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Journal articles on the topic 'Flower'
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1
Buschman, J. C. M. "GLOBALISATION - FLOWER - FLOWER BULBS - BULB FLOWERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 673 (May 2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.673.1.
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Yang, Jae-Won, Min-Sun Lee, Dawou Joung, and Bum-Jin Park. "Effects of using Natural and Artificial Flowers in Flower Arrangement on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.1.39.
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Background and objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of using natural and artificial flowers in flower arrangement on psychological and physiological relaxation. Methods In order to clarify the effect of natural flowers in terms of physiological relaxation during flower arrangement work, heart rate variability (HRV) was measured while 15 people were conducting flower arrangement with natural flowers in comparison with artificial flowers. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and semantic differential (SD) method were used during flower arrangement to investigate the psychological effects. Results The physiological relaxation of natural flowers shows that flower arrangement using with natural flowers during the first 5 minutes significantly inhibits sympathetic activity compared to artificial flowers. This result proves that flower arrangement using natural flowers reduces the tension and improve relaxation. As the results of examining the psychological effects, the STAI proves that flower arrangement using natural flowers can better reduce anxiety and relax the subjects than artificial flowers. The result of SCL-90-R test shows that flower arrangement using natural flowers can significantly reduce depression. The result of the POMS shows that flower arrangement using natural flowers can significantly reduce tension, anxiety and depression compared to artificial flowers. The result of the SD method shows that the subjects had a significantly more positive impression of flower arrangement using natural flowers than that using artificial flowers in terms of feeling ‘pleasant’ and ‘calm’. Conclusion The result imply that flower arrangement using natural flowers can be more effective for relaxation and recovery from stress and can improve relaxation and calmness of human body compared to artificial flowers.
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Wetzstein, Hazel Y., Weiguang Yi, Justin A. Porter, and Nadav Ravid. "Flower Position and Size Impact Ovule Number per Flower, Fruitset, and Fruit Size in Pomegranate." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2013): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.3.159.
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Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum) produce large numbers of both hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers that produce fruit and functionally male flowers that characteristically abort. Excessive production of male flowers can result in decreased yields resulting from their inability to set fruit. Within hermaphroditic flowers, sex expression appears to follow a spectrum ranging from those exhibiting strong to weak pistil development. Unknown is the scope that flower quality plays in influencing fruit production. A description of floral characteristics and how they vary with flowers of different sizes and positions is lacking in pomegranate and was the focus of this study. Furthermore, the effects of flower size and position on fruit set and fruit size were evaluated. This study documents that flower size characteristics and ovule development can be quite variable and are related to flower type and position. Single and terminal flowers within a cluster were larger than lateral flowers. In addition, lateral flowers exhibited a high frequency of flowers with poor ovule development sufficient to negatively impact fruiting in that flower type. Ovule numbers per flower were significantly influenced by flower size with more ovules in larger flowers. Pollination studies verified significantly higher fruit set and fruit weight, and larger commercial size distributions were obtained with larger vs. smaller flowers. Thus, flower quality is an important issue in pomegranate. Cultural and environmental factors that influence flower size and vigor may have a direct consequence on fruit production and yield.
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Evensen, Kathleen, and David Beattie. "Using the Balloon Flower as a Cut Flower." HortScience 21, no. 4 (August 1986): 1061–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.4.1061.
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Abstract The balloon flower, Platycodon grandiflorum cv. Mariesii, is an attractive, long-lived, hardy herbaceous perennial with thick, fleshy, carrot-like roots and dark blue campanulate flowers (Fig. 1). Plant height is about 60 cm for ‘Mariesii’, 45 cm in ‘Apoyama’, and 60-90 cm for the other cultivars (1). Flower colors are blue (‘Mariesii’), white, and light pink, and flower buds mature acropetally. Before the flower opens, the petals remain fused, giving the swollen bud a ballon-like appearance. Flowers are borne erect, solitary, and terminal, but the close arrangement on the stem gives the appearance of a loose raceme. Although Platycodon usually is grown as a garden perennial, recent interest in perennial cut flowers as well as the upright growth habit, attractive buds and flowers, and long period of time that the plants remain in flower suggest that, if forced in the greenhouse, they could be used as cut flowers. This paper describes the longevity, response to preservatives, and tolerance of typical handling procedures of cut Platycodon.
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Orth, Afonso I., and Keith D. Waddington. "HIERARCHICAL USE OF INFORMATION BY NECTAR-FORAGING CARPENTER BEES ON VERTICAL INFLORESCENCES: FLORAL COLOR AND SPATIAL POSITION." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 2-3 (May 13, 1997): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676685.
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In many plant species, the appearance of flowers and the production of nectar change with flower age. In species where flowers are arranged in groups, on inflorescences, the position of nectar and the appearance of flowers may have nonrandom spatial patterns. Flower visitors may learn the location of nectar in association with spatial position of flowers or floral color. We observed carpenter bees, Xylocopa micans, foraging at vertical inflorescences of three artificial flowers one of which always contained nectar. In ten treatments, we manipulated the color and spatial position of the nectar-bearing flower to learn how they detected its location. Bees arrived at all three flowers equally frequently when neither spatial nor color information was predictably associated with the nectar-bearing flower or when all flowers were the same color (only spatial information available). Bees arrived almost exclusively at the nectar-bearing flower if the color of that flower differed from the color of the two empty flowers on the same inflorescence. Only in the absence of previously learned color-nectar associations did bees arrive at the nectar-bearing flower using spatial information. Across the treatments, the number of flower visits per inflorescence was negatively correlated with the proportion of arrivals at the nectar-bearing flower. We conclude that carpenter bees used a hierarchy of information to learn the location of the nectar-bearing flower. Color was primarily used to find it, but when no information was given by color the bees used spatial information.
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Idan, Razzaq Owayez, Ali jabbar Abdulsada, and Abd Sabah Fleih. "Effect of Biofertilizers on Vegetative Growth and Flower Yield of African Marigold Tagetes erecta L. c.v Pusa Narangi Gainda." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1029, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1029/1/012029.
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Abstract This experiment was conducted to identify the effect of three different biofertilizers and their interaction on flower yield and vegetative growth of African marigold Tagetes erecta L. c.v Pusa Narangi Gainda. The results showed that biofertilizer treatments have been significantly effect on spread plant, plant height, number of leaves/plant number of branches/plant, flower yield/plot number of flowers/plant, flower yield/plant, and flower yield/hectare. The highest values were obtained (107.17cm), (41.67 flowers/plant), (80.12cm), (21.50 branches/plant), (106.17 leaves/plant), (458.83g flower yield/plant), (4129.50g flower yield/plot) and (41.30 flower yield/hectare) respectively by the treatment (T5) with (Azotobacter + Azospirillum+ Mycorrhizae). While the lowest values were obtained (67.69cm), (45.86cm), (10.50 branches/plant), (47.03 leaves/plant), (19.00 flowers/plant), (152.00 g flower yield/plant), (1368.00 g flower yield/plot), and (13.6 flower yield/hectare) respectively by the treatment (T1) with control.
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Agustina, Eva, Raihana Frika Nafisah, Fadila Ayu Puspitasari, Nurfadilah Puspitasari, Yanuar Bakhrul Alam, Noviana Budianti Kartikasari, Yolanda Safira Virginia, and Windi Indra Alfiyanti. "Phenolic Content and Functional Groups of Green Tea Kombucha, Telang Flower Kombucha, Rosella Flower Kombucha, Chamomile Flower Kombucha, and Lavender Flower Kombucha." Proceedings of International Conference on Halal Food and Health Nutrition 2, no. 1 (August 23, 2024): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/ichafohn.v2i1.2019.
