa da molhagem dos grãos não era clorada. Os estudos de APPCC/HACCP realizados indicaram que a etapa de molhagem era para estes moinhos um Ponto Crítico de Controle (PCC), constatando-se que as contagens microbianas 24 horas após a limpeza atingiam valores muito elevados. As medidas de controle adotadas foram a remoção diária das crostas para cloração entre 1 a 2 ppm da água, ou remoção semanal das crostas com cloração de 100 ppm da água. Verificou-se que água clorada de 1 a 2 ppm não melhorava as contagens microbianas na crosta, enquanto a cloração a 100 ppm baixava as contagens em dois ciclos log. Com esse nível de cloração, a limpeza podia ser feita semanalmente. Análises de verificação feitas em farinha de trigo apontaram que essas medidas de controle reduziam o risco de rejeição do produto por empresas clientes fabricantes de prqdutos derivados de trigo que adotam critérios microbiológicos bastante restritivos, mais rigorosos que os estabelecidos pela legislação pertinente.
The importance of introduction of HACCP system in wheat flour mills was evaluated in three mills of the South and Southeast regions of Brasil, focusing on the microbiological aspects of the grains wetting step of the flour production process. In these mills, the walls of the wetting augers and auger conveyors presented crusts with high water activity - 0,98, conducive to microbial growth. The cleaning of these points had been carried out on a monthly basis, using non-chlorinated water. HACCP studies indicated that the grains wetting step was a Criticai Control Point (CCP) and 24 hours after cleaning the microbial counts were very high. The control measures were removal of crusts on a daily basis using chlorination of water at 1 to 2 ppm, or removal of crusts on a weekly basis using chlorination at 100 ppm. The reduction of counts when 1 to 2 ppm chlorinated water was used was insignificant, but 100 ppm achieved two logs reduction. Using this level of chlorination, the cleaning could be done on a weekly basis. Verification analysis, carried out on wheat flour, indicated that these measures reduced the risk of rejection of the product by pasta and bakery goods manufacturers with strict microbiological acceptance criteria.

Although less common in human food, studies have reported the beneficial effects of b-glucans present in the soluble portion of barley dietary fiber, such as implications in serum cholesterol and blood glucose reduction, besides anticarcinogenic properties. Barley is not commonly used in bakery products, however, partial replacement of wheat flour with barley can result in the development of acceptable and functional products, coming as alternative of bread enrichment. This study aimed to evaluate the technological viability of the incorporation of barley, in the form of flour, on the quality parameters of bread to make a choice of food with potential health benefits to the consumer. Barley flour (BF), whole barley flour (WBF), and breads produced with these flours were characterized as for chemical composition and physical properties. Flours were also analyzed for the granulometry and rheological properties, while the loaves were evaluated as for the quality parameters and sensory analysis. The addition of barley flour in bread did not interfere in nutrient composition and resulted in a favorable increase in fiber levels and dough water capacity absorption. Levels of substitution of up to 30% of barley flour and 10% of whole barley flour did not affect bread softness. As far as barley substitution level increased, texture increase and bread volume decrease were observed. Thirty porcent substitution level of BF and WBF showed desirable bread quality and all breads produced were accepted by consumers, indicating possibility of being produced and subsequently comercialized.
Embora pouco utilizada na alimentação humana, estudos têm relatado os efeitos benéficos das betaglucanas presentes na porção solúvel da fibra alimentar da cevada, tais como implicações sobre o colesterol sérico e redução da glicose sanguínea, além de propriedades anticarcinogênicas. A cevada não é comumente usada em produtos de panificação, entretanto, substituição parcial de trigo com a farinha de cevada pode resultar no desenvolvimento de produtos aceitáveis e funcionais, surgindo como uma alternativa para o enriquecimento de pães. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade tecnológica da incorporação da cevada, sob a forma de farinha, sobre os parâmetros de qualidade do pão de forma a fim de disponibilizar uma opção de alimento com possíveis benefícios à saúde do consumidor. As farinhas de cevada (FC) e de cevada integral (FCI), e os pães elaborados com estas farinhas, foram caracterizados quanto à composição química e propriedades físicas. As farinhas foram ainda analisadas quanto à granulometria e as propriedades reológicas, enquanto os pães foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros de qualidade e análise sensorial. A adição de farinha de cevada no pão de forma não prejudicou a composição de nutrientes e resultou em um aumento favorável nos teores de fibras e da capacidade de absorção de água na massa. Níveis de substituição de até 30% de farinha de cevada e 10% de farinha de cevada integral não afetaram a maciez dos pães. À medida que aumentaram os níveis de substituição de trigo por cevada, observou-se aumento na firmeza e diminuição do volume dos pães. Níveis de substituição de até 30% de FC e FCI produziram pães com qualidade desejável e todos os pães elaborados foram aceitos pelos consumidores, indicando possibilidade de serem produzidos e posteriormente comercializados.

