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Journal articles on the topic 'Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Zeng, Li, Geng Chen, and Hanxin Chen. "Comparative Study on Flow-Accelerated Corrosion and Erosion–Corrosion at a 90° Carbon Steel Bend." Materials 13, no. 7 (2020): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071780.

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Electrochemical measurements and surface analysis are performed to comparatively study flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) and erosion–corrosion (E-C) behavior at a 90° carbon steel bend. The corrosion rates are higher under FAC conditions than those under E-C conditions. For FAC, the corrosion is more serious at the inside wall. However, corrosion is exacerbated at the outside wall under E-C conditions. No erosion scratches are observed under FAC conditions and at the inside wall under E-C conditions, while remarkable erosion scratches appear at the outside wall under E-C conditions. The dominan

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2

Wan, Tao, and Shigeru Saito. "Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Type 316L Stainless Steel Caused by Turbulent Lead–Bismuth Eutectic Flow." Metals 8, no. 8 (2018): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080627.

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Lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), a heavy liquid metal, is an ideal candidate coolant material for Generation-IV fast reactors and accelerator-driven systems (ADSs), but LBE is also known to pose a considerable corrosive threat to its container. However, the susceptibility of the candidate container material, 316L stainless steel (SS), to flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) under turbulent LBE flow, is not well understood. In this study, an LBE loop, referred to as JLBL-1, was used to experimentally study the behavior of 316L SS when subjected to FAC for 3000 h under non-isothermal conditions. An orif

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3

Hu, Ying, Long Xin, Chang Hong, Yongming Han, and Yonghao Lu. "Microstructural Understanding of Flow Accelerated Corrosion of SA106B Carbon Steel in High-Temperature Water with Different Flow Velocities." Materials 16, no. 11 (2023): 3981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16113981.

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All light or heavy water reactors fabricated with carbon steels suffer from flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC). The FAC degradation of SA106B with different flow velocities was investigated in terms of microstructure. As flow velocity increased, the major corrosion type changed from general corrosion to localized corrosion. Severe localized corrosion occurred in the pearlite zone, which can be the prior location for generating pits. After normalizing, the improvement in microstructure homogeneity reduced the oxidation kinetics and lowered cracking sensitivity, causing a decrease in FAC rates of

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4

Poulson, Bryan. "Predicting and Preventing Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Nuclear Power Plant." International Journal of Nuclear Energy 2014 (October 13, 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/423295.

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Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) of carbon steels in water has been a concern in nuclear power production for over 40 years. Many theoretical models or empirical approaches have been developed to predict the possible occurrence, position, and rate of FAC. There are a number of parameters, which need to be incorporated into any model. Firstly there is a measure defining the hydrodynamic severity of the flow; this is usually the mass transfer rate. The development of roughness due to FAC and its effect on mass transfer need to be considered. Then most critically there is the derived or assumed f

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5

Wang, Yajing, Zhe Lyu, Zhisheng Wu, and Leijun Li. "Effect of Fusion Boundary Microstructure on Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Cracking." Materials 17, no. 9 (2024): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17092026.

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Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) preferentially attacks the downstream heat-affected zone of the root-pass weld in steam pipe systems. A detailed characterization identifies the fusion boundary as the initiation location for the attack. Alloying elements are found depleted along the weld fusion boundary, and multiple welding thermal cycles and repetitive austenite-to-ferrite phase transformations result in an increased proportion of grains with Goss {110}<001> texture along the fusion boundary. The synergistic effects of chemical segregation and the Schmid factor may contribute to the pr

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6

Hwang, Kyeong-Mo, Tae-Eun Jin, Won Park, and Dong-Hoon Oh. "Supplementation of Flow Accelerated Corrosion Prediction Program Using Numerical Analysis Technique." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 34, no. 4 (2010): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2010.34.4.437.

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7

Sun, Lan, and Yuqing Ding. "FLUID–STRUCTURE-INTERACTION ANALYSIS FOR WELDED PIPES WITH FLOW-ACCELERATED CORROSION WALL THINNING." CNL Nuclear Review 5, no. 1 (2016): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12943/cnr.2015.00055.