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Kombucha is a fermentation product between green tea and microorganisms. The basic ingredients for kombucha can be obtained from plants that contain high antioxidants, such as green tea, butterfly pea flowers, rosella flowers, chamomile flowers and lavender flowers. The aim of this research was to determine the phenolic content and functional groups in green tea kombucha, telang flower kombucha, rosella flower kombucha, chamomile flower kombucha and lavender flower kombucha. This research uses experimental research by testing phenolic content using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instrument and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the phenolic content of green tea kombucha was 162.35 mg/L GAE, butterfly pea flower kombucha was 124.46 mg/L GAE, rosella flower kombucha was 101.30 mg/L GAE, chamomile flower kombucha was 35.41 mg/L GAE and lavender flower kombucha was 136.43 mg/L GAE. The highest phenolic content is found in green tea kombucha. The spectra resulting from the identification of telang flower kombucha tea samples contain alcohol functional groups, amines, nitro compounds, and the broad peaks indicate the stretching vibration of OH monometric alcohol. In green tea kombucha, alkenes, alkynes and monometric alcohol groups are found. In rosella flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne, nitrile and phenol are found. In chamomile flower kombucha, the functional groups ether, amine, alkene, alkyne, ester and alcohol are found. In lavender flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne and alkane are found. It can be concluded that kombucha contains secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids.
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Lara, Carlos, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Flower mites and nectar production in six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-109.
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Hummingbird flower mites and hummingbirds may compete intensely for the nectar secreted by their host plants. Here, we present the results from field experiments in which flower mites were excluded from flowers of six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities. Nectar measurements were taken on flowers from which mites were excluded and those without mite exclusion over their lifespans. The exclusion of mites had a significant positive effect on the amount of nectar available in plants with long-lived flowers. In contrast, nectar availability in short-lived flowers was not significantly reduced after mite exclusion. The significance of the mite-exclusion treatment was independent of floral morph and flower age. Results also suggest that the magnitude of the mite-exclusion treatment depends on the volume of nectar produced by the flower throughout its lifetime. The treatment effect was detected when nectar consumption, presumably by flower mites, exceeded 13% of the nectar produced by the flowers; nectar availability was not significantly reduced when nectar volume was < 7 µL per flower. It appears that flower mites consume proportionately more nectar in long-lived flowers than in short-lived flowers. Parasitic hummingbird flower mites seem to be preferentially taking advantage of plant-pollinator interactions in which flowers last several days and produce large volumes of nectar. The consequences of this finding concerning planthummingbirdmite interactions await further investigation. As a working hypothesis, we propose that nectar production has increased over evolutionary time not only by the selective pressures imposed by the pollinators, but also to compensate for the reduction they suffer after exploitation by nectar robbers and thieves such as flower mites.Key words: Ascidae, flower longevity, hummingbird pollination, multiple-species interactions, mutualism exploitation, nectar theft.
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Lehtilä, Kari, and Kristina Holmén Bränn. "Correlated effects of selection for flower size in Raphanus raphanistrum." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-007.
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The evolution of flower size may be constrained by trade-offs between flower size and other plant traits. The aim of this study was to determine how selection on flower size affects both reproductive and vegetative traits. Raphanus raphanistrum L. was used as the study species. Artificial selection for small and large petal size was carried out for two generations. We measured the realized heritability of flower size and recorded flower production, time to flowering, plant size, and seed production in the two selection lines. The realized heritability was h2 = 0.49. Our study, therefore, showed that R. raphanistrum has potential for rapid evolutionary change of floral size. The lines with large flowers produced smaller seeds and started to flower later than the lines with small flowers. There was no trade-off between flower size and flower number, but the lines selected for large flower size had more flowers and a larger plant size than lines selected for small flowers. Estimates of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis of pedigrees also showed that flower size had a positive genetic correlation with start of flowering and plant height.
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Rolaniya, Manoj Kumar, S. K. Khandelwal, A. Choudhary, and Priynka Kumari Jat. "Response of african marigold to NPK , biofertilizers and spacings." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1236.
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A field experiment on African marigold (TagetserectaL.) was conducted during winter season of 2014-15 to study the effect of NPK, biofertilizers and plant spacings on growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn). The treatment combinations F6 100 % RDF of NPK + Azotobacter + PSB recorded the maximum longevity of intact flower (27.93), average diameter of flower (7.37 cm), average weight of flower (8.96 g) number of flowers per plant (56.54), yield of flowers per plant (515.62 g), per plot (11.93 kg) and highest flower yield ha (184.13 q). The spacing D3 (60× 60 cm) registered significant (5 %) maximum longevity of intact flower, larger size flower (7.80 cm), average weight of flower (9.14 g) and highest flower yield per plant (456.22 g). Highest flower yield per plot (10.19 kg), number of flower per plant (52.22) and per hectare flower yield (157.29 q/ha) with 60× 45 cm. These results are conclusive that application of 100 % RDF of NPK + Azotobacter+ PSB and plant spacing (60× 45 cm) may positively increase the growth and flowers yield parameters of marigold.
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HANDAYANI, TRI. "Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 1624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180441.
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Handayani T. 2017. Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biodiversitas 18: 1624-1631. Nepenthes mirabilis Druce is a commercial ornamental pitcher plant belonging to the Nepenthaceae. This species is often used as a parent plant in artificial crossbreeding. The plant is also used in traditional medicine, rope-making, handicraft, and bouquets. Flower development and pollen maturity are important factors in pitcher plant crossbreeding. However, information about its flowering is still lacking. This study aimed to record the flower morphology, flower development, and faunal visitors to male inflorescences of N. mirabilis planted in Bogor Botanic Gardens, West Java, Indonesia. Twelve racemes of flowers were taken as a sample for observing the process of inflorescence development, while ten flowers on each raceme were observed for investigating the flowering pattern of individual flowers. The morphology of flowers, the process of inflorescence development, the flowering pattern for individual flowers, the number of open flowers, the longevity of anthesis, and the appearance of insect (and/or other faunal) visitors to flowers were observed and recorded, using naked eyes, a hand lens, and a camera. Six phases of inflorescence development were identified: inflorescence bud phase, raceme phase, the opening of the raceme-protecting sheath phase, inflorescence-stalk and flowerstalk growth phase, open flower phase and pollen maturity phase. Four phases of flower development were observed: growth of flower bud, the opening of tepals, pollen maturation, and flower senescence. The pattern of anthesis within an inflorescence was acropetal. The number of flowers per raceme was 56 to 163. The peak duration of anthesis of a flower was 11 days (30.7% of flowers). The length of the raceme-stalks was 17-31 cm. The length of the racemes was 23-38 cm. The most common visitors to the flowers were stingless bees, Trigona apicalis.
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J.Vijay and A. V. D. Dorajeerao. "Effect of Rooting Media on Flowering and Yield of Bidhan Marigold Varieties under Shade Net House Condition." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 11 (November 15, 2024): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i115137.
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An experiment was carried out in factorial concept with two factors i.e., varieties at two levels and rooting media at eight levels thus making 16 combinations which were replicated twice. The effect of varieties, rooting media and their interactions were found to be significant with regard to days taken for first flower bud initiation, days taken for full flower opening, in situ longevity, days taken for 50% flowering, days taken for 100% flowering, duration of flowering, flower diameter, weight of 10 flowers, shelf life of flowers, number of flowers/plant and flower yield/plant under shade net house condition. The variety Bidhan Marigold 1 recorded the earliest flower bud initiation (41.25 days), earliest days for full flower opening (7.50 days), lowest number days for 50 per cent flowering (48.90 days), earliest days for 100 per cent flowering (73.0 days), maximum duration of flowering (29.37 days), greatest flower diameter (3.21 cm), highest average weight of 10 - flowers (7.18 g), highest shelf life of flowers (9.5 days), maximum number of flowers per plant (88.83) and highest flower yield per plant (437.75).Whereas, the variety Bidhan Marigold 2 recorded the maximum days for in situ longevity (19.16 days) under shade net house condition.
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Kurniawati, A., M. N. R. Naimah, and Krisantini. "Dynamics of flower production and flower oil components from two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata) in dry season." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1359, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1359/1/012082.