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The lack of incentive to production, small crop area and low grain yield are the main factors to annual deficit in Brazilian wheat production. The production can be increased by the area and/or grain yield. The use of nitrogen in wheat can to increase grain yield, but the N excess associated to the weather (rain and wind) can lead the occurrence of lodging and negatively affect the yield and grain quality. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen application during the grain filling, associated with the use of plant growth retardants on the characteristics of plant height, yield and industrial quality of wheat cultivar Mirante. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in the experimental area of the Santa Catarina State University - UDESC in Lages SC, in the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. For plant height and yield were used two times of application of nitrogen (at vegetative and vegetative plus reproductive stages) associated with six- growth retardants. For industrial quality evaluations the nitrogen topdressing was used in two application times (at vegetative and vegetative plus reproductive stages) associated with etil-trinexapac retardant. In both experiments the retardants were applied in two doses (stages 31 and 32 first and second visible nodes in the main stem of the plant) plus the control. Treatments were: control (no retardant), mepiquat chloride (25 g a.i. ha-¹), chlorocoline chloride (25 g a.i. ha-¹), chlormequat chloride (25 g a.i. ha-¹), etil-trinexapac (100 g a.i. ha-¹), proexadione-Ca (110 g a.i. ha-¹) and ethephon (110 g a.i. ha-¹), which were applied by sprayer pressurized with CO2 at a rate equivalent to 200 L ha-¹. The use of growth retardant lead to shortest plant height, and the etil-trinexapac and proexadione-Ca were provided to lowest plant height. The use growth retardant plus nitrogen fertilization in the reproductive stage did not affect grain yield. The use of etil-trinexapac positively affected the tenacity, extensibility, extensibility and toughness over falling number. Applying N at reproductive stage of wheat led to an increase in sedimentation, extensibility, protein content, wet gluten, dry gluten and gluten strength in improving the industrial quality of wheat; however the magnitude of the response was dependent manner of the environmental conditions in each crop year
A falta de incentivo à produção, a pequena área cultivada e os baixos tetos produtivos são fatores que contribuem para o déficit anual na produção brasileira de trigo. O aumento da produção pode ser por aumento da área e/ou da produtividade de grãos. O uso de nitrogênio na cultura do trigo visa o aumento da produtividade, porém o excesso deste nutriente aliado ao clima (chuva e vento) pode favorecer a ocorrência de acamamento e diminuir o rendimento e a qualidade final dos grãos. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura durante o estádio vegetativo e reprodutivo, associado ao uso prévio de redutores de crescimento sobre as características de altura de planta, produtividade e qualidade industrial do trigo, cultivar Mirante. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, na área experimental da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, em Lages SC, nos anos agrícolas 2011 e 2012. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Para altura de plantas e produtividade foram utilizados dois diferentes momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura (estádio vegetativo) e (estádio vegetativo+reprodutivo) associado ao uso prévio de seis redutores de crescimento. Para a qualidade industrial foi utilizado o nitrogênio em dois diferentes momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura (estádio vegetativo) e (estádio vegetativo+reprodutivo) associado ao uso prévio do redutor de crescimento etil-trinexapac. Em ambos os experimento os redutores foram aplicados em duas doses (estádios 31 e 32 primeiro e segundo nós visíveis no colmo da planta) mais a testemunha. Os redutores utilizados foram: testemunha (sem redutor), cloreto de mepiquate (25 g i.a. ha-¹), cloreto de clormequate (25 g i.a. ha-¹), cloreto de clorocolina (25 g i.a. ha-¹), etil-trinexapac (100 g i.a. ha-¹), proexadione-Ca (110 g i.a. ha-¹) e o etefom (110 g i.a. ha-¹); os quais foram aplicados via pulverizador costal pressurizado com CO2, com uma vazão equivalente a 200 L ha-¹. O emprego dos redutores de crescimento reduziu a altura das plantas, sendo que o etil-trinexapac e o proexadione-Ca foram os que proporcionaram plantas de menor altura. O uso dos redutores de crescimento e da adubação nitrogenada no estádio vegetativo+reprodutivo não afetou o rendimento de grãos. O emprego do etil-trinexapac afetou positivamente a tenacidade, extensibilidade, relação tenacidade/extensibilidade e o número de queda. A aplicação de N na fase reprodutiva do trigo propiciou um aumento na extensibilidade, teor de proteína, glúten úmido, glúten seco e na força do glúten melhorando a qualidade industrial do trigo, entretanto a magnitude da resposta foi dependente do ano agrícola

Nos últimos anos a busca por hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis vem crescendo gradativamente e a opção por alimentos integrais participa efetivamente desta tendência. O trigo como fonte de fibras alimentares vem sendo utilizado na forma do farelo de consumo humano, farinha integral ou na composição de pães e massas integrais. Porém, até o momento, poucos alertas são levantados quanto aos contaminantes existentes nas porções externas do grão e se o processamento é capaz de reduzir estes contaminantes a níveis aceitáveis. Neste projeto de pesquisa foram investigadas características de perigos existentes na matéria-prima e/ou processamento, utilizando a sistemática mundialmente aplicada e conhecida como Análises de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC). O projeto foi desenvolvido em moinho de trigo onde as Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e o Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) já estavam implementados. A metodologia APPCC foi desenvolvida após revisão dos Programas de Pré-Requisitos, descrição detalhada do processo produtivo e análises exploratórias/confirmatórias em pontos estratégicos, seguindo para a aplicação dos sete Princípios teóricos do Sistema. Com os resultados das análises exploratórias constatou-se que as etapas do processamento retiraram grande parte dos contaminantes presentes no trigo in natura, originando uma farinha integral com parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos, de acordo com a legislação vigente. Com a Análise de Perigos e Pontos Crítico de Controle aplicado à produção de farinha de trigo integral, foi constatado que o processamento reduz os contaminantes presentes no trigo a níveis aceitáveis, desde que os três PCCs identificados nas etapas de peneiramento (Turbo-Peneira) e transporte (Filtro e Detector de Metais) sejam corretamente monitorados. Na aplicação da árvore decisória não foram constatados pontos críticos de controle (PCC) para o insumo Trigo.
In recent years the search for healthier eating habits is growing gradually and the choice of whole grain foods is included in this trend. Wheat as a source of dietary fiber has been used in the form of wheat bran, whole wheat flour or as part of the composition of whole wheat bread and pasta. However, so far, few alerts are raised regarding the contaminants in the external portions of the grain, and the possibility of the processing reduces these contaminants to acceptable levels. In this research project, hazard characteristics were investigated in the grain and/or processing, through the systematic applied worldwide and known as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). The project was developed in a wheat mill where the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) were already implemented.The HACCP methodology was developed after review of Prerequisite Programs, detailed description of the production process and exploratory/confirmatory analysis at strategic points, then moving to the application of the seven theoretical System Principles. The results of exploratory analyzes found that processing steps removed most of the contaminants in wheat, yielding a whole wheat flour with safe physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, in accordance with current legislation. The Hazard Analysis and Control Point Critical system were applied to the production of whole wheat flour, it was found that the processing reduces contaminants in wheat at acceptable levels, provided that the three points of control present in sieving (Turbo Sieve) and transport (filter and Metal Detectors) are monitored properly. In the decision-tree approach was not found critical control points (CCP) for wheat storage.

