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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flow Calibration

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Academic literature on the topic 'Flow Calibration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flow Calibration"

1

Petticrew, Ellen L., and Jacob Kalff. "Calibration of a Gypsum Source for Freshwater Flow Measurements." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-150.

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A method for estimating flow rate in freshwater was refined by calibrating the rate of dissolution of inexpensive and easily made gypsum cylinders at flows of 0–10 cm∙s−1 and at temperatures between 3 and 25 °C. Gypsum flux was linearly related to flow (r2 > 0.94); thus, weight loss combined with the surface area of the gypsum source and exposure period allows an estimate of flux. Temperature-corrected estimates of flow, obtained from calibration equations and observed dissolution of gypsum cylinders, were virtually identical to flow measured with an electromagnetic current meter in five of eight comparisons conducted in a lake and in three rivers; the three other comparisons were within 0.95 cm∙s−1. The calibrations are suitable for inexpensive and quantitative estimates of flow in freshwater within the range of temperature and flow conditions typically encountered. We suggest that the method can be used for comparing flow regimes in virtually any marine or freshwater environment as long as salinity and temperature among water bodies are comparable.

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Kim, Daeha, Il Won Jung, and Jong Ahn Chun. "A comparative assessment of rainfall–runoff modelling against regional flow duration curves for ungauged catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 11 (November 15, 2017): 5647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5647-2017.

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Abstract. Rainfall–runoff modelling has long been a special subject in hydrological sciences, but identifying behavioural parameters in ungauged catchments is still challenging. In this study, we comparatively evaluated the performance of the local calibration of a rainfall–runoff model against regional flow duration curves (FDCs), which is a seemingly alternative method of classical parameter regionalisation for ungauged catchments. We used a parsimonious rainfall–runoff model over 45 South Korean catchments under semi-humid climate. The calibration against regional FDCs was compared with the simple proximity-based parameter regionalisation. Results show that transferring behavioural parameters from gauged to ungauged catchments significantly outperformed the local calibration against regional FDCs due to the absence of flow timing information in the regional FDCs. The behavioural parameters gained from observed hydrographs were likely to contain intangible flow timing information affecting predictability in ungauged catchments. Additional constraining with the rising limb density appreciably improved the FDC calibrations, implying that flow signatures in temporal dimensions would supplement the FDCs. As an alternative approach in data-rich regions, we suggest calibrating a rainfall–runoff model against regionalised hydrographs to preserve flow timing information. We also suggest use of flow signatures that can supplement hydrographs for calibrating rainfall–runoff models in gauged and ungauged catchments.

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Yeniçeri, İbrahim Önder, Vedat Semai Bek, Neşat Çullu, and Gülnihal Kutlu. "The Relationship Between Posterior Communicating Artery Formation and Vertebral Artery Flow Parameters." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 37, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87564793211005952.

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Objectives: It is important to know the range of normal vertebral artery (VA) flow volume. Diminished VA flow volume is associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency. The study aim was to investigate the relationship between the posterior communicating artery (PCoA) calibration and the VA flow parameters, in patients with no underlying cerebrovascular disease, below 50 years of age. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 102 cases below 50 years of age. The basilar artery (BA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and the PCoA calibrations were measured with magnetic resonance angiography. The VA flow parameters (maximum systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity, VA flow volume, and VA calibration) were measured with duplex sonography. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between these two imaging groups, in terms of VA Vmax, VA flow volumes, VA calibrations, and BA calibrations. However, the mean right ICA and mean left ICA calibrations were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1 ( P < .01). There was no significant correlation between mean PCoA calibration and mean Vmax, mean calibration, and the total flow volume of vertebral arteries. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the VA flow rate may be relatively maintained, regardless of PCoA measurements in this study.

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Tyson, Julian. "Flow injection calibration techniques." Fresenius' Zeitschrift f�r Analytische Chemie 329, no. 6 (1988): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00624771.

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Holland, W. P., W. Boender, J. A. Bos, and P. E. Huygen. "A simple handheld push-button device for in situ calibration of pneumotachographs." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 2042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.2042.