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Abstract Cananga flowers are a type of flower that produces economically important essential oils. Flower production and the chemical components of flower oil are influenced by the type of Cananga, flower harvest criteria, and growing environmental conditions. This research aims to analysis the production patterns of Cananga flowers and the components of their essential oils at the several harvest criteria in the dry season. The research consisted of two factors, namely Cananga accession and flower harvest criteria. The types of Cananga used were Cipanas and Kediri accessions, while the flower harvest criteria consisted of initial flowering, 25% full flowering, 50% full flowering, 75% full flowering and end flowering. The parameters observed were the number of flowers, flower production per plant and the essential oil profile of the flowers. The results showed that the Kediri accession had significantly higher production and number of flowers per plant than the Cipanas accession. Harvesting Cananga flowers at the 25% and 50% full bloom phases produces the highest production. There are 28 compounds of Cananga essential oil were detected with varying abundance. The most types of compounds found in the essential oil of the Kediri accession Cananga flowers are linalool, caryophyllene, β-Copaene, benzyl benzoate, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest number of compounds detected in Cipanas accession flower oil were linalool, caryophyllene, α-Bergamotene, β-Copaene, trans-farnesol and benzyl benzoate.
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Wang, Yan, Lili Li, Wenhua Ji, Shuang Liu, Jiali Fan, Heng Lu, and Xiao Wang. "Metabolomics Analysis of Different Tissues of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Based on Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry." Metabolites 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020186.
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Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJT) has been widely used as medicines or food additives in Asian countries for thousands of years. The flower buds are often medicinally used, and the other tissues are ignored. However, flowers, leaves and stems have also been reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the current study, un-targeted metabolomics analysis was performed to investigate the metabolic difference among different tissues (flowers, flower buds, stems and leaves) of LJT based on liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. A total of 171 metabolites were identified, including 28 flavonoids, 35 phenolic acids, 43 iridoids, 9 amino acids, 6 nucleotides, 16 fatty acids, 22 lipids and 12 others. Four new secondary metabolites were discovered. Some flavonoids and iridoids were not detected in leaves and stems. Principal component analysis showed significant differences among four different tissues. Some 27, 81, 113 differential metabolites were found between flowers/flower buds, leaves/flower buds, stems/flower buds, respectively. Primary metabolites showed a higher content in the flowers and flower buds. For the flavonoids, flavones were mainly accumulated in the leaves, flavonols were mainly accumulated in the flower buds, and acylated flavonol glucosides were mainly accumulated in the flowers. Most phenolic acids showed a higher content in the flowers or flower buds, while phenolic acid-glucosides showed significantly higher content in the flower buds. The most abundant iridoids in the LJT also showed a higher content in the flowers and flower buds. These results can provide new insights into the understanding of the metabolites changes in different tissues, and lay a theoretical foundation for the comprehensive utilization of LJT.
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PANWAR, SAPNA, KANWAR PAL SINGH, and NAMITA NAMITA. "Assessment of variability, heritable components and grouping of Indian rose." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 82, no. 10 (October 5, 2012): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v82i10.24180.
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Thirty-two genotypes of rose were evaluated for various vegetative and floral traits to ascertain genetic parameters such as variability, heritability, genetic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficient of variation and genetic advance. Further, these genotypes were grouped into five categories, i e plant growth type, flower type, flower diameter, number of colours on inner side of petal and flower colour group on basis of DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) guidelines. Analysis of variance for all traits showed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the vegetative and floral traits studied. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for all traits was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). High estimates of PCV and GCV were observed for weight per flower, number of petals per flower, number of flowers per plant and prickle density. Moreover, high heritability (>80%) were noticed for plant height, internodal length, neck length, flower diameter, weight per flower, number of petals per flower and number of flowers per plant. High genetic advance was observed for weight per flower followed by number of petals per flower and number of flowers per plant. High coefficient of variation both at the genotypic and phenotypic level along with high heritability and genetic advance was observed for weight per flower, number of petals per flower and number of flowers per plant. The diverse genotypes with peculiar characteristics, identified in the present study may be used as parents in the crop improvement programme for evolving elite genotypes.
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M, Visalakshi, Jawaharlal M, and Thirupathi V. "Freeze Drying on Physiological Characteristics and Sensory Quality of Flowers." Madras Agricultural Journal 102, March (2015): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.001072.
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Drying technique of many ornamental flowers by freeze drying retains the quality and longevity of flowers. In this experiment freeze drying effect on different flowers (rose, carnation, jasmine, orchid and chrysanthemum) for flower colour, flower physiology, tissue integrity and moisture content with dry flower shape were studied. Flowers which recorded optimum moisture loss provided rigidity and uniform cell contraction with shape retention while higher moisture loss resulted in shriveled flowers. Light colour flowers retained colour value compared to dark flowers. The carnation (pink) and jasmine flowers recorded optimum percentage of moisture loss due to freeze drying, which did not affect the pigment concentration and retained the colour and shape. These flowers scored better for quality parameters and found suitable for freeze drying in dry flower industry.
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Osada, Noriyuki, and Shinji Sugiura. "Effects of pollinators and flower bud herbivores on reproductive success of two ericaceous woody species differing in flowering season." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 1 (January 2006): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-163.
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To investigate the relative importance of pollinators and flower bud herbivores on final fruit set, the ratios of flower to flower bud (flower/bud), fruit to flower (fruit/flower), and fruit to flower bud (fruit/bud) were examined for the two bumble-bee-pollinated ericaceous species that have different flowering seasons: Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don produces flower buds in autumn and blooms in early spring, whereas Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude produces flower buds and blooms in late spring. Floral longevity was longer in P. japonica than in L. ovalifolia, and bagged flowers had an even longer floral longevity. The fruit/flower ratio was similar between the cross-pollinated and control flowers in P. japonica, but was smaller in control flowers than in cross-pollinated flowers in L. ovalifolia. Despite unpredictable pollinator activity in early spring, long flowering duration and no competition for pollinators facilitated reproductive success of P. japonica. In contrast, short flowering duration and severe competition for pollinators limited the reproductive success of L. ovalifolia. Flower bud herbivory was more severe in P. japonica than in L. ovalifolia. In both species, predispersal seed herbivores were negligible. Consequently, the fruit/bud ratio was mainly affected by the flower/bud ratio in P. japonica and by the fruit/flower ratio in L. ovalifolia. Our results suggest that despite intense herbivory of flower buds, early spring flowering of P. japonica facilitates pollination because of less competition for pollinators in comparison to L. ovalifolia. Thus, the relative importance of pollinators and herbivores on fruit set differs between the two studied species that differ in flowering periods.
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Altun, Bahadır. "Possibilities of using organic wastes as a growing medium in soilless culture for cut flower rose." BioResources 19, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.582-594.
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The possibilities of using organic wastes, such as hazelnut shells (HS), walnut shells (WS), hazelnut skins (HzS), and spent mushroom compost (SMC), as growth medium in cut flower rose cultivation in soilless substrate culture were investigated. The parameters, such as the date of cutting the flower (day), flower stem length (cm), flower stem diameter (mm), flower length (cm), flower diameter (cm), flower color, color of the top and bottom of the leaf, and yield (piece), were examined. In addition, samples taken from the growth medium at the beginning and ending stages of the experiment were analyzed. The first flowers were cut from the HzS +P medium 38 days after planting. The highest yield value (20.6 flower/plant) was obtained from SMC medium. The longest flowers (63.89 ± 0.947 cm) and the thickest stem flowers (5.86 ± 0.136 mm) were cut from the control medium. It was determined that the media also affected the flower and leaf colors. According to the results obtained, SMC and HzS+perlite mediums can be recommended as an alternative to cocopeat in the production of cut roses in soilless substrate culture.
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Al-Hamda, H. M., E. Swasti, and B. Satria. "Study of Flowering Phenology of West Sumatera Local Jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012011.
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Abstract The flower of the jamblang plant (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) is a type of compound flower. The jamblang flowers have a panicle like shape with branches that are far apart. The phenology study has practical importance for planning the plant breeding program, including if there will be the development of superior jamblang varieties. The purpose of this study was to determine the development and biological characteristics of jamblang flowers. The observation was conducted on the duration of the flower initiation phase, the small bud phase, the large bud phase, and the complete blooming phase (anthesis), and also flower biological characteristics. This research was carried out in Padang City from February to May 2022 using a survey method with purposive sampling. There are three of plant genotypes that were used as object in this study. The development of jamblang flowers in each phase has a different time for each flower genotype. The characteristics of flowers have similarities in each of their genotypes. Jamblang plant is classified as plants that have a complete flower structure and a perfect flower because it has two penitals on one flower.
