Journal articles: 'Flow Calibration'

1

Petticrew, Ellen L., and Jacob Kalff. "Calibration of a Gypsum Source for Freshwater Flow Measurements." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-150.

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A method for estimating flow rate in freshwater was refined by calibrating the rate of dissolution of inexpensive and easily made gypsum cylinders at flows of 0–10 cm∙s−1 and at temperatures between 3 and 25 °C. Gypsum flux was linearly related to flow (r2 > 0.94); thus, weight loss combined with the surface area of the gypsum source and exposure period allows an estimate of flux. Temperature-corrected estimates of flow, obtained from calibration equations and observed dissolution of gypsum cylinders, were virtually identical to flow measured with an electromagnetic current meter in five of eight comparisons conducted in a lake and in three rivers; the three other comparisons were within 0.95 cm∙s−1. The calibrations are suitable for inexpensive and quantitative estimates of flow in freshwater within the range of temperature and flow conditions typically encountered. We suggest that the method can be used for comparing flow regimes in virtually any marine or freshwater environment as long as salinity and temperature among water bodies are comparable.

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2

Kim, Daeha, Il Won Jung, and Jong Ahn Chun. "A comparative assessment of rainfall–runoff modelling against regional flow duration curves for ungauged catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 11 (November 15, 2017): 5647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5647-2017.

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Abstract. Rainfall–runoff modelling has long been a special subject in hydrological sciences, but identifying behavioural parameters in ungauged catchments is still challenging. In this study, we comparatively evaluated the performance of the local calibration of a rainfall–runoff model against regional flow duration curves (FDCs), which is a seemingly alternative method of classical parameter regionalisation for ungauged catchments. We used a parsimonious rainfall–runoff model over 45 South Korean catchments under semi-humid climate. The calibration against regional FDCs was compared with the simple proximity-based parameter regionalisation. Results show that transferring behavioural parameters from gauged to ungauged catchments significantly outperformed the local calibration against regional FDCs due to the absence of flow timing information in the regional FDCs. The behavioural parameters gained from observed hydrographs were likely to contain intangible flow timing information affecting predictability in ungauged catchments. Additional constraining with the rising limb density appreciably improved the FDC calibrations, implying that flow signatures in temporal dimensions would supplement the FDCs. As an alternative approach in data-rich regions, we suggest calibrating a rainfall–runoff model against regionalised hydrographs to preserve flow timing information. We also suggest use of flow signatures that can supplement hydrographs for calibrating rainfall–runoff models in gauged and ungauged catchments.

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Yeniçeri, İbrahim Önder, Vedat Semai Bek, Neşat Çullu, and Gülnihal Kutlu. "The Relationship Between Posterior Communicating Artery Formation and Vertebral Artery Flow Parameters." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 37, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87564793211005952.

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Objectives: It is important to know the range of normal vertebral artery (VA) flow volume. Diminished VA flow volume is associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency. The study aim was to investigate the relationship between the posterior communicating artery (PCoA) calibration and the VA flow parameters, in patients with no underlying cerebrovascular disease, below 50 years of age. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 102 cases below 50 years of age. The basilar artery (BA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and the PCoA calibrations were measured with magnetic resonance angiography. The VA flow parameters (maximum systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity, VA flow volume, and VA calibration) were measured with duplex sonography. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between these two imaging groups, in terms of VA Vmax, VA flow volumes, VA calibrations, and BA calibrations. However, the mean right ICA and mean left ICA calibrations were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1 ( P < .01). There was no significant correlation between mean PCoA calibration and mean Vmax, mean calibration, and the total flow volume of vertebral arteries. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the VA flow rate may be relatively maintained, regardless of PCoA measurements in this study.

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4

Tyson, Julian. "Flow injection calibration techniques." Fresenius' Zeitschrift f�r Analytische Chemie 329, no. 6 (1988): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00624771.

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Holland, W. P., W. Boender, J. A. Bos, and P. E. Huygen. "A simple handheld push-button device for in situ calibration of pneumotachographs." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 2042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.2042.

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A simple and compact flow calibrator has been devised for generating precise predetermined constant flow rates for checking the calibration of laboratory and clinical flow transducers used in respiratory measurements. The standard version delivers preset flows of 0.5 and 1 l/s, whereas a tuned-up version can produce preset flows of 2.5 and 5 l/s, with an accuracy of +/- 2%. The pressure generated is sufficient to cope with most commonly used respiratory flowmeters. The flow calibrator is built from inexpensive components that are readily obtainable: a fan, a turbine flowmeter, and a feedback circuit in a compact housing. The device is easy to connect to other equipment and to operate. Three flow calibrators have been built and are in regular use in a lung function laboratory and on intensive care wards.

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Onyutha, Charles. "Hydrological Model Supported by a Step-Wise Calibration against Sub-Flows and Validation of Extreme Flow Events." Water 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020244.

