Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flow Saturation

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Flow Saturation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flow Saturation"

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Riordan, Christopher J., Flemming Randsbaek, John H. Storey, William D. Montgomery, William P. Santamore, and Erle H. Austin. "Balancing pulmonary and systemic arterial flows in parallel circulations: the value of monitoring system venous oxygen saturations." Cardiology in the Young 7, no. 1 (1997): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100005904.

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AbstractAccurate bedside assessment of the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow (Qp/Qs ratio, referred to as “the flow ratio” or “the ratio”) plays an important role in the management of many congenital heart defects, especially the complexes unified by univentricular atrioventricular connections. Arterial oxygen saturation can be a misleading measure of the ratio, and may not reflect derangements until they are quite large. Theoretical analysis suggests that systemic venous oxygenation may be a better indicator of the ratio. To examine this, we created a widely patent atrial septal defect in neonatal piglets (weight =4–6.5 kg, n=6). Snares aruond the aorta and pulmonary trunk were adjusted to alter the flow ratio from 0.1 to 6.5. Venous oxygen saturations, measured in the mid-inferior caval vein, were at a maximum at a ratio about 1, and declined rapidly with increases or decreases in the ratio beyond a limited range. The venous oxygen saturation was found to vary much more than arterial oxygen saturation, with arterial oxygen saturation only falling when the ratio dropped below 0.5. Oxygen delivery (Oxygen Content x Cardiacoutput) was found to parallel closely systemic venous oxygen saturation, and was at a maximum at the same ratio that produced a maximum value of systemic venous oxygen saturation. The study suggests that systemic venous oxygen saturation provides a better estimate than does systemic arterial oxygen saturationof the flow ratio and oxygen delivery. Interventions that maximize systemic venous oxygen saturation should maximize oxygen delivery, and determination of systemic venous oxygen saturation should be a helpful addition in managing children with a number of congenital heart defects.
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Kloosterziel, R. C., P. Orlandi, and G. F. Carnevale. "Saturation of equatorial inertial instability." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 767 (February 20, 2015): 562–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.63.

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AbstractInertial instability in parallel shear flows and circular vortices in a uniformly rotating system ( $f$-plane) redistributes absolute linear momentum or absolute angular momentum in such a way as to neutralize the instability. In previous studies we showed that, in the absence of other instabilities, at high Reynolds numbers the final equilibrium can be predicted with a simple construction based on conservation of total momentum. In this paper we continue this line of research with a study of barotropic shear flows on the equatorial ${\it\beta}$-plane. Through numerical simulations the evolution of the instability is studied in select illuminating cases: a westward flowing Gaussian jet with the flow axis exactly on the equator, a uniform shear flow and eastward and westward flowing jets that have their flow axis shifted away from the equator. In the numerical simulations it is assumed that there are no along-stream variations. This suppresses equatorial Rossby waves and barotropic shear instabilities and allows only inertial instability to develop. We investigate whether for these flows on the equatorial ${\it\beta}$-plane the final equilibrated flow can be predicted as was possible for flows on the $f$-plane. For the Gaussian jet centred on the equator the prediction of the equilibrated flow is obvious by mere inspection of the initial momentum distribution and by assuming that momentum is mixed and homogenized to render the equilibrated flow inertially stable. For the uniform shear flow, however, due to the peculiar nature of the initial momentum distribution and the fact that the Coriolis parameter $f$ varies with latitude, it appears that, unlike in our earlier studies of flows on the $f$-plane, additional constraints need to be considered to correctly predict the outcome of the highly nonlinear evolution of the instability. The mixing range of the linear shear flow and the value of the mixed momentum is determined numerically and this is used to predict the equilibrated flow that emerges from an eastward flowing jet that is shifted a small distance away from the equator. For shifts large enough to induce no shear at the equator the equilibrium flow can be well predicted using the simple recipe used in our earlier studies of parallel shear flows on the $f$-plane. For the westward flowing jet shifted a very small distance from the equator, no prediction appears feasible. For modestly small shifts a prediction is possible by combining the empirical prediction for the linear shear flow with a prediction similar to what we used in our previous studies for flows on the $f$-plane.
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Sengupta, Madhumita, Gary Mavko, and Tapan Mukerji. "Quantifying subresolution saturation scales from time‐lapse seismic data: A reservoir monitoring case study." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 3 (2003): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1581033.

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The goal of this paper is to interpret and analyze time‐lapse seismic data quantitatively to better understand subsurface fluid saturations and saturation scales. We present a case study of a time‐lapse seismic survey. Water and gas were injected into an oil‐producing reservoir, and repeat seismic surveys were collected to monitor the subsurface fluids over a period of 14 years. In this study, we show that the subresolution spatial distribution of fluids, not captured by traditional flow simulators can impact the seismic response. Although there is a good qualitative match between the fluid changes predicted by the flow simulator and the fluid changes interpreted from the seismic data, the simulator predicts smooth saturation profiles that do not quantitatively match the time‐lapse seismic changes. We find that downscaling smooth saturation outputs from the flow simulator to a more realistic patchy distribution is required to provide a good quantitative match with the near‐ and far‐offset time‐lapse data, even though the fine details in the saturation distribution are below seismic resolution. We downscaled the smooth saturations from the simulator by incorporating high spatial frequencies from well logs and constraining the saturations to the total mass balance predicted by the flow simulator. The computed seismic response of the downscaled saturation distributions matched the real time‐lapse seismic data much better than the saturation distributions taken directly from the simulator. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using seismic and well‐log data to constrain subblock saturation scales, unobtainable from flow simulation alone. This important result has the potential to significantly impact and enhance the applicability of seismic data in reservoir monitoring.
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Kovchegov, Yuri V. "Elliptic flow from parton saturation." Nuclear Physics A 715 (March 2003): 891c—894c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(02)01535-x.