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Wu, Mengdi, Peidong Zhang, Yuke Sun, Wenqian Shang, Liyun Shi, Shuiyan Yu, Songlin He, Yinglong Song, and Zheng Wang. "Melatonin Treatment Delays the Senescence of Cut Flowers of “Diguan” Tree Peony by Affecting Water Balance and Physiological Properties." Horticulturae 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2025): 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020181.
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Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), which is a traditional flower cultivated in China, is rapidly becoming an important species in the cut flower industry. Thus, extending the vase life of tree peony cut flowers is a major goal in the cut flower industry. Melatonin, which is a new type of antioxidant, plays an important regulatory role in the preservation of cut flowers. Therefore, this study employed the cut flower of tree peony “Diguan” as the test material to investigate the preservative effects of the antioxidant melatonin on the cut flower of tree peony “Diguan”. We examined tree peony cut flowers in terms of their morphology, lifespan, relative fresh weight, relative diameter, and water balance value after treatments with different melatonin concentrations (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg·L−1) to select the optimal treatment concentration. Considered together, these analyses clarified the effects of melatonin on the preservation of “Diguan” tree peony cut flowers. Specifically, the exogenous application of melatonin positively affected the preservation of tree peony cut flowers by improving the water balance value and increasing the soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby prolonging the ornamental period of tree peony cut flowers. The fresh weight of flower branches is significantly positively correlated with soluble protein, and cut flower lifespan increases with the values of soluble protein and the fresh weight of flower branches, with a large correlation coefficient. It can be used as an important indicator to measure cut flower lifespan in subsequent research. The 0.4 mg L−1 melatonin treatment was optimal for preserving tree peony cut flowers because of its positive effects on the duration of the ornamental period and ornamental quality.
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Yuniarti, Yuyun, and Trisa Nur Kania. "ANALISIS STRATEGI PEMASARAN BOUQUET BUNGA PADA QUINN ISLAND FLORIST KECAMATAN PARONGPONG KABUPATEN BANDUNG BARAT." Business Preneur: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 542–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/bp.v6i1.10017.
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The city of Bandung, a part of the city in West Java, has various economic potentials. One of the well-known potentials in West Java, especially Bandung and its surroundings, is Flowers. The city of flowers, with its nickname from the past until now, apparently has various flower management activities, from planting flowers, caring for flowers to selling flowers. West Bandung Regency, which is located north of the city of Bandung, has a wide area of flower planting, starting from the Sergeant Bajuri area, Cihideng to the Parongpong area. In managing flowers, it turns out that business actors not only grow live flowers but also process dried flowers into dry bouquets (flower arrangements) to make them beautiful and preferred by millennial consumers.Marketing strategies used include social media and introducing Bungan bouquets to the younger generation by targeting certain events such as graduations, birthdays, etc. The activity of making flower bouquets (florists) is carried out by flower craftsmen by trying to combine dried flowers with other components such as ribbons, paper, ropes, etc. Make the flower display more attractive and durable. Flourist business activities also have an impact on the economy of the surrounding community by relying on existing strengths. This research uses descriptive qualitative analysis methods and uses SWOT analysis. The results of the study show that the dried flower arrangement business activities have an impact on various activities such as increasing the economy/income of the population, the company's strengths and weaknesses and motivating the younger generation to live more creatively and innovatively, especially in the field of flower business supported by a marketing strategy
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Scott, Jason B., David H. Gent, Frank S. Hay, and Sarah J. Pethybridge. "Estimation of Pyrethrum Flower Number Using Digital Imagery." HortTechnology 25, no. 5 (October 2015): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.5.617.
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Flower number is the primary determinant of yield in pyrethrum (Tanacetum cineariifolium). Traditional estimates of flower numbers use physical harvesting of flowers, which is time consuming, destructive, and complicated. The precision of flower number estimates may be highly influenced by spatial heterogeneity of plant density and vigor. Here, we examined the potential for digital image analysis to enable rapid, nondestructive assessment of flower number. This technique involved removal of pixels with color profiles not typical of the disc florets of pyrethrum. Particle counting was then performed using defined size and shape parameters to estimate flower numbers. Estimates of flower number based on image analyses were correlated with physical harvests of flowers, with estimates representing about an average of 32% of total flower numbers present within a sampling unit. This relationship was consistent across all observed flower densities. Covariate analysis indicated that occurrences of crop lodging and over mature flower canopies had significant, detrimental effects on system predictions. Pyrethrum flowers were spatially aggregated within fields with the degree of aggregation greatest at the lowest flower densities. Based on modeled flower distributions, eight quadrats (0.49-m2 sampling unit) were sufficient to achieve a cv of 0.1 in a 600-m2 plot area in all but the lowest flower densities. The utility of this approach for biomass assessment in pyrethrum and other Compositae is discussed.
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Luo, Yan, Bang-Zhen Pan, Lu Li, Chen-Xuan Yang, and Zeng-Fu Xu. "Developmental basis for flower sex determination and effects of cytokinin on sex determination in Plukenetia volubilis (Euphorbiaceae)." Plant Reproduction 33, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-019-00382-9.
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Key message Cytokinin might be an important factor to regulate floral sex at the very early stage of flower development in sacha inchi. Abstract Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae) is characterized by having female and male flowers in a thyrse with particular differences. The mechanisms involved in the development of unisexual flowers are very poorly understood. In this study, the inflorescence and flower development of P. volubilis were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We also investigated the effects of cytokinin on flower sex determination by exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine (BA) in P. volubilis. The floral development of P. volubilis was divided into eight stages, and the first morphological divergence between the male and female flowers was found to occur at stage 3. Both female and male flowers can be structurally distinguished by differences in the shape and size of the flower apex after sepal primordia initiation. There are no traces of gynoecia in male flowers or of androecia in female flowers. Exogenous application of BA effectively induced gynoecium primordia initiation and female flower development, especially at the early flower developmental stages. We propose that flower sex is determined earlier and probably occurs before flower initiation, either prior to or at inflorescence development due to the difference in the position of the female and male primordia in the inflorescence and in the time of the female and male primordia being initiated. The influence of cytokinin on female primordia during flower development in P. volubilis strongly suggests a feminization role for cytokinin in sex determination. These results indicate that cytokinin could modify the fate of the apical meristem of male flower and promote the formation of carpel primordia in P. volubilis.
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Hůla, Martin, and Jaroslav Flegr. "What flowers do we like? The influence of shape and color on the rating of flower beauty." PeerJ 4 (June 7, 2016): e2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2106.
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There is no doubt that people find flowers beautiful. Surprisingly, we know very little about the actual properties which make flowers so appealing to humans. Although the evolutionary aesthetics provides some theories concerning generally preferred flower traits, empirical evidence is largely missing. In this study, we used an online survey in which residents of the Czech Republic (n= 2006) rated the perceived beauty of 52 flower stimuli of diverse shapes and colors. Colored flowers were preferred over their uncolored versions. When controlling for flower shape, we found an unequal preference for different flower colors, blue being the most and yellow the least preferred. In the overall assessment of beauty, shape was more important than color. Prototypical flowers, i.e., radially symmetrical flowers with low complexity, were rated as the most beautiful. We also found a positive effect of sharp flower contours and blue color on the overall rating of flower beauty. The results may serve as a basis for further studies in some areas of the people-plant interaction research.
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Lubell, Jessica D., and Mark H. Brand. "Flower Color, Color Stability, and Flower Longevity in Red-flowered Elepidote Rhododendrons." HortTechnology 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03792-17.
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Red-flowered elepidote rhododendrons (Rhododendron sp.) are favored by consumers, but cold-hardy red-flowered rhododendrons frequently have blue-red flower hue rather than the preferred red flower hue. Flower longevity, color, and color stability over 14 days were studied for the following eight elepidote rhododendron cultivars possessing red flowers: Besse Howells, Burma, Cary’s Red, Firestorm, Francesca, Henry’s Red, Low Red Frilled, and Nova Zembla. The eight cultivars were separated by flower hue into two distinct groups of four cultivars each. Rhododendron cultivars Burma, Firestorm, Francesca, and Henry’s Red produced flowers with red hue and Besse Howells, Cary’s Red, Low Red Frilled, and Nova Zembla produced flowers with blue-red hue. Flower longevity among rhododendron cultivars varied with Francesca blooms lasting the longest at over 14 days, and Besse Howells and Firestorm blooms lasting the shortest at ≈10 days. As flowers aged, hue angle decreased (became bluer), lightness increased, and chroma decreased or remained unchanged. The degree of change in flower color over time differed among cultivars, with ‘Francesca’ demonstrating the least change (ΔE00 ≈ 3) and ‘Besse Howells’ the most change (ΔE00 ≈ 11).