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The flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) entrance effect results in enhanced wall thinning immediately downstream of a weld if the weld connects an upstream FAC-resistant material with a downstream less resistant material. The weld regions, especially those with local repairs, are susceptible to cracking due to the high residual stresses induced by fabrication. The combined effects of the FAC entrance effect and high stresses at a weld might compromise the structural integrity of the piping and lead to a failure. Weld degradation by FAC entrance effect has been observed at nuclear and fossil power

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8

Phuris Khunphakdee, Ratchanon Piemjaiswang, and Benjapon Chalermsinsuwan. "Assessing Turbulent Models for Flow Accelerated Corrosion Prediction in a 90-Degree Bend." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 119, no. 1 (2024): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.119.1.2841.

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Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC), is still prevail in power plants piping components and is driven by variables in hydrodynamics, water chemistry and material composition groups. Amongst these factors, flow hydrodynamics play a major role as FAC is a corrosion process limited by wall mass transfer rates. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been employed to calculate mass transfer coefficient for further FAC rate assessment. However, various turbulent models have been used in literatures. In this study, CFD calculations of mass transfer coefficient in 90-degree bend are performed with diffe

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9

Kumar, Ujjal, Chamely Khatun, Md Sakinul Islam, et al. "Effect of Drum Pressure on Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Gas Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant: A Case Study and Literature Review." Research Communication in Engineering Science & Technology 2 (December 5, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22597/rcest.v2.59.

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The dissolution of ferrous ions from the protective oxide layer and/or base metal by corrosion with the assistance of turbulent flow is called flow accelerated corrosion (FAC). Flow accelerated corrosion is the most common and continuous corrosion reaction in combined cycle power plants (CCPP). Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) drum pressure fluctuation and/or turbulent drum water greatly influences the FAC of drum and economizer. This kind of FAC was investigated in the low-pressure drum (LPD) and low-pressure economizer (LPE) of a 210 MW gas-fired combined cycle power plant (Four-unit HRS

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10

Weerakul, Sarita, Naravit Leaukosol, Derek H. Lister, Shintaro Mori, and Wolfgang Hater. "Effects on Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Oleylpropanediamine Under Single-Phase Water Conditions Pertinent to Power Plant Feedwater." Corrosion 76, no. 2 (2019): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3225.

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Studies of the effects of the film-forming amine oleylpropanediamine (OLDA), with and without auxiliary alkalizing agents, on flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) were performed in high-pressure, high-temperature recirculating water loops. Those loops were equipped with experimental probes to monitor FAC in situ. Experiments were performed at simulated power plant conditions in single-phase water at 140°C. The results showed that OLDA reduced FAC to a greater extent than the associated pH effect. The protective film apparently consisted of several layers and survived for several days after OLDA wa

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11

Sung, Ki Woung, Hyun Il Seo, Uh Chul Kim, and Wan Young Maeng. "Hydrazine-Dependency of Low-Alloy Steel Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in a Deoxygenated Solution at 250°C." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 1133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.1133.

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In the nuclear power plants (NPPs), wall thinning of the piping materials is generally caused by a flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) and leads to a rupture with no warning unless it is detected and repaired in a timely manner. To reduce the FAC, it is better to use low-alloy steels, such as 1Cr-½Mo and 2¼Cr-1Mo, having higher FAC-resistance than carbon steel. Meanwhile, in the secondary water chemistry at the NPPs in Korea, hydrazine concentration is maintained within the range of 100~150 ppb. For applying these low-alloys to a piping material, we investigated the influence of hydrazine concent

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12

Matsumura, M. "Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) Occurring in Carbon Steel Pipes at Higher Temperatures." Innovations in Corrosion and Materials Science (Formerly Recent Patents on Corrosion Science) 8, no. 2 (2019): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352094908666181012121812.

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13

Suzuki, Hiroaki, Shunsuke Uchida, Masanori Naitoh, et al. "Risk Evaluation of Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Based on One-Dimensional FAC Code." Nuclear Technology 183, no. 2 (2013): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt13-a18111.