In this thesis, Quality Function Deployment for aircraft maintenance organizations is considered. Assessment and evaluation of quality management in aircraft maintenance organizations is the key to ensure safety, reliability, and the assurance of quality. At present, companies around the world have an absolute need for quality management systems in order to help them to develop and manage better their activities. Improving the way in which organizations handle their organizational management plays a major role in raising the standard of the quality of the product or the quality of the service they deliver. The challenge of implementing quality approaches in the management of aircraft maintenance organizations is appealing since it is recognized to save time and money. As a result, the organization can become more efficient, more competitive in its domain and finally more profitable. Quality management is, therefore, an essential function for maintaining and improving the quality of the services and products provided by aircraft maintenance organizations. First necessary background and theoretical knowledge on aircraft maintenance organizations and quality management is presented in detail. This is achieved by performing an analysis of the needs and the means for improving quality in the maintenance activities. The proposed analysis approach is a combination of Quality Function Deployment, and Fuzzy Logic theory. The Quality Function Deployment is used as an analysis tool to translate the customer needs and requirements into service features. The Quality Function Deployment involves the construction of a matrix structure which allows the assessment and ranking of different course of action with respect to quality. Since many opinions from experts are expressed in linguistic terms it appeared that fuzzy logic could improve this analysis process. Then, the final part of the thesis is devoted to the development of a fuzzy quality function deployment. The proposed analysis approach is then illustrated in the case of aircraft maintenance organizations where the objective is to increase fleet availability, maintain aircraft reliability, decrease servicing time, and limit investment costs
Dans cette thèse, le déploiement de la fonction de la qualité pour l'organisation de l'entretien des avions est considérée. L'évaluation de la gestion de la qualité dans les organismes de maintenance des avions est la clé pour garantir la sécurité, la fiabilité et l'assurance de la qualité. De nos jours, les entreprises partout dans le monde ont un besoin absolu de systèmes, gestion de la qualité afin de les aider à développer et à mieux gérer leurs activités. La façon dont les organisations gèrent leurs gestions de l'organisation joue un rôle majeur dans l'amélioration du niveau de la qualité du produit ou la qualité du service qu'elles fournissent. Le défi de la mise en œuvre de la démarche qualité dans la gestion de la maintenance des avions est important car il doit conduire à des économies de temps et d'argent. La gestion de la qualité est, par conséquent, une fonction essentielle pour maintenir et améliorer la qualité des services et produits offerts par les organismes de maintenance des avions. Dans cette thèse les prés requis et connaissances théoriques sur l'organisation de la maintenance et la gestion de la qualité sont présentés en détail. Ceci est réalisé en effectuant une analyse des besoins et des moyens pour améliorer la qualité dans les activités d'entretien. L'approche d'analyse proposée est une combinaison du déploiement de la fonction de la qualité et de la Logique Floue. Le déploiement de la fonction de la qualité est utilisé comme un outil d'analyse pour traduire les besoins des clients et les besoins en qualité des services. Le déploiement de la fonction de la qualité comprend la construction d'une structure matricielle permettant d’évaluer et de comparer les différents plans d’action. Puisque de nombreuses opinions d'experts sont exprimées en termes linguistiques, il semble que la Logique Floue pourrait améliorer ce processus d'analyse. La dernière partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'élaboration du déploiement de la fonction de la qualité dans le cadre de la Logique Floue. L'approche d'analyse proposée est ensuite illustrée dans le cas de l'organisation de l'entretien d’une flotte d’avions. L'objectif est d'augmenter la disponibilité de la flotte, de maintenir sa fiabilité, de diminuer le temps du service de maintenance, de limiter les coûts d'investissement

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This study aimed to verify the microbiological safety of solid waste from cassava starch (peel and bagasse), with different times of storage at room temperature with and without chemical treatment and apply peels and dried cassava bagasse in the formulation of gluten-free cake mixes substituting rice flour. The pH values ranged from 5.3 to 4.3 in fresh cassava peel, while the cassava peel sanitized between 5.6 and 4.4. The pH values ranged from 5.24 to 5.92 on fresh cassava bagasse, while in the acidified cassava bagasse these values were between 4.7 and 5.5. The time significantly influenced the pH values of all samples of peel and cassava bagasse during storage at room temperature. None of the samples of flour and cake analyzed was detected Salmonella, and counting of Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sp. and fecal coliform (45 °C). There were only counts of coliforms, yeasts and molds in peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. All instrumental parameters of color, pH and moisture of the samples of rice flour, peel flour and cassava bagasse flour, showed differences. The rice flour had become clearer, with less red and yellow color when compared to the peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. The pH differed among the three flours, being the pH of the rice flour larger than those observed in flours of peel and cassava bagasse. The moisture content of rice flour was lower than the peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. The flours of peel and cassava bagasse showed higher contents of ash, total dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble fiber and lower protein and carbohydrates, in addition to the total energy. The specific volumes of experimental cakes made with rice flour and cassava peel flour did not differ in any treatment, already in those made with cassava bagasse flour, treatments with 75% and 100% substitution of rice flour by cassava bagasse flour differed from other treatments. The crumbs of cakes tended to stain darker with increasing levels of replacement of rice flour by peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. In relation to moisture all the cakes made with experimental flours were different, except the cake without replacement and with 25% substitution of rice flour with cassava bagasse flour. The performance index also tended to increase proportionately to the increase levels of replacement of rice flour by flour of peel and cassava bagasse flour. The ash, lipids and total and insoluble dietary fibers tended to increase in the cakes with replacement of rice flour by peel flour and cassava bagasse flour, carbohydrates, protein and total energy were lower in cakes with increasing replacement of flour waste. All experimental cakes exceeded the cutoff point (score 6) for acceptance testing in sensorial analysis. Cassava peel sanitized and acidified cassava bagasse can be considered safe for use as an ingredient (flour) in the formulation of food products, especially those who suffer heat treatment. The results obtained in the formulations of the cakes were adequate, since they showed satisfactory results in relation to the physical, nutritional, microbiological safety and sensory characteristics.