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Carter, Johnny, Bharat P. Singh, and Young W. Park. "348 Mineral Nutrient Composition of Edible Parts of the Daylily Plant." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 503C—503. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.503c.
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In the United States, the common daylily is cultivated as an ornamental. However, in other countries, such as China and Japan, it is an important food crop. With this in mind, a study was conducted to determine the mineral nutrient content of edible parts (flower buds, flowers and tubers) of the daylily plant. Edible parts were analyzed for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, B, Cu, Al, and Na. Results of this study showed that flower buds had significantly higher level of P and Mg than tubers and flowers. The K and B concentration in flower buds were similar to flowers, but significantly greater than in the tubers. The respective Zn concentrations in flowers and flower buds were 32% and 23% greater than those in the tubers. There was no difference in the Mn concentration among the edible parts. Tuber contained significantly higher contents of Ca and Cu than the flowers and flower buds. It also had 10.6-, 14.3-, and 2.8-times greater concentration of Mn, Al, and Na, respectively, than the combined average flower buds and flowers. From this study, daylily appears to have potential as a nutritious food source for human consumption.
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Caruso, Christina M. "Sexual dimorphism in floral traits of gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae) is consistent across populations." Botany 90, no. 12 (December 2012): 1245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-094.
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In angiosperms, the evolution of gender dimorphism is often correlated with the evolution of sexual dimorphism in floral traits. The magnitude of sexual dimorphism will reflect both sex-specific selection and constraints on evolution in response to this selection. If the evolution of sexual dimorphism is constrained by genetic correlations, then trait means are predicted to evolve more quickly than the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in the same traits. To test whether mean floral traits evolve more quickly than sexual dimorphism in these traits, I measured flower size and flower number of gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica L. from 10–14 populations across the species’ range. Females produced more flowers than hermaphrodites, but neither mean flower number nor the magnitude of dimorphism in flower number varied among populations. Pistillate flowers were smaller than perfect flowers, and mean flower size varied among populations. However, the magnitude of dimorphism in flower size did not vary. My results suggest that the evolution of sexual dimorphism in flower size, but not necessarily flower number, could be constrained by within- or between-sex genetic correlations in L. siphilitica.
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Ikram, Sufian, Waqar Shafqat, Sami Ur Rehman, Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi, Safeer ud Din, Salman Ikram, Muhammad Nafees, and Muhammad Jafar Jaskani. "Floral Characterization of Pomegranate Genotypes to Improve Hybridization Efficiency." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010165.
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Pomegranate (Punica granatum) has staminate (male), androgynous (hermaphrodite), and intermediate flower types. Floral characterization is difficult for breeding efficiency across many pomegranate genotypes in Pakistan, which is essential for pomegranate cultivar enhancements. The present research focused on the floral characterization and breeding efficiency of fifteen pomegranate genotypes. Flower sex ratio, floral morphological parameters, i.e., flower length, ovary width, flower notch, flower tip and stigma with style length, and fruit set percentage were examined during the experiment. In terms of sex ratio, male flowers were found to be higher among all genotypes. Due to clear differences in flower length, width, and heterostyly facilitating visual identification of the hermaphrodite flowers, genotype Ternab-2, Kandhari White, and Kandhari Red had higher fruit set (≥70%) among all cross combinations attempted. Genotype Sava had higher flower length and heterostyly of hermaphrodite flower type, but ovary width was not very distinct, leading to average crossing success (85–34%). In conclusion, single or combination of morphological characters can be used for accurate identification of hermaphrodite flowers, which can improve hybrid efficiency and fruit set after artificial cross-pollination.
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Marques, Isabel, and David Draper. "Pollination activity affects selection on floral longevity in the autumnal-flowering plant, Narcissus serotinus L." Botany 90, no. 4 (April 2012): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-110.
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Flower longevity, the period of time that a flower remains open, is a crucial factor in plant reproductive fitness. Though longevity varies substantially among angiosperm species, longer flower longevities may be a selective advantage under unpredictable or scarce pollination activity. This study examined this hypothesis in Narcissus serotinus L. (Amaryllidaceae), a small Mediterranean geophyte that blooms during the autumnal rainy season. Field experiments performed in three natural populations through 3 consecutive years shows that N. serotinus has the ability to expand flower longevity when pollination has not occurred. Flowers that were open longer to pollination have higher reproductive fitness than younger flowers. As N. serotinus flowers age, there was a shift in pollination patterns since flower visits by butterflies became scarcer and are replaced by one small pollen beetle. Given that there was evidence of pollen limitation and that this species produces one single flower, we suggest that extended flower longevity is selected because it assures pollination success under scarce insect visits.
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Lindow, Steven E., and Trevor V. Suslow. "Temporal Dynamics of the Biocontrol Agent Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain A506 in Flowers in Inoculated Pear Trees." Phytopathology® 93, no. 6 (June 2003): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.6.727.
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The colonization of individual flowers in mature pear orchards by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 applied at different times during bloom was measured to determine the receptivity of flowers to colonization and the extent of intra-tree movement over time. Strain A506 populations in flowers open at inoculation were initially about 104 cells per flower and increased to approximately 106 cells per flower in flowers that were inoculated within about 5 days of opening. However, eventual populations decreased with further increases in flower age at inoculation to as few as about 103 cells per flower when inoculated flowers were more than 10 days old. Populations of strain A506 on flowers that opened after inoculation was initially very low at the time of petal expansion (<100 cells per flower) but increased rapidly with time after flower opening. The maximum population of strain A506 that developed on such flowers decreased with increasing time between inoculation and petal expansion; 104 to 105 cells of strain A506 eventually colonized flowers that opened within 7 days of inoculation, whereas fewer than 100 cells colonized flowers that opened 24 days or more after inoculation. Large total bacterial populations on A506-treated trees were associated with significant reductions in populations of Erwinia amylovora and reduced incidence of fire blight and severity of fruit russet.
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Yue, Chengyan, and Bridget K. Behe. "Consumer Color Preferences for Single-stem Cut Flowers on Calendar Holidays and Noncalendar Occasions." HortScience 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.1.78.
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Flower color is a dominant attribute of fresh flowers, likely playing a key role in purchase preference. Several prior studies showed flower color preference differed by gender, but other information on color preferences is sparse. Data for this study were collected by the Ipsos-National Panel Diary Group for the American Floral Endowment, which maintained an extensive panel of consumer transactions from 1992 to 2005, including floral purchases. Multinomial logit analysis of single-stem cut flower purchases showed that men and women differed in their cut flower color preferences but that flower color preference also varied with demographic characteristics and by occasion. We grouped colors into six categories: BluePurple, RedBronze, PeachPink, White, Yellow, and Other. The highest percentage of flowers purchased were RedBronze (34%), whereas the lowest percentage of flowers were Yellow (10.01%) with Other flower colors accounting for less than 5% of purchases. Although women used a more diverse color palette, both men and women were more likely to buy RedBronze flowers for an anniversary and buy PeachPink flowers for Mother's Day. Between 1992 and 2005, women were less likely to purchase PeachPink flowers and men were less likely to purchase RedBronze over time. Overall demand for BluePurple and Yellow flower colors increased over time, whereas the demand for other color categories decreased over time.
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Neumaier, Evamaria E., Thomas M. Blessington, and James A. Price. "Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Flowering and Quality of Double Persian Violet." HortScience 22, no. 5 (October 1987): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.5.908.
