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1
Lee, Chi Won, Benjamin Liang, Kenneth L. Goldsberry, Ralph R. Baker, and Phillip L. Chapman. "EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND SOIL APPLICATIONS OF FUNGICIDE AND TRICHODERMA ON FLOWERING AND YIELD OF TWO STANDARD CARNATION CULTIVARS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1102d—1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1102d.
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This study was carried out to determine the influences of planting date (June, July) and soil applications of Trichoderma harzianum (strain T-95) and a fungicide containing ethazole + thiophanate (BanrotR) on flower production of standard carnation cvs. Improved White and Tanga. The one-year production data showed that the fungicide treatment increased flower yield by 7.3% (33.5 flowers/m2) and 4.8% (23.3 flowers/m2) in Improved White and Tanga, respectively, for June planting. Improved White produced more flowers and fancy grades when planted in July as compared to June planting. Planting date did not influence either the yield or the flower quality in Tanga. The effectiveness of Trichoderma as a biological control agent on flower yield and quality was not evident. The patterns of weekly flower production for the two cultivars were determined and graphically illustrated.
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Gutterman, Yitzchak. "ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FLOWERING AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENT OF OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA CUTTINGS DURING THE THREE WEEKS BEFORE PLANTING." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 43, no. 2 (1995): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1995.10676601.
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Opuntia ficus-indica(prickly pear) is a widespread desert perennial cactus shrub. The plants produce either lateral branches or flowers from the axillary meristems, depending on maternal and environmental influences.The flower buds develop from the axillary meristems mainly at the margin of the apical part of the terminal flat branch segments. Flower bud meristems start to be active and secrete mucus in January. The red-bracted flower buds start to appear in March/April, flowers open in May/June, and fruit matures in June/August.This study focused on the appearance of flower buds, flowers, and fruits after induction ofO. ficus-indicaone-segment branch cuttings by environmental factors during the 3-week healing period after cutting and before planting. The influence of treatments such as temperature, light intensity, and day length on flower bud appearance and fruit development is described.
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Yonemori, K., A. Sugiura, K. Tanaka, and K. Kameda. "Floral Ontogeny and Sex Determination in Monoecious-type Persimmons." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 2 (1993): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.2.293.
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Patterns of floral differentiation were studied in two monoecious-type Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cultivars Hana-gosho and Kakiyama-gaki. In both cultivars, the pistillate and staminate floral primordium started to differentiate in early June, and differentiation progressed until August, when the sepal primordia in pistillate flowers and petal primordia of staminate flowers had become evident. The buds then entered a quiescent, overwintering state. Thus, flower sex of monoecious-type persimmons was determined at a relatively early stage of floral development. Moreover, in both cultivars, sex differentiation was associated with previous history of the current season's shoots. Current season's shoots that bore pistillate flowers differentiated pistillate buds (mixed buds from which pistillate flowers emerge) at significantly higher rates than for shoots that bore staminate flowers. Similarly, shoots that bore staminate flowers produced staminate buds (mixed buds from which staminate flowers emerge) at a higher percentage than shoots that had borne pistillate flowers. With `Hana-gosho', the flower type was also predictable with fair accuracy by bud position on the current season's shoot, i.e., pistillate flowers emerged from distal mixed buds, whereas staminate flowers arose predominantly from basal buds.
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Gutterman, Yitzchak. "FLOWER AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE XEROPHYTE OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 43, no. 3 (1995): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1995.10676612.
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The developmental stages of the flower bud of Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear), from the initial active meristem of the axillary flower bud to the mature fruit, including pollination and seed development, are followed. This xerophyte develops flower buds mainly from the axillary buds on the margin of the apical part of the terminal segment of the flat, leafless branch (platiclades). Flower bud meristems start to be active and secrete mucus in January. The red-bracted flower buds start to appear in March/April, flowers open during May/June, and fruit matures during June/August. The developmental stages were divided into 11 stages, and some were photographed by SEM.
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Wociór, Stanisław. "Influence of hand thinning of flowers and fruits on yielding and fruit quality of apples cultivar Szampion." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 2 (2012): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.042.