Este trabalho objetivou verificar a segurança microbiológica dos resíduos sólidos de fecularia de mandioca (cascas e bagaço), com diferentes tempos de armazenamento a temperatura ambiente com e sem tratamento químico e aplicar as cascas e bagaço de mandioca desidratados na formulação de misturas de bolos sem glúten em substituição a farinha de arroz. Os valores de pH variaram entre 5,3 a 4,3 na casca de mandioca in natura, enquanto na casca de mandioca sanitizada entre 5,6 e 4,4. Os valores de pH variaram entre 5,24 a 5,92 no bagaço de mandioca in natura, enquanto no bagaço de mandioca acidificado estes valores ficaram entre 4,7 e 5,5. O tempo influenciou significativamente os valores de pH de todas as amostras de casca e de bagaço de mandioca durante o armazenamento a temperatura ambiente. Em nenhuma das amostras de farinhas e de bolos avaliadas foi detectada presença de Salmonella sp, e contagem de Bacilus cereus, Clostridium sp. e coliformes termotolerantes (45 °C). Apenas verificaram-se contagens de coliformes totais e bolores e leveduras nas farinhas de cascas e de bagaço de mandioca. Todos os parâmetros instrumentais de cor, o pH e a umidade das amostras de farinha de arroz, farinha de casca de mandioca e farinha de bagaço de mandioca, apresentaram diferenças. A farinha de arroz apresentou-se mais clara, com coloração menos avermelhada e amarelada, quando comparada às farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. O pH diferiu entre as três farinhas, sendo o pH da farinha de arroz maior que o observado nas farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. A umidade da farinha de arroz foi menor que as das farinhas de casca de mandioca e de bagaço de mandioca. As farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca apresentaram teores superiores de cinzas, fibras alimentares total, solúvel e insolúvel e inferiores de proteínas e carboidratos, além do valor energético total. Os volumes específicos dos bolos experimentais formulados com farinha de arroz e farinha de casca de mandioca não diferiram em nenhum dos tratamentos, já nos formulados com farinha de bagaço de mandioca, os tratamentos com 75% e 100% de substituição da farinha de arroz pela farinha de bagaço de mandioca diferiram dos demais tratamentos. Os miolos dos bolos apresentaram tendência à coloração mais escura, com o aumento dos níveis de substituição da farinha de arroz pela farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. Em relação à umidade todos os bolos experimentais formulados com as farinhas apresentaram diferença, exceto o bolo sem substituição e com 25% de substituição de farinha de arroz por farinha de bagaço de mandioca. O índice de rendimento também apresentou tendência a aumentar proporcionalmente ao aumento dos níveis de substituição de farinha de arroz por farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. As cinzas, os lipídeos e as fibras alimentares total e insolúvel apresentaram tendência de aumentar nos bolos com substituição de farinha de arroz pela farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca, já os carboidratos, proteínas e o valor energético total apresentaram valores inferiores nos bolos com o aumento da substituição das farinhas dos resíduos. Todos os bolos experimentais superaram o ponto de corte (escore 6) para o teste de aceitação na análise sensorial. A casca de mandioca sanitizada e o bagaço de mandioca acidificado podem ser considerados seguros para utilização como ingrediente (farinha) em formulações de produtos alimentícios, principalmente aqueles que sofrerão tratamento térmico. Os resultados obtidos nas formulações dos bolos foram adequados, uma vez que estes apresentaram resultados satisfatórios em relação às características físicas, valor nutricional, segurança microbiológica e características sensoriais.

La maîtrise de la qualité des produits alimentaires passe par une maîtrise voire optimisation des procédés alimentaires dans un contexte où même si la recherche avance il est difficile de comprendre et représenter les mécanismes mis en jeu. Dans ce cadre, notre propos est d'explorer en quoi la prise en compte des fonctions de décision humaine au travers d'approches mettant en oeuvre la théorie des ensembles flous peuvent être prometteuses. Au delà de cela nous cherchons des réponses nouvelles à des besoins du génie des procédés. Ainsi dans un premier temps, la contribution des ensembles flous aux fonctions préalablement requises pour la maîtrise des procédés alimentaires (mesurer, modéliser, contrôler) est étudiée au travers d'applications sur différents procédés. Dans la thématique de mesure nous montrons que le couplage d'un capteur de couleur à une méthode floue de traitement de l'information permet d'extraire avec pertinence un indicateur de qualité (couleur) proche de celui manipulé par les opérateurs au cours d'un procédé de cuisson. La thématique de modélisation est envisagée au travers d'un exemple de prédiction de cinétiques relatives aux caractéristiques qualité de grains de mais et de riz au cours d'un procédé de séchage. Une approche de représentation de la connaissance experte, utilisant la théorie des ensembles flous, permet d'interpréter les mécanismes réactionnels à un niveau symbolique qui semble bien prendre en compte la complexité des mécanismes réactionnels mis en jeu. La thématique de contrôle est envisagée au travers d'un exemple de régulation d'un procédé agro-alimentaire complexe: la microfiltration tangentielle. Un algorithme flou mettant en oeuvre les fonctions de décision des experts présente de bons résultats de régulation. Dans un deuxième temps, une méthodologie de contrôle en boucle fermée de la qualité de produits alimentaires utilisant les fonctions de décision humaine au travers de la théorie des ensembles flous est proposée et validée sur un procédé de cuisson en biscuiterie (concept de rétroaction qualité). La connaissance experte est appréhendée au travers d'une architecture modulaire implémentée de manière purement logicielle sur automate industriel. Un tel système semble potentiellement intéressant pour coopérer avec l'opérateur et les lois de commande classiques vers une meilleure maîtrise globale de la qualité du produit.