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A simple and compact flow calibrator has been devised for generating precise predetermined constant flow rates for checking the calibration of laboratory and clinical flow transducers used in respiratory measurements. The standard version delivers preset flows of 0.5 and 1 l/s, whereas a tuned-up version can produce preset flows of 2.5 and 5 l/s, with an accuracy of +/- 2%. The pressure generated is sufficient to cope with most commonly used respiratory flowmeters. The flow calibrator is built from inexpensive components that are readily obtainable: a fan, a turbine flowmeter, and a feedback circuit in a compact housing. The device is easy to connect to other equipment and to operate. Three flow calibrators have been built and are in regular use in a lung function laboratory and on intensive care wards.

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Onyutha, Charles. "Hydrological Model Supported by a Step-Wise Calibration against Sub-Flows and Validation of Extreme Flow Events." Water 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020244.

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Most hydrological models have fixed structures and their calibrations are typified by a conventional approach in which the overall water balance closure is considered (without a step-wise focus on sub-flows’ variation). Eventually, hydrological modelers are confronted with the difficulty of ensuring both the observed high flows and low flows are accurately reproduced in a single calibration. This study introduced Hydrological Model focusing on Sub-flows’ Variation (HMSV). Calibration of HMSV follows a carefully designed framework comprising sub-flow’s separation, modeling of sub-flows, and checking validity of hydrological extremes. The introduced model and calibration framework were tested using hydro-meteorological data from the Blue Nile Basin from Ethiopia in Africa. When the conventional calibration approach was adopted through automatic optimization strategy, results from the HMSV were found highly comparable with those of five internationally well recognized hydrological models (AWBM, IHACRES, SACRAMENTO, SIMHYD, and TANK). The new framework enhanced the HMSV performance for reproducing quantiles of both high flows and low flows. The combination of flow separation and step-wise calibration of hydrological model against sub-flows enhances the modeler’s physical insight in identifying which areas need focus in modeling to obtain meaningful simulation results, especially of extreme events. The link for downloading the HMSV is provided.

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Zhang, Ruqiang, Junguo Liu, Hongkai Gao, and Ganquan Mao. "Can multi-objective calibration of streamflow guarantee better hydrological model accuracy?" Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2018): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.131.

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Abstract Hydrological models often require calibration. Multi-objective calibration has been more widely used than single-objective calibration. However, it has not been fully ascertained that multi-objective calibration will necessarily guarantee better model accuracy. To test whether multi-calibration was effective in comparison to single-calibration in terms of model accuracy, two strategies were tested out. For these strategies, the objective functions used included the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and its logarithmic form, which highlight high flow and low flow, respectively. These two indexes were first used for multi-objective calibration, and then they were separately employed for single-objective calibration. To assess the calibration strategies' accuracy, the simulated streamflow was compared with observed streamflow, particularly high flow and low flow. This study was conducted in the upper stream of the Heihe River basin in northwest China using the FLEX-Topo model and MOSCEM-UA algorithm. The results show that the simulation based on the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency performed best both in modelling the dynamics and simulating the high flow of the observed streamflow. Thus, it seems that multi-objective calibration does not necessarily lead to better model accuracy. This conclusion might provide useful information for hydrologists in calibrating their models, making their simulations more reliable.

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Toledo, Tomer, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, Angus Davol, Moshe E. Ben-Akiva, Wilco Burghout, Ingmar Andréasson, Tobias Johansson, and Christen Lundin. "Calibration and Validation of Microscopic Traffic Simulation Tools: Stockholm Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1831, no. 1 (January 2003): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1831-08.

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The calibration and validation approach and results from a case study applying the microscopic traffic simulation tool MITSIMLab to a mixed urban-freeway network in the Brunnsviken area in the north of Stockholm, Sweden, under congested traffic conditions are described. Two important components of the simulator were calibrated: driving behavior models and travel behavior components, including origin–destination flows and the route choice model. In the absence of detailed data, only aggregate data (i.e., speed and flow measurements at sensor locations) were available for calibration. Aggregate calibration uses simulation output, which is a result of the interaction among all components of the simulator. Therefore, it is, in general, impossible to identify the effect of individual models on traffic flow when using aggregate data. The calibration approach used takes these interactions into account by iteratively calibrating the different components to minimize the deviation between observed and simulated measurements. The calibrated MITSIMLab model was validated by comparing observed and simulated measurements: traffic flows at sensor locations, point-to-point travel times, and queue lengths. A second set of measurements, taken a year after the ones used for calibration, was used at this stage. Results of the validation are presented. Practical difficulties and limitations that may arise with application of the calibration and validation approach are discussed.