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The thinning of flowers and fruit sets did not change the strength of tree growth in a signifi cant way. Szampion cv. trees on rootstock A 2 grew better than on M.7. The trees of Szampion RENO cv. grew significantly worst. The thinning of flowers and fruit sets decreased the yield from a tree and the total yield from 1 ha of the studied biological material. Flower thinning slightly increased the mean commercial yield as compared to the control trees. Thinning of 50% of flowers at the stage of the pink bud and sets after the June fall decreased the number of fruits on the trees of Szampion cv. grafted on M.7. It was only in 2004 that the flower thinning treatment significantly increased the fruit weight. Flower thinning increased the percentage of fruits with a diameter of over 7 cm in the case of Szampion cv. trees grafted on M.7. This treatment considerably (in 2006 significantly) improved fruit colouring. A positive reaction to flower thinning was also observed in Szampion RENO trees. In the case of Szampion cv., which shows a tendency to excessive fruit setting and small fruits, it is better to apply flower thinning eliminating the excess of sets in the period of cell division in growing fruits than do it later, after the June fall. The inflorescence removal treatment requires much more time than thinning of fruit sets.
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McFarland, Jonnene D., Peter G. Kevan, and Meredith A. Lane. "Pollination biology of Opuntia imbricata (Cactaceae) in southern Colorado." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (1989): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-004.
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The floral phenology, compatibility system, and pollinator fauna of Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. in southern Colorado were studied. The plants bloom for approximately 4 weeks in June and July. Opuntia imbricata sets numerous seeds when it is open-pollinated or experimentally cross-pollinated; it is self-incompatible and not apomictic. The most effective pollinators were found to be medium to large bees of the genera Diadasia and Lithurge; beetles are ubiquitous on flowers of O. imbricata, but probably do not effect pollination because they rarely move from flower to flower and usually restrict their activities to the stamens and base of the inside of the flowers.
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Scrok, Gilson João, and Isabela Galarda Varassin. "Reproductive biology and pollination of Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 3 (2011): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000300009.
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Reproductive biology, including phenology, flower biology, pollination, and the reproductive system in the bromeliad Aechmea distichantha were studied in an Araucaria forest in the state of Paraná. Phenology and reproduction in terricolous plants were followed in October 2006 and May - October of 2007. Flowering peaked from June to September and fruiting was from June to October. Flower anthesis lasted one day. Flowers were pollinated the most by the hummingbird Stephanoxis lalandi and the most common butterfly visitor was Lychnuchoides ozias ozias. Nectar concentration declined during anthesis, while nectar volume was constant. Aechmea distichantha is self-compatible with 30-45% fruit formation in self-pollination tests. Sunlight influences reproduction: when controlling for bromeliad and inflorescence size, plants in sunlight produced more seeds per fruit than plants in the shade. Reproduction was also associated with inflorescence size when controlling for bromeliad size. That is, larger inflorescences in similar sized plants produced more flowers and more seeds per fruit.
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Lydaki, M. E., and J. C. Vlahos. "Pollination Mechanisms of Ebenus cretica." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 483f—484. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.483f.
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Ebenus cretica L., is an endemic plant of Crete with potential as a cut flower or flowering potted plant. It is a herbaceous perennial evergreen subshrub that flowers from April to June. It forms numerous thick racemes with an average of 50 pink or purple flowers 10 to 12 mm long. A great variability in major morphological characteristics exists among the populations of E. cretica on the island; however, color variants are very rare. Selection and breeding is a necessary prerequisite before the plant is marketable; therefore, research conducted at the TEI of Heraklion since 1994 has focused on artificial self- and cross-pollination of pink-flowered ebenus plants. It has been concluded that the zygomorphic flowers of E. cretica are pollinated by insects (bumblebees); the tripping mechanism occurs and seeds are formed by either cross- or self-pollination. For self-pollination, unripe flower racemes were enveloped in paper bags and shaken by hand or wind to release pollen; however, this method gave poor results. Best results were obtained by tripping the flowers while avoiding the introduction of foreign pollen. Self-incopatibility was not observed. Cross-pollination was achieved by emasculating flowers on the female parent, 2 to 4 days prior to the dehiscence of the anthers. The corolla is half-white and half-pink at this stage, turning to a uniform pink when the pollen is ripe. The stigma appears to be fully receptive at least 2 days before the dehiscence of the anthers. Each fertilized ovule gives one mature seed ≈3 weeks after pollination. This research indicates that breeding techniques can be applied without difficulty to E. cretica in order to develop uniform plant material and new varieties/hybrids with desirable characteristic.