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14

SHAKOUCHI, Toshihiko, Koichi KINOSHITA, Mitsuo KUGIMOTO, Koichi TSUJIMOTO, and Toshitake ANDO. "217 Effects of Flow Channel Geometry on Flow Accelerated Corrosion." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2013.62 (2013): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2013.62.105.

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15

Gulina, O. M., N. L. Salnikov, V. P. Semishkin, and M. N. Tipikina. "Development of Software Package for Managing the Lifetime of Mechanical Elements of Nuclear Power Plants under Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC)." Programmnaya Ingeneria 11, no. 5 (2020): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/prin.11.285-295.

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This article focuses on results of developing the system for managing the life time of equipment and pipelines of nuclear power plants (NPP). The system is designed to calculate the intensity of Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) and a residual lifetime of elements. In Russia, the development of software for calculating the speed of FAC and value of thinning of the walls of pipelines of NPP has been carried out since the early 90s of the last century. The existing version of the software package for calculating the characteristics of FAC is implemented of loosely coupled software modules (standa

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16

Baranenko, Valery I., Olga M. Gulina, and Nikolaj L. Salnikov. "Flow-accelerated corrosion rate and residual life time estimation for the components of pipeline systems at nuclear power plants based on control data." Nuclear Energy and Technology 4, no. (1) (2018): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/nucet.4.29850.

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As of today, large volumes of data related to non-destructive operational control are accumulated on NPPs. For ensuring safe operation of power units, optimization of scope and scheduling operational control it is necessary to continue development of guidance documents, software products, methodological guidance and operational documentation (Baranenko et al. 1998, Gulina et al. 2013, Recommendation (NSAC-202L-R4) 2013). Approaches are examined to assessment of the rate of erosion-corrosion wear (flow-accelerated corrosion - FAC) according to the data of operational control. The present study

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17

Zhang, Xiao Ni, Xian Min Li, and Chang Ming Li. "Analysis on High Rates of Scaling and Salt Accumulation of 600MW Supercritical once-through Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.620.

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The chemistry check-ups were reviewed in the first maintenance of 600 MW supercritical once-through boiler units in Henan. Several problems were found: (1) high rates of scaling on the waterwall and economizer; (2) high rates of salt deposition on the turbine blades; (3) the formation of salt deposits on blades were complicated; (4) corrosion of low pressure turbine blades in period of maintenance was a universal phenomenon; (5) FAC (flow-accelerated corrosion) were most frequent in HP heaters and HP drain lines in most fossil plants. The reasons have been analyzed and the suggestions have bee

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18

Park, Jong Ho, Joon Hyun Lee, Gyeong Chul Seo, and Sang Woo Choi. "Application of Laser-Generated Ultrasound for Evaluation of Thickness Reduction in Carbon Steel Pipes." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.743.

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In carbon steel pipes of nuclear power plants, local wall thinning may result from erosion-corrosion or flow-accelerated corrosion(FAC) damage. Local wall thinning is one of the major causes for the structural fracture of these pipes. Therefore, assessment of local wall thinning due to corrosion is an important issue in nondestructive evaluation for the integrity of nuclear power plants. In this study, laser-generated ultrasound technique was employed to evaluate local wall thinning due to corrosion. Guided waves were generated in the thermoelastic regime using a Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser

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19

Park, Ik Keun, Yong Kwon Kim, Tae Hyung Kim, and Yong Sang Cho. "A Non-Contact Guided Wave Technique for Defect Thinning Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.681.

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This paper capitalizes on recent advances in the area of non-contact ultrasonic guided wave techniques. The present technique provides a decent method for nondestructive testing of defect thinning simulating a hidden corrosion or FAC(Flow Accelerated Corrosion) in a thin aluminum plate. The proposed approach is based on using EMAT(Electro-magnetic Acoustic Transducer) to generate guided waves and detect the wall thinning without any coupling. Interesting features in the dispersive behavior of selected guided modes are used for the detection of plate thinning. It is shown that mode cut-off meas

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20

YONEDA, Kimitoshi, Fumio INADA, Ryo MORITA, Kazutoshi FUJIWARA, and Masahiro FURUYA. "A110 Study of Mass Transfer Effect on Flow Accelerated Corrosion." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2008.13 (2008): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2008.13.21.