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Platenkamp, Tom, Wouter Sparreboom, Gijs Ratering, Marcel Katerberg, and Joost Lötters. "Low Flow Liquid Calibration Setup." Micromachines 6, no. 4 (April 22, 2015): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi6040473.

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Mukherjee, Kaushal. "Calibration of Electromagnetic Flow Meter." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.24999/ijoaem/02080043.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flow Calibration"

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Sasson, Jonathan. "Small Scale Mass Flow Plug Calibration." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1417540797.

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Seierstad, Johanne. "Design system for primary calibration of flow." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23595.

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Whilst growing demand for energy in Nepal and neighbouring- countries, investments in hydro- power projects appears continuously, both by local and multinational companies. As a consequence of this, Turbine Testing Lab was founded in 2011 at Kathmandu University in Nepal. The laboratory is rapidly developing, and is currently implementing a Francis turbine test rig. A long- term goal for the laboratory, is to execute model tests according to IEC 60193, which is the standard used in model tests of hydraulic runners.When determining the hydraulic efficiency of a runner, a central parameter is the discharge measurement. According to IEC, any secondary device used to measure the discharge shall be calibrated in sitù against one of the following primary methods: the weighing method, volumetric method or the moving- screen method.The aim of this work has been to develop and design a primary method for calibration of the flowmeter at TTL. Based on an evaluation of the mentioned primary methods, as well as economy, accuracy and correspondence with technical staff, a volumetric method is chosen as calibration principle. The principle of the method is based on collecting water into a tank with a known geometry, and by execution of level- and time measurements calculating the discharge.The calibration rig consists of a flowmeter, inlet nozzle, deflector mechanism, emergency weir, calibration tank, level measurement, time measurement, drainage system, emergency weir, and an upgraded pipe run at the measuring section of the flowmeter.It is developed a LabView program, for logging and processing the voltage output from the flowmeter. The other measurements executed is registered manually in a separate calibration sheet for data processing. An evaluation of the accuracy in the calibration method is conducted, which may be used to determine the total uncertainty when the calibration facility is installed. Provided design and installation according to ISO 8316, the accuracy in discharge measurement with the volumetric method lies within $\pm$ 0,1- 0,2 \%. The major uncertainty contribution in the method lies in the determination of the volume collected, and the corresponding tank calibration.It is proposed to reduce the diameter of the flowmeter from original size of 400 mm to 250 mm. Reduction in diameter and upgraded pipe run will increase accuracy of the flow measurement, a result of improved flow pattern at the measuring section. When the primary calibration rig is installed at TTL, this will be a large step towards an IEC- approved laboratory in Nepal, which open doors against an international market.

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McBrayer, Mickey Charles. "Calibration of groundwater flow models for modeling and teaching /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Blazer, Derek Jason. "Systematic method for steady-state groundwater flow model calibration." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1999. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0189_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Maclaurin, Paul. "Flow injection and multivariate calibration techniques for process analysis." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2056.

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The role of process analytical chemistry is summarised in chapter one with particular emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach and the instrumental requirements for on-plant analysis. These concepts are extended to process FIA, highlighting its potential for simultaneous multicomponent determinations. The development of an automated FIA monitor for the on-line determination of sulphite in potassium chloride brine is covered in the second chapter. Reaction stability is demonstrated and the results of on-plant validation and on-line trials are presented. The next chapter deals with the concepts of multivariate calibration. Direct multicomponent analysis, principal components regression and partial least squares regression are critically examined in practical spectroscopic terms and statistical terms. The relative predictive abilities of these techniques are compared in chapter four for the resolution of a multicomponent UV-visible spectrophotometric data set. Chapter five describes the development of an automated FIA-diode array system for the simultaneous determination of phosphate and chlorine. The implications of combining reaction chemistries and the influence of a number of calibration parameters are considered in detail. Finally, the jackknife is presented as a means of dimensionality estimation' and bias correction in PLS modelling. Data sets from the literature are analysed and the results compared with those obtaining using commercial software.

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Sipahi, Sabri Ozgur. "Calibration Of A Grate On Sloping Channel." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607889/index.pdf.

