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Academic literature on the topic 'Flower'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 March 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Flower"

1

Buschman, J. C. M. "GLOBALISATION - FLOWER - FLOWER BULBS - BULB FLOWERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 673 (May 2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.673.1.

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Yang, Jae-Won, Min-Sun Lee, Dawou Joung, and Bum-Jin Park. "Effects of using Natural and Artificial Flowers in Flower Arrangement on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.1.39.

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Background and objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of using natural and artificial flowers in flower arrangement on psychological and physiological relaxation. Methods In order to clarify the effect of natural flowers in terms of physiological relaxation during flower arrangement work, heart rate variability (HRV) was measured while 15 people were conducting flower arrangement with natural flowers in comparison with artificial flowers. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and semantic differential (SD) method were used during flower arrangement to investigate the psychological effects. Results The physiological relaxation of natural flowers shows that flower arrangement using with natural flowers during the first 5 minutes significantly inhibits sympathetic activity compared to artificial flowers. This result proves that flower arrangement using natural flowers reduces the tension and improve relaxation. As the results of examining the psychological effects, the STAI proves that flower arrangement using natural flowers can better reduce anxiety and relax the subjects than artificial flowers. The result of SCL-90-R test shows that flower arrangement using natural flowers can significantly reduce depression. The result of the POMS shows that flower arrangement using natural flowers can significantly reduce tension, anxiety and depression compared to artificial flowers. The result of the SD method shows that the subjects had a significantly more positive impression of flower arrangement using natural flowers than that using artificial flowers in terms of feeling ‘pleasant’ and ‘calm’. Conclusion The result imply that flower arrangement using natural flowers can be more effective for relaxation and recovery from stress and can improve relaxation and calmness of human body compared to artificial flowers.

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Wetzstein, Hazel Y., Weiguang Yi, Justin A. Porter, and Nadav Ravid. "Flower Position and Size Impact Ovule Number per Flower, Fruitset, and Fruit Size in Pomegranate." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2013): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.3.159.

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Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum) produce large numbers of both hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers that produce fruit and functionally male flowers that characteristically abort. Excessive production of male flowers can result in decreased yields resulting from their inability to set fruit. Within hermaphroditic flowers, sex expression appears to follow a spectrum ranging from those exhibiting strong to weak pistil development. Unknown is the scope that flower quality plays in influencing fruit production. A description of floral characteristics and how they vary with flowers of different sizes and positions is lacking in pomegranate and was the focus of this study. Furthermore, the effects of flower size and position on fruit set and fruit size were evaluated. This study documents that flower size characteristics and ovule development can be quite variable and are related to flower type and position. Single and terminal flowers within a cluster were larger than lateral flowers. In addition, lateral flowers exhibited a high frequency of flowers with poor ovule development sufficient to negatively impact fruiting in that flower type. Ovule numbers per flower were significantly influenced by flower size with more ovules in larger flowers. Pollination studies verified significantly higher fruit set and fruit weight, and larger commercial size distributions were obtained with larger vs. smaller flowers. Thus, flower quality is an important issue in pomegranate. Cultural and environmental factors that influence flower size and vigor may have a direct consequence on fruit production and yield.

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Evensen, Kathleen, and David Beattie. "Using the Balloon Flower as a Cut Flower." HortScience 21, no. 4 (August 1986): 1061–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.4.1061.

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Abstract The balloon flower, Platycodon grandiflorum cv. Mariesii, is an attractive, long-lived, hardy herbaceous perennial with thick, fleshy, carrot-like roots and dark blue campanulate flowers (Fig. 1). Plant height is about 60 cm for ‘Mariesii’, 45 cm in ‘Apoyama’, and 60-90 cm for the other cultivars (1). Flower colors are blue (‘Mariesii’), white, and light pink, and flower buds mature acropetally. Before the flower opens, the petals remain fused, giving the swollen bud a ballon-like appearance. Flowers are borne erect, solitary, and terminal, but the close arrangement on the stem gives the appearance of a loose raceme. Although Platycodon usually is grown as a garden perennial, recent interest in perennial cut flowers as well as the upright growth habit, attractive buds and flowers, and long period of time that the plants remain in flower suggest that, if forced in the greenhouse, they could be used as cut flowers. This paper describes the longevity, response to preservatives, and tolerance of typical handling procedures of cut Platycodon.