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21

Kravchenko, V. "Improving Safety and Economic Feasibility of NPP by Management of Secondary Side Piping Life." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 3(75) (August 22, 2017): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2017.3(75).04.

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Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC), which caused major accidents at Sarri-2 NPP and Mihama-3 NPP, is the main ageing mechanism of NPP secondary side piping. FAC determines the service life of piping made of carbon steel. Wear prediction using computer codes is considered a tool for life management. The paper presents analysis of computer codes of the USA, Germany and Russia and considers the advantages of computer codes for life management and repair planning. Some problems that arise from using computer codes for analyzing the results of ultrasonic thickness gauging are indicated. The paper pro

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22

Kim, Jung Taek, Seung Hwan Seong, J. H. Park, et al. "Integrated Approach for On-Line Condition Monitoring of Piping." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.445.

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There are several efforts for an advanced on-line health monitoring of a piping system by using a chemical condition monitoring, a X-ray radiography and a ultrasonic techniques. In order to increase the confidence of the understanding on the health condition of the underlying piping system, an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted in this paper. Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) under an undesirable combination of the water chemistry, flow velocity and material composition has usually caused a pipe wall thinning. The condition monitoring tests on a piping elbow of a piping

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23

Oh, Se-beom, Yong-moo Cheong, Dong-jin Kim, and Kyung-mo Kim. "On-Line Monitoring of Pipe Wall Thinning by a High Temperature Ultrasonic Waveguide System at the Flow Accelerated Corrosion Proof Facility." Sensors 19, no. 8 (2019): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081762.

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Pipe wall thinning and leakage due to flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) are important safety concerns for nuclear power plants. A shear horizontal ultrasonic pitch/catch technique was developed for the accurate monitoring of the pipe wall-thickness. A solid couplant should be used to ensure high quality ultrasonic signals for a long operation time at an elevated temperature. We developed a high temperature ultrasonic thickness monitoring method using a pair of shear horizontal transducers and waveguide strips. A computer program for on-line monitoring of the pipe thickness at high temperature w

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24

Kim, D. J., K. M. Kim, J. H. Shin, et al. "Oxidation Behavior of Steel With Cr Content and Water Flow Rate." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (2017): 1383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0213.

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AbstractFast water flow facilitates ferrous ion transport leading to flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) of carbon steel and the possibility of a large accident through a failure of a secondary pipe in a nuclear power plant. Ion transport is directly linked to oxide properties such as the thickness, chemical composition and porosity. This work deals with a precise observation of the cross section of the corroded specimen focusing on an oxide passivity and its thickness using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (transmission electron microscope) as well as an apparent weight loss and a surf

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25

Baranenko, Valery I., Olga M. Gulina, and Nikolay L. Salnikov. "Influence of operating time on the corrosion in single-phase and two-phase media." Nuclear Energy and Technology 7, no. (2) (2021): 127–32. https://doi.org/10.3897/nucet.7.69175.

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Modern foreign computer codes predict a linear growth in the pipeline wall thinning with time due to the process of flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC), i.e. erosion-corrosion wear (ECW). Linear time-thinning dependence and corrosion rate constancy are not however typical of the NPP piping operating conditions. And the associated excessive conservatism of the residual life estimates leads to increased economic costs of repeated inspections. In domestic software tools, EKI-02 and EKI-03, the influence of operating time are taken into account by introducing the respective coefficient into the Chexa

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26

Fujisawa, Nobuyuki. "Review: Pipeline Layout Effect on the Wall Thinning of Mihama Nuclear Power Plants." Journal of Nuclear Engineering 6, no. 2 (2025): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jne6020019.