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In this study a setup is designed and constructed in the Hydromechanics Laboratory of Middle East Technical University in order to observe the flow through grate inlets under different flow and geometry conditions. The rate of interception of flow is determined over a rectangular channel through preliminary experiments run on the tilting flume. The performance of the new set setup has been examined and grate efficiency is obtained both in terms of longitudinal slope and the Froude number. The results which are obtained show that the setup can be used to conduct experiments to obtain a general expression for grate efficiency.

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Fitzmaurice, Thomas Martin, and Thomas Martin Fitzmaurice. "Calibration studies on a dual porosity unsaturated flow code (DCM3D)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626906.

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A dual continuum, three-dimensional, isothermal ground-water flow code for unsaturated, fractured, porous media (DCM3D) was calibrated against two test cases; a laboratory block study and data from a monitored field location at the Apache Leap Research Site. Variably saturated water flow in the matrix as well as in the fracture system are described with two separate Richards' equation. Flow between the respective continua is simulated by means of a first order rate equation. Relative permeabilities are calculated using the van Genuchten characteristic relation. The formulation leads to a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations which are solved numerically using an integrated finite difference technique. Model calibrations were developed from existing data and supplemented with estimates of parameters not supported by previous research. Estimates included; initial conditions, fracture porosity, fracture van Genuchten parameters (a, m and Or) and the transfer factor. DCM3D proved able to reproduce flow behavior from both test cases. However, given the degrees of freedom, a unique solution was not found. Therefore, an evaluation on the conceptual understanding of flow in each test case was not possible. Sensitivity runs on fracture parameters showed fracture saturated intrinsic permeability and fracture porosity to be the most sensitive parameters relating to travel time. Increases in model complexity dramatically increased run times. Parameters which had the greatest effect on run time where the fracture a and fracture (}r.

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Trasky, Trevor Ryan. "Hydraulic model calibration for the Girdwood, Alaska water distribution system." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/trasky/TraskyT0508.pdf.

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The possible EPA promulgation of regulations requiring flushing programs for water distribution systems to regulate water age is encouraging many utilities to develop a better understanding of their systems. This usually involves the development of a hydraulic model. For the hydraulic model to be of use it must be calibrated using collected field data. Few established guidelines exist for utilities to perform such data collection and calibration. There are many different types of data that can be collected using many different methods. There are also various model calibration methods that can be used. This study sought to develop an optimized sampling plan and calibration method for a small utility that defines the best practice for data type, location, quantity, and collection conditions. A large quantity of many data types were collected at various locations in the system. Different methods were used to calibrate the model with various data sets and the model accuracy was evaluated using a second independent data set. The effect of model input parameter accuracy and pipe grouping during calibration on overall accuracy was also investigated. Data type, location, quantity, and collection conditions had an impact on calibration accuracy. High headloss data from fire flow tests provided better calibrations than low loss data from static pressures. Carefully selected test locations resulted in more efficient calibration than evenly distributed test locations. There was found to be a point of diminishing returns when investigating the amount of data used in calibration versus calibration accuracy. Uncalibrated model input parameters such as elevations and pump characteristics also had a significant impact on model calibration accuracy.

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Turley, Carole. "Calibration Procedure for a Microscopic Traffic Simulation Model." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1747.pdf.

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White, Jeremy. "Application of residual mapping calibration to a transient groundwater flow model." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001314.

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Books on the topic "Flow Calibration"

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Hayward, Alan. Pipe provers: A user's manual. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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Christianus Bernardus Maria Te Stroet. Calibration of stochastic groundwater flow models: Estimation of noise statistics and model parameters. [Delft: Eburon], 1995.

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1952-, Ophori Duke Urhobo. Regional groundwater flow in the Atikokan research area: Model development and calibration. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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Ophori, Duke U. Regional groundwater flow in the Atikokan Research Area: Model development and calibration. Pinawa, Man: Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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Brooks, Cuyler W. The NASA Langley 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel calibration. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1994.

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Brooks, Cuyler W. The NASA Langley 8-foot transonic pressure tunnel calibration. Hampton: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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Kaupert, Kevin A. A unique light extinction calibration technique for particle concentrations in dusty gas flows. [Downsview, Ont.]: University of Toronto, 1992.

