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1
Li, Xin Kai. Non-isothermal non-Newtonian flow between eccentrically rotating and dynamically moving cylinders. SERCentre, De Montfort University, 1997.
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2
Jia, Laibing. The Interaction Between Flexible Plates and Fluid in Two-dimensional Flow. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43675-2.
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3
Ali, Muhammad Iqbal. Effects of flow channel orientation and gap size on adiabatic two-phase flow in a narrow passage between flat plates. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.
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4
Pilloni, M. T. A comparison between two LDV systems used to measure the flow field behind a bluff body. von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1995.
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5
Chow, Chuen-Yen. Numerical study of compressible boundary-layer transition between two concentric cylinders: Final report for the period April 15, 1990 - October 31, 1993. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.
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6
Borri, Claudio, and Claudio Mannini, eds. Aeroelastic Phenomena and Pedestrian-Structure Dynamic Interaction on Non-Conventional Bridges and Footbridges. Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-202-8.
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Fluid-structure and pedestrian-structure interaction phenomena are extremely important for non-conventional bridges. The results presented in this volume concern: simplified formulas for flutter assessment; innovative structural solutions to increase the aeroelastic stability of long-span bridges; numerical simulations of the flow around a benchmark rectangular cylinder; examples of designs of large structures assisted by wind-tunnel tests; analytical, computational and experimental investigation of the synchronisation mechanisms between pedestrians and footbridge structures. The present book is addressed to a wide audience including professionals, doctoral students and researchers, aiming to increase their know-how in the field of wind engineering, bluff-body aerodynamics and bridge dynamics.
7
Kuhn, R. E. The effects of crossflow on the pressures and lift induced by the fountain generated between two impinging jets. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1998.
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8
Kuhn, R. E. The effects of crossflow on the pressures and lift induced by the fountain generated between two impinging jets. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1998.
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9
Kuhn, R. E. The effects of crossflow on the pressures and lift induced by the fountain generated between two impinging jets. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.
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10
Asian-Pacific Tax Conference. (2nd 1984 Singapore). Foreign investment & technology transfer: Fiscal and non-fiscal aspects : country profiles on fiscal and non-fiscal regimes affecting two-way flow of investment and technology transfer between the developed countries and the Asian-Pacific region. Edited by Khan Ahmad and Asian-Pacific Tax and Investment Research Centre. Asian-Pacific Tax and Investment Research Centre, 1985.
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11
Mazo, Aleksandr, and Konstantin Potashev. The superelements. Modeling of oil fields development. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043236.
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This monograph presents the basics of super-element modeling method of two-phase fluid flows occurring during the development of oil reservoir. The simulation is performed in two stages to reduce the spatial and temporal scales of the studied processes. In the first stage of modeling of development of oil deposits built long-term (for decades) the model of the global dynamics of the flooding on the super-element computational grid with a step equal to the average distance between wells (200-500 m). Local filtration flow, caused by the action of geological and technical methods of stimulation, are modeled in the second stage using a special mathematical models using computational grids with high resolution detail for the space of from 0.1 to 10 m and time — from 102 to 105 C.
 The results of application of the presented models to the solution of practical tasks of development of oil reservoir. Special attention is paid to the issue of value transfer in filtration-capacitive properties of the reservoir, with a detailed grid of the geological model on the larger grid reservoir models.
 Designed for professionals in the field of mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flows occurring during the development of oil fields and using traditional commercial software packages, as well as developing their own software. May be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying in areas such as "Mechanics and mathematical modeling", "Applied mathematics", "Oil and gas".
12
Escudier, Marcel. Internal laminar flow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0016.
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In this chapter it is shown that solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations can be derived for steady, fully developed flow of a constant-viscosity Newtonian fluid through a cylindrical duct. Such a flow is known as a Poiseuille flow. For a pipe of circular cross section, the term Hagen-Poiseuille flow is used. Solutions are also derived for shear-driven flow within the annular space between two concentric cylinders or in the space between two parallel plates when there is relative tangential movement between the wetted surfaces, termed Couette flows. The concepts of wetted perimeter and hydraulic diameter are introduced. It is shown how the viscometer equations result from the concentric-cylinder solutions. The pressure-driven flow of generalised Newtonian fluids is also discussed.
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Rajeev, S. G. Viscous Flows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0005.