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The subject of the effect of pipeline layout on wall thinning in Mihama nuclear power plants was reviewed in relation to flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC). The pipeline consists of a complex layout with a straight pipe, elbow, curved pipe, orifice, and T-junction. To understand the mechanism of wall thinning in the pipeline, the basics of FAC, experimental and numerical approaches, and flow and mass transfer studies of the pipeline were reviewed and compared with actual Mihama pipeline data. The results indicate that the wall thinning in the Mihama pipeline was caused by the asymmetric mass tra

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27

Baranenko, Valery I., Olga M. Gulina, and Nikolaj L. Salnikov. "Flow-accelerated corrosion rate and residual life time estimation for the components of pipeline systems at nuclear power plants based on control data." Nuclear Energy and Technology 4, no. 1 (2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.4.29850.

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As of today, large volumes of data related to non-destructive operational control are accumulated on NPPs. For ensuring safe operation of power units, optimization of scope and scheduling operational control it is necessary to continue development of guidance documents, software products, methodological guidance and operational documentation (Baranenko et al. 1998, Gulina et al. 2013, Recommendation (NSAC-202L-R4) 2013). Approaches are examined to assessment of the rate of erosion-corrosion wear (flow-accelerated corrosion - FAC) according to the data of operational control. The present study

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28

YONEDA, Kimitoshi, Ryo MORITA, and Kazutoshi FUJIWARA. "C214 Development of Prediction Method of Flow Accelerated Corrosion (1) : Study of Reynolds Number dependency in FAC Prediction Model." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2010.15 (2010): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2010.15.355.

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29

Kuz'min, Dmitriy A., Aleksandr Yu Kuz'michevskiy, and Artem E. Gusarov. "A Procedure for Determining the Safe Operation Time of Equipment and Pipelines Based on Nondestructive Testing Results." Vestnik MEI 6, no. 6 (2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2020-6-11-17.

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The reliability of nuclear power plants (NPPs) has an influence on power generation safety and stability. The reliability of NPP equipment and pipelines (E&P), and the frequency of in-service inspections are directly linked with damage mechanisms and their development rates. Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) is one of significant factors causing damages to E&P because these components experience the influence of high pressure, temperature, and high flow velocity of the inner medium. The majority of feed and steam path components made of pearlitic steels are prone to this kind of wear. T

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30

Ajmal, T. S., Shashi Bhushan Arya, and K. Rajendra Udupa. "Effect of hydrodynamics on the flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) and electrochemical impedance behavior of line pipe steel for petroleum industry." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 174 (July 2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.05.013.

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31

Baranenko, Valery I., Olga M. Gulina, and Nikolay L. Salnikov. "Influence of operating time on the corrosion in single-phase and two-phase media." Nuclear Energy and Technology 7, no. 2 (2021): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.7.69175.

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Abstract:

Modern foreign computer codes predict a linear growth in the pipeline wall thinning with time due to the process of flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC), i.e. erosion-corrosion wear (ECW). Linear time-thinning dependence and corrosion rate constancy are not however typical of the NPP piping operating conditions. And the associated excessive conservatism of the residual life estimates leads to increased economic costs of repeated inspections. In domestic software tools, EKI-02 and EKI-03, the influence of operating time are taken into account by introducing the respective coefficient into the Chexa

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32

Tatematsu, Masashi, Sheng Feng, Shingo Furuya, Masaya Kondou, and Yoshiyuki Tsuji. "C219 Velocity field characteristics at pipe-wall thinning position induced by Flow-Accelerated Corrosion." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2010.15 (2010): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2010.15.367.

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33

FUJISAWA, Nobuyuki, Toshiyuki HAYASE, Taku OHARA, and Toshiaki IKOHAGI. "A107 Transport phenomena of macro and micro flows behind orifice and flow accelerated corrosion." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2008.13 (2008): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2008.13.15.

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34

KAMAHORI, Koichi, Yoichi UTANOHARA, Akira NAKAMURA, and Michio MURASE. "A241 Evaluation of wall thinning rate of FAC and mass transfer coefficient in elbow : (5) Measurement of flow accelerated corrosion rate in an elbow pipe and effect of flow velocity on corrosion rate." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2015.20 (2015): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2015.20.213.