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Most hydrological models have fixed structures and their calibrations are typified by a conventional approach in which the overall water balance closure is considered (without a step-wise focus on sub-flows’ variation). Eventually, hydrological modelers are confronted with the difficulty of ensuring both the observed high flows and low flows are accurately reproduced in a single calibration. This study introduced Hydrological Model focusing on Sub-flows’ Variation (HMSV). Calibration of HMSV follows a carefully designed framework comprising sub-flow’s separation, modeling of sub-flows, and checking validity of hydrological extremes. The introduced model and calibration framework were tested using hydro-meteorological data from the Blue Nile Basin from Ethiopia in Africa. When the conventional calibration approach was adopted through automatic optimization strategy, results from the HMSV were found highly comparable with those of five internationally well recognized hydrological models (AWBM, IHACRES, SACRAMENTO, SIMHYD, and TANK). The new framework enhanced the HMSV performance for reproducing quantiles of both high flows and low flows. The combination of flow separation and step-wise calibration of hydrological model against sub-flows enhances the modeler’s physical insight in identifying which areas need focus in modeling to obtain meaningful simulation results, especially of extreme events. The link for downloading the HMSV is provided.

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Zhang, Ruqiang, Junguo Liu, Hongkai Gao, and Ganquan Mao. "Can multi-objective calibration of streamflow guarantee better hydrological model accuracy?" Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2018): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.131.

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Abstract Hydrological models often require calibration. Multi-objective calibration has been more widely used than single-objective calibration. However, it has not been fully ascertained that multi-objective calibration will necessarily guarantee better model accuracy. To test whether multi-calibration was effective in comparison to single-calibration in terms of model accuracy, two strategies were tested out. For these strategies, the objective functions used included the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and its logarithmic form, which highlight high flow and low flow, respectively. These two indexes were first used for multi-objective calibration, and then they were separately employed for single-objective calibration. To assess the calibration strategies' accuracy, the simulated streamflow was compared with observed streamflow, particularly high flow and low flow. This study was conducted in the upper stream of the Heihe River basin in northwest China using the FLEX-Topo model and MOSCEM-UA algorithm. The results show that the simulation based on the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency performed best both in modelling the dynamics and simulating the high flow of the observed streamflow. Thus, it seems that multi-objective calibration does not necessarily lead to better model accuracy. This conclusion might provide useful information for hydrologists in calibrating their models, making their simulations more reliable.

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Toledo, Tomer, Haris N. Koutsopoulos, Angus Davol, Moshe E. Ben-Akiva, Wilco Burghout, Ingmar Andréasson, Tobias Johansson, and Christen Lundin. "Calibration and Validation of Microscopic Traffic Simulation Tools: Stockholm Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1831, no. 1 (January 2003): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1831-08.

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The calibration and validation approach and results from a case study applying the microscopic traffic simulation tool MITSIMLab to a mixed urban-freeway network in the Brunnsviken area in the north of Stockholm, Sweden, under congested traffic conditions are described. Two important components of the simulator were calibrated: driving behavior models and travel behavior components, including origin–destination flows and the route choice model. In the absence of detailed data, only aggregate data (i.e., speed and flow measurements at sensor locations) were available for calibration. Aggregate calibration uses simulation output, which is a result of the interaction among all components of the simulator. Therefore, it is, in general, impossible to identify the effect of individual models on traffic flow when using aggregate data. The calibration approach used takes these interactions into account by iteratively calibrating the different components to minimize the deviation between observed and simulated measurements. The calibrated MITSIMLab model was validated by comparing observed and simulated measurements: traffic flows at sensor locations, point-to-point travel times, and queue lengths. A second set of measurements, taken a year after the ones used for calibration, was used at this stage. Results of the validation are presented. Practical difficulties and limitations that may arise with application of the calibration and validation approach are discussed.

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Platenkamp, Tom, Wouter Sparreboom, Gijs Ratering, Marcel Katerberg, and Joost Lötters. "Low Flow Liquid Calibration Setup." Micromachines 6, no. 4 (April 22, 2015): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi6040473.

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10

Mukherjee, Kaushal. "Calibration of Electromagnetic Flow Meter." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.24999/ijoaem/02080043.

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11

Fallaha, Ahmad, Edwin Cohen, Ahmad Kayyali, and Alice Ming. "Calibration of power flow measurements." Electric Power Systems Research 38, no. 1 (July 1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7796(96)01070-x.

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12

Venkatraman, Nagendran, and Rajabaskaran Ganapathy. "Process Flow Meter Calibration System." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 57, no. 2 (March 25, 2018): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v57p212.

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13

Johnston, R., and S. Fleeter. "Compressible flow hot-wire calibration." Experiments in Fluids 22, no. 5 (March 17, 1997): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480050070.

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14

Brockfeld, Elmar, Reinhart D. Kühne, and Peter Wagner. "Calibration and Validation of Microscopic Models of Traffic Flow." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1934, no. 1 (January 2005): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193400119.

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Because microscopic models are heavily used in applications, the appropriate calibration and validation of these models have been a recent concern. The contribution of this paper is to compare some of these models by calibrating and validating them with data from double loop detectors on a multilane freeway. To simplify this task, the models were tested by simplifying the multilane reality to a simulation of only a single lane. The results show that by simulating the multilane road with single-lane models, calibration errors (Theil's U-value, or the root mean square error) of 14% to 16% were obtained. A validation of the models, which was done by taking the calibrated parameters of one data set to reproduce the other data sets, gives additional errors of about 0.5 to 2.5 percentage points. This is in good agreement with other calibration and validation approaches performed recently.

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15

Giannella-Neto, A., C. Bellido, R. B. Barbosa, and M. F. Vidal Melo. "Design and calibration of unicapillary pneumotachographs." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.335.