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Here some solutions of Navier–Stokes equations are found.The flow of a fluid along a pipe (Poisseuille flow) and that between two rotating cylinders (Couette flow) are the simplest. In the limit of large viscosity (small Reynolds number) the equations become linear: Stokes equations. Flow past a sphere is solved in detail. It is used to calculate the drag on a sphere, a classic formula of Stokes. An exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equation describing a dissipating vortex is also found. It is seen that viscosity cannot be ignored at the boundary or at the core of vortices.
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Center, Ames Research, ed. Aerodynamic interaction between vortical wakes and lifting two-dimensional bodies. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1989.
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15
Center, Ames Research, ed. Aerodynamic interaction between vortical wakes and lifting two-dimensional bodies. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1989.
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16
1945-, Burns John A., and Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering., eds. Optimal control of lift/drag ratios on a rotating cylinder. Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1991.
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17
Jia, Laibing. The Interaction Between Flexible Plates and Fluid in Two-dimensional Flow. Springer, 2014.
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18
Jia, Laibing. The Interaction Between Flexible Plates and Fluid in Two-dimensional Flow. Springer, 2016.
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19
Wagner, Esther-Miriam, and Ben Outhwaite. ‘These Two Lines …’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0015.
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Letters were an essential means of communication for the Jews living under Islam in the Middle Ages. The traditional seats of Jewish learning were in Baghdad and Jerusalem, but their constituencies were scattered across the world. Letters frequently passed between Egypt and Palestine and Egypt and Iraq, as Jews sought halakhic knowledge, rulings, influence, and political advantage from their leaders, and dignitaries sought to govern their distant communities and ensure the continued flow of funding. At a lower level, letters passed between communal officials and prominent citizens, between petitioners and public servants. Jews were heavily involved in trade; a network of traders relied upon the written letter to organize cargoes, settle debts, or discuss political rumours. This chapter outlines the distinct medieval epistolary styles used in Hebrew and Judaeo-Arabic correspondence. The internal development of these letters, choices of language, layout, and style are discussed within their historical and sociolinguistic framework.
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Marko, Peter B., and Michael W. Hart, eds. Genetic Analysis of Larval Dispersal, Gene Flow, and Connectivity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0012.
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Does the dispersal of planktonic larvae promote strong connections between marine populations? Here we describe some of the most commonly used population- and individual-based genetic methods that have enhanced our understanding of larval dispersal and marine connectivity. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. Choosing between them depends on whether researchers want to know about average effective rates of connectivity over long timescales (over hundreds to thousands of generations) or recent patterns of connectivity on shorter timescales (one to two generations). The use of both approaches has improved our understanding of larval dispersal distances, the relationship between realized dispersal (from genetics) and dispersal potential (from planktonic larval duration), and the crucial distinction between genetic and demographic connectivity. Although rarely used together, combining population- and individual-based inferences from genetic data will likely further enrich our understanding of the scope and scale of larval dispersal in marine systems.
21
Escudier, Marcel. Oblique shockwaves and expansion fans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0012.
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External supersonic gas flow in which changes in the fluid and flow properties are brought about by direction change is analysed in this chapter. In addition, it is shown that flow over a corner between two flat surfaces resulted in an oblique shockwave if the angle between the two surfaces is less than 180° (a concave corner). The analysis of flow through an oblique shockwave is based upon the superposition of the flowfield for a normal shock onto a uniform flow parallel to the shock. It is also shown that both weak and strong oblique shocks can occur. For an angle in excess of 180° (a convex corner), the flow is turned through an isentropic Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan. Analysis of a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan starts from consideration of an infinitesimal flow deflection through a Mach wave.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Gas exchange. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0006.
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Oxygen intake for respiration, also carbon dioxide and, generally, ammonia elimination takes place across gas-exchange surfaces, usually the gills in fish. Water flows across gills, separated by the pharyngeal gill clefts, and supported by gill arches, and which possess highly folded surfaces covered by a very thin epithelium. Blood flow and water flow are separated only by the epithelium with a ‘countercurrent’ gas exchange between the two. A respiratory centre in the hind-brain is a respiratory rhythm pacemaker for the oral and pharyngeal ventilation movements creating water flow across the gills, although ‘ram ventilation’ occurs without such movements. The oxygen and carbon dioxide-carrying capacity of blood is increased considerably by temporary attachment to haemoglobin pigment in the erythrocytes. Some fish are air breathing, using lungs, swim bladder, skin or lips for gaseous exchange. Hypoxia, hypercapnia, supersaturation and high water temperatures present problems for fish respiration, which are discussed.