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Sengupta, Madhumita, and Gary Mavko. "Impact of flow‐simulation parameters on saturation scales and seismic velocity." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 4 (2003): 1267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1598119.

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Scales of fluid saturation below seismic resolution introduce uncertainties in the interpretation of seismic velocity. A “coarse‐scale” or “patchy” distribution always has a higher effective seismic velocity than a “fine‐scale” or “uniform” distribution. We present a multidisciplinary study which links rock physics and seismic modeling with reservoir engineering, and provides strategies to reduce uncertainties in saturation scales. In our study, we performed fine‐scale flow simulations that helped us to understand which reservoir parameters control the subseismic‐resolution fluid distribution. Our studies show that when gas is injected into oil reservoirs, gravitational forces induce the formation of subresolution gas caps, which lead to patchy saturation at seismic scales. We also learned that the uniform saturation model is appropriate for most waterflooding into oil and for primary production scenarios where gas comes out of solution. Fluid density contrasts, mobility ratios, and residual oil saturations are some parameters that are crucial in constraining saturation scales.
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Semchenko, Nataliia, Olha Kholodova, and Maryna Buhaiova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF SUPPLY FLOWS." Automobile transport, no. 48 (May 29, 2021): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/at.2219-8342.2021.48.0.64.

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Problem. The capacity of signalized intersections is determined using the concept of "saturation flow". It is the main characteristic in the process of their analysis, design and calculation. The work is devoted to solving the scientific-applied problem of increasing the efficiency of the signalized intersection at one level by choosing a rational method of determining saturation flows for these characteristics of traffic flows, geometric parameters of the intersection and infrastructure in its area. The subject of the study is the influence of the main characteristics of the traffic flow, parameters and infrastructure of the intersection on the saturation flow value. Goal. The aim of the work is the analysis of the influence of the main characteristics of the traffic flow, parameters and infrastructure of the intersection on the saturation flow value. Methodology. The calculation of the control regime at the intersection is based on determining the relation between the traffic intensity of vehicles at the intersection and the saturation flow value, which changes under the influence of a number of factors. Analytical calculation of the saturation flow value is based on using of correction factors that take into account the influence of these factors. Results. The methods of determination of saturation flows are analyzed out in the work; performed a comparative analysis of the definition of ideal saturation flows by different methods; a comparative analysis of the determination of the saturation flow correction coefficients for the parameters that have an effect on it were performed; the estimation of discrepancy at calculations of coefficients of correction of saturation flows by various methods is done; the list of coefficients which need to be considered at definition of their influence on a saturation flow is refined. Originality. In oppose to classical and other approaches to determining the saturation flow, the method recommended by the American "Highway Capacity Manual" takes into account more parameters of influence. It is proposed to use this method for the saturation flow calculation, but with an updated list of coefficients that must be taken into account in the calculations. Practical value. The results of the work can be used in the practice of improving the efficiency of signalized intersections in sections of the urban road network, as well as in further research on this topic.
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Meng, Mianmo, Yinghao Shen, Hongkui Ge, Xiaosong Xu, and Yang Wu. "The Effect of Fracturing Fluid Saturation on Natural Gas Flow Behavior in Tight Reservoirs." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205278.

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Hydraulic fracturing becomes an essential method to develop tight gas. Under high injection pressure, fracturing fluid entering into the formation will reduce the flow channel. To investigate the influence of water saturation on gas flow behavior, this study conducted the gas relative permeability with water saturation and the flow rate with the pressure gradient at different water saturations. As the two dominant tight gas-bearing intervals, the Upper Paleozoic Taiyuan and Shihezi Formations deposited in Ordos Basin were selected because they are the target layers for holding vast tight gas. Median pore radius in the Taiyuan Formation is higher than the one in the Shihezi Formation, while the most probable seepage pore radius in the Taiyuan Formation is lower than the one in the Shihezi Formation. The average irreducible water saturation is 54.4% in the Taiyuan Formation and 61.6% in the Shihezi Formation, which indicates that the Taiyuan Formation has more movable water. The average critical gas saturation is 80.4% and 69.9% in these two formations, respectively, which indicates that the Shihezi Formation has more movable gas. Both critical gas saturation and irreducible water saturation have a negative relationship with porosity as well as permeability. At the same water saturation, the threshold gradient pressure of the Taiyuan Formation is higher than the one in the Shihezi Formation, which means that water saturation has a great influence on the Taiyuan Formation. Overall, compared with the Shihezi Formation, the Taiyuan Formation has a higher median pore size and movable water saturation, but water saturation has more influence on its gas flow capacity. Our research is conducive to understanding the effect of fracturing fluid filtration on the production of natural gas from tight reservoirs.
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Rouphail, Nagui M., and Brandon L. Nevers. "Saturation Flow Estimation by Traffic Subgroups." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1776, no. 1 (2001): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1776-15.