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C, Smith Steven. Airflow calibration of a bellmouth inlet for measurement of compressor airflow in turbine-powered propulsion simulators. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1985.

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Capone, Francis J. The NASA Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel: Historical overview, facility description, calibration, flow characteristics, and test capabilities. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Luo, Qiang Charles. Calibration and application of LUOM in Southern Guam watersheds with and without flow data. Agana, Guam]: Water and Environmental Research Institute of the Western Pacific (WERI), University of Guam, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flow Calibration"

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Treiber, Martin, and Arne Kesting. "Calibration and Validation." In Traffic Flow Dynamics, 303–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32460-4_16.

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Silber-Li, Zhanhua. "Picoliter Flow Calibration." In Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 2729–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5491-5_1238.

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Silber-Li, Zhanhua. "Picoliter Flow Calibration." In Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 1–7. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27758-0_1238-2.

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Daamen, Winnie, Mario Campanella, and Serge P. Hoogendoorn. "Calibration of Nomad Parameters Using Empirical Data." In Traffic and Granular Flow '11, 109–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39669-4_11.

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von Lavante, E., G. Moniz Pereira, U. Banaszak, and B. Mickan. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Conditioners Used for Flow Meter Calibration." In Computational Fluid Dynamics 2004, 863–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31801-1_143.

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Kesting, Arne, and Martin Treiber. "Calibration of Car-Following Models Using Floating Car Data." In Traffic and Granular Flow ’07, 117–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77074-9_10.

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Santhosh, K. V., and B. K. Roy. "Soft Calibration Technique with SVM for Intelligent Flow Measurement." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 63–73. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2141-8_6.

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Akwir, Nkiediel Alain, Jean Chamberlain Chedjou, and Kyandoghere Kyamakya. "Neural-Network-Based Calibration of Macroscopic Traffic Flow Models." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 151–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58996-1_7.

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Komuro, T., H. Tanno, K. Sato, S. Ueda, and K. Itoh. "Nozzle flow calibration of high enthalpy shock tunnel HIEST." In Shock Waves, 413–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27009-6_61.

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ten Brummelhuis, Paul G. J. "The Calibration of 2-D Shallow Water Flow Models." In Realization and Modelling in System Theory, 575–83. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3462-3_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flow Calibration"

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Morrow, Thomas B. "Gravimetric Calibration of Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56817.

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The Metering Research Facility (MRF) was commissioned in 1995/1996 at Southwest Research Institute for research on, and calibration of natural gas flow meters. A key commissioning activity was the calibration of critical flow Venturi (sonic) nozzles by a gravimetric proving process flowing nitrogen or natural gas at different pressures. This paper concerns the calibration of the four sonic nozzles installed in the MRF Low Pressure Loop (LPL). Recently, a new project prompted a review of the relations used to calculate sonic nozzle discharge coefficient in the LPL data acquisition computer code. New calibrations of the LPL sonic nozzles were performed flowing natural gas over a lower range of pressure than used in the original commissioning tests. The combination of new and old gravimetric calibration data are shown to agree well with correlations published by Arnberg and Ishibashi (2001) and by Ishibashi and Takamoto (2001) for laminar, transitional and turbulent boundary layer flow in critical flow Venturi nozzles.

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Guenther, Mark, Mark Polster, and Larry Wroza. "Exhaust Flow Meter Calibration." In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1442.

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Peyvan, David, Yuri Gurevich, and Charles T. French. "In-Situ Calibration for Feedwater Flow Measurement." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22538.