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Orth, Afonso I., and Keith D. Waddington. "HIERARCHICAL USE OF INFORMATION BY NECTAR-FORAGING CARPENTER BEES ON VERTICAL INFLORESCENCES: FLORAL COLOR AND SPATIAL POSITION." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 2-3 (May 13, 1997): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676685.

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In many plant species, the appearance of flowers and the production of nectar change with flower age. In species where flowers are arranged in groups, on inflorescences, the position of nectar and the appearance of flowers may have nonrandom spatial patterns. Flower visitors may learn the location of nectar in association with spatial position of flowers or floral color. We observed carpenter bees, Xylocopa micans, foraging at vertical inflorescences of three artificial flowers one of which always contained nectar. In ten treatments, we manipulated the color and spatial position of the nectar-bearing flower to learn how they detected its location. Bees arrived at all three flowers equally frequently when neither spatial nor color information was predictably associated with the nectar-bearing flower or when all flowers were the same color (only spatial information available). Bees arrived almost exclusively at the nectar-bearing flower if the color of that flower differed from the color of the two empty flowers on the same inflorescence. Only in the absence of previously learned color-nectar associations did bees arrive at the nectar-bearing flower using spatial information. Across the treatments, the number of flower visits per inflorescence was negatively correlated with the proportion of arrivals at the nectar-bearing flower. We conclude that carpenter bees used a hierarchy of information to learn the location of the nectar-bearing flower. Color was primarily used to find it, but when no information was given by color the bees used spatial information.

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Idan, Razzaq Owayez, Ali jabbar Abdulsada, and Abd Sabah Fleih. "Effect of Biofertilizers on Vegetative Growth and Flower Yield of African Marigold Tagetes erecta L. c.v Pusa Narangi Gainda." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1029, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1029/1/012029.

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Abstract This experiment was conducted to identify the effect of three different biofertilizers and their interaction on flower yield and vegetative growth of African marigold Tagetes erecta L. c.v Pusa Narangi Gainda. The results showed that biofertilizer treatments have been significantly effect on spread plant, plant height, number of leaves/plant number of branches/plant, flower yield/plot number of flowers/plant, flower yield/plant, and flower yield/hectare. The highest values were obtained (107.17cm), (41.67 flowers/plant), (80.12cm), (21.50 branches/plant), (106.17 leaves/plant), (458.83g flower yield/plant), (4129.50g flower yield/plot) and (41.30 flower yield/hectare) respectively by the treatment (T5) with (Azotobacter + Azospirillum+ Mycorrhizae). While the lowest values were obtained (67.69cm), (45.86cm), (10.50 branches/plant), (47.03 leaves/plant), (19.00 flowers/plant), (152.00 g flower yield/plant), (1368.00 g flower yield/plot), and (13.6 flower yield/hectare) respectively by the treatment (T1) with control.

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Agustina, Eva, Raihana Frika Nafisah, Fadila Ayu Puspitasari, Nurfadilah Puspitasari, Yanuar Bakhrul Alam, Noviana Budianti Kartikasari, Yolanda Safira Virginia, and Windi Indra Alfiyanti. "Phenolic Content and Functional Groups of Green Tea Kombucha, Telang Flower Kombucha, Rosella Flower Kombucha, Chamomile Flower Kombucha, and Lavender Flower Kombucha." Proceedings of International Conference on Halal Food and Health Nutrition 2, no. 1 (August 23, 2024): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/ichafohn.v2i1.2019.