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Long, Gary. "Driver Behavior Model of Saturation Flow." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2027, no. 1 (2007): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2027-09.

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Asamer, Johannes, and Henk J. Van Zuylen. "Saturation flow under Adverse Weather Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2258, no. 1 (2011): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2258-13.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flow Saturation"

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Marani, Pietro, Massimo Martelli, Cesare Dolcin, and Silvia Gessi. "Orifices flow saturation in oil hydraulic applications." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71070.

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Even though the orifice is the simplest and most common control component in fluid power systems and cavitation is an already well-established topic in the scientific literature, the flow choking or saturation effect is largely overlooked in the common engineering practice. Most of the times the phenomenon is completely ignored, unless the peculiar hissing noise is observed at the test rig, giving a hint that something wrong is happening in the hydraulic system. Even then, the focus is just on the possible component damage induced by strong cavitation, while the functional implications – in terms of flow characteristic – are neglected. The objective of the paper is to study the phenomenon of flow saturation in hydraulic orifices to assess the formulation of the different critical cavitation numbers and cavitation indexes available from literature. For this reason, a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) is performed to determine the influence of three factors: orifice size, fluid temperature and upstream pressure. The testing is carried out on 5 orifice sizes at 3 different temperatures and 5 different upstream pressure levels. In each test, the downstream pressure is changed from 0 to the upstream pressure level, to sweep the available Δp range, both ascending and descending. In the results section an analysis of the experimental results is drawn, proposing a correlation between the critical cavitation index and the factors considered in the OE. To the authors’ knowledge, no systematic analysis, as the one here proposed, currently exists in literature for mineral oil applications.
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Iobbi, Mario Gabriel. "Saturation driven flow controller for oxygen therapy." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/43396.

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Despite receiving oxygen therapy, many COPD patients experience extended periods of hypoxemia during routine daily activities. In others, inappropriately high oxygen flow rates can depress hypoxic drive leading to worsening CO2 retention. As flow-rates during LTOT are fixed, oxygen delivery will not respond to patients' fluctuations in oxygen demand. The research project has aimed to develop and evaluate a closed-loop control method capable of actively varying flow-rates in response to the measured oxygen demand. We demonstrate how SpO2 from ambulatory or overnight pulse oximetry can be used as feedback into an automated O2 flow-rate controller. A model to mimic the patient oxygen saturation response has been developed in a computer simulation to help characterize the closed-loop system. With the collaboration of the Academic Unit for Sleep and Breathing at the Royal Brompton Hospital, the controller response has also been validated against patient saturation measurements recorded during overnight pulse oximetry monitoring. Preclinical computer simulations indicated an improved matching between oxygen supply and demand, maintaining SpO2 above threshold to maximize therapeutic efficacy. An investigational system capable of regulating the Saturation Driven Oxygen Therapy (SDOT) was constructed. In a randomised cross-over clinical pilot study, we further evaluated the SDOT system against constant-flow LTOT during exercise. The clinical results indicate that compared to standard oxygen therapy, SDOT produced a significant reduction in time spent with hypoxemia, decreased the extent of hypoxemia and lowered mean heart rates during exercise. Moreover, for patients with acceptable resting oxygen levels, SDOT provided conservation benefits by reducing the rate of oxygen consumption. The study established the potential to significantly improve the efficacy and economic delivery of this gold standard therapy.
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Nevers, Brandon L. "A Model of Saturation Flow Using Traffic Subgroups." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010205-180834.

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<p>This thesis presents a methodology for estimating saturation flow rates at signalized intersections by traffic subgroups. A subgroup is defined as a group of vehicles of a specific vehicle classification that make a single directional movement from one lane. The subgroup method is founded on the procedures described in the 1997 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) (Transportation Research Board, 1997) but extends beyond the HCM's lane group model to provide results that can be aggregated at multiple levels. Rather than assuming homogeneous conditions within each lane or lane group as is the case with many capacity guides, the subgroup method decomposes a traffic stream into individual components, each of which have unique saturation headways. Comparisons with the HCM show that under similar assumptions, the subgroup method produces similar saturation flow rates when aggregated at the lane group level. This gives confidence for applying the subgroup approach to estimate individual lane performance.The most critical element of the subgroup model is the estimation of lane volumes. Lane volume field data were gathered at four sites. Results of an evaluation of lane distribution strategies for estimating lane volumes when a choice is present indicate that the equal back of queue strategy best reflects driver behavior. Based on the observed field data, the equal back of queue strategy outperforms the equal delay strategy and the equal flow ratio strategy which are widely used in various international capacity guides. <P>
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Mohamad, Majdi bin. "Saturation flow and delay at signal-controlled highway intersections." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292676.

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Brahimi, Kouider. "Some factors relating to saturation flow at traffic signal-controlled intersections." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330123.

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Cone, Fred 1933. "Saturation flows of protected dual left turn lanes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277051.