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With the approval by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), of the Appendix K power uprates, it has become important to provide an accurate measurement of the feedwater flow. Failure to meet documented requirements can now more easily lead to plant operations above their analyzed safety limits. Thus, the objective of flow instrumentation used in Appendix K uprates, becomes one of providing precise measurements of the feedwater mass flow that will not allow the plant to be overpowered, but will still assure that maximum licensed thermal output is achieved. The NRC has licensed two technologies that meet these standards. Both are based on ultrasonic measurements of the flow. The first of these technologies, which is referred to as transit-time, relies on the measurement of differences in time for multiple ultrasonic beams to pass up and downstream in the fluid stream. These measurements are then coupled with a numerical integration scheme to compensate for distortions in the velocity profile due to upstream flow disturbances. This technology is implemented using a spool piece that is inserted into the feedwater pipe. The second technology relies on the measurement of the velocity of eddies within the fluid using a numerical process called cross-correlation. This technology is implemented by attaching the ultrasonic flow meter to the external surface of the pipe. Because of the ease in installation, for atypical situations, distortions in the velocity profile can be accounted for by attaching a second ultrasonic flow meter to the same pipe or multiple meters to a similar piping configuration, where the flow is fully developed. The additional meter readings are then used for the calibration of the initial set-up. Thus, it becomes possible to provide an in-situ calibration under actual operating conditions that requires no extrapolation of laboratory calibrations to compensate for distortions in the velocity profile. This paper will focus on the cross-correlation method of flow measurement, starting with the theoretical bases for the velocity profile correction factor and its reliance on only the Reynolds number to produce an accurate measurement of the flow, when the flow is fully developed. The method of laboratory calibration and the verification of these calibrations under actual plant operating conditions will be discussed. This will be followed by a discussion of how this technology is being used today to support the Appendix K uprates. Various examples will be presented of piping configurations, where in-situ calibrations have or will be used to provide an accurate measurement of the feedwater flow at a specific location.

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Cantrak, Djordje, Dejan Ilic, Novica Jankovic, and Branka Radanov. "Installation for the high accuracy flow meter calibration with the weighting method." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201921001.

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Installation for precise flow meter calibrations meets demands of the relevant standards: high-quality installation, appropriate calibration methodology, instruments of high accuracy and satisfactory measurement uncertainty. So, it is necessary to calibrate the flow meter on an adequate installation. Designed and assembled installation for flow meters calibration for measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits up to 10 l/min, based on weighing method, is presented in this paper. Modified measurement methodology, which mainly follows standard ISO 4185, is presented in this paper. The geometry of the whole installation is presented and afterwards used for numerical experiments. Two numerical meshes were tested. First approach had a half a million cells and the second mesh was consisted of approximately 1.6 million cells. Both meshes were unstructured. Numerical results were used for installation test before manufacturing and assembling. The test rig was manufactured after the numerical results evaluation. Experimental validation of the calibration procedure followed. Obtained experimental results and measurement uncertainty for three operating regimes were analysed and reported. It was proved, experimentally and numerically, that uniform, i.e. developed turbulent flow, was achieved in the straight measurement section, what is of great importance for flow measurement calibration.

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Nystrom, James B., and Philip S. Stacy. "Calibration Uncertainty of PTC-6 Flow Sections." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88058.

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PTC 6-2004 Performance Test Code on Steam Turbines [1] delineates fabrication and calibration requirements for throat tap flow nozzles with the purpose of obtaining the best feasible accuracy of flow measurement, a primary measurement to determine turbine performance. The Code requires nozzle discharge coefficient calibration results meet tight specifications for average value and rate of change with throat Reynolds number. Performance specifications were developed from large historical, empirical bases and an extensive theoretical analysis. Calibration uncertainty for PTC-6 Flow Meters using gravimetric flow measurement method in accordance with ASME/ANSI MFC 9M Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits by Weighing Method [2] using a 100,000 lb capacity weigh tank is estimated. Calibration results are compared to Code requirements for about 330 meters with 1320 individual tap sets.

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Yeh, T. T., P. I. Espina, G. E. Mattingly, N. R. Briggs, and Jesu´s Aguilera. "An Uncertainty Analysis of a NIST Hydrocarbon Liquid Flow Calibration Facility." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56790.

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This paper presents the uncertainty characterization of NIST’s new hydrocarbon liquid flow calibrator (HLFC). This facility uses a passive piston prover technique where fluid is driven by pumps while the measuring piston is passively stroked through the calibration interval. This facility is typically operated using MIL-C-7024C fluid (also known as Stoddard solvent – a surrogate liquid for JP-4 and JP-5 jet fuels), but using a variety of other fluids offers a wider range of measurements. The range of flows for this facility is 0.19 to 5.7 liters per minute – lpm (0.05 to 1.5 gallons per minute – gpm). Over this range, the expanded uncertainty claim for this facility is ±0.01%, at 95% confidence level. The uncertainty of a dual-turbine meter tested in the system is also reported. In addition, NIST is working to incorporate additional piston provers so that the flow for hydrocarbon liquids calibration service will reach 760 lpm (200 gpm).