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Kombucha is a fermentation product between green tea and microorganisms. The basic ingredients for kombucha can be obtained from plants that contain high antioxidants, such as green tea, butterfly pea flowers, rosella flowers, chamomile flowers and lavender flowers. The aim of this research was to determine the phenolic content and functional groups in green tea kombucha, telang flower kombucha, rosella flower kombucha, chamomile flower kombucha and lavender flower kombucha. This research uses experimental research by testing phenolic content using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instrument and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the phenolic content of green tea kombucha was 162.35 mg/L GAE, butterfly pea flower kombucha was 124.46 mg/L GAE, rosella flower kombucha was 101.30 mg/L GAE, chamomile flower kombucha was 35.41 mg/L GAE and lavender flower kombucha was 136.43 mg/L GAE. The highest phenolic content is found in green tea kombucha. The spectra resulting from the identification of telang flower kombucha tea samples contain alcohol functional groups, amines, nitro compounds, and the broad peaks indicate the stretching vibration of OH monometric alcohol. In green tea kombucha, alkenes, alkynes and monometric alcohol groups are found. In rosella flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne, nitrile and phenol are found. In chamomile flower kombucha, the functional groups ether, amine, alkene, alkyne, ester and alcohol are found. In lavender flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne and alkane are found. It can be concluded that kombucha contains secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids.

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Lara, Carlos, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Flower mites and nectar production in six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-109.

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Hummingbird flower mites and hummingbirds may compete intensely for the nectar secreted by their host plants. Here, we present the results from field experiments in which flower mites were excluded from flowers of six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities. Nectar measurements were taken on flowers from which mites were excluded and those without mite exclusion over their lifespans. The exclusion of mites had a significant positive effect on the amount of nectar available in plants with long-lived flowers. In contrast, nectar availability in short-lived flowers was not significantly reduced after mite exclusion. The significance of the mite-exclusion treatment was independent of floral morph and flower age. Results also suggest that the magnitude of the mite-exclusion treatment depends on the volume of nectar produced by the flower throughout its lifetime. The treatment effect was detected when nectar consumption, presumably by flower mites, exceeded 13% of the nectar produced by the flowers; nectar availability was not significantly reduced when nectar volume was < 7 µL per flower. It appears that flower mites consume proportionately more nectar in long-lived flowers than in short-lived flowers. Parasitic hummingbird flower mites seem to be preferentially taking advantage of plant-pollinator interactions in which flowers last several days and produce large volumes of nectar. The consequences of this finding concerning planthummingbirdmite interactions await further investigation. As a working hypothesis, we propose that nectar production has increased over evolutionary time not only by the selective pressures imposed by the pollinators, but also to compensate for the reduction they suffer after exploitation by nectar robbers and thieves such as flower mites.Key words: Ascidae, flower longevity, hummingbird pollination, multiple-species interactions, mutualism exploitation, nectar theft.

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Lehtilä, Kari, and Kristina Holmén Bränn. "Correlated effects of selection for flower size in Raphanus raphanistrum." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-007.

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The evolution of flower size may be constrained by trade-offs between flower size and other plant traits. The aim of this study was to determine how selection on flower size affects both reproductive and vegetative traits. Raphanus raphanistrum L. was used as the study species. Artificial selection for small and large petal size was carried out for two generations. We measured the realized heritability of flower size and recorded flower production, time to flowering, plant size, and seed production in the two selection lines. The realized heritability was h2 = 0.49. Our study, therefore, showed that R. raphanistrum has potential for rapid evolutionary change of floral size. The lines with large flowers produced smaller seeds and started to flower later than the lines with small flowers. There was no trade-off between flower size and flower number, but the lines selected for large flower size had more flowers and a larger plant size than lines selected for small flowers. Estimates of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis of pedigrees also showed that flower size had a positive genetic correlation with start of flowering and plant height.

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Rolaniya, Manoj Kumar, S. K. Khandelwal, A. Choudhary, and Priynka Kumari Jat. "Response of african marigold to NPK , biofertilizers and spacings." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1236.