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The objective of this study was to provide an estimate of the protected dual left turn saturation flow rates in the Tucson area. The data were collected from dual left turn lanes at six intersections. The headway times were measured in order to calculate the saturation flow rates at each of the study sites. Observations were made at four intersections with left turn protected and at two intersections with permitted plus protected left turns. Saturation flow was measured from the third to the last vehicle in the queue. Observations were made during the time of expected peak traffic flow. A stop watch was used to measure the time intervals to the nearest tenth of a second. The saturation flow rates were then calculated and varied from 1621 to 2017 Vehicles Per Hour of Green Per Lane (VPHGL) for the inside lane to 1737 to 1802 VPHGL in the outside lane.
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Nguyen, Quoc Hien. "Saturation flow and vehicle equivalence factors in traffic dominated by motorcycles." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442477.

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Sutomo, Heru. "Appropriate saturation flow at traffic signals in Javanese cities : a modelling approach." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305681.

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Charnay, Romain. "Experimental study of flow boiling in horizontal minichannels at high saturation temperature." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0047/document.

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La valorisation de l'énergie thermique contenue dans des gaz chauds pour produire de l'électricité est possible grâce à l'utilisation de cycles thermodynamiques, parmi lesquels le cycle de Rankine mérite d'être considéré. Cependant, l'industrialisation d'un tel système passe par une connaissance approfondie du comportement thermohydraulique du fluide actif. Ceci permettra d'améliorer le design des principaux composants du système, spécialement les échangeurs de chaleur. Dans le cas du cycle organique de Rankine, les conditions thermodynamiques du fluide sont éloignées des conditions usuelles rencontrées dans les domaines de la climatisation ou de la réfrigération. En effet, le fluide est mis en œuvre dans des conditions proches de son point critique. La température des gaz d'échappement varie entre 400°C et 900°C et l'évaporation se produit à une température de saturation supérieure à 100°C. En ce qui concerne les caractéristiques des écoulements diphasiques (chute de pression, coefficient de transferts thermiques, régimes d'écoulement), la quasi-totalité des méthodes de prédiction a été développée pour des températures comprises entre -20°C et 40°C correspondantes aux domaines de la climatisation ou de la réfrigération. C'est pourquoi la fiabilité de ces modèles reste incertaine dans les conditions d'évaporation du cycle de Rankine, car leur utilisation est limitée par la base de données à partir de laquelle ils ont été établis et ne peuvent être extrapolés avec précision. Cette thèse vise à étudier les caractéristiques thermohydrauliques du R-245fa en ébullition convective dans les conditions du cycle de Rankine. Dans un premier temps, un banc expérimental a été conçu et construit afin de réaliser des tests en ébullition convective dans un minicanal de 3.00 mm de diamètre. Ce banc expérimental permet de faire des mesures sur les régimes d'écoulement, les coefficients de transfert de chaleur et les pertes de charge par frottement. Dans un second temps, une méthode de traitement d'image a été développée afin de caractériser différents régimes d'écoulement. Cette méthode couplée à une analyse des transferts thermiques a permis d'identifier quatre principaux régimes d'écoulement. L'influence de la température de saturation sur les régimes d'écoulement et leurs transitions a été soulignée et discutée. Les caractéristiques des bulles ont également été étudiées à l'aide de cette méthode. Dans un troisième temps, une base de données expérimentale sur les coefficients de transfert de chaleur a été créée. L'influence de la température de saturation sur les mécanismes de transfert thermique a été étudiée dans ces conditions originales. Afin de tester la fiabilité des méthodes de prédiction, les résultats expérimentaux ont été confrontés à différentes méthodes. Finalement, les chutes de pressions ont été mesurées et une analyse paramétrique a été menée. Les mesures ont été confrontées aux principales méthodes disponibles dans la littérature<br>Because of current environmental issues, some technologies are being developed to reduce the fuel consumption and to reduce the emissions of CO2. Energy recovery by means of Organic Rankine Cycles or Hirn Cycles recovery is one investigated track to answer these issues. At present, some systems based on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) are available in industry but advanced studies are needed to allow their application in the road transport industry. A better understanding of the two-phase fluid behaviour is necessary to optimize the design models of the components containing a two-phase refrigerant. For the Organic Rankine Cycle system, the thermodynamic conditions are different to standards relevant to refrigeration or air-conditioning systems. Indeed, the key characteristic of the ORC system is the evaporation saturation temperature. Exhaust gases temperature ranges from 400°C to 900°C and the refrigerant evaporation occurs at temperatures higher than 100°C. Almost all the flow boiling heat transfer models or correlations have been obtained for saturation temperatures ranging from -20°C to 40°C which correspond to standards relevant to refrigeration or air conditioning systems. The empirical models for boiling in such conditions are limited by the experimental data on which they are based, whereas analytical and theoretical approaches are needed to advanced knowledge on the behaviour of thermohydraulic two-phase refrigerant. This PhD thesis aims at studying the flow boiling characteristics of R-245fa in a 3.00 inner diameter channel in the thermodynamic conditions of the ORC system. Therefore, the saturation temperature ranged from 60°C to 120°C. To achieve this goal, an experimental test facility was designed and built to conduct refrigerant evaporation experiments. This test facility allowed to perform flow regime visualizations, pressure drop and heat transfer measurements in minichannel. First, an image processing method for two phase flow pattern characterization was developed. Based on this method and with the help of an adequate analysis of the heat transfer coefficient, the main flow regimes have been identified. The influence of saturation temperature on the flow patterns and their transitions has been highlighted. The second objective was to provide new experimental data concerning flow boiling heat transfer in minichannel. Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients at such high temperature have, so to say, almost never been reported in the open literature so far. The influence of saturation temperature on the heat transfer mechanisms has been discussed. In order to evaluate the capability of the current flow boiling prediction methods to predict the heat transfer coefficient, the comparison between experimental results and theoretical results predicted with the commonly used correlations and models were made. Lastly, pressure drop databases are presented. Experimental values of pressure drops were compared against several methods
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Jonasson, Hanna. "Model-based quantitative assessment of skin microcirculatory blood flow and oxygen saturation." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biomedicinsk instrumentteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-127691.