23
Baer, James A. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038990.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to show how the ebb and flow of Spanish anarchist migrations to Argentina helps explain the development of both a transnational anarchist ideology and related organizations that connect these two countries. It follows the lives, careers, ideas, influence, and travel of dozens of individuals who moved between these two countries in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. The life stories of individual immigrants allow us to explore their movements and understand how supranational links influenced the growth of the anarchist movements in Spain and Argentina. This study encompasses the period between 1868, when the ideas of Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin first became known in Spain, and the end of the Spanish Civil War, after which the regime of Generalíssimo Francisco Franco and the Second World War effectively ended the relationship between these two countries' anarchist movements. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
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Kreit, John W. Cardiovascular–Pulmonary Interactions. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0003.
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Intramural pressures within a tube or circuit determine the rate and direction of flow, whereas the transmural pressure of an elastic structure determines its volume. In Chapter 1, we applied these principles when talking about the pressure needed to overcome viscous forces and elastic recoil during ventilation. In this chapter, we use them to explain changes in blood flow between two portions of the circulatory system and changes in the volume and size of the heart chambers. Cardio–Pulmonary Interactions provides an overview of essential cardiovascular physiology as well as an in-depth discussion of how and why changes in pleural, alveolar, lung transmural, and intra-abdominal pressure during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation can alter right and left ventricular preload, afterload, and stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure. The chapter also reviews the beneficial and detrimental effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on cardiovascular function.
25
Mack, Adam. Smelling Civic Peril. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039188.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the public debate over the pollution of the Chicago River between the Civil War and the 1871 effort to “reverse” its flow. The Chicago River, which served as the fountainhead of the city's commercial expansion in the second half of the nineteenth century, constituted a potent sensory nuisance; the obnoxious odors forced a raw confrontation with water pollution that sometimes left residents feeling physically ill. The river offended the eyes and tongue too, but the stenches generated the most complaint. The chapter first explores the reasons why the Chicago River's malodors offended the senses of the affluent classes before discussing how the control of odors figured in broader efforts to create a healthy urban order throughout the city. It examines two of Chicago's most substantial public works projects in the context of the stench of the Chicago River: a water tunnel under Lake Michigan for drinking water and the deepening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal to change the flow of the river.
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Bartha, Paul. Probability and the Philosophy of Religion. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.38.
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There is a long history of fruitful connections between work in probability theory and the philosophy of religion. This chapter explores these connections through discussion of two classic arguments: the fine-tuning argument and Pascal’s Wager. The formulation and assessment of both arguments relies upon increasingly sophisticated applications of the probability calculus and other formal tools. Two themes emerge from a survey of recent work. First, diverse forms of ‘philosophical technology’ are invaluable in constructing precise models, clarifying objections and identifying new approaches to venerable arguments concerning the existence of God and the rationality of religious belief. Second, benefits flow in the reverse direction as well: the philosophy of religion is fertile ground for testing ideas in formal epistemology and decision theory.
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Clarke, Andrew. Principles of Thermal Ecology: Temperature, Energy, and Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.001.0001.
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Temperature affects everything. It influences all aspects of the physical environment and governs any process that involves a flow of energy, setting boundaries on what an organism can or cannot do. This novel textbook explores the key principles behind the complex relationship between organisms and temperature, namely the science of thermal ecology. It starts providing a rigorous framework for understanding the nature of temperature and the flow of energy in and out of the organism, before describing the influence of temperature on what organisms can do, and how fast they can do it. Central to this is the relationship between temperature and metabolism, which then forms the basis for an exploration of the effects of temperature on growth and size. Two chapters cover first endothermy (including how this expensive lifestyle might have evolved), and then when and how this is suspended in torpor and hibernation. With these fundamental principles covered, the book’s final section explores thermal ecology itself, incorporating the important extra dimension of interactions with other organisms. After an examination of the relationship between temperature, energy and diversity, an entire chapter is devoted to the crucially important subject of the nature of climate change and how organisms are responding to this. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on the need for an understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms, and the important insights that can be gained from the historical and fossil record.
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Dodds, Klaus. 3. Geopolitical architectures. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676781.003.0003.
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‘Geopolitical architectures’ suggests that our understandings of a world composed of an international system based on territorial states, exclusive jurisdictions, and national boundaries is enduring but not all encompassing. What is the relationship between fixity and flow? How do architectures seek to impose fixity on flows? Neo-liberal globalization, with due emphasis on market accessibility and privatization, encourages two kinds of geopolitical architectures – one predicated on spatial containment (as epitomized by the war on terror) and the other underpinned by spatial administration. The financial crisis of 2008 onwards has revealed some of this geopolitical work, and the ‘Occupy Movement’ was in large part about trying to fix flows.