Ces dernières années, des stratégies pour la conduite de projets visant à assurer la qualité dans les systèmes d'information ont été proposées. Dans la pratique, cependant, chaque domaine d'application a développé sa propre procédure ainsi qu'une série d'outils pour résoudre les problèmes de qualité. Toutefois, les solutions fourbies par ces approches ne sont pas suffisantes pour répondre aux plus larges exigences des utilisateurs. En outre, ils ont leurs propres modèles de qualité, terminologies et modèles d'accès, ce qui pose des défis techniques pour les rendre interopérables. Visant à combler cette lacune, nous proposons une approchhe dont l'objectif est de faciliter la définition de métriques de qualité et de méthodes de mesure appropriées et adaptées aux besoins de qualité spécifiques à une organisation. La qualité dans les systèmes d’information désigne aussi l'exploitation des attributs de qualité pour des tâches spécifiques telles que la recherche d'objets remplissant un ensemble de critères dont certains sont relatifs à la qualité. Dans ce contexte, nous snous sommes intéressés à untype particulier d'objets que sont les processus métiers (généralement formulés sous forme de graphes). La plupart des travaux adressant le problème de la découverte de processus sont basés sur l'appariement approximatif de graphes. Toutefois, ces approches ont encore un taux de sélectivité faible, renvoyant un nombre conséquent de processus offrant les mêmes fonctionnalités, mais à des niveaux de qualité différents. Motivé par ce contexte, cette thèse propose également une approche pour l'évaluation des préférences de qualité dans l'appariement de modéles de processus
In the last years, strategies to improve or assure the quality in information systems have been addressed by several approaches. In practice, however, each application domain developed its own quality management procedure providing a specific vision of quality as well as a suite of tools to solve quality problems. Still, the solutions provided by such approaches are not sufficient to deal with broader user's requirements. Moreover, they have their own quality models, terminology and access patterns, which makes interoperability between ther a technical challenge. Aiming at filling this gap, this thesis proposes an approach whose main objective is to facilitate the definition of appropriate quality metrics and measurement methods tailored to specific quality organization. The quality in information systems also includes the exploitation of the quality information in specific tasks, e. G. , the retieval of objects satisfying a set of criteria (some of them related to quality attributes). In this context, the problem of process retrieval gained special attention due to the investment of organizations on process management practices and due to the consequent growth of the repositories of business processes. Current approaches for process retrieval propose strategies for handling processes with reasonable size and define ranking metrics that improve the relevance of the answers. However, these works address only the structural representation of the process and do not properly deal with the non-functional aspects at the different granularity levels. Motivated by these problems, this thesis also proposes an approach for evaluating quality preferences in process model matching

Основни задатак ове докторске дисертације је био да се испита утицај третмана хладном атмосферском плазмом на квалитет и безбедност пшеничног брашна.Прва фаза истраживања спроведених у овој докторској дисертацији била је усмерена на поређење SRC методе (Solvent Retention Capacity) са емпиријским методама на узорцима пасажних брашна. Метода је показала изузетно добру моћ описивања врло различитих својстава пасажних брашна. Поређењем параметара SRC методе са реолошким показатељима квалитета уочена је подела SRC параметара у две групе. Прву групу чинили су параметари способност задржавања раствора млечне киселине и индекс перформанси глутена (SRCLa и GPI) осетљиви на снагу теста, а другу групу параметри способност задржавања раствора натријум карбоната, односно, шећера те способност задржавања воде (SRCSo, SRCSu и SRCw) осетљиви на хидртатациона својства брашна. Обрадом резултата кроз мултиваријантну анализу, одређене су корелације, односно, односи између параметара SRC методе и реолошких параметара. На бази параметара SRC методе развијени су модели применом методе парцијалне регресије најмањих квадрта (PLSR) са високим вредностима коефицијента детерминације, R2 = 0,93 за фаринографску моћ упијања воде (FWA) и R2 = 0,92 за енергију те вишеструких одговора R2 = 0,89.Друга фаза истраживања у оквиру дисертације била је усмерена на сагледавање утицаја различитих услова третмана хладном атмосферском плазмом (време, растојање, степен искоришћености заклона) на показатеље квалитета брашна кроз примену SRC методе, садржаја слободних сулфхидрилних група, ултраљубичасте и инфрацрвене спектроскопије, реолошких анализа на реометру и глутопику, те вредности глутен индекса и саджај влажног глутена. Електрична карактеризација извора плазме указала је да је укупна површина електроде хомогено прекривена плазмом при RMS вредности напона и јачине струје од 2400 V и 0,1 A. Коришћењем OES мерења (Optical Emission Spectroscopy) потврђено је постојање реактивних врста хладне плазме. Оптичке емисије су забележене у секундарној позитивној траци N2, првој позитивној траци N2, линије OH (A-X) опсега побуђених OH радикала као и линије из прве негативне траке молекулског јона азота. Мерења су указала и на низак интензитет побуђених стања атомског кисеоника. Сви посматрани показатељи квалитета су се мењали са условима третмана хладном атмосферском плазмом. Дуже време третмана пшеничног брашна довело је до повећање модула еластичности G’, SRCSu и SRCw параметра. Вредности влажног глутена и глутен индекса (WG и GI) варирале су у уском интервалу, док су вредности садржај слободних сулфхидрилних група SRCLa и GPI параметара опадале. Како је SRC методе исказала добру способност да прати промене на брашну узроковане третманом хладном атмосферском на бази параметара SRC методе уз примену методологије одзивне површине спроведен је поступак моделовања и оптимизације третмана. Развијени модели свих SRC параметара су указали на значајне услове третмана и одликовали су се високим вредностима R² SRCLa (0,92), SRCSu (0,84), SRCSo (0,75), SRCw (0,91) и GPI (0,92). Aнализа секундарних структура указала је да третман доводи до увећања удела α-хеликс секундарне структуре те до смањења удела β равни као и β-окрет + β равни.