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The microcirculation, involving the smallest vessels in the body, is where the oxygen transport to all tissue occurs. Evaluating microcirculatory parameters is, therefore, important and involves the quantification of oxygen content of red blood cells (RBCs), the amount of RBCs and their speed. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) can be used to estimate blood oxygen saturation and fraction of RBCs in tissue since oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different light absorption characteristics. By illuminating the skin with white light and detecting the spectrum of the backscattered light, tissue absorption and scattering can be assessed. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a technique to measure blood flow in tissue. When laser light encounter moving objects in tissue, i.e. RBCs, the light is Doppler shifted, which can be detected and used to calculate tissue perfusion (the fraction of moving RBCs times their speed). With a small distance between light source and detector, both techniques measure superficially where most vessels are microcirculatory vessels. Photon transport in tissue can be simulated with Monte Carlo techniques and the simulations form the basis of modeled DRS and LDF spectra. The estimated microcirculatory parameters are given by the model that best describe measured DRS and LDF data. This thesis describes the development and the evaluation of an optical method to simultaneously measure oxygen saturation, RBC tissue fraction and speed resolved perfusion in absolute units by integrating DRS and LDF. By combining DRS and LDF into one system with a common tissue model, the two modalities can benefit from each other’s strengths. Different calibration methods and model assumptions for the system were evaluated in optical phantoms and in skin measurements. A simple calibration method with two detector distances for DRS was found adequate to accurately estimate absorption and scattering in optical phantoms. It was also necessary to model blood located in vessels, rather than homogeneously distributed in the skin, to obtain accurate parameter estimates. The system was evaluated in healthy subjects during standard provocations, where the parameters were in agreement with other studies and followed an expected pattern during the provocations. In patients with diabetes type 2, tissue fraction of RBCs and nutritive blood flow were reduced in baseline compared to healthy controls. These differences were not related to prevalence of microalbuminuria, a marker sign of microvascular complications in the kidneys. A combined system with DRS and LDF enables a more comprehensive assessment of the microcirculation by measuring oxygen saturation, RBC tissue fraction and speed resolved perfusion simultaneously and in absolute units. This system has clinical potential to assist in the evaluation of the microcirculation both in healthy and diseased individuals.<br>Mikrocirkulationen innefattar de minsta kärlen i kroppen och det är här syretransporten till all vävnad i kroppen sker. Det är därför viktigt att kunna utvärdera mikrocirkulatoriska parametrar såsom syresättningen hos de röda blodkropparna, mängden röda blodkroppar samt deras hastighet. Diffus reflektansspektroskopi (DRS) kan användas för att beräkna syresättningen i blodet och mängden röda blodkroppar eftersom syresatt blod har ett karaktäristiskt sätt att absorbera ljus. Absorptionen och spridningen i vävnaden kan skattas genom att belysa huden med vitt ljus och mäta spektrumet från det tillbakaspridda ljuset. Laserdopplerbaserad flödesmätning (LDF) är en teknik som mäter blodflöde i vävnad. När laserljus träffar objekt i vävnaden som rör sig, t.ex. röda blodkroppar, så uppstår Dopplerskift. Dessa Dopplerskift kan detekteras och ett perfusionmått för vävnaden (mängden röda blodkroppar i rörelse gånger deras hastighet) kan beräknas. Med små avstånd mellan ljuskälla och detektor kan båda teknikerna mäta ytligt där den största delen av kärlen tillhör mikrocirkulationen. Fotontransporten i vävnad kan simuleras med Monte Carlo-teknik och simuleringarna ligger till grund för att modellera DRS- och LDF-spektra. De mikrocirkulatoriska parametrarna ges från den modellen som bäst passar DRS- och LDF-data. Avhandlingen beskriver utvecklingen och utvärderingen av en optisk metod för att simultant mäta syresättningen, mängden röda blodkroppar och hastighetsupplöst perfusion i absoluta enheter genom att integrera DRS och LDF. Genom att kombinera DRS och LDF i ett system med en gemensam hudmodell kan de två modaliteterna dra nytta av varandras styrkor. Olika kalibreringsmetoder och modellantaganden för systemet utvärderades i optiska fantomer och i hudmätningar. En enkel kalibreringsmetod med två detektoravstånd för DRS visade sig vara tillräckligt för att kunna skatta absorption och spridning i optiska fantomer. Det var också nödvändigt att modellera blod i kärl istället för homogent fördelat i huden för att uppnå noggranna parameterskattningar. Systemet utvärderades under standardprovokationer på friska försökspersoner där parametrarna stämde överens med andra studier och följde ett förväntat mönster under provokationerna. Hos patienter med diabetes typ 2 sågs en minskad mängd röda blodkroppar och kapillärt blodflöde i oprovocerad hud jämfört med friska kontroller. Skillnaden var inte kopplad till förekomsten av mikroalbuminuri, ett tecken på mikrovaskulära komplikationer i njurarna. Ett kombinerat system med DRS och LDF ger en mer fullständig bild av mikrocirkulationen genom att samtidigt och i absoluta enheter mäta syresättningen, mängden röda blodkroppar och hastighetsupplöst perfusion. Systemet kan användas för att utvärdera mikrocirkulationen både hos friska och sjuka individer.
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Books on the topic "Flow Saturation"