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35

UTANOHARA, Yoichi, Yukinori NAGAYA, Akira NAKAMURA, and Michio MURASE. "A108 Evaluation of the Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Downstream of an Orifice : 1. Measurements and Numerical Analysis of Flow Field." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2008.13 (2008): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2008.13.17.

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36

NAGAYA, Yukinori, Yoichi UTANOHARA, Akira NAKAMURA, and Michio MURASE. "A109 Evaluation of the Flow-Accelerated Corrosion downstream of an orifice : 2. Measurement of Corrosion Rate and Evaluation on the Effects of the Flow Field." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2008.13 (2008): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2008.13.19.

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37

Baranenko, Valery I., Olga M. Gulina, Sergey A. Mironov, and Nikolay L. Salnikov. "Repeated measurements and quality of estimates in the analysis of NPP pipeline erosion-corrosion wear." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. (4) (2020): 281–87. https://doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.60459.

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The article presents a study carried out on carbon steel pipe components subjected to erosion-corrosion wear (ECW). Based on the repeated control data, the authors present the calculated ECW characteristics, i.e., the wall-thinning and rate. It is shown that such estimates contain great uncertainty due to corrosion products deposited on the pipeline inner surface and their migration during operation. In addition, with an increase in the operating time, for example, when the lifetime is extended, the difference between the forecast and the results of control becomes larger. This means that the

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38

Ryu, Kyung Ha, Na Young Lee, and Il Soon Hwang. "A Study on the Equipotent Switching Direct Current Potential Drop Method for the Monitoring of Piping Thinning." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1331.

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Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) has become a hot issue because of aging of passive components. Ultrasonic Technique (UT) has been adopted to inspect the secondary piping. UT, however, covers only narrow region, which results in numerous detecting points and thus takes time. In this paper, we suggested a Wide Range Monitoring (WiRM) concept with Equipotent Switching Direct Current Potential Drop (S-DCPD) method to monitor the thickness of piping. Since the DCPD method covers area, not a point, it needs less monitoring points. We use the SDCPD method to screen the candidate area to monitor. Bas

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39

Kim, Kyeong Suk, Chan Sik Park, Dong Pyo Hong, Man Yong Choi, Ho Seob Chang, and Hyun Chul Jung. "Defect Size Measurement of Wall Thinned Pipe Using Shearography and Digital Image Correlation." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.494.

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Defect size of wall thinned pipe is measured by using Speckle Shearing Interferometry (SSI) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. A wall thinned defect of a carbon steel pipe was typically caused by flow accelerated corrosion (FAC). As wall thinned pipe can cause a huge accident at the nuclear power plant (NPP), a wall thinned defect should be detected for structure safety. SSI is one of the optical nondestructive techniques and can provide to inspect in real-time and to measure on the whole visible area at a time. DIC is a kind of the visual testing method. This method which uses a

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Baranenko, Valery I., Olga M. Gulina, Sergey A. Mironov, and Nikolay L. Salnikov. "Repeated measurements and quality of estimates in the analysis of NPP pipeline erosion-corrosion wear." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. 4 (2020): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.60459.

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The article presents a study carried out on carbon steel pipe components subjected to erosion-corrosion wear (ECW). Based on the repeated control data, the authors present the calculated ECW characteristics, i.e., the wall-thinning and rate. It is shown that such estimates contain great uncertainty due to corrosion products deposited on the pipeline inner surface and their migration during operation. In addition, with an increase in the operating time, for example, when the lifetime is extended, the difference between the forecast and the results of control becomes larger. This means that the

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WATANABE, Yutaka. "F081001 Latest Technical Knowledge on the Pipe Wall Thinning Management: ((2) Latest Study on the Flow Accelerated Corrosion, I. Influencing Parameters)." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2012 (2012): _F081001–1—_F081001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2012._f081001-1.

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FUJIWARA, Kazutoshi. "F081002 Latest Technical Knowledge on the Pipe Wall Thinning Management : (2) Latest Study on the Flow Accelerated Corrosion, II. Prediction of the Wall Thinning." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2012 (2012): _F081002–1—_F081002–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2012._f081002-1.