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Abstract Three experiments were conducted with double-flowering Persian violet (Exacum affine Balf.) to evaluate the effet of gibberellic acid (GA) applied at different flower bud sizes, developmental stages (ages) of the plant, and application frequencies. In Expt. 1, the greatest number of flowers was produced in plants with 8-mm bud size, with the largest flower diameter obtained with 4-mm bud size. Treatment with GA increased the number of flowers. Flower diameter was greatest with a GA concentration of 125 ppm. Plant quality of GA-treated plants was best when sprayed at 8-mm bud size with a concentration of 125 ppm. In Expt. 2, plants treated at 12 weeks after transplanting had the most flowers. Flower diameter decreased for all treated plants and all age groups in comparison with non treated plants. GA at 125 ppm produced the largest increase in number of flowers and maintained a large flower diameter. Plants treated 8 weeks after transplanting with 125 ppm GA had the most desirable plant size and flowering characteristics. In Expt. 3, a single application of 125 ppm GA was the most effective in contrast to multiple applications for flower induction, number of flowers, and flower diameter.
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Essenberg, Carla J., Paige E. Guevarra, Hadley M. Moreau, Cody J. Jordan, and Talia Zisman. "A benefit to providing information? Flower size cues, plant attractiveness, and plant visit length." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 1168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz065.
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Abstract In many plant species, flower size is correlated with the production of floral rewards such as nectar and pollen and, therefore, provides information to pollinators about flower quality. However, how relationships between flower size and rewards influence plant fitness is not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether indicating to pollinators which flowers are unrewarding harms or benefits plants. We used a laboratory system with artificial flowers to examine bumblebees’ (Bombus impatiens) responses to plants that had flower size as an informative cue (with large flowers rewarding and small flowers unrewarding) as compared with “deceptive” plants that had a mixture of rewarding and unrewarding large flowers and plants with only large, rewarding flowers. Bees had previously foraged in a context in which only large flowers provided rewards. Small flowers were visited less often than large flowers. In comparing plants with different numbers of flowers, we found that small flowers, although they added less to a plant’s attractiveness than large flowers, did increase a plant’s attractiveness if present in sufficient number. Furthermore, plants with informative cues received substantially fewer flower visits per plant visit in comparison with deceptive plants, even when the plants with informative cues had a larger number of flowers. Cues identifying unrewarding flowers could, therefore, reduce rates of within-plant pollen movement, increasing the plant’s fitness gains per flower visit. Their contribution to whole-plant attractiveness and avoidance of inbreeding could help explain why many plants produce small, relatively unrewarding flowers even though pollinators avoid visiting them.
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Rombach, Meike, David L. Dean, Nicole J. Olynk Widmar, and Vera Bitsch. "“Oh, You Shouldn’t Have!” Understanding Key Factors Impacting Cut Flowers Gifting Preferences in Germany." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100368.
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Cut flower gifting preferences are relatively unexplored in Germany. This study proposes a model that investigates the impact of attitudinal, experiential, and socio-demographic factors on the cut flower gifting preferences of German consumers. For this purpose, an online survey with a representative sample of 978 German residents was conducted. Partial least squares structural equation modelling shows that active and passive engagement with plants and nature positively impact cut flower giving preferences through cut flower knowledge, cut flower fondness, and perceived versatility of cut flowers. For German women and men, the largest driver of cut flower giving preferences is the versatility of cut flowers. For women, cut flower fondness is the second largest driver of cut flower gifting preferences, whereas for men subjective knowledge was the second largest driver. Other socio-demographic factors (age, income, education) were not found to impact cut flower giving preferences.
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Blumthal, Meredith R., L. Art Spomer, Daniel F. Warnock, and Raymond A. Cloyd. "Flower Color Preferences of Western Flower Thrips." HortTechnology 15, no. 4 (January 2005): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.4.0846.
Full textAbstract:
Flower color preference of western flower thrips [WFT (Frankliniella occidentalis) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] was assessed by observing insect location after introduction into chambers containing four different colored flowers of each of three plant species: transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii), matsumoto aster (Callistephus chinensis), and chrysanthemum (Dendranthema ×grandiflorum). Preference was based on the number of WFT adults found on each flower 72 hours after infestation. Significantly higher numbers of WFT were found on yellow transvaal daisy and yellow chrysanthemum. When these accessions were compared in a subsequent experiment, WFT displayed a significant greater preference for the yellow transvaal daisy. Visible and near infrared reflectance spectra of the flowers used in the study were measured to determine the presence of distinct spectral features that would account for the relative attractiveness of the flowers. Likewise, the reflectance spectra of three commercially available sticky cards (blue, yellow, and yellow with a grid pattern) that are used to trap or sample for WFT were compared to those of the flowers to determine any shared spectral features that would support observed WFT flower color preference. The observed similarity between the yellow transvaal daisy and yellow sticky card reflectance spectra supports the hypothesis that flower color contributes to attractiveness of WFT. In particular, the wavelengths corresponding to green-yellow (500 to 600 nm) seem to be responsible for attracting WFT. These findings also indicate that yellow sticky cards may be more appropriate in sampling for WFT than blue sticky cards. Although further research is needed, under the conditions of this study, yellow transvaal daisy appears to be a potentially useful trap crop for WFT.
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Chitra, V., P. Revathi, Md Latheef Pasha, T. Srijaya, and M. Yakadri. "Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Levels on Yield Attributes and Yield of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) during Rabi." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (August 26, 2023): 1344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102786.
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A field experiment was carried out at College farm, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana during rabi season 2022 to study the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation levels on yield attributes and yield of marigold. The results revealed that the drip irrigation scheduled at 1.2 Epan recorded significantly higher number of flowers per plant (55.3), flower diameter (5.8 cm), flower fresh weight per plant (557.2 g), flower dry weight per plant (101.9 g) and flower yield (12.11 t ha-1) than 1.0 Epan and 0.8 Epan. Whereas among the fertigation levels, 125% recommended dose of NK recorded significantly higher number of flowers per plant (53.7), flower diameter (5.6 cm), flower fresh weight per plant (538.4 g), flower dry weight per plant (92.8 g) and flower yield (11.48 t ha-1) than 100%RDF and 125%RDF.
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Trần, Thắng Thanh, Triều Phương Hoàng, and Hương Thanh Trần. "Study on the vase life of Chyrsanthemum indicum cultivar Sakura cutting flower." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i1.829.
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Chrysanthemum indicum cultivar Sakura is one of the daisy cultivars. It is beautiful, but the vase life of cutting flowers is very short. The decrease in flower quality during storage and transportation is a big problem in the flower export. In this study, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes during the vase life of cutting flowers were analyzed. The effects of plant growth regulators and sucrose at different concentrations on the vase life of cut flowers were investigated. The vase life of Sakura cutting flowers includes two stages: (1) the growing and blooming of flower, (2) senescence of cutting flowers. During the growing and blooming, the color of disk flowers changed from green to yellow, and the ray flowers continued to expand the dimension leading to an increase in the diameter of the head flower. The senescence of cutting flowers was initiated by the reduction of chlorophyll content in the leaf, which was located at the base. Then, the ray flowers were discolored. In the senescence stage, the respiration rate and the content of the abscisic acid of head flower increased continuously. In contrast, the water absorption, the content of starch, total sugar, salicylic acid, auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin decreased strongly. The treatment of 10 g/L sucrose, 2 mg/L NAA, 5 mg/L BA, and 20 mg/L salicylic acid in 24 hours extended the vase life of Sakura cutting flowers and the diameter of the head flower.
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West, E. L., and T. M. Laverty. "Effect of floral symmetry on flower choice and foraging behaviour of bumble bees." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-246.
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Bumble bees are known to prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical flowers and bilateral over radial flower types. This study examined the basis of these preferences in three experiments with artificial flowers. The first experiment showed that flower-naive worker bees (Bombus impatiens) displayed no innate preference for symmetrical over asymmetrical or bilateral over radial flowers in choice tests. The second experiment tested whether bees showed a learning or memory bias for symmetrical over asymmetrical rewarding flowers when foraging on arrays of either bilateral or radial flower types. There was no evidence that bees learned or remembered symmetrical rewarding flowers better than asymmetrical rewarding flowers. The percentage of visits to rewarding flowers during test runs for bees foraging on arrays with bilateral flowers was consistently greater than on arrays with radial flowers. A third experiment examined the effect of nectar-guide symmetry on flower-handling and travel times. Bees were tested on homogeneous arrays with bilateral or radial flowers of either symmetrical or asymmetrical shapes and with symmetrical, asymmetrical, or no nectar guides. Guide symmetry had no effect on flower-handling or travel times. However, bees handled symmetrical flowers about 20% faster than asymmetrical flowers and bilateral flowers about 45% faster than radial flowers; travel times of bees on arrays with bilateral flowers were about 2.5 times faster than travel times of bees foraging on arrays of radial flowers.