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Kimber, R. M. The prediction of saturation flows for road junctions controlled by traffic signals. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Traffic Engineering and Control Dept., Traffic Systems Division, 1986.

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2

Lee, Richard. Pulse oximetry and capnography in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0073.

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The estimation of arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and arterial carbon dioxide tension by capnography are vital monitoring techniques in critical care medicine, particularly during intubation, ventilation and transport. Equivalent continuous information is not otherwise available. It is important to understand the principles of measurement and limitations, for safe use and error detection. PETCO2 and oxygen saturation should be regularly checked against PaCO2 and co-oximeter SO2 obtained from the blood gas machine. The PECO2 trace informs endotracheal tube placement, ventilation, and blood flow to the lungs. It is essential their principles of estimation, the information gained and the traps in interpretation are understood.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Instabilities of Jets and Fronts and their Nonlinear Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0010.

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Notions of linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic (in)stability are explained and criteria of instability of plane-parallel flows are presented. Instabilities of jets are investigated by direct pseudospectral collocation method in various flow configurations, starting from the classical barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. Characteristic features of instabilities are displayed, as well as typical patterns of their nonlinear saturation. It is shown that in the Phillips model of Chapter 5, new ageostrophic Rossby–Kelvin and shear instabilities appear at finite Rossby numbers. These instabilities are interpreted in terms of resonances among waves counter-propagating in the flow. It is demonstrated that the classical inertial instability is a specific case of ageostrophic baroclinic instability. At the equator it appears also in the barotropic configuration, and is related to resonances of Yanai waves. The nature of the inertial instability in terms of trapped modes is established. A variety of instabilities of density fronts is displayed.
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Bellani, Giacomo, and Antonio Pesenti. Treating respiratory failure with extracorporeal support in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0105.

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During extracorporeal support or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) blood is diverted from the patient to an artificial lung for gas exchange, then returned into the patient’s circulation once arterialized. While a low-blood-flow bypass can remove comparatively high amounts of CO2, oxygenation is limited by venous haemoglobin saturation and requires high flows. Several technical improvements led to a profound change in the safety and applicability of ECMO in recent years, even permitting the transfer of patients undergoing ECMO. ECMO has been proposed as salvage therapy for the most severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients—warranting viable levels of oxygenation. In 2009, the ‘CESAR’ trial provided formal evidence in favour of ECMO application in adults with ARDS. An important indication for the early use of ECMO in ARDS came from the outbreaks of H1N1 influenza, when several countries set up networks aimed at coordinating the application of ECMO. Recent reports suggest the use of ECMO in less severe patients with the purpose of removing CO2, decreasing the need for ventilation and ventilator-induced lung injury,
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Peake, Sandra L., and Matthew J. Maiden. Management of septic shock in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0298.

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The management of septic shock is a medical emergency. Following prompt recognition, treatment priorities are haemodynamic resuscitation, empirical antimicrobials, urgent control of the source of infection and monitoring the response to therapy. Haemodynamic resuscitation is focused on maintaining an adequate macrocirculation, while also ensuring adequacy of microcirculatory blood flow to the cells. Intravenous fluids and catecholamines have been the mainstay of therapy. However, the amount and type of fluids, choice of vasoactive medications, and the appropriate resuscitation endpoints have been questioned. Greater awareness of the importance of resuscitating the microcirculation and cell function have led to endpoints such as venous O2 saturation and changes in lactate levels becoming resuscitation targets. Urgent definitive treatment of the infection is also crucial. This requires prompt broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobial therapy, draining infected collections and removing infected medical devices. Despite extensive research, no new therapies have improved survival from septic shock.
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Kipnis, Eric, and Benoit Vallet. Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0138.

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Resuscitation endpoints have shifted away from restoring normal values of routinely assessed haemodynamic parameters (central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output) towards optimizing parameters that reflect adequate tissue perfusion. Tissue perfusion-based endpoints have changed outcomes, particularly in sepsis. Tissue perfusion can be explored by monitoring the end result of perfusion, namely tissue oxygenation, metabolic markers, and tissue blood flow. Tissue oxygenation can be directly monitored locally through invasive electrodes or non-invasively using light absorbance (pulse oximetry (SpO2) or tissue (StO2)). Global oxygenation may be monitored in blood, either intermittently through blood gas analysis, or continuously with specialized catheters. Central venous saturation (ScvO2) indirectly assesses tissue oxygenation as the net balance between global O2 delivery and uptake, decreasing when delivery does not meet demand. Lactate, a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, increases when oxygenation is inadequate, and can be measured either globally in blood, or locally in tissues by microdialysis. Likewise, CO2 (a by-product of cellular respiration) and PCO2 can be measured globally in blood or locally in accessible mucosal tissues (sublingual, gastric) by capnography or tonometry. Increasing PCO2 gradients, either tissue-to-arterial or venous-to-arterial, are due to inadequate perfusion. Metabolically, the oxidoreductive status of mitochondria can be assessed locally through NADH fluorescence, which increases in situations of inadequate oxygenation/perfusion. Finally, local tissue blood flow may be measured by laser-Doppler or visualized through intravital microscopic imaging. These perfusion/oxygenation resuscitation endpoints are increasingly used and studied in critical care.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Instabilities in Cylindrical Geometry: Vortices and Laboratory Flows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0011.