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Mark B. Major, Michael F. Kocher, and Leonard L. Bashford. "Calibration Procedure for Volumetric Flow Meters with Two-Phase Flow." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.14076.

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Wakeland, Richard. "Long Radius Flow Nozzle Study." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81053.

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The objective of this study is to examine the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Long Radius Flow Nozzle. This study was conducted with regard to published standards for design and installation, manufacturing, and the comparative analysis of laboratory flow calibrations to the theoretical predictions of the coefficient of discharge. Several sets of identically designed Long Radius Flow Nozzles were manufactured and laboratory flow calibrated. The results of the flow calibration data were used to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction equations for the Coefficient of Discharge and to determine the effects of materials and manufacturing processes such as post weld stress relieving. Preliminary results of continuing research indicate that the uncertainty of the coefficient of discharge may be 1% or less while the published uncertainty is 2%. These results indicate that well controlled design and manufacturing processes influence the flow nozzle performance. These results are based on flow calibration data from an independent laboratory. In conclusion, the long radius flow nozzle can be designed and manufactured so the uncertainty associated with the coefficient of discharge is less than published values. Further study is required of the published equations for predicting the coefficient of discharge.

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Wen, Kai. "Modeling and Control of Real Flow Calibration System." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21102.

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Abstract The calibration of large-diameter flow meters is performed in the calibration station where real flow passes through. The typical calibration process is manipulated by human operators, which is time-consuming and easily affected. Since most of the process parameters are detectable, the smart calibration system was aided by the on-line modeling process and consisted of three parts: the digital twin model, the process controller, and the human-machine interface (HMI). The digital twin model was based on the basic partial differential equations of the gas flow in pipelines and was meant for the flow behavior prediction over short periods and provided decision-making assistance for human operators. The verification of the digital model was based on both the historical process data and the real-time process data. The process controller represented the manipulator meant to replace the human operator. The function of the controller included process control and calibration flow point adjustment. The HMI was designed based on the industrial supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Since the process control was essential, the scheduling scheme and command sequence feedback to the SCADA system was rechecked by human operators via the HMI. The result of the active control was displayed in the HMI based on the digital twin model. Since smart control was the tendency in the piping system, the automated process verification and control formed the basis of the smart system. By entering the size and range of the flow meters into the HMI, the entire industrial system inside the calibration station was executed automatically.

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CLARK, EDWARD, JOHN HENFLING, and DANIEL AESCHLIMAN. "Calibration of hemispherical-head flow angularity probes." In 17th Aerospace Ground Testing Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-4005.

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Reports on the topic "Flow Calibration"

1

Yeh, T. T., Jes�s Aguilera, and John D. Wright. Hydrocarbon liquid flow calibration service. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.250-1039.

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2

Wright, John D., and George E. Mattingly. NIST calibration services for gas flow meters :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.250-49.

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3

G. A. Zyvoloski. Calibration of the Site-Scale Saturated Zone Flow Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837139.

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March-Leuba, J., T. Uckan, J. Sumner, J. Mattingly, and J. Mihalczo. Calibration measurements using the ORNL fissile mass flow monitor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/290821.

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Anh Bui, Nam Dinh, and Brian Williams. Validation and Calibration of Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics Multiscale Multiphysics Models - Subcooled Flow Boiling Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1110336.

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Lee, R. R., R. H. Ketelle, J. M. Bownds, and T. A. Rizk. Calibration of a groundwater flow and contaminant transport computer model: Progress toward model validation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5568205.

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Vermeul, Vince R., Marcel P. Bergeron, C. R. Cole, Christopher J. Murray, William E. Nichols, Timothy D. Scheibe, Paul D. Thorne, Scott R. Waichler, and YuLong Xie. Transient Inverse Calibration of the Site-Wide Groundwater Flow Model (ACM-2): FY03 Progress Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15010371.

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8

Jacobson, E. A., and M. D. Freshly. An initial inverse calibration of the ground-water flow model for the Hanford unconfined aquifer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6913533.

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Axelrod, M. C. A statistical study of the performance of a heat-flow calorimeter: Calibration and error analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10182956.

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10

Zarr, Robert R., and Betty A. Licitra. Calibration at 24[degrees]C of a heat-flow-meter apparatus having 610 mm square plates. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4539.

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