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Pitts, Martin. Rural Transformation in the Urbanized Landscape. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.039.
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The impact of cities in the urbanized landscape of Roman Britain has long been debated. Were towns and colonies catalysts for rural economic growth or merely islands of colonial culture that served as administrative centres for the collection of tax and rent? Considering recent quantitative studies of artefactual and skeletal evidence, this chapter addresses the relationship between town and country through the lenses of consumption and social inequality. The results suggest consistent and pronounced disparities between the communities of major urban centres and the rest of the populace, in terms of access to commodities, market integration, diet, health, and general quality of life. For the first two centuries after the Claudian conquest, Britain’s first major cities stood apart, benefiting from flows of tribute that did not stimulate or depend on a reciprocal flow of goods to the countryside.
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Newton, Kenneth, Dietlind Stolle, and Sonja Zmerli. Social and Political Trust. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.20.
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During recent years, empirical trust research has significantly advanced our understanding about the interdependencies of social and political trust. This progress can mostly be attributed to major improvements of measurement instruments in survey research. Research on the causes of both forms of trust have examined the top-down approach of trust building, which places importance on fair and impartial political institutions, such as the police and judiciary, as well as societal accounts of trust building that relate to the role of social networks and parents as well as perceptions of inequality. While there is a modest relationship between social forms of trust and political forms of trust, research has not entirely disentangled the flow of causality between the two. Recent insights into contextual and individual-level covariates of social and political trust may hold answers regarding future developments and political and societal consequences.
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Wickerson, Erica. Performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793274.003.0003.
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Considering moments of theatrical and social performance in narrative is not an obvious way of shedding light on the experience of time. But this chapter suggests that it is a particularly useful theme for consideration because it involves tensions between self and other, between artifice and authenticity. Since we are all always in some sense performing and since performance always involves two distinct yet simultaneous experiences—that of the performer and that of their audience—it poses an interesting challenge for the narration of time. Mann’s The Confessions of Felix Krull, Doctor Faustus, Blood of the Walsungs, and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray are compared in an exploration of the narration of simultaneity, ways in which the changing prioritization of multiple perspectives affects the overall flow of time in a given scene, and the effect on time of moments of sexual performance and performative sexuality.
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Asseraf, Arthur. Electric News in Colonial Algeria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844044.001.0001.
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How do the things which connect us divide us at the same time? This book tells a different history of globalization by tracing how news circulated in a divided society: Algeria under French rule in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The years between 1881 and 1940 were those of maximum colonial power in North Africa, a period of intense technological revolution, global high imperialism, and the expansion of settler colonialism. Algerians became connected to international networks of news, and local people followed distant events with great interest. But once news reached Algeria, accounts of recent events often provoked conflict as they moved between different social groups. In a society split between its native majority and a substantial settler minority, distant wars led to riots. Circulation and polarization were two sides of the same coin. Looking at a range of sources in multiple languages across colonial society, this book offers a new understanding of what news is. News was a whole ecosystem in which new technologies such as the printing press, the telegraph, the cinema and the radio interacted with older media like songs, rumours, letters, and manuscripts. The French government watched anxiously over these developments, monitoring Algerians’ reactions to news through an extensive network of surveillance that often ended up spreading news rather than controlling its flow. By tracking what different people thought was new, this history of news helps us reconsider the relationship between time, media, and historical change.
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Li Bassi, Gianluigi, and J. D. Marti. Chest physiotherapy and tracheobronchial suction in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0121.
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The airway lining fluid is a biphasic layer covering the respiratory tract epithelium. It has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, and it is formed by a gel-phase (mucus), and a low-viscosity inner layer (sol-phase) that provides lubrication for ciliary beating. Mucus is continuously cleared from the airways through the ciliated epithelium and via the two-phase gas–liquid flow mechanism (i.e. coughing). Mucus production in healthy subjects is approximately 10–100 mL/day. Whereas, mucociliary clearance rates range between 4 and 20 mm/min. Critically-ill, mechanically-ventilated patients often retain mucus. Several chest physiotherapy techniques are applied to promote mucus clearance in these patients. The role of chest physiotherapy in mechanically-ventilated patients is debated, due to the lack of evidence from well-designed clinical trials. Retained mucus is aspirated through tracheobronchial suctioning. Closed suctioning is beneficial in patients with severe lung failure and at risk of alveolar collapse upon ventilator disconnection.