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Menegaes, Janine Farias, Fernanda Alice Antonello Londero Backes, Rogério Antônio Bellé, and Rogério Luiz Backes. "Diagnóstico do mercado varejista de flores de Santa Maria, RS." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 3 (2015): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v21i3.629.
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The present study aimed to diagnose the flowers retail market and ornamental plants in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, by means of a research in loco, from January to June of 2013, based on questionnaires and interviews applied to the managers of the establishment, as well as of an application of a visual and phytosanitary scale to other establishments that sell flowers and ornamental plants, such as agricultural shops, fairs of horticultural products, supermarkets and providers of funeral services - cemeteries and funeral homes. The diagnosis aims to know the steps of the dynamics observed from the market of flowers until the final consumer, and to segment the types of floricultures, distinguishing them according to the commercial focus — floricultures of arrangements and bouquets, and producing flowers and landscape floricultures. Based on the diagnosis it can be concluded that the Santa Maria retail flowers and ornamental plants follows the national trend of floral arrangements and bouquets shops, with the increase of the companies focused on landscaping and gardening. Among the most marketed plants are the rose as the best-selling cut flower, the begonia as potted flower, the fern for foliage arrangements, the cactus as potted plant, the raffia as garden plant and the pansy as the best-selling plant in boxes.
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Bosma, Theresa, John Dole, and Niels Maness. "621 Optimizing Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Petal and Pigment Yield." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 504C—504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.504c.
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Marigold flower pigments can be extracted and used as a natural source of food colorants in the poultry and dairy industry. These pigments impart an orange color to egg yolks and a yellowish color to dairy products. We examined four African marigold cultivars for their ability to be commercially grown and harvested mechanically. `E-1236' yielded the highest quantity of lutein (22 kg/ha), a carotenoid pigment, using a spectrophotometer for quantification. `E-1236' and `A-975' were the earliest flowering cultivars, 11 June 1998 for transplants and 9 July 1998 for direct-seeded, at 8 weeks after sowing regardless of field establishment method. `E-1236' produced the greatest number of flowers in a production season, both as transplants (68 flowers/plant) and direct-seeded (57 flowers/plant) at 363,290 plants/ha. Transplants resulted in two more harvests in a single season than direct-seeded plants. Subsequently, more flowers and petal material were produced for pigment extraction than with direct-seeded plants. A one-time application of ammonium nitrate (28.02 kg/ha) at mid-season did not significantly effect flower number, flower weight, or pigment yield. Experiment was repeated in 1999 with four cultivars, two field establishment methods, seven harvest dates, and five nitrogen applications.
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Milthorpe, PL, and RL Dunstone. "The potential of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) in New South Wales. 2. Some factors affecting yield." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890389.
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A jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) stand at Condobolin. N.S.W.. established from a range of plant material, exhibited great variability in a number of plant characteristics including seed yield. Observations over 4 years indicated that a high bud to node ratio is necessary for high yield. Different lines varied from 44 to 74% in this ratio in the fourth year of study. The survival of buds to form open flowers varied greatly between lines and from year to year. Death of flower buds before opening was attributable to frost damage. Buds swelled as early as June in some lines while others showed no sign of swelling until September. In those lines with early swelling or flower opening a high proportion of the buds were frost damaged, whereas late flowering lines had a high rate of survival. Terminal flower buds formed just prior to winter dormancy survived and flowered in the next spring, even in otherwise early flowering lines. Earlier work has shown that jojoba flower buds remain dormant until a chilling requirement has been met. Jojoba lines should have a long chilling requirement to maintain dormancy in the buds until the danger of frosts is past. Almost all of the flowers that opened set fruit, indicating that pollination is not a problem in the New South Wales environment.
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Bosch, J., F. Garcia