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A field experiment on African marigold (TagetserectaL.) was conducted during winter season of 2014-15 to study the effect of NPK, biofertilizers and plant spacings on growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn). The treatment combinations F6 100 % RDF of NPK + Azotobacter + PSB recorded the maximum longevity of intact flower (27.93), average diameter of flower (7.37 cm), average weight of flower (8.96 g) number of flowers per plant (56.54), yield of flowers per plant (515.62 g), per plot (11.93 kg) and highest flower yield ha (184.13 q). The spacing D3 (60× 60 cm) registered significant (5 %) maximum longevity of intact flower, larger size flower (7.80 cm), average weight of flower (9.14 g) and highest flower yield per plant (456.22 g). Highest flower yield per plot (10.19 kg), number of flower per plant (52.22) and per hectare flower yield (157.29 q/ha) with 60× 45 cm. These results are conclusive that application of 100 % RDF of NPK + Azotobacter+ PSB and plant spacing (60× 45 cm) may positively increase the growth and flowers yield parameters of marigold.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flower"

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Seekins, Kiera. "Predictionary Flower." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SeekinsK2008.pdf.

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Lu, Zhaoying. "Perceptually realistic flower generation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393800.

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Wu, Gefei. "The genetics and biochemistry of flower pigments and flower patterns in Pelargonium x hortorum." Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507975.

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Arnold, Sarah Elizabeth Joan. "Flowers through insect eyes : the contribution of pollinator vision to the evolution of flower colour." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/622.

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Flowers’ colours are an essential element of their ability to attract visits from pollinators. However, the colours as they appear to human observers can differ substantially from their appearance to insect pollinators, and so it is essential to consider pollinator vision in any study of the ecology of flower colour. In this thesis I describe how I have overseen the development of an online database to provide accurate information on floral spectral reflectance measured without human observational bias. This resource allows a more accurate consideration of flower colours in future studies, and permits investigations of flower colours within and across habitats. Using the records in this database, I analysed flowers from two European habitats for spatial or temporal changes, modelling the colours according to insect visual perception. I discovered that the insect-colour composition of the plant communities does not change either along an altitudinal gradient or throughout the year. These novel and ecologically-relevant analyses contradict previous observational studies, but support the theory of a pollination “market” in which flowers compete for pollinator visitation. I then describe my experimental investigations into the visual capabilities of two pollinators and how this may relate to what colours of flowers they visit. Firstly I study the foraging behaviour of bees under spatially inconsistent illumination and how this impacts on their choice behaviour. I revealed patchy light can have measurable effects on bee foraging behaviour: they intentionally choose familiar over unfamiliar illumination, which may impact on the flowers they visit in complex natural environments. Secondly, I detail the new evidence for a red-sensitive photoreceptor in South African monkey beetles, a major pollinator in a habitat containing many longwavelength- reflecting flowers, which are not classically “attractive” to bees. Throughout this thesis, I explore how pollinator vision has shaped the evolution of flower colours in different contexts.

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Bruccoleri, Christian. "Flower constellation optimization and implementation." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2404.