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Hennart, Jean‐François. Theories of the Multinational Enterprise. Edited by Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0005.
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This article provides a critical survey of some of the theories that have sought to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization approach. While scholars have quibbled over the definition of an MNE (and whether it ought to manufacture in at least two countries to qualify for that title), this article defines it as a private institution that organizes, through employment contracts, interdependencies between individuals located in more than one country. Hence a domestic manufacturer who contracts at arm's length with local distributors abroad is not an MNE, but a domestic department store with its own overseas buying offices, but no foreign manufacturing, is. The first section briefly discusses early capital flow and industrial organization theories before turning to transaction costs/internalization theories, the now dominant theories of the MNE. It focuses on the author's own brand of the theory, developing first the basic foundations, then applying them to the MNE.
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Ellis, Richard. Westward Ho with Kholiwood. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040832.003.0020.
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This essay focuses on what Richard Ellis sees as three of the main overlapping trends of transnational “New American Studies.” He contemplates an intra-hemispheric approach to American Studies, a contingent hemispheric approach to American Studies, and a more recent approach attending to globalizing changes in the world order, precipitated by the necessary recognition of a new closeness between the postindustrial state and late corporate capitalism. All rethink space and spatialization, but Ellis also wants to stress the powerful omnipresence of the U.S. state, U.S. multinationals, and U.S. export culture. In order to illustrate his approach, Ellis offers a comparative, inter-hemispheric analysis of two international film co-productions, one Hollywood-style, the other Bollywood-style (Sofia Coppola’s 2003 Lost in Translation and Gurinder Chadha’s 2004 Bride and Prejudice). He ultimately argues that a new kind of approach to USAmerican Studies is necessary, stressing processes of contact, hybridity, exchange, flow, and migration.
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Baron, Alan, John Hassard, Fiona Cheetham, and Sudi Sharifi. Inside the Compassionate Organization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813958.001.0001.
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The literature on management and organization studies suggests the time is right for a focus on ‘care and compassion’. The aim of this book is to answer this call by examining the cultural changes found within a particular ‘compassionate organization’—an English hospice—from its altruistic beginnings to the more professionalized culture of today. The study seeks to understand how its members identify or fail to identify with an organization where issues of life and death take centre stage and explores some of the problems the Hospice faces regarding its representation in society. These strands are then drawn together to consider the interrelationships between culture, identity, and image in the organization. An ethnographic approach—including participant observation, extended interviews, and group meetings—was used to study this organization over a period of almost two years. This enabled the production of a nuanced, sensitive, and holistic interpretation of the case study Hospice as inferred from the views of both insiders and outsiders. The findings shed new light on the literature in management studies by proposing a view of culture as a sense-making context that facilitates group socialization underpinning a sense of personal and organizational identity. The study suggests a link between culture and group identification, making discussions about culture almost inseparable from those around identity. With regard to identity and image, however, the study suggests a dynamic and iterative relationship with a continuous flow between interpretation and reinterpretation influenced by the all-pervading cultural context.
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Butler, Gregory. The Choir Loft as Chamber. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040191.003.0005.
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This chapter examines concerted movements written by Johann Sebastian Bach from the mid- to late 1720s and how he adopted a “choir loft as chamber” approach to organ performance—performing different versions of the same concerted instrumental movements for the chamber and for the church. Bach worked as composer and performer not only for the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig, but also for its principal churches. In addition to parodying secular vocal compositions, transforming them into church cantatas, however, Bach was also adapting for church performances preexisting instrumental concerted movements, using obbligato organ as solo melody instrument in various sinfonias, arias, and choruses. Using the Concerto in E Major for harpsichord and strings, BWV 1053, as reference, this chapter demonstrates the connection between two spheres of activity that occurred after late May 1725, when the steady flow of new cantata compositions by Bach ceased: the secular arena of the ordinaire and extraordinaire performances of the Collegium, especially during the Leipzig fairs, and the weekly performances of concerted vocal music at the Haupgottesdienst in Leipzig’s St. Nicholas and St. Thomas Churches.
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Muders, Thomas, and Christian Putensen. Pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0096.