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KAMAHORI, Koichi, Yoichi UTANOHARA, Akira NAKAMURA, and Michio MURASE. "A121 Evaluation of wall thinning rate of FAC and mass transfer coefficient in elbow : (1) Measurement of Flow Accelerate Corrosion Rate of Elbow Pipe." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2014.19 (2014): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2014.19.11.

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Tobón, A. Cervantes, M. Díaz Cruz, J. L. González Velázquez, J. G. Godínez Salcedo, and R. Macías Salinas. "Comparative Study on Rate of Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) of API 5L X-52-65-70 Steels in a Brine added with H2S at 60°C by Using a Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE)." International Journal of Electrochemical Science 9, no. 12 (2014): 6781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1452-3981(23)10929-1.

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Huang, Hualiang, Guoan Zhang, Jiakuan Yang, Zhiquan Pan, and Xingpeng Guo. "Study of Flow-Assisted Corrosion of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy in Loop System Based on Array Electrode Technology." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/596740.

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A loop system was used to investigate flow-assisted corrosion (FAC) of AZ91D magnesium alloy at an elbow based on array electrode technology by potentiodynamic polarization, computational fluid dynamics, simulation and surface analysis. The experimental results demonstrate the fluid hydrodynamics plays a significant role in the FAC of AZ91D magnesium alloy. The corrosion rate increases from the outer wall to the inner wall of the elbow, with the higher corrosion rate corresponding to the higher flow velocity and larger shear stress at the elbow. The maximum corrosion rate appears at the innerm

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Wang, Weiqiang, Yihe Sun, Bo Wang, Mei Dong, and Yiming Chen. "CFD-Based Erosion and Corrosion Modeling of a Pipeline with CO2-Containing Gas–Water Two-Phase Flow." Energies 15, no. 5 (2022): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051694.

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A natural gas transportation pipeline with a gas–water two-phase flow containing CO2 is prone to severe flow-assisted corrosion (FAC). The accumulation location of the water phase in the pipeline and the wall shear stress distribution are important factors affecting the severity of this phenomenon. In this work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using the realizable k-ε model and volume of fluid (VOF) model to determine the gas–water volume fraction distribution and wall shear stress in a gas–water two-phase pipeline and established a pipeline corrosion prediction m

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Tomarov, G. V., and A. A. Shipkov. "Flow-accelerated corrosion 2016 international conference." Thermal Engineering 64, no. 5 (2017): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s004060151705007x.

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Esayah, Amna, Madison Kelley, Andrew Howell, et al. "Flow Accelerated Corrosion of Carbon Steel with Droplet Impingement Using a Modified Rotating Cylinder Electrode Experiment." Corrosion 76, no. 2 (2020): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3345.

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In power plant cooling systems, water droplets and condensate films form due to heat transfer through cooling tube walls. Condensate films are known to cause flow accelerated corrosion on carbon steels used in air-cooled condensers. Corrosion is further accelerated by droplets suspended in the accelerating steam that impinge on walls, T-joints, or valves, further damaging protective oxide layers on pipe walls. Droplet impingement and flow accelerated corrosion were studied using a modified rotating cylinder electrode system coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Surface liquid fi

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Efird, K. D. "Disturbed Flow and Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, no. 1 (1998): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795013.

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The effect of fluid flow on corrosion of steel in oil and gas environments involves a complex interaction of physical and chemical parameters. The basic requirement for any corrosion to occur is the existence of liquid water contacting the pipe wall, which is primarily controlled by the flow regime. The effect of flow on corrosion, or flow-accelerated corrosion, is defined by the mass transfer and wall shear stress parameters existing in the water phase that contacts the pipe wall. While existing fluid flow equations for mass transfer and wall shear stress relate to equilibrium conditions, dis

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Goyal, P., V. Verma, and R. K. Singh. "Flow accelerated corrosion study in feeder pipes." Kerntechnik 79, no. 5 (2014): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/124.110401.

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