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COSTA, LETICIA VILLELA LIMA DA. "RUY CINATTI: THE FLOWER ENGINEER." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5984@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Este trabalho trata de alguns aspectos da obra de Ruy Cinatti, poeta que dentro do vasto panorama da poesia portuguesa do século XX destaca- se pela sua singularidade. Sua poesia, bem como seus estudos científicos, evidenciam a preocupação e o conhecimento do autor com relação às questões ecológicas e antropológicas, que se refletem nas suas posições políticas. Seus escritos figuram como instrumentos de denúncia contra a má utilização dos recursos naturais e da exploração do ser humano, relacionadas com a colonização portuguesa, bem como as inúmeras intervenções que Timor sofreu ao longo de sua história. Com sua formação científica interdisciplinar (silvicultor, antropólogo e engenheiro agrônomo) Ruy Cinatti tinha uma grande capacidade de enxergar a relação do homem com o meio em que vive de forma ampla e abrangente. Estas idéias refletem-se a todo momento nos poemas que dedicou a Timor. Em constantes viagens para reconhecimento do território, Cinatti intensificou sua relação com os timorenses. Isso só foi possível graças ao fato de ele ter transcendido o papel de português colonizador e ter conseguido aproximar-se do timorense de uma forma particular, a ponto de ser aceito pelos nativos como um irmão, o que se comprova pelo pacto de sangue que celebrou com dois chefes timorenses. A visão interdisciplinar e sensível do mundo torna sua obra poética e científica especial e singular, fazendo de Ruy Cinatti personagem fundamental na literatura portuguesa.
This thesis concerns some aspects of the work of Ruy Cinnati, a poet whose singularity makes him an outstanding figure in the rich panorama of twentieth-century Portuguese poetry. His poems, as well as his scientific studies, testify to the author s interest and knowledge of environmental and anthropological issues, which are reflected in his political positions. His writings are expos s of the misuse of natural resources and the exploitation of human beings under Portuguese colonization, as well as of the countless interventions suffered by East Timor throughout its history. Thanks to his interdisciplinary scientific training (as a forest expert, an anthropologist and an agronomist) Ruy Cinatti was uniquely able to see man s relationship with the environment. These ideas are clearly present in the poems he dedicated to Timor. In his many surveying trips, Cinatti intensified his relations with the Timorese. This was made possible by his ability to transcend the role of the Portuguese colonizer and to get close to the Timorese to the point of being accepted by the natives as a brother witness the blood pact he celebrated with two Timorese chiefs. His interdisciplinary and sensitive worldview makes his poetic and scientific work rather special and unique, so that Ruy Cinatti has become a fundamental name in Portuguese literature.

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Pelizzon, Vanessa A. "The flower called I want /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924911.

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Godfrey, Thomas George. "On the floral rewards and flower-visitor assemblages of annual urban flower meadow seed mixes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28945.