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Giannella-Neto, A., C. Bellido, R. B. Barbosa, and M. F. Vidal Melo. Design and calibration of unicapillary pneumotachographs. J. Appl. Physiol.84(1): 335–343, 1998.—This study presents a method for design and calibration of unicapillary pneumotachographs for small-animal experiments. The design, based on Poiseuille’s law, defines a set of internal radius and length values that allows for laminar flow, measurable pressure differences, and minimal interference with animal’s respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. A third-order polynomial calibration (Pol) of the pressure-flow relationship was employed and compared with linear calibration (Lin). Tests were done for conditions of ambient pressure (Pam) and positive pressure (Ppos) ventilation at different flow ranges. A physical model designed to match normal and low compliance in rats was used. At normal compliance, Pol provided lower errors than Lin for mixed (1–12 ml/s), mean (4–10 ml/s), and high (8–12 ml/s) flow rate calibrations for both Pam and Ppos inspiratory tests (P < 0.001 for all conditions) and expiratory tests ( P < 0.001 for all conditions). At low compliance, they differed significantly with 8.6 ± 4.1% underestimation when Lin at Pam was used in Ppos tests. Ppos calibration, preferably in combination with Pol, should be used in this case to minimize errors (Pol = 0.8 ± 0.5%, Lin = 6.5 ± 4.0%, P < 0.0005). Nonlinear calibration may be useful for improvement of flow and volume measurements in small animals during both Pam and Ppos ventilation.

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Milosevic, Nenad, Nenad Stepanic, and Marijana Babic. "A relative humidity calibration from 5°C to 45°C in a mixed-flow humidity generator." Thermal Science 16, no. 1 (2012): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1201193m.

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The paper presents a method used in the Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences for a reliable and traceable relative humidity calibration in the temperature range from 5?C to 45?C. Inside a controllable temperature and humidity environment, supplied by a mixed-flow humidity generator, measurements of hygrometers under calibration are compared with those of calibrated reference instruments. A traceability chain from temperature to reference relative humidity and next to the hygrometers under calibrations is provided by using a chilled-mirror dew-point temperature system and precise relative humidity probes. Corresponding calibration uncertainties are analyzed, particularly those associated to the temperature uniformity of controlled calibration environment. Two examples of relative humidity calibration with dew-point and relative humidity reference measurements in the range from 15 to 75% of RH and 5?C to 45?C are presented and discussed.

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Sao, Davy, Tasuku Kato, Le Hoang Tu, Panha Thouk, Atiqotun Fitriyah, and Chantha Oeurng. "Evaluation of Different Objective Functions Used in the SUFI-2 Calibration Process of SWAT-CUP on Water Balance Analysis: A Case Study of the Pursat River Basin, Cambodia." Water 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102901.

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Many calibration techniques have been developed for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Among them, the SWAT calibration and uncertainty program (SWAT-CUP) with sequential uncertainty fitting 2 (SUFI-2) algorithm is widely used and several objective functions have been implemented in its calibration process. In this study, eight different objective functions were used in a calibration of stream flow of the Pursat River Basin of Cambodia, a tropical monsoon and forested watershed, to examine their influences on the calibration results, parameter optimizations, and water resources estimations. As results, many objective functions performed better than satisfactory in calibrating the SWAT model. However, different objective functions defined different fitted values and sensitivity rank of the calibrated parameters, except Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and ratio of standard deviation of observations to root mean square error (RSR) which are equivalent and produced quite identical simulation results including parameter sensitivity and fitted parameter values, leading to the same water balance components and water yields estimations. As they generated reasonable fitted parameter values, either NSE or RSR gave better estimation results of annual average water yield and other water balance components such as annual average evapotranspiration, groundwater flow, surface runoff, and lateral flow according to the characteristics of the river basin and the results and data of previous studies. Moreover, either of them was also better in calibrating base flow, falling limb, and overall the entire flow phases of the hydrograph in this area.

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Westerberg, I. K., J. L. Guerrero, P. M. Younger, K. J. Beven, J. Seibert, S. Halldin, J. E. Freer, and C. Y. Xu. "Calibration of hydrological models using flow-duration curves." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 14, 2011): 2205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2205-2011.

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Abstract. The degree of belief we have in predictions from hydrologic models will normally depend on how well they can reproduce observations. Calibrations with traditional performance measures, such as the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency, are challenged by problems including: (1) uncertain discharge data, (2) variable sensitivity of different performance measures to different flow magnitudes, (3) influence of unknown input/output errors and (4) inability to evaluate model performance when observation time periods for discharge and model input data do not overlap. This paper explores a calibration method using flow-duration curves (FDCs) to address these problems. The method focuses on reproducing the observed discharge frequency distribution rather than the exact hydrograph. It consists of applying limits of acceptability for selected evaluation points (EPs) on the observed uncertain FDC in the extended GLUE approach. Two ways of selecting the EPs were tested – based on equal intervals of discharge and of volume of water. The method was tested and compared to a calibration using the traditional model efficiency for the daily four-parameter WASMOD model in the Paso La Ceiba catchment in Honduras and for Dynamic TOPMODEL evaluated at an hourly time scale for the Brue catchment in Great Britain. The volume method of selecting EPs gave the best results in both catchments with better calibrated slow flow, recession and evaporation than the other criteria. Observed and simulated time series of uncertain discharges agreed better for this method both in calibration and prediction in both catchments. An advantage with the method is that the rejection criterion is based on an estimation of the uncertainty in discharge data and that the EPs of the FDC can be chosen to reflect the aims of the modelling application, e.g. using more/less EPs at high/low flows. While the method appears less sensitive to epistemic input/output errors than previous use of limits of acceptability applied directly to the time series of discharge, it still requires a reasonable representation of the distribution of inputs. Additional constraints might therefore be required in catchments subject to snow and where peak-flow timing at sub-daily time scales is of high importance. The results suggest that the calibration method can be useful when observation time periods for discharge and model input data do not overlap. The method could also be suitable for calibration to regional FDCs while taking uncertainties in the hydrological model and data into account.