У трећој фази докторске дисертације, посматран је утицај два правца оптимизације третмана хладне атмосферске плазме на показатење квалитета три групе производа (пшенични хлеб, мешани хлеб од целог зрна и хлеб са мекињама). Циљ првог правца је био минимизација SRCLa и максимизација SRCSu параметара а другог максимизација и SRCLa и SRCSu параметара. Утицај третмана хладном атмосферском плазмом, оба правца оптимизације, на показатеље квалитета све три групе производа посматран је кроз анализу физичких и сензорских параметара квалитета хлеба. Одређивањем физичких показатеља квалитета утврђено је да третман брашна хладном атмосферском плазмом доводи до промена пецивних својстава пшеничног брашна. Третмани су утицали на текстуру као и боју узорака хлеба. Краће време третмана имало повољнији ефекат на ток колоидних процеса током замеса, те и запремину готових производа. Сензорска анализа показала је да супститција 10% брашна третираним при овом третману позитивно утиче на запремину, изглед средине, укус и мирис свих врста хлеба. Резултати указују да је у зависности и од услова третамана, начина примене (количине), али и од квалитета брашна које се супституише третираним брашном, пожељно спровођење оптиизације третмана у складу са наменом брашна.У четвртој фази спроведено је испитивања могућег утицаја третмана хладном атмосферском плазмом на безбедност брашна, односно, производе од брашна. Испитивана је могућност редукције Alternaria токсина у матриксу пшеничног брашна и утицај услова третмана (време и растојање). Испитивања су била фокусирана на три Alternaria токсина: алтернариол (AOH), алтернариол монометил етар (AME) и тентоксин (TEN). Одређени су степени редукције три Alternaria токсина, у „спајкованим“ узорцима пшеничног брашна у зависности од услова третмана. Потом је извршено моделовање третмана применом методологије одзивних површина и одређен значај услова третмана на степен редукције испитиваних Alternaria токсина. Оптимизација је извршена прорачуном стандардне оцене, те је спроведено тестирање оптималног третмана на природно контаминираним узорцима млинских производа од пшенице. Резултати су показали да је могуће постићи значајан степен разградље свих испитиваних Alternaria токсина при релативно кратким временима (180 ѕ) третмана како у „спајкованим“ тако и у природно контаминираним узорцима. Најбољи резултати редукције Alternaria токсина добијени су третманом узорка постављеним на растојању од 6 mm од извора хладне атмосферске плазме, са трајањем третмана од 180 ѕ, при чему је остварен степен редукције од 60,6% за AOH, 73,8% за АМЕ и 54,5% за TEN. Степен редукције испитиваних Alternaria токсина у природно контаминираним узорцима зависио је и од почетних концентрација Alternaria токсина.Сва истраживања проведена у изради ове докторске дисертације указују да се третман пшеничног брашна хладном атмосферском плазмом може користити за модификацију технолошког квалитета, али и унапређење безбедности пшеничног брашна те је потребно наставити истраживања у овим правцима.
Osnovni zadatak ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj tretmana hladnom atmosferskom plazmom na kvalitet i bezbednost pšeničnog brašna.Prva faza istraživanja sprovedenih u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji bila je usmerena na poređenje SRC metode (Solvent Retention Capacity) sa empirijskim metodama na uzorcima pasažnih brašna. Metoda je pokazala izuzetno dobru moć opisivanja vrlo različitih svojstava pasažnih brašna. Poređenjem parametara SRC metode sa reološkim pokazateljima kvaliteta uočena je podela SRC parametara u dve grupe. Prvu grupu činili su parametari sposobnost zadržavanja rastvora mlečne kiseline i indeks performansi glutena (SRCLa i GPI) osetljivi na snagu testa, a drugu grupu parametri sposobnost zadržavanja rastvora natrijum karbonata, odnosno, šećera te sposobnost zadržavanja vode (SRCSo, SRCSu i SRCw) osetljivi na hidrtataciona svojstva brašna. Obradom rezultata kroz multivarijantnu analizu, određene su korelacije, odnosno, odnosi između parametara SRC metode i reoloških parametara. Na bazi parametara SRC metode razvijeni su modeli primenom metode parcijalne regresije najmanjih kvadrta (PLSR) sa visokim vrednostima koeficijenta determinacije, R2 = 0,93 za farinografsku moć upijanja vode (FWA) i R2 = 0,92 za energiju te višestrukih odgovora R2 = 0,89.Druga faza istraživanja u okviru disertacije bila je usmerena na sagledavanje uticaja različitih uslova tretmana hladnom atmosferskom plazmom (vreme, rastojanje, stepen iskorišćenosti zaklona) na pokazatelje kvaliteta brašna kroz primenu SRC metode, sadržaja slobodnih sulfhidrilnih grupa, ultraljubičaste i infracrvene spektroskopije, reoloških analiza na reometru i glutopiku, te vrednosti gluten indeksa i sadžaj vlažnog glutena. Električna karakterizacija izvora plazme ukazala je da je ukupna površina elektrode homogeno prekrivena plazmom pri RMS vrednosti napona i jačine struje od 2400 V i 0,1 A. Korišćenjem OES merenja (Optical Emission Spectroscopy) potvrđeno je postojanje reaktivnih vrsta hladne plazme. Optičke emisije su zabeležene u sekundarnoj pozitivnoj traci N2, prvoj pozitivnoj traci N2, linije OH (A-X) opsega pobuđenih OH radikala kao i linije iz prve negativne trake molekulskog jona azota. Merenja su ukazala i na nizak intenzitet pobuđenih stanja atomskog kiseonika. Svi posmatrani pokazatelji kvaliteta su se menjali sa uslovima tretmana hladnom atmosferskom plazmom. Duže vreme tretmana pšeničnog brašna dovelo je do povećanje modula elastičnosti G’, SRCSu i SRCw parametra. Vrednosti vlažnog glutena i gluten indeksa (WG i GI) varirale su u uskom intervalu, dok su vrednosti sadržaj slobodnih sulfhidrilnih grupa SRCLa i GPI parametara opadale. Kako je SRC metode iskazala dobru sposobnost da prati promene na brašnu uzrokovane tretmanom hladnom atmosferskom na bazi parametara SRC metode uz primenu metodologije odzivne površine sproveden je postupak modelovanja i optimizacije tretmana. Razvijeni modeli svih SRC parametara su ukazali na značajne uslove tretmana i odlikovali su se visokim vrednostima R² SRCLa (0,92), SRCSu (0,84), SRCSo (0,75), SRCw (0,91) i GPI (0,92). Analiza sekundarnih struktura ukazala je da tretman dovodi do uvećanja udela α-heliks sekundarne strukture te do smanjenja udela β ravni kao i β-okret + β ravni.U trećoj fazi doktorske disertacije, posmatran je uticaj dva pravca optimizacije tretmana hladne atmosferske plazme na pokazatenje kvaliteta tri grupe proizvoda (pšenični hleb, mešani hleb od celog zrna i hleb sa mekinjama). Cilj prvog pravca je bio minimizacija SRCLa i maksimizacija SRCSu parametara a drugog maksimizacija i SRCLa i SRCSu parametara. Uticaj tretmana hladnom atmosferskom plazmom, oba pravca optimizacije, na pokazatelje kvaliteta sve tri grupe proizvoda posmatran je kroz analizu fizičkih