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Beside reduction in tidal volume limiting peak airway pressure minimizes the risk for ventilator-associated-lung-injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure-controlled, time-cycled ventilation (PCV) enables the physician to keep airway pressures under strict limits by presetting inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and cycle times. PCV results in a square-waved airway pressure and a decelerating inspiratory gas flow holding the alveoli inflated for the preset time. Preset pressures and cycle times, and respiratory system mechanics affect alveolar and intrinsic positive end-expiratory (PEEPi) pressures, tidal volume, total minute, and alveolar ventilation. When compared with flow-controlled, time-cycled (‘volume-controlled’) ventilation, PCV results in reduced peak airway pressures, but higher mean airway. Homogeneity of regional peak alveolar pressure distribution within the lung is improved. However, no consistent data exist, showing PCV to improve patient outcome. During inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) elongation of inspiratory time increases mean airway pressure and enables full lung inflation, whereas shortening expiratory time causes incomplete lung emptying and increased PEEPi. Both mechanisms increase mean alveolar and transpulmonary pressures, and may thereby improve lung recruitment and gas exchange. However, when compared with conventional mechanical ventilation using an increased external PEEP to reach the same magnitude of total PEEP as that produced intrinsically by IRV, IRV has no advantage. Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) provides a PCV-like squared pressure pattern by time-cycled switches between two continuous positive airway pressure levels, while allowing unrestricted spontaneous breathing in any ventilatory phase. Maintaining spontaneous breathing with APRV is associated with recruitment and improved ventilation of dependent lung areas, improved ventilation-perfusion matching, cardiac output, oxygenation, and oxygen delivery, whereas need for sedation, vasopressors, and inotropic agents and duration of ventilator support decreases.
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Weimann, Gabriel. Terrorism and Counterterrorism on the Internet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.420.
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The internet has emerged as an important medium for terrorists. Two key trends can be discerned from cyberterrorism: the democratization of communications driven by user generated content on the internet, and modern terrorists’ growing awareness of the internet’s potential for their purposes. The internet has become a favorite tool of the terrorists because of the many advantages it provides, such as easy access; little or no regulation, censorship, or other forms of government control; potentially huge audiences spread throughout the world; anonymity of communication; fast flow of information; interactivity; inexpensive development and maintenance of a Web presence; a multimedia environment; and the ability to influence coverage in the traditional mass media. These advantages make the network of computer-mediated communication ideal for terrorists-as-communicators. Terrorist groups of all sizes maintain their own websites to spread propaganda, raise funds and launder money, recruit and train members, communicate and conspire, plan and launch attacks. They also rely on e-mail, chatrooms, e-groups, forums, virtual message boards, and resources like YouTube, Facebook, and Google Earth. Fighting online terrorism raises the issue of countermeasures and their cost. The virtual war between terrorists and counterterrorism forces and agencies is certainly a vital, dynamic, and ferocious one. It is imperative that we become better informed about the uses to which terrorists put the internet and better able to monitor their activities. Second, we must defend our societies better against terrorism without undermining the very qualities and values that make our societies worth defending.
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Lambert, Heather. Primary vesicoureteric reflux and reflux nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0355_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) describes the flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract when the ureterovesical junction fails to perform as a one-way valve. Most commonly, VUR is primary, though it can be secondary to bladder outflow obstruction and can occur in several multiorgan congenital disorders. There is good evidence of a genetic basis with a greatly increased risk of VUR in children with a family history of VUR. VUR is a congenital disorder, which largely shows improvement or complete resolution with age. Fetal VUR may be associated with parenchymal developmental defects (dysplasia). Postnatally non-infected, non-obstructed VUR does not appear to have a detrimental effect on the kidneys. However there is an association of VUR with urinary tract infection and acquired renal parenchymal defects (scarring). The parenchymal abnormalities detected on imaging, often termed reflux nephropathy, may be as a result of reflux-associated dysplasia or acquired renal scarring or both. It is difficult to distinguish between the two on routine imaging. Higher grades of VUR are associated with more severe reflux nephropathy. The precise role of VUR in pyelonephritis and scarring is not clear and it may be that VUR simply increases the risk of acute pyelonephritis. Whilst most VUR resolves during childhood, it is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection and burden of acute disease. Investigation strategies vary considerably, related to uncertainties about the natural history of the condition and the effectiveness of various interventions. The long-term prognosis is chiefly related to the morbidity of reflux nephropathy leading in some cases to impairment of glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, proteinuria, and pregnancy-related conditions including hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and recurrent urinary tract infection. Management is controversial and ranges from simple observation with or without provision of rapid access to diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections; to long-term prophylactic antibiotics or various antireflux surgical procedures.