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Valent, Peter, Ján Szolgay, and Carlo Riverso. "Assessment of The Uncertainties of a Conceptual Hydrologic Model By Using Artificially Generated Flows." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-012-0020-9.

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ABSTRACTMost of the studies that assess the performance of various calibration techniques have todeal with a certain amount of uncertainty in the calibration data. In this study we testedHBV model calibration procedures in hypothetically ideal conditions under the assumptionof no errors in the measured data. This was achieved by creating an artificial time seriesof the flows created by the HBV model using the parameters obtained from calibrating themeasured flows. The artificial flows were then used to replace the original flows in thecalibration data, which was then used for testing how calibration procedures can reproduceknown model parameters. The results showed that in performing one hundred independentcalibration runs of the HBV model, we did not manage to obtain parameters that werealmost identical to those used to create the artificial flow data without a certain degree ofuncertainty. Although the calibration procedure of the model works properly froma practical point of view, it can be regarded as a demonstration of the equifinality principle,since several parameter sets were obtained which led to equally acceptable or behaviouralrepresentations of the observed flows. The study demonstrated that this concept forassessing how uncertain hydrological predictions can be applied in the further developmentof a model or the choice of calibration method using artificially generated data.

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Town, Jason, and Cengiz Camci. "A Time Efficient Adaptive Gridding Approach and Improved Calibrations in Five-Hole Probe Measurements." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/376967.

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Five-Hole Probes (FHP), being a dependable and accurate aerodynamic tool, are an excellent choice for measuring three-dimensional flow fields in turbomachinery. To improve spatial resolution, a subminiature FHP with a diameter of 1.68 mm is employed. High length to diameter ratio of the tubing and manual pitch and yaw calibration cause increased uncertainty. A new FHP calibrator is designed and built to reduce the uncertainty by precise, computer controlled movements and reduced calibration time. The calibrated FHP is then placed downstream of the nozzle guide vane (NGV) assembly of a low-speed, large-scale, axial flow turbine. The cold flow HP turbine stage contains 29 vanes and 36 blades. A fast and computer controllable traversing system is implemented using an adaptive grid method for the refinement of measurements in regions such as vane wake, secondary flows, and boundary layers. The current approach increases the possible number of measurement points in a two-hour period by 160%. Flow structures behind the NGV measurement plane are identified with high spatial resolution and reduced uncertainty. The automated pitch and yaw calibration and the adaptive grid approach introduced in this study are shown to be a highly effective way of measuring complex flow fields in the research turbine.

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Lefebvre, P. J., and W. W. Durgin. "A Transient Electromagnetic Flowmeter and Calibration Facility." Journal of Fluids Engineering 112, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909360.

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An electromagnetic flowmeter was developed to measure transient flows at a data rate of 60 Hz. The approach taken was to develop suitable electronics to replace the electronics of a commercially available electromagnetic flowmeter normally used for steady-state operation. Use of the commercially available flowmeter body, which includes the magnetic coils, core, and signal electrodes, provided a relatively economical means of fabricating the transient flowmeter. A transient flow calibration facility consisting of a free-falling water column was also designed and built. Results of the calibrations are presented and show that the flowmeter can accurately measure transient flows up to the maximum observed acceleration of approximately 1 g.

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Vechart, Andrew P., Reza Masoodi, and Krishna M. Pillai. "Design and Evaluation of an Idealized Porous Medium for Calibration of Permeability Measuring Devices." Advanced Composites Letters 19, no. 1 (January 2010): 096369351001900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351001900104.

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Calibration of permeability measuring devices or experimental setups remains an important concern of the flow modeling community of LCM processes (the set of technologies, including RTM and VARTM, that are used for manufacturing polymer composites) since the fidelity of any mold-filling simulation depends on the accuracy of fiber-mat permeability measured through experiments. The design and evaluation of a new cost-effective and accessible calibration-tool for use in both 1-D and radial flow set-ups used in the permeability evaluation experiments is presented here. The tool, comprising of a lattice-like structure patterned out of a repeating unit-cell and based on the design proposed by Morren et al. [ 9 ], represents an idealized porous medium of known permeability that can be used for such calibrations. Stereolithography technique was used to manufacture the tool out of a plastic to fine tolerances. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were then performed in the unit cell to evaluate the principle permeabilities of the idealized porous medium. Thereafter, the proposed calibration tool was used in our experimental apparatus to evaluate the accuracy of our permeability measurements. The tool was used for the estimation of accuracy of four different methods: the transient and steady-state tests for the 1-D flow device, and the transient and steady-state tests for the radial flow device. Results show close agreement between the permeabilities estimated through experiments and the permeabilities estimated from the CFD simulation. The study thus establishes the usefulness of the idealized porous medium for calibrating permeability measuring devices.