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Flower seed mixes are increasingly used to enhance the biodiversity and amenity values of urban green spaces. Urban or “pictorial” flower seed mixes are often used because they are designed using cultivars and non-native species to provide more colourful and longer-lasting flower displays. Although these seed mixes are effective in providing a high density of large colourful flowers, over an extended season, their value for biodiversity, and in particular the floral rewards they provide for flower-visitors, is largely unknown. The overall aim of my thesis was to assess and improve the value of these new urban habitats as forage resources for flower-visiting insects. My approach was to quantify and compare floral reward provision and insect visitation between meadows grown from three exemplar commercial pictorial flower meadow seed mixes (called Marmalade Annual, Short Annual and Cornfield Annual). I also compared these standard commercial mixes with corresponding ‘nectar-enriched’ formulations, which were designed by increasing the proportional seed weight contribution of selected species predicted to produce high quantities of nectar within each mix. To compare floral rewards and visitation between meadows grown from these seed mixes, I set up a field experiment in Sheffield, UK, using a complete randomised block design with six replicate blocks, each with six 25 m2 plots sown with one of the six seed mix treatments. My first objective was to quantify the floral nectar and pollen rewards provided by each flowering species recorded in the meadows (on the scale of a single flower or inflorescence). My second objective was to use these data to quantify the floral rewards provided per unit area by replicate meadows of different seed mix treatments, testing whether enrichment of seed mixes is an effective method of increasing floral nectar sugar rewards. My third objective was to corroborate/correct my morphology-based flower-visitor identifications using DNA barcoding to screen for misidentifications and morphologically cryptic species. I then used these DNA barcode-based identifications to assess whether there are systematic biases in the structure of flower-visitor networks constructed using molecular taxon identifications compared to traditional morphology-based taxon identifications. My fourth objective was to quantify patterns of insect visitation to meadows, testing whether meadows of different seed mix types attract different flower-visitor assemblages. Meadow floral composition surveys revealed that contamination by unintended horticultural species was widespread across replicate seed mix treatments, with contaminants likely germinating from a seed bank laid down during a failed attempt at this experiment the previous year. Contamination particularly affected Marmalade mixes, mainly because the common contaminant species were often also components of the Short and Cornfield mixes. For example, contaminants contributed on average about a third of nectar sugar mass or pollen volume per unit area in Marmalade mix meadows. Hence, contamination fundamentally undermined the internal validity of seed mix treatments, reducing the ability to directly attribute meadow level patterns in floral rewards or flower-visitors to seed mixes. As result, examination of patterns of floral resource provision and insect visitation were more informative at a species scale. In terms of patterns of insect visitation, Centaurea cyanus received 91% of bumblebee visits, 88% of honeybee visits and 29% of hoverfly visits, whilst T. inodorum received 27% of hoverfly visits. Patterns of bumblebee and honeybee visitation indicated preferential visitation to floral units of Centaurea cyanus. Although this species produced high quantities of nectar sugar mass and pollen volume, this did not differentiate it from other Asteraceae, such as Glebionis segetum, Rudbeckia hirta and Coreopsis tinctoria, which all produced high quantities of both floral rewards. Hence, it is likely that floral traits not measured in this study, such as nectar accessibility (‘nectar-holder depth’) or concentration/volume characteristics (which can affect accessibility due to constraints imposed by feeding morphology), drove patterns of preferential visitation in bumblebees and honeybees to C. cyanus. Given that in the absence of contamination there would have been very few bumblebee or honeybee visitors to Marmalade mix meadows, aesthetically designed pictorial meadows can fail to jointly provide benefits for people and some important flower-visiting insect taxa. DNA barcoding did not change specimen identifications for most morphotaxa. However, splitting and/or lumping processes affected almost one third of morphotaxa, with lumping of morphotaxa the most common type of change. This was in part because males and females from sexually dimorphic species were often separated by morphological identification. These DNA barcode-based changes to visitor taxonomy resulted in consistent minor changes in network size and structure across replicate networks. Lumping of morphotaxa decreased taxon richness, reducing the number of unique links and interaction diversity (the effective number of links). Lumping also increased flower-visitor generality, reducing plant vulnerability and increasing overall network connectance. However, taxonomic changes had no effect on interaction evenness or network specialisation. Thus, for this well-studied fauna, DNA barcode-based flower-visitor networks were systematically biased toward fewer taxa and links, with more generalist visitors and specialist plants. Given that many tropical faunas have more species and are less described than in Britain this pattern may not be replicated in other studies. Further studies in contrasting plant-pollinator communities are required before generalisations can be made about systematic biases between networks constructed using morphological versus molecular data. Overall, meadows grown from annual pictorial flower meadow seed mixes provide abundant floral units per unit area of meadow and are a valuable alternative to traditional horticultural flower beds or amenity grasslands in high profile urban contexts. Nevertheless, care must be taken during design of seed mixes and selection of mixes for planting to ensure that species in the mix provide suitable floral resources for an array of flower-visitors, including bees. This would be aided by the integration of informative measures for candidate species of floral rewards or visitor types and visitation rates during seed mix design.

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Mohrholz, Anne [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Harter. "Phänotypische und molekularbiologische Analyse der A. thaliana flower-in-flower Mutante / Anne Mohrholz ; Betreuer: Klaus Harter." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204879869/34.

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Nasser, Naji Swadi. "Flower colour inheritance in zonal pelargoniums." Thesis, Swansea University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507974.

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Books on the topic "Flower"

1

Baker, Jerry. Flower power! New York: Ballentine Books, 1999.

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Scott, Margaret Kennedy. Pressed flowers and flower pictures. London: Batsford, 1989.

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Scott, Margaret Kennedy. Pressed flowers and flower pictures. London: B.T. Batsford, 1988.

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Greenwood, Pippa. The new flower gardener. New York: DK Pub., 1998.

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Packer, Jane. Fast flower arranging. New York: DK Pub., 1998.

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Packer, Jane. Fast flower arranging. New York: DK Pub., 1998.

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Bond, Rick. Successful flower gardening. Edited by Paterson Allen and Ortho Books. San Ramon, CA: Ortho Books, 1994.