i senzorskih parametara kvaliteta hleba. Određivanjem fizičkih pokazatelja kvaliteta utvrđeno je da tretman brašna hladnom atmosferskom plazmom dovodi do promena pecivnih svojstava pšeničnog brašna. Tretmani su uticali na teksturu kao i boju uzoraka hleba. Kraće vreme tretmana imalo povoljniji efekat na tok koloidnih procesa tokom zamesa, te i zapreminu gotovih proizvoda. Senzorska analiza pokazala je da supstitcija 10% brašna tretiranim pri ovom tretmanu pozitivno utiče na zapreminu, izgled sredine, ukus i miris svih vrsta hleba. Rezultati ukazuju da je u zavisnosti i od uslova tretamana, načina primene (količine), ali i od kvaliteta brašna koje se supstituiše tretiranim brašnom, poželjno sprovođenje optiizacije tretmana u skladu sa namenom brašna.U četvrtoj fazi sprovedeno je ispitivanja mogućeg uticaja tretmana hladnom atmosferskom plazmom na bezbednost brašna, odnosno, proizvode od brašna. Ispitivana je mogućnost redukcije Alternaria toksina u matriksu pšeničnog brašna i uticaj uslova tretmana (vreme i rastojanje). Ispitivanja su bila fokusirana na tri Alternaria toksina: alternariol (AOH), alternariol monometil etar (AME) i tentoksin (TEN). Određeni su stepeni redukcije tri Alternaria toksina, u „spajkovanim“ uzorcima pšeničnog brašna u zavisnosti od uslova tretmana. Potom je izvršeno modelovanje tretmana primenom metodologije odzivnih površina i određen značaj uslova tretmana na stepen redukcije ispitivanih Alternaria toksina. Optimizacija je izvršena proračunom standardne ocene, te je sprovedeno testiranje optimalnog tretmana na prirodno kontaminiranim uzorcima mlinskih proizvoda od pšenice. Rezultati su pokazali da je moguće postići značajan stepen razgradlje svih ispitivanih Alternaria toksina pri relativno kratkim vremenima (180 ѕ) tretmana kako u „spajkovanim“ tako i u prirodno kontaminiranim uzorcima. Najbolji rezultati redukcije Alternaria toksina dobijeni su tretmanom uzorka postavljenim na rastojanju od 6 mm od izvora hladne atmosferske plazme, sa trajanjem tretmana od 180 ѕ, pri čemu je ostvaren stepen redukcije od 60,6% za AOH, 73,8% za AME i 54,5% za TEN. Stepen redukcije ispitivanih Alternaria toksina u prirodno kontaminiranim uzorcima zavisio je i od početnih koncentracija Alternaria toksina.Sva istraživanja provedena u izradi ove doktorske disertacije ukazuju da se tretman pšeničnog brašna hladnom atmosferskom plazmom može koristiti za modifikaciju tehnološkog kvaliteta, ali i unapređenje bezbednosti pšeničnog brašna te je potrebno nastaviti istraživanja u ovim pravcima.
The main aim of this doctoral dissertation was to examine the impact of cold atmospheric plasma treatment on the quality and safety of wheat flour.The first phase of research conducted in this doctoral dissertation was aimed at comparing the SRC method with empirical rheological methods on samples of wheat flour mill streams. The method showed good power to describe very different properties of wheat flour mill streams. By comparing the parameters of the Solvent Retention Capacity method (SRC) with empirical rheological parameters, the division of SRC parameters into two groups is noticed. The first group of SRC, lactic acid and glutenin performance index (SRCLa and GPI) is sensitive to the dough strengths, and the second group, SRC of sodium carbonate, sucrose and water (SRCSо, SRCSu and SRCw) is sensitive to flour hydration potential. Through multivariate analysis, the relationships between the parameters of the SRC method and the rheological parameters were determined. Based on the experimental data of the SRC parameters, models were developed with partial least squares regression (PLSR) to predict the most important rheological parameters. PLSR models with high values of coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.93 for farinographic water absorption (FWA) and R2 = 0.92 for energy and model with multiple responses R2 = 0.89 were developed.In the second phase of the research, the influence of different conditions of cold atmospheric plasma treatment (time, distance, degree of cover utilization) on flour quality indicators determined by the SRC method, as well as the content of free sulfhydryl groups, wet gluten, gluten index, rheological properties and ultraviolet and infrared spectra were analyzed. The electrical characterization of the plasma source indicates that the electrodes are homogeneously covered with plasma at the RMS voltage of 2400 V and current of 0.1 A. Optical emission spectroscopy shows the most intense emission lines are in the N2 second positive system band, as expected for the atmospheric air plasma. Relatively lower intensities of peaks associated with atomic oxygen (triplet at 777 nm) are due to the involvement of O in the creation of O3, and quenching by N2 and O2 molecules. All observed parameters changed with the conditions of cold atmospheric plasma treatment. The prolonged treatment time of wheat flour leads to an increase in the modulus of elasticity G’, SRCSu and SRCw parameter. The values of the wet gluten (WG) and gluten index (GI) parameters vary in a narrow interval and the content of free sulfhydryl groups and SRCL and GPI parameters show a decreasing trend. As the SRC method showed a good ability to monitor changes in flour caused by atmospheric cold plasma treatment. Based on the parameters of the SRC method, with the application of the response surface methodology, the procedure of modeling and optimization of the treatment was performed. Developed models of all SRC parameters indicated significant treatment conditions and were characterized by high values of R² SRCL (0.92), SRCSu (0.84), SRCSo (0.75), SRCw (0.91) and GPI (0, 92) respectively. Analysis of secondary structures indicated that the treatment leads to an increase in the proportion of α-helix secondary structure and to a decrease in the proportion of β-plane as well as β-turn + β-sheet.In the third phase, the influence of two directions of optimization of cold atmospheric plasma treatment on the quality indicators of three groups of products (wheat bread, whole grain bread and bread with bran) was observed. The aim of the first optimization was to minimize SRCL and maximize SRCSu parameters and of the second to maximize both SRCLa and SRCSu parameters. The influence of cold atmospheric plasma treatment, of both directions of optimization, on the quality indicators of all three groups of products, was analyzed through the analysis of volume, physical and sensory properties of bread. Results indicate that the treatment of flour with cold atmospheric plasma leads to changes in all baking properties of wheat flour. Treatments affect texture parameters as well as color parameters. Shorter treatment