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Vortex solutions in cyclo-geostrophic equilibrium are described and their geostrophic and ageostrophic barotropic and baroclinic instabilities are studied along the lines of Chapter 10. Special attention is paid to centrifugal instability which, as the inertial instability of jets, is due to modes trapped in the anticyclonic shear in the vortex, and has asymmetric counterparts. Saturation of this instability is shown to exhibit some specific patterns. Instabilities of intense hurricane-like vortices are analysed and shown to be sensitive to fine details of the vortex profile. Nonlinear saturation of such instabilities exhibits typical secondary meso-vortex structures, and leads to intensification of the vortex. Special attention is paid to instabilities in laboratory flows in rotating cylindrical channels. Classification of these instabilities is given, and their nature, in terms of resonances between different wave modes, is established. Rigid-lid and free-surface configuration with topography are considered and compared with experiments.
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Rayment, George E., and David J. Lyons. Soil Chemical Methods - Australasia. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101364.

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Soil Chemical Methods – Australasia describes over 200 laboratory and field chemical tests relevant to Australasia and beyond. The information and methodology provided across 20 chapters is comprehensive, systematic, uniquely coded, up-to-date and designed to promote chemical measurement quality. There is guidance on the choice and application of analytical methods from soil sampling through to the reporting of results. In many cases, optional analytical ‘finishes’ are provided, such as flow-injection analysis, electro-chemistry, multiple flame technologies, and alternatives to chemical testing offered by near-range and mid-range infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.&#x0D; The book supersedes and updates the soil chemical testing section of the 1992 Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods of Rayment and Higginson, while retaining method codes and other strengths of that Handbook. Chapters cover soil sampling, sample preparation and moisture content; electrical conductivity and redox potential; soil pH; chloride; carbon; nitrogen; phosphorus; sulphur; gypsum; micronutrients; extractable iron, aluminium and silicon; saturation extracts; ion-exchange properties; lime requirements; total miscellaneous elements; miscellaneous extractable elements; alkaline earth carbonates and acid sulfate soils. In addition, there are informative Appendices, including information on the accuracy and precision of selected methods.&#x0D; This book targets practising analysts, laboratory managers, students, academics, researchers, consultants and advisors involved in the analysis, use and management of soils for fertility assessments, land use surveys, environmental studies and for natural resource management.
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Kinnear, William, and James H. Hull. A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834397.001.0001.

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A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests is a short, but comprehensive, guide for those who are involved in the supervision of exercise tests and interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data. It is a clear and concise guide which will also be of interest to those who request CPETs and who wish to understand more about how to use the results. The first four chapters cover the reasons why a CPET may be requested, pre-test assessment, supervision of the test to ensure that it is safe, and the practicalities of the test itself. Subsequent chapters look in detail at the key CPET measurements of heart rate, ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output. There are chapters on the parameters that can be derived from these basic measurements: ventilatory equivalents, oxygen pulse, and the respiratory exchange ratio. Further chapters show how the anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point are obtained, and how they can be used to interpret the physiological response to exercise. The role of monitoring oxygen saturation and flow–volume loops during the test is described. The third section of the book has chapters on presentation of results, interpretative strategies, and summaries of classical CPET patterns seen in different diseases. The final chapters consider the role of preoperative CPET testing and how to prescribe exercise. All chapters have pointers to further resources.
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Book chapters on the topic "Flow Saturation"

1

Keyfitz, Barbara Lee. "Multiphase Saturation Equations, Change of Type and Inaccessible Regions." In Flow in Porous Media. Birkhäuser Basel, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8564-5_10.

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Zienicke, Egbert, Hélène Politano, and Annick Pouquet. "Parallel Computation of the Saturation Process in a Nonlinear Dynamo Model." In Numerical Flow Simulation II. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44567-8_8.

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Spyropoulou, Ioanna. "Cellular Automata Model Properties: Representation of Saturation Flow." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33350-7_85.

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G. Hunt, Allen. "Pressure Saturation Curves and the Critical Volume Fraction for Percolation." In Percolation Theory for Flow in Porous Media. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11430957_5.

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5

Biswas, Sabyasachi, Harjeet Prasad, Amit Jaiswal, and Aditya Raj Gehlot. "Estimation of PCU and Saturation Flow at Signalised Intersection." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7162-2_4.

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Kwaad, F. J. P. M. "Saturation Overland Flow on Loess Soils in the Netherlands." In Modelling Soil Erosion by Water. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58913-3_17.