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Paz, Alexander, Kul Shrestha, Cristian Arteaga, and Douglas Baker. "Calibration of Microscopic Traffic Flow Simulation Models considering Subsets of Links and Parameters." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (October 31, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8897141.

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This study proposes a methodology for the calibration of microscopic traffic flow simulation models by enabling simultaneous selection of traffic links and associated parameters. The analyst selects any number and combination of links and model parameters for calibration. Most calibration methods consider the entire network and use ad hoc approaches without enabling a specific selection of location and associated parameters. In practice, only a subset of links and parameters is used for calibration based on several factors such as expert knowledge of the system or constraints imposed by local governance. In this study, the calibration problem for the simultaneous selection of links and parameters was formulated using a mathematical programming approach. The proposed methodology is capable of calibrating model parameters considering multiple time periods and performance measures simultaneously. Traffic volume and speed are the performance measures used in this study, and the methodology is developed without considering the characteristics of a specific traffic flow model. A genetic algorithm was implemented to find a solution to the proposed mathematical program. In the experiments, two traffic models were calibrated: the first set of experiments included selection of links only, while all associated parameters were considered for calibration. The second set of experiments considered simultaneous selection of links and parameters. The implications of these experiments indicate that the models were calibrated successfully subject to selection of a minimum number of links. As expected, the more links and parameters that are used for calibration, the more time it takes to find a solution, but the overall results are better. All parameter values were reasonable and within constraints after successful calibration.

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Westerberg, I. K., J. L. Guerrero, P. M. Younger, K. J. Beven, J. Seibert, S. Halldin, J. E. Freer, and C. Y. Xu. "Calibration of hydrological models using flow-duration curves." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (December 9, 2010): 9467–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-9467-2010.

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Abstract. The degree of belief we have in predictions from hydrologic models depends on how well they can reproduce observations. Calibrations with traditional performance measures such as the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency are challenged by problems including: (1) uncertain discharge data, (2) variable importance of the performance with flow magnitudes, (3) influence of unknown input/output errors and (4) inability to evaluate model performance when observation time periods for discharge and model input data do not overlap. A new calibration method using flow-duration curves (FDCs) was developed which addresses these problems. The method focuses on reproducing the observed discharge frequency distribution rather than the exact hydrograph. It consists of applying limits of acceptability for selected evaluation points (EPs) of the observed uncertain FDC in the extended GLUE approach. Two ways of selecting the EPs were tested – based on equal intervals of discharge and of volume of water. The method was tested and compared to a calibration using the traditional model efficiency for the daily four-parameter WASMOD model in the Paso La Ceiba catchment in Honduras and for Dynamic TOPMODEL evaluated at an hourly time scale for the Brue catchment in Great Britain. The volume method of selecting EPs gave the best results in both catchments with better calibrated slow flow, recession and evaporation than the other criteria. Observed and simulated time series of uncertain discharges agreed better for this method both in calibration and prediction in both catchments without resulting in overpredicted simulated uncertainty. An advantage with the method is that the rejection criterion is based on an estimation of the uncertainty in discharge data and that the EPs of the FDC can be chosen to reflect the aims of the modelling application e.g. using more/less EPs at high/low flows. While the new method is less sensitive to epistemic input/output errors than the normal use of limits of acceptability applied directly to the time series of discharge, it still requires a reasonable representation of the distribution of inputs. Additional constraints might therefore be required in catchments subject to snow. The results suggest that the new calibration method can be useful when observation time periods for discharge and model input data do not overlap. The new method could also be suitable for calibration to regional FDCs while taking uncertainties in the hydrological model and data into account.

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Cross, Troy J., Eli F. Kelley, Tim A. Hardy, Jennifer M. J. Isautier, and Bruce D. Johnson. "The syringe potentiometer: a low-cost device for pneumotachograph calibration." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00150.2019.

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The purpose of this report was to 1) detail the construction of a low-cost device that provides a “reference” flow waveform for pneumotachograph (PNT) calibration, i.e., the “syringe potentiometer” (SP), and to compare the 2) accuracy and 3) practical performance of “calibration curves” obtained with the SP device to other more established methods of PNT calibration, i.e., the weighted averaging (WA) and polynomial least-squares (PolyLS) methods. Volume and flow waveforms obtained via the SP device were validated against a motion capture system and were deemed accurate surrogates of actual syringe volume and flows. The SP device was used to construct a calibration curve of a PNT by dividing the flow waveform of the SP by the analog output of the PNT amplifier. A total of 187 inspiratory and 187 expiratory strokes were collected. When the entire data set of expiratory strokes was used, the SP, WA, and PolyLS methods together demonstrated acceptable volume and flow errors as per American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society recommendations (less than ±3.5% and less than ±5.0% errors, respectively). The “practical” performance of each method was assessed with a nested subsampling procedure, whereby volume and flow errors were evaluated as the number of strokes was increased (in blocks of 5 strokes). To this end, the SP method demonstrated practical performance superior to that of the WA and PolyLS approaches, whereby acceptable volume and flow errors were achieved after only 5 calibration strokes; the WA and PolyLS methods required 15 and 20 strokes, respectively, to achieve the same level of volume and flow accuracy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report describes the construction and validation of a low-cost device for the purposes of pneumotachograph (PNT) calibration: the “syringe potentiometer” (SP). Calibration of a PNT with the SP device yielded acceptable volume and flow errors (<3.5% and 5%, respectively) across a wide range of flows (<0.5 to 15 L/s). The SP device offered superior “practical performance” over other established PNT calibration methods, whereby acceptable volume and flow errors were achieved after only five calibration strokes.