time had a more favorable effect on the course of colloidal processes during mixing and the volume of finished products. Sensory analysis showed that the substitution of 10% flour with flour treated with Shorter treatment time has a positive effect on the volume, appearance of the crumb, taste and smell of bread. The results indicate that the optimization of flour treatment should be carried out according to the appropriate purpose, quantity as well as the quality of the flour which is substituted by the treated flour.In the fourth phase, investigations of the impact of cold atmospheric plasma treatment on the safety of flour were conducted. The possibility of reduction of Alternaria toxins in the wheat flour matrix and the influence of treatment conditions (time and distance) were investigated. The examinations were focused on three Alternaria toxins: alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tentoxin (TEN). The extent of reduction of three Alternaria toxins were determined in "spiked" samples of wheat flour depending on the treatment conditions. The modeling of the treatment was performed by applying the response surfaces methodology and the significance of the treatment conditions on the extent of the reduction rate of the Alternaria toxins were determined. The optimization was performed by calculating the standard scores and testing of the optimal treatment was performed on naturally contaminated samples of wheat mill products. The results showed that it is possible to achieve a significant degree of reduction of all tested Alternaria toxins with relatively short treatment times (180 s) in both "spiked" and naturally contaminated samples. The best results of the reduction of all three Alternaria toxins were obtained for treatment with a sample placed at a distance of 6 mm, with a treatment time of 180 s. Under these treatments, a reduction of 60.6%, 73.8% and 54.5%, for AOH, AME and TEN, respectively, was achieved. Results also showed that the extent of the reduction of Alternaria toxins in naturally contaminated samples also depended on the initial Alternaria toxins concentrations.All research indicates that the treatment of wheat flour with cold atmospheric plasma can be successfully used to modify the technological quality but also to improve the safety of wheat flour and it is justified to continue further research.

As the U.S. and world economies emerge from years of recession, the hardwood flooring market is currently enjoying strong growth. With this growth come new challenges for hardwood flooring manufacturers. Strong competition from foreign markets and rising log prices are reducing product margins and forcing companies to think lean, while improving product quality. QEP Wood Flooring division, who struggled through the worst of the U.S. economic down turn is now regaining ground as a strong competitor in the hardwood flooring market. This turnaround is due to internal changes to decrease waste and increase product quality. This is accomplished by using the quality control department as a tool to aid manufacturing. To accomplish these changes, QEP implemented the use of quality tools and employee awareness training; as a result QEP increased overall product quality and yields while reducing customer claim pay outs.

Les systèmes de ventilation sont des composants essentiels à prendre en compte lors de la conception des bâtiments. En effet, alors que la ventilation a longtemps été associée à la qualité de l'air intérieur, on constate un intérêt grandissant pour la ventilation pour le confort d'été. Dans le cas des systèmes de ventilation hybride, la coexistence de deux modes de ventilation différents associée à des objectifs d'économie d'énergie nécessitent une meilleure évoluée. Notre étude vise le développement et l'évaluation sur le plan numérique et expérimental de plusieurs architectures de contrôleurs pour la gestion de la ventilation hybride. Dans un premier temps, nous effectuons un choix des paramètres, des types de contrôleurs et de la méthode d'évaluation à travers un rappel des principes fondamentaux des différents composants intervenant dans cette gestion (confort thermique, qualité de l'air, systèmes de ventilation et techniques de contrôle). Nous présentons ensuite les outils numériques (modèle thermoaéraulique HYBCELL1. 0) et expérimentaux (cellule HYBCELL) développés afin d'élaborer et d'évaluer les architectures de contrôle. Une première approche de stratégies de contrôle de la ventilation hybride basées sur des contrôleurs simples pour un cas fictif montre les limites des techniques de contrôle et des méthodes d'évaluation simples. Nous nous intéressons ensuite au développement d'architectures de contrôle plus complexes (contrôleurs logiques, contrôleurs flous hiérarchiques). Pour permettre une évaluation objective sur plusieurs critères, nous avons construit deux fonctions de performance. Les performances relatives des différentes architectures sont étudiées grâce à une étude de sensibilité. Enfin, sont présentés les résultats d'une évaluation expérimentale des contrôleurs développés, en conditions hivernales
Whereas in the past, ventilation was automatically linked to indoor air quality control, there is nowadays more interest in ventilation as an energy efficient strategy to achieve thermal comfort in summer. To reach these targets and manage hybrid ventilation systems, advanced control strategies are therefore needed. In this study, we aim to develop and to assess several architectures of controllers for hybrid ventilation numerically and experimentally. In order to carry out a choice of control parameters and evaluation techniques, we first make a review of thermal comfort, indoor air quality and control principles. Then, we present the numerical tool (HYBCELL1. 0) and the experimental device (HYBCELL test cell) conceived in order to develop and to assess architectures of controller for hybrid ventilation. As a first approach, simple control strategies are tested using a fictive building. More complex control strategies based on logical and hierarchical fuzzy controllers are then developed. To allow an objective evaluation of the controllers using comfort, indoor air quality, energy and stability creterias, two fitness functions were used. The relative performances of developped architectures are then studied using a sensitivity study. Finaly, the results of an experimental evaluation of the developed controllers under winter climat are presented

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Cunefare, Kenneth A.; Committee Member: Qu, Jianmin; Committee Member: Ryherd, Erica. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.