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Wu, Zechao, Lijun Li, Qing Zhao, Xin Guo, and Jun Li. "Design and Research of a Harvesting Actuator for Camellia oleifera Flowers during the Budding Period." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101698.
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The collection of Camellia oleifera flowers is a key foundation of Camellia oleifera flower pollen extraction. Due to the current problems of low efficiency, high labor intensity and the high cost of manual collection of Camellia oleifera flowers, a harvesting actuator was designed. By analyzing the inherent characteristics of the Camellia oleifera flower and the harvesting method, a harvesting structure using a combination of friction roller twisting harvesting and pipeline pneumatic conveying was designed. The geometric model of the Camellia oleifera flower was established and the motion analysis of the flower was carried out, which indicated that the Camellia oleifera flower would tend to a stable state for easy picking after entering the actuator. Using Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems 2015 software (ADAMS, MSC. Software Corporation, Santa Ana, CA, USA) to simulate the process of Camellia oleifera flower picking, a mechanical analysis was performed in the contact plane to prove the theoretical feasibility of friction roller picking these flowers, and the main influencing factor was obtained as the speed of the friction roller. The test prototype for Camellia oleifera flower picking was built, and the picking experiment was implemented to study the effect of motor speed on the picking time of single Camellia oleifera flowers and the effect of the success rate of the flower picking. The test results show that when the motor speed is 400 r/min, the picking success rate is 96%, the picking time of a single flower is 1.2 s, and the speed of the machine collection of Camellia oleifera flowers is 2.3 times that of manual collection, which proves the realistic feasibility of this picking actuator. This paper provides an important reference and basis for the research and development of a flower harvesting actuator.
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Saswati, Saswati, Ngatirah Ngatirah, and Muhammad Prasanto Bimantio. "Karakteristik minuman serbuk berbasis bunga lokal dengan menggunakan metode foam mat drying." Teknologi Pangan : Media Informasi dan Komunikasi Ilmiah Teknologi Pertanian 15, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/tp.v15i1.4631.
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This research is about local flower-based powder drinks using the Foam mat drying method. This research aims to determine the effect of the type of flower used and the ratio of flowers to water on the characteristics of local flower-based powder drinks and to determine the type of flower and the ratio of flowers to water that produces the powder drink that the panelists like most. The experimental design used in this research was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 2 factors including the type of flower used which consisted of 3 levels, namely A1= 100% hibiscus flowers, A2= 100% chrysanthemum flowers, A3= chrysanthemums and hibiscus flowers ( 1:1), and the ratio factor for the concentration of flowers and water which consists of 3 levels, namely B1= 1 1 (250 gr of flowers: 250 ml of water), B2= 1 : 2 (250 gr of flowers: 500 ml of water), B3= 1 : 3 (250 gr flowers: 750 ml water). The analyzes carried out in this research were water content, ash content, antioxidant activity, solubility, dissolution time, flavonoids, total phenol, organolpetic tests, total color, yield. The type of flower used in this research had an effect on antioxidants, dissolution time, organoleptics (color, aroma), flavonoids and total phenols, but had no effect on water content, ash content, solubility, yield, total color. The ratio of flowers to water has an effect on antioxidants, dissolution time, organoleptics (color, aroma), flavonoids and total phenols, but has no effect on water content, ash content, solubility, yield, and total color. Based on the overall test level of preference for both powder and brew, the panelists liked the most in the A1B1 treatment which used hibiscus flowers with a flower to water ratio (1:1) with a preference level of 4.39 for the powder and 4.35 for the brew.
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Ganesh, T., and Priya Davidar. "Flowering phenology and flower predation of Cullenia exarillata (Bombacaceae) by arboreal vertebrates in Western Ghats, India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 3 (May 1997): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010622.
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ABSTRACTThe flowering phenology and flower predation of Cullenia exarillata, a canopy tree at Kakachi in the southern Western Ghats, India, was studied from 1991 to 1993 in relation to general phenological patterns at the community level. Flowering was monitored from 30 marked trees and flower predation estimated from fallen flowers in 40, 1 m2 nets placed under the trees. Flowering occurs in the dry season and coincides with the period of fruit scarcity in the forest. Flowering is synchronous in the population and each tree produces a mean of c. 8730 flowers per tree over a period of c. 47 d. Flowers produced little nectar but the edible fleshy sepals compensated for this. Six species of arboreal mammals and seven species of birds ate the flowers. These consumed 57% of the flower crop of which 37% were completely destroyed. Flower predators could be important in flower fertilization. The overabundance of the flower crop and the timing of flowering, may have evolved as a strategy to satiate predators and enable the flowers to be pollinated during the annual period of fruit scarcity in the forest. This in turn makes Cullenia exarillata a possible keystone species in this forest.
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Laverty, Terence M. "Costs to foraging bumble bees of switching plant species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-007.
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Many pollinators tend to move between flowers of the same species of plant even when flowers of other species are available. Reasons for this behaviour (known as flower constancy) are unclear. One possible explanation (proposed by Darwin) is that flower handling methods learned on one plant species interfere with previously learned handling methods of other plant species. Darwin's hypothesis was tested by measuring the constancy of bumble bees (Bombus fervidus) foraging in the field and looking for evidence of interference (increased handling times and flower handling errors) when bees switched among four species with relatively simple flowers (Prunella vulgaris, Trifolium pratense, T. hybridum, and Vicia cracca) and two species with more complex flowers (Aconitum napellus and Impatiens capensis). Bees foraging on simple flowers showed no tendency towards flower constancy, and switching between species did not increase handling times or handling errors. Foragers displayed strong constancy when visiting the species with more complex flowers and there was also some evidence of increased handling times and error frequencies following switches. However, the time costs of switching were small (about 1 s over the first flower visit after a switch) and are unlikely to account for flower constancy by bumble bees foraging under natural conditions.
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NeSmith, D. S., G. Hoogenboom, and D. W. Groff. "Staminate and Pistillate Flower Production of Summer Squash in Response to Planting Date." HortScience 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.4.256.
Full textAbstract:
Staminate and pistillate flower production in summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) fluctuates readily in response to the various crop production environments throughout the southeastern United States. `Dixie', `Senator `, `Lemondrop', `Meigs', and `Elite' squash were planted at various times over 2 years in Griffin, Ga., to determine the effect of planting date on staminate and pistillate flower counts for the first 2 weeks of flowering. Staminate and pistillate flower counts varied considerably depending on cultivar and time of planting, but no consistent pattern emerged. The production of staminate flowers was generally more variable than that of pistillate flowers. The distillate: staminate flower ratio was generally stable for `Senator' and `Elite', but not for the other cultivars, particularly `Dixie'. `Dixie' produced more distillate than staminate flowers 50% of the time, whereas `Senator' always produced more staminate flowers. Pistillate flower production for `Senator' and `Elite' was restricted during hot weather. These data indicate that staminate and pistillate flower counts of squash fluctuate under varying environmental conditions and that maintaining production over a range of planting dates will depend on careful cultivar selection.
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Veluru, Bhargav, Rajiv Kumar, T. U. Bharathi, M. V. Dhananjaya, and T. M. Rao. "Assessment of genetic diversity in China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v18i1.2138.
Full textAbstract:
China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] is a flowering annual mainly cultivated for loose flower and cut flower, bedding and pot culture. To assess the genetic diversity, 42 genotypes were evaluated for fourteen quantitative traits. The genotypes were found to be highly variable for the traits such as plant height, plant spread, flower stalk length, 100 flower weight, number of flowers per plant, weight of flowers per plant and flower yield per hectare. However, low variability was recorded for vase life and shelf life. The genotypes were broadly grouped into two clusters, which were further divided into cluster 1a, 1b and cluster 2a, 2b, respectively. All the genotypes in cluster 1a were vigorous and medium flowering, whereas, genotypes in cluster 1b were tall, erect, vigorous and late flowering. The cluster 2a comprises of the genotypes with short stature, small flower and early flowering, however, cluster 2b contains only two genotypes. In principal component analysis (PCA) PC1 was highly correlated to flower yield, weight of flowers/plant, flower stalk length and plant height and PC2 was highly positively correlated to shelf life and vase life and negatively correlated to 100 flower weight. The results suggested that the existing variation in China aster genotypes could be used for the development of trait-specific novel genotypes.