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Menneni, Sandeep, Carlos Sun, and Peter Vortisch. "Microsimulation Calibration Using Speed-Flow Relationships." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2088, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2088-01.

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López-García, I., P. Viñas, and M. Hernández-Córdoba. "Automatic calibration in continuous flow analysis." Analytica Chimica Acta 327, no. 2 (June 1996): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(96)00070-0.

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Bortoni, Edson C., Mariana S. Rocha, Marcelo A. S. Rodrigues, and Bianca C. S. Laurindo. "Calibration of weirs using unsteady flow." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 57 (October 2017): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2017.08.011.

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Franken, Arnoud R. C., and Paul C. Ivey. "Accelerating the Calibration of Multihole Pressure Probes by Applying Advanced Computational Methods." Journal of Turbomachinery 127, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1791285.

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The miniature multihole pneumatic pressure probe is widely regarded as a cost-effective, easy-to-use, and accurate method for performing two- or three-dimensional flow field measurements in turbomachinery. The major downside to the use of these probes is that the influence of fabrication imperfections on probe characteristics necessitates an extensive and highly time-intensive and, therefore, costly calibration of each individual probe. Unless these probes can be fabricated to such standards that make individual probe calibrations superfluous, the only way to significantly reduce the time and costs associated with probe calibration is to shorten the calibration process. The latter is only possible if all essential information can be obtained from less calibration data. This paper describes an approach to the calibration of a series of multihole pressure probes in which advanced computational methods are used to make this possible. By exploiting the key features of a probe’s characteristic this approach requires only a fraction of the size of a conventional calibration database for the accurate modeling of the relationships between port pressures and flow conditions. As a result, calibration time and costs can be reduced without the sacrifice of quality.

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Watt, I. A., and C. Jefferies. "Portable sewage flow sensors - their calibration and accuracy." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0012.

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An accurate assessment of flows is essential for any study of the hydraulic performance of a sewer system or the pollutant removal efficiency of an effluent treatment plant. Flow measurement relies either on fixed flumes, usually at the inlet to treatment works, or on portable in-sewer depth and velocity sensing equipment which is periodically calibrated to check on its accuracy. It is becoming increasingly important to optimise the operation of sewage treatment works both to ensure consent standards are met, and to minimise the total pollution load reaching the environment. Consequently, accurate flow measurements at a number of locations are required to complement quality performance measurements. The field equipment normally used for measuring flows in either full or part-full pipes employs the ultrasonic Doppler-shift principle for mean velocity, and some form of depth measurement, typically a pressure transducer. The quality and accuracy of the data obtained may be highly variable, and detailed quality assurance checks can be of great value. This paper presents the results of a number of studies in which the accuracy of velocity measurement using doppler-shift has been an important factor. Assessments of the overall accuracies and reliability of the flow measurement equipment are assessed by examining data from a number of studies. Factors such as the frequency of calibration, the range of flow states at which calibration has been carried out and the concentration of suspended solids were all found to be important. Ranges of accuracy of data gathered are presented.

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Parajka, J., A. P. Blaschke, G. Blöschl, K. Haslinger, G. Hepp, G. Laaha, W. Schöner, H. Trautvetter, A. Viglione, and M. Zessner. "Uncertainty contributions to low flow projections in Austria." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 11 (November 27, 2015): 12395–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-12395-2015.

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Abstract. The main objective of the paper is to understand the contributions to the uncertainty in low flow projections resulting from hydrological model uncertainty and climate projection uncertainty. Model uncertainty is quantified by different parameterizations of a conceptual semi-distributed hydrologic model (TUWmodel) using 11 objective functions in three different decades (1976–1986, 1987–1997, 1998–2008), which allows disentangling the effect of modeling uncertainty and temporal stability of model parameters. Climate projection uncertainty is quantified by four future climate scenarios (ECHAM5-A1B, A2, B1 and HADCM3-A1B) using a delta change approach. The approach is tested for 262 basins in Austria. The results indicate that the seasonality of the low flow regime is an important factor affecting the performance of model calibration in the reference period and the uncertainty of Q95 low flow projections in the future period. In Austria, the calibration uncertainty in terms of Q95 is larger in basins with summer low flow regime than in basins with winter low flow regime. Using different calibration periods may result in a range of up to 60 % in simulated Q95 low flows. The low flow projections show an increase of low flows in the Alps, typically in the range of 10–30 % and a decrease in the south-eastern part of Austria mostly in the range −5 to −20 % for the period 2021–2050 relative the reference period 1976–2008. The change in seasonality varies between scenarios, but there is a tendency for earlier low flows in the Northern Alps and later low flows in Eastern Austria. In 85 % of the basins, the uncertainty in Q95 from model calibration is larger than the uncertainty from different climate scenarios. The total uncertainty of Q95 projections is the largest in basins with winter low flow regime and, in some basins, exceeds 60 %. In basins with summer low flows and the total uncertainty is mostly less than 20 %. While the calibration uncertainty dominates over climate projection uncertainty in terms of low flow magnitudes, the opposite is the case for low flow seasonality. The implications of the uncertainties identified in this paper for water resources management are discussed.