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Dearden, N. Mark, and S. Midgley. "Technical Considerations in Continuous Jugular Venous Oxygen Saturation Measurement." In Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Intensive Care. Springer Vienna, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9302-0_16.

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8

Mondal, Satyajit, Vijay Kumar Arya, and Ankit Gupta. "Comparative Analysis of Saturation Flow Using Various PCU Estimation Methods." In Recent Advances in Traffic Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3742-4_10.

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9

Panfilov, Mikhail, and Alexei Tchijov. "Splitting The Saturation and Heterogeneity for Time Dependent Effective Phase Permeabilities." In Computational Methods for Flow and Transport in Porous Media. Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1114-2_8.

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10

Salter, R. J. "Optimum signal settings when saturation flow falls during the green period." In Highway Traffic Analysis and Design. Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20014-6_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flow Saturation"

1

Groll, R. "Modelling molecular gas suspension diffusion and saturation processes in liquid media." In MULTIPHASE FLOW 2007. WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mpf070291.

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Guo, Ping, Jinhai Yang, Shilun Li, Liangtian Sun, and Tongwen Jiang. "Experimental Investigation of Critical Flow Condensate Saturation." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/68697-ms.

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Marani, Pietro, Massimo Martelli, Cesare Dolcin, and Silvia Gessi. "Orifices flow saturation in oil hydraulic applications." In 12th International Fluid Power Conference. Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2020.11.

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4

Zhang, Guoqiang, and Jun Chen. "Study on Saturation Flow Rates for Signalized Intersections." In 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2009.451.

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5

Peng Wei, A. Meksoub, Dengfeng Sun, and Xiaoqiang Tang. "Optimal Sequential Backward Flow Saturation for cell transmission model." In 2012 American Control Conference - ACC 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2012.6314642.

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6

Jang, Rhongho, DaeHong Min, SeongKwang Moon, David Mohaisen, and DaeHun Nyang. "SketchFlow: Per-Flow Systematic Sampling Using Sketch Saturation Event." In IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155252.

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7

Blunt, M. J., D. H. Fenwick, and Dengen Zhou. "What Determines Residual Oil Saturation in Three-Phase Flow?" In SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27816-ms.

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8

Sengupta, Madhumita, and Gary Mavko. "Reducing uncertainties in saturation scales using fluid flow models." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1998. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1820054.

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9

Ahmadi, G., D. Crandall, and D. H. Smith. "Gas-Liquid Flows in Flow Cells and Fracture Models." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55253.

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Gas-liquid multiphase flows in porous media and fractured rock is of importance when carbon-dioxide displaces brine within geological reservoirs during CO2 sequestration activities. In this paper, experimental and computational modeling of multiphase flows in a porous flow cell and a modeled fracture are described. The experiments performed with the laboratory-scale flow models are described in detail. Experimental data concerning the displacement of two immiscible fluids in the lattice-like flow cell are presented. The flow pattern and the residual saturation of the displaced fluid during the displacement are discussed. It was shown that the gas-liquid flows generate fractal interfaces, with lower fractal dimensions and higher residual saturations at low injection rates. This phenomenon corresponds to viscous and capillary fingering, and is discussed. Numerical simulations of the experimental flow cell are also presented. These are shown to be similar to the experimental results, and then varied to included different surface-fluid interactions not easily studied with the experimental equipment. Numerical simulation results for single and multiphase flows through rock fractures are also presented. A fracture geometry was obtained from a series of CT scans of fractured sandstone and used to construct a laboratory scale model and a computational domain. Computational results showed that the major losses occur in the regions with smallest apertures. These computational results are compared to flows through the experimental model. An empirical expression for the fracture friction factor was also described.
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Racila, Laurentiu. "Saturation flow mathematical model based on multiple combinations of lane groups." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.4254.

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The ideal value of the traffic stream that can pass through an intersection is known as the saturation flow rate per hour on vehicle green time. The saturation flow is important in the understanding of the traffic light cycle and from there the understanding the Level of Service. The paper wishes to evaluate through a series of applied mathematical methods the effect of different lane grouping and critical lane group concept on the saturation flow rate. The importance of this method is that it creates a base for a signalized intersections timing plan.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4254
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Reports on the topic "Flow Saturation"

1

Remias, Stephen, Alexander Hainen, Gannon Grimmer, et al. Leveraging High Resolution Signalized Intersection Data to Characterize Discharge Headway Distributions and Saturation Flow Rate Reliability. Purdue University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315342.

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Taylor, Oliver-Denzil, Amy Cunningham,, Robert Walker, Mihan McKenna, Kathryn Martin, and Pamela Kinnebrew. The behaviour of near-surface soils through ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41826.

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Seismometers installed within the upper metre of the subsurface can experience significant variability in signal propagation and attenuation properties of observed arrivals due to meteorological events. For example, during rain events, both the time and frequency representations of observed seismic waveforms can be significantly altered, complicating potential automatic signal processing efforts. Historically, a lack of laboratory equipment to explicitly investigate the effects of active inundation on seismic wave properties in the near surface prevented recreation of the observed phenomena in a controlled environment. Presented herein is a new flow chamber designed specifically for near-surface seismic wave/fluid flow interaction phenomenology research, the ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing device and new vp-saturation and vs-saturation relationships due to the effects of matric suction on the soil fabric.
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