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James, Theodore. The cut-flower garden. New York: Macmillan, 1993.

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Caroline, Alexander, ed. Dried flower gardening. London: Ward Lock, 1992.

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Caroline, Alexander, ed. Dried flower gardening. London, England: Ward Lock, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flower"

1

Stricklin, Marc. "Flower." In New Masters of Flash, 68–97. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-5143-9_3.

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Hellegers, Desiree. "“Flower”." In No Room of Her Own, 157–64. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230339200_14.

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Pandey, Arun K. "Flower." In Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms, 15–24. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003260097-2.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "flower." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 208. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_4036.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "corn-flower." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 129. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_2426.

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Kellogg, Elizabeth A. "Flower Structure." In Flowering Plants. Monocots, 39–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2_3.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "orange flower." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 390. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_7218.

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Mulder-Krieger, Th, and R. Verpoorte. "Flower Colour." In Anthocyanins as Flower Pigments, 85–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0906-2_5.

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Simons, Paul. "Flower Power." In Pflanzen in Bewegung, 53–81. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6183-0_3.

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Friis, Else Marie, and Peter K. Endress. "Flower Evolution." In Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik, 253–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79844-3_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flower"

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Fernandez-Marques, Javier. "Federating Everything with Flower." In 2024 2nd International Conference on Federated Learning Technologies and Applications (FLTA), 7. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/flta63145.2024.10840129.

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Fernandez-Marques, Javier. "Federating Everything with Flower." In 2024 4th Intelligent Cybersecurity Conference (ICSC), 7. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icsc63108.2024.10894849.

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Porcarelli, Giacomo, Federico Toson, and Giacomo Colombatti. "Genetic Algorithm for Lunar Flower Constellation." In IAF Space Exploration Symposium, Held at the 75th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2024), 2098–102. Paris, France: International Astronautical Federation (IAF), 2024. https://doi.org/10.52202/078357-0240.

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K, Suvarna Vani, Harika Reddy Kalakota, Vaishnavi Velisala, and Sree Vijaya Lakshmi K. "Medicinal Flower Detection using CNN Algorithm." In 2024 8th International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), 1245–50. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-smac61858.2024.10714599.

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Pan, Xiajie. "The Flower Border Design of Perennial Flowers." In The 10th International Symposium on Project Management, China. Riverwood, NSW, Australia: Aussino Academic Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/065147-0055.

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"Japanese flower arrangement simulator considering deterioration of flowers." In 25th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2023.mukai.

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El Dick, Manal, Esther Pacitti, and Bettina Kemme. "Flower-CDN." In the 12th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1516360.1516410.

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Monaci, Gianluca, Tommaso Gritti, Fabio Vignoli, Wouter Walmink, and Maarten Hendriks. "Flower power." In the 19th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2072298.2071900.

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Kuramoto, Itaru, Buntaro Kaji, Yu Shibuya, and Yoshihiro Tsujino. "Reflex flower." In the 2006 ACM SIGCHI international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1178823.1178885.

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Kawamura, Takahiro, and Akihiko Ohsuga. "Flower voice." In K-CAP 2013: Knowledge Capture Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2479832.2479862.

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Reports on the topic "Flower"

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Lee, Yoon Kyung. Validated Flower. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-222.

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Aultman, Jody. Flower Power. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-551.

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Parrillo-Chapman, Lisa. Pixie Flower. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-592.

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Martindale, Addie K. Star Flower Remade. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-226.

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Shulha, Oleksandr. Arnica montana Flower Laboratory Guidance Document. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.lgd/udgj8291.

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Arnica montana flower extract is a popular ingredient for production of ointments, gels, and homeopathic preparations. Due to nomenclatural confusion, particularly the use of the vernacular name ”arnica” for a number of plant species, difficulties in cultivation, and high prices for wild-harvested plant material, adulteration is quite common. Some of the known adulterants and confounding species for A. montana flowers are other Arnica species (A. angustifolia, A. chamissonis, A. chamissonis subsp. foliosa), “Mexican arnica” (Heterotheca spp.), and different species from the Asteraceae family (Gaillardia spp., Grindelia spp., etc). This Laboratory Guidance Document (LGD) presents a review of various analytical methods used to differentiate between A. montana flowers, and products containing plant material from other Arnica species or adulterating materials. This document can be used in conjunction with the “Arnica montana Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin” published by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program in 2016.