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Ren, Liang. "Calibration of Saturation Flow for Signalized Intersections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2093.

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Transport infrastructure has been playing an increasingly important role to the world economy. Intersections have been widely accepted as the bottlenecks for an urban transport system. As such, the intersection design has been of great importance for transport agencies. Saturation flow is the most important design parameter for traffic signal timing. In this study, we aim to calibrate saturation flows for signalized intersections. Based on calibrated saturation flows, we thus intend to examine whether headways between consecutive vehicles during a queue are affected by intersection shapes and speed limit. To this end, five signalized intersections are observed to collect time headways. According to collected time headways, saturation headways in various cycles are calibrated using linear regression models. Finally, according to analysis of variance (referred to as ANOVA hereafter), we reveal that there is no direct relationship among speed limit, intersection shape, and saturation headways.

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Smith, Katie A., Lucy J. Barker, Maliko Tanguy, Simon Parry, Shaun Harrigan, Tim P. Legg, Christel Prudhomme, and Jamie Hannaford. "A multi-objective ensemble approach to hydrological modelling in the UK: an application to historic drought reconstruction." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 3247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3247-2019.

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Abstract. Hydrological models can provide estimates of streamflow pre- and post-observations, which enable greater understanding of past hydrological behaviour, and potential futures. In this paper, a new multi-objective calibration method was derived and tested for 303 catchments in the UK, and the calibrations were used to reconstruct river flows back to 1891, in order to provide a much longer view of past hydrological variability, given the brevity of most UK river flow records which began post-1960. A Latin hypercube sample of 500 000 parameterisations for the GR4J model for each catchment were evaluated against six evaluation metrics covering all aspects of the flow regime from high, median, and low flows. The results of the top ranking model parameterisation (LHS1), and also the top 500 (LHS500), for each catchment were used to provide a deterministic result whilst also accounting for parameter uncertainty. The calibrations are generally good at capturing observed flows, with some exceptions in heavily groundwater-dominated catchments, and snowmelt and artificially influenced catchments across the country. Reconstructed flows were appraised over 30-year moving windows and were shown to provide good simulations of flow in the early parts of the record, in cases where observations were available. To consider the utility of the reconstructions for drought simulation, flow data for the 1975–1976 drought event were explored in detail in nine case study catchments. The model's performance in reproducing the drought events was found to vary by catchment, as did the level of uncertainty in the LHS500. The Standardised Streamflow Index (SSI) was used to assess the model simulations' ability to simulate extreme events. The peaks and troughs of the SSI time series were well represented despite slight over- or underestimations of past drought event magnitudes, while the accumulated deficits of the drought events extracted from the SSI time series verified that the model simulations were overall very good at simulating drought events. This paper provides three key contributions: (1) a robust multi-objective model calibration framework for calibrating catchment models for use in both general and extreme hydrology; (2) model calibrations for the 303 UK catchments that could be used in further research, and operational applications such as hydrological forecasting; and (3) ∼ 125 years of spatially and temporally consistent reconstructed flow data that will allow comprehensive quantitative assessments of past UK drought events, as well as long-term analyses of hydrological variability that have not been previously possible, thus enabling water resource managers to better plan for extreme events and build more resilient systems for the future.

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Ma, Wen Tao, and Sun Bin. "The Calibration System of Gas Flow Meter Based on Standard Flow Meter Method." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 3122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.3122.

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Flow meter coefficient calibration system is designed and developed by the software of LabVIEW, hardware of PCI-6601 and USB-6008 from NI. Synchronous dual timer pulse interpolation is used to increase the calibration accuration of Standard flow meter method.It’s also necessary for system to collect the real-time temperature and pressure parameters to correct gas volume. The software complied by LabVIEW realizes functions of manage and data processing, the calculation and Storage of data, inverter control, report, data playback, and interactive interface. Results of experiments show that: compared to the routine standard flow meter method, the System has the more calibration accuracy and the less work time.

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Wang, Yue-Yun. "Model Based Calibration." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): S19—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-dec-10.

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This article describes calibration of control systems for downsized boosted engines. Model-based design of powertrain and aftertreatment control systems includes plant modeling and controller synthesis. The article illustrates the typical work flow of the model-based calibration process for an engine. In the process, the first step is the design of experiment. The experiment design should cover a multisurface space. That guides the next step to collect data from an engine or powertrain at critical operating points. Once the data are collected, an engine system model is built along with its designed controller models, then the operation of the control systems and controller parameters are optimized or calibrated based on the plant models. With these initial values of the calibrations handy, one can either download the calibration into the production ECU or use a rapid prototyping controller to conduct a full validation or final fine tuning of the engine powertrain control system in test cells or on vehicles.

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Drebushchak, V. A. "Calibration coefficient of a heat-flow DSC; Part II. Optimal calibration procedure." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 79, no. 1 (January 2005): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-004-0586-1.

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Shen, J. J. S., V. C. Ting, and E. H. Jones. "Application of Sonic Nozzles in Field Calibration of Natural Gas Flows." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231425.