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Ramadhani, I. A. M. R., and A. Salamah. "Study of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Flower Development: Morphological Variations in an Urban Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012015.
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Abstract Cananga odorata is a native plant in the Indonesian archipelago. The flowers are often used to produce essential oils with many uses and a distinct fragrance. This study aims to observe each stage of the Cananga odorata flower development. The flowers were obtained from a home garden in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, from November 2020 until January 2021. Further observations of the stamen and pistil developments were conducted using Dino-Lite Edge Digital Microscope AM4115 Series. The results show that Cananga odorata flower development can be categorized into bud, display-petal, initial-flowering, full-flowering, end-flowering, and senescence stages. The flowers require 35 days to develop from bud stage to flower senescence. Stamens and pistils also develop primarily during the bud stages and mature after flower anthesis. Flower mutants were also found and may be caused by a mutation in the flower’s homeotic genes. Each different stages of flower development show a different morphological change in the flower perianth and reproductive organs. A discrepancy of flower morphology within each stage, especially those seen during the anthesis stages, might imply a variation in the flower’s internal factors.
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Li, Qiang, Lin Chai, Na Tong, Hongjun Yu, and Weijie Jiang. "Potential Carbohydrate Regulation Mechanism Underlying Starvation-Induced Abscission of Tomato Flower." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23041952.
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Tomato flower abscission is a critical agronomic problem directly affecting yield. It often occurs in greenhouses in winter, with the weak light or hazy weather leading to insufficient photosynthates. The importance of carbohydrate availability in flower retention has been illustrated, while relatively little is understood concerning the mechanism of carbohydrate regulation on flower abscission. In the present study, we analyzed the responding pattern of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC, including total soluble sugars and starch) and the potential sugar signal pathway involved in abscission regulation in tomato flowers under shading condition, and their correlations with flower abscission rate and abscission-related hormones. The results showed that, when plants suffer from short-term photosynthesis deficiency, starch degradation in flower organs acts as a self-protection mechanism, providing a carbon source for flower growth and temporarily alleviating the impact on flower development. Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) and sucrose non-fermenting-like kinase (SnRK1) signaling seems to be involved in adapting the metabolism to sugar starvation stress through regulating starch remobilization and crosstalk with IAA, ABA, and ethylene in flowers. However, a continuous limitation of assimilating supply imposed starch depletion in flowers, which caused flower abscission.
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Mackay, W. A., D. Sankhla, T. D. Davis, and N. Sankhla. "349 Studies on Postharvest Performance of Cut Racemes of Big Bend Bluebonnet." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 503D—503. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.503d.
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Racemes of Big Bend bluebonnet (Lupinus havardii Wats.), a winter annual native to far west Texas with attractive blue flowers, are currently being produced commercially as a specialty cut-flower crop. Our studies indicated that the key determinants of postharvest longevity and performance are flower abscission and flower senescence, both of which can be influenced by ethylene. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the role of some ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors (aminooxy acetic acid = AOA; cobalt = CO++; salicylic acid = SA) and an ethylene action inhibitor (silver thiosulfate = STS) on flower abscission and flower senescence of bluebonnet racemes. Depending on the concentration used (10 μM - 1 mM), AOA and CO++ exhibited variable effects on flower abscission, flower senescence and vaselife. SA (10-100 μM) slightly delayed senescence but did not affect abscission, while higher levels of SA (500 μM - 2 mM) slightly promoted abscission and also significantly enhanced the senescence of flowers on cut racemes. The effects of SA were found to be pH-dependent. However, STS nearly eliminated flower abscission and enhanced vaselife. The results also demonstrated that the abscission of bluebonnet flowers, in particular, is highly sensitive to ethylene.
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Lin, Xueyang. "On Wang Yi Sun Ci's inheritance and new Change of "Flower paradigm"." BCP Education & Psychology 6 (August 25, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v6i.1685.
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"Flower paradigm" has a great influence on the development of ci. Wang Yisun, a poetist in the late Song Dynasty, intended to break through the paradigm, but his standard "outside of flowers" was not free from the influence of "between flowers". Compared with Hua Jian, "Hua Wai" is a unique style inherited and newly changed in the relationship between lyric mode and ci meaning. The inheritance and innovation of Bishan ci are embodied in lyrical Angle, emotion, image structure and contrast between ci and meaning. To explore the relationship between Wang Yisun's ci poems and "flower-to-flower paradigm", we can get a glimpse of the origin of the formation of "flower-to-flower paradigm", and also provide a new perspective for us to review "flower-to-flower".
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Hulens, Dries, Wiebe Van Ranst, Ying Cao, and Toon Goedemé. "Autonomous Visual Navigation for a Flower Pollination Drone." Machines 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10050364.
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In this paper, we present the development of a visual navigation capability for a small drone enabling it to autonomously approach flowers. This is a very important step towards the development of a fully autonomous flower pollinating nanodrone. The drone we developed is totally autonomous and relies for its navigation on a small on-board color camera, complemented with one simple ToF distance sensor, to detect and approach the flower. The proposed solution uses a DJI Tello drone carrying a Maix Bit processing board capable of running all deep-learning-based image processing and navigation algorithms on-board. We developed a two-stage visual servoing algorithm that first uses a highly optimized object detection CNN to localize the flowers and fly towards it. The second phase, approaching the flower, is implemented by a direct visual steering CNN. This enables the drone to detect any flower in the neighborhood, steer the drone towards the flower and make the drone’s pollinating rod touch the flower. We trained all deep learning models based on an artificial dataset with a mix of images of real flowers, artificial (synthetic) flowers and virtually rendered flowers. Our experiments demonstrate that the approach is technically feasible. The drone is able to detect, approach and touch the flowers totally autonomously. Our 10 cm sized prototype is trained on sunflowers, but the methodology presented in this paper can be retrained for any flower type.
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Swathi, G., N. Nalini, Adi Shankar, T. L. Neelima, and K. Avil Kumar. "Evaluation of China Aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees) Cultivars for Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters under Southern Telangana Zone." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 5 (April 7, 2023): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i51790.
Full textAbstract:
China aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees) is a half hardy annual flowering plant and is grown for cut as well as for loose flowers. The cut flowers are used in flower arrangements, vases, bouquets, for interior decorations, etc. The loose flowers are widely used for making garlands, for decorations, for worship and are also used in social functions.
The present investigation was carried out during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 at farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Telangana to evaluate the china aster varieties under Southern Telangana zone with respect to growth, flower yield and quality characters. Data in this study revealed that, all characteristics varied significantly among the varieties. Maximum plant height, plant spread, number of primary and secondary branches and number of leaves were observed in the variety Phule Ganesh White and the least was recorded in the variety Arka Archana.
The variety Phule Ganesh White took less number of days for flower bud initiation (52.05), minimum number of days to 50% flower opening (61.63) while more number of days were recorded in the variety Kamini (56.32 and 68.53, respectively). Maximum stalk length was recorded in Phule Ganesh White (20.60 cm) and minimum was recorded in Arka Archana (9.80 cm). In addition, Flower diameter was more (7.00 cm) in both the varieties Phule Ganesh White and Local White, while minimum was detected in Phule Ganesh Pink (5.40cm). The variety Phule Ganesh White recorded more number of flowers per plant (48.7), more flower yield per plant (111.00 g plant-1) and maximum flower yield per hectare (4.64 tha-1). Whereas lowest number of flowers per plant (37.40), flower yield per plant (57.50 g plant-1), flower yield per hectare (2.08 t ha-1) was observed in Arka Archana. Maximum vase life for cut flower (6.00 days) were recorded in Arka Poornima and least was observed in Arka Aadya (3.70 days). Maximum shelf life for loose flowers was recorded in Phule Ganesh White (3.20 days) and minimum was recorded in Arka Archana (1.70 days).