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van Rooij, S. A. M., W. M. L. Meijninger, M. van Eupen, S. Los, and U. Bairam. Flower richness green veining : Monitoring flower richness using remote sensing & artificial intelligence. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/586185.

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Whittier, J., and C. Fischer. Comparative performance analysis: Commercial cut-flower rose production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6853874.

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Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.

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Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.

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Meir, Shimon, Michael Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Abscission. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696523.bard.

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Original objectives: Understanding the regulation of abscission competence by exploring the nature and function of auxin-related gene expression changes in the leaf and pedicelAZs of tomato (as a model system), was the main goal of the previously submitted proposal. We proposed to achieve this goal by using microarray GeneChip analysis, to identify potential target genes for functional analysis by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To increase the potential of accomplishing the objectives of the previously submitted proposal, we were asked by BARD to show feasibility for the use of these two modern techniques in our abscission system. Thus, the following new objectives were outlined for the one-year feasibility study: 1.to demonstrate the feasibility of the VIGS system in tomato to perform functional analysis of known abscission-related genes; 2. to demonstrate that by using microarray analysis we can identify target genes for further VIGS functional analysis. Background to the topic: It is a generally accepted model that auxin flux through the abscission zone (AZ) prevents organ abscission by rendering the AZ insensitive to ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquisition of abscission competence and the way in which the auxin gradient modulates it are still unknown. Understanding this basic stage of the abscission process may provide us with future tools to control abscission for agricultural applications. Based on our previous study, performed to investigate the molecular changes occurring in leaf and stem AZs of MirabillisJalapaL., we have expanded our research to tomato, using genomic approaches that include modern techniques for gene discovery and functional gene characterization. In our one-year feasibility study, the US team has established a useful system for VIGS in tomato, using vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a Lcreporter gene for silencing (involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis), and the gene of interest. In parallel, the Israeli team has used the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip to measure gene expression in AZ and non-AZ tissues at various time points after flower removal, when increased sensitivity to ethylene is acquired prior to abscission (at 0-8 h), and during pedicelabscission (at 14 h). In addition, gene expression was measured in the pedicel AZ pretreated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before flower removal, to block any direct effects of ethylene. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: 1) The feasibility study unequivocally established that VIGS is an ideal tool for testing the function of genes with putative roles in abscission; 2) The newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip was found to be an excellent tool to identify AZ genes possibly involved in regulation and execution of abscission. The VIGS-based study allowed us to show that TAPG, a polygalacturonase specifically associated with the tomato AZ, is a key enzyme in the abscission process. Using the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip we have identified potential abscission regulatory genes as well as new AZ-specific genes, the expression of which was modified after flower removal. These include: members of the Aux/IAAgene family, ethylene signal transduction-related genes, early and late expressed transcription factors, genes which encode post-translational regulators whose expression was modified specifically in the AZ, and many additional novel AZ-specific genes which were previously not associated with abscission. This microarray analysis allowed us to select an initial set of target genes for further functional analysis by VIGS. Implications: Our success in achieving the two objectives of this feasibility study provides us with a solid basis for further research outlined in the original proposal. This will significantly increase the probability of success of a full 3-year project. Additionally, our feasibility study yielded highly innovative results, as they represent the first direct demonstration of the functional involvement of a TAPG in abscission, and the first microarray analysis of the abscission process. Using these approaches we could identify a large number of genes involved in abscission regulation, initiation and execution, and in auxin-ethylene cross-talk, which are of great importance, and could enable their potential functional analysis by VIGS.

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French, Erin. Art is the Flower, Life is the Green Leaf. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8281.

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