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This paper presents Chevron Oil Field Research Company’s operating experience using the sonic nozzle as a proving device for measuring natural gas flows in field tests. The nozzle reference flow rate was used for calibrating orifice, turbine, and vortex meters in three tests with a pipeline quality gas and an unprocessed natural gas as the working fluid. For pipeline gas, the field calibration results show good agreement between the sonic nozzle reference and a turbine meter while the accuracy of orifice metering is size dependent. The 4-in. (102-mm) orifice meter flow rates agree well with the nozzle reference, but the 16-in. (406-mm) orifice flow measurements are up to 2 percent lower. Deviations between the test meters and the sonic nozzles are generally larger for the unprocessed gas. These field projects demonstrate that sonic nozzles can be operated successfully as a prover for processed natural gas, while more work is needed to study the critical flow in nozzles for unprocessed natural gas.

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Oliveira, Natalia M. B., Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira, and João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno. "Numerical Methodology for Orifice Meter Calibration." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.531.

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Orifice Meters are mechanical devices used to measure gases and liquids flows. Due to manufacturing, installation and operation simplicity, the orifice meters are widely used in the industrial processes in which there is flow of gases or liquids. Moreover, their acquisition and operation costs are smaller than the ones verified for other flow meters (Venturi, flowmeter). However, before the utilization of any calibration orifice meters, they demand an experimental calibration procedure. Thus, in order to suppress this laborious experimental procedure, this work objectified to apply computational fluid dynamics techniques (CFD) to numerically predict the Calibration Coefficient of the orifice meter. The adopted numerical methodology was able to satisfactorily predict the discharge coefficients, presenting an economic alternative when compared to traditional experimental approaches.

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Mizukami, Naoki, Oldrich Rakovec, Andrew J. Newman, Martyn P. Clark, Andrew W. Wood, Hoshin V. Gupta, and Rohini Kumar. "On the choice of calibration metrics for “high-flow” estimation using hydrologic models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 2601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2601-2019.

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Abstract. Calibration is an essential step for improving the accuracy of simulations generated using hydrologic models. A key modeling decision is selecting the performance metric to be optimized. It has been common to use squared error performance metrics, or normalized variants such as Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), based on the idea that their squared-error nature will emphasize the estimates of high flows. However, we conclude that NSE-based model calibrations actually result in poor reproduction of high-flow events, such as the annual peak flows that are used for flood frequency estimation. Using three different types of performance metrics, we calibrate two hydrological models at a daily step, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model and the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM), and evaluate their ability to simulate high-flow events for 492 basins throughout the contiguous United States. The metrics investigated are (1) NSE, (2) Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) and its variants, and (3) annual peak flow bias (APFB), where the latter is an application-specific metric that focuses on annual peak flows. As expected, the APFB metric produces the best annual peak flow estimates; however, performance on other high-flow-related metrics is poor. In contrast, the use of NSE results in annual peak flow estimates that are more than 20 % worse, primarily due to the tendency of NSE to underestimate observed flow variability. On the other hand, the use of KGE results in annual peak flow estimates that are better than from NSE, owing to improved flow time series metrics (mean and variance), with only a slight degradation in performance with respect to other related metrics, particularly when a non-standard weighting of the components of KGE is used. Stochastically generated ensemble simulations based on model residuals show the ability to improve the high-flow metrics, regardless of the deterministic performances. However, we emphasize that improving the fidelity of streamflow dynamics from deterministically calibrated models is still important, as it may improve high-flow metrics (for the right reasons). Overall, this work highlights the need for a deeper understanding of performance metric behavior and design in relation to the desired goals of model calibration.

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Mingaleev, A. V., A. I. Gorchev, and A. B. Yakovlev. "Comparator method for critical flow nozzles calibration." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 1 (2019): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2019-1-44-47.

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Anastasi, A., A. Anastasio, S. Avino, F. Bedeschi, A. Boiano, G. Cantatore, D. Cauz, et al. "Muon g-2 calibration system data flow." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 936 (August 2019): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.005.

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Schweinböck, T., and S. Hommel. "Quantitative Scanning Microwave Microscopy: A calibration flow." Microelectronics Reliability 54, no. 9-10 (September 2014): 2070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2014.07.024.

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Kościelniak, Paweł. "Univariate calibration techniques in flow injection analysis." Analytica Chimica Acta 438, no. 1-2 (July 2001): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00860-1.

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Levine, Paul D. "A new approach to gas flow calibration." Measurement 43, no. 10 (December 2010): 1644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2010.09.022.

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Salusbury, John. "Flow Calibration Facility at Syngenta Grimsby Ltd." Measurement and Control 35, no. 4 (May 2002): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029400203500405.

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Shapiro, Howard M., Nancy G. Perlmutter, and Philip G. Stein. "A flow cytometer designed for fluorescence calibration." Cytometry 33, no. 2 (October 1, 1998): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19981001)33:2<280::aid-cyto25>3.0.co;2-p.

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Lackey, John, Nicole Normandin, Roger Marchand, and Kumar Kumaran. "Calibration of a Heat Flow Meter Apparatus." Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes 18, no. 2 (October 1994): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109719639401800204.

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Yushu, Gao, and Chen Xiurong. "Universal calibration for thermal field-flow fractionation." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45, no. 5 (June 15, 1992): 887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450515.

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Qiu, S. "Calibration of a 220Rn flow-through source." Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 45, no. 3 (August 10, 2006): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00411-006-0059-y.

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Browne, L. W. B., R. A. Antonia, and L. P. Chua. "Calibration ofX-probes for turbulent flow measurements." Experiments in Fluids 7, no. 3 (December 1988): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02332985.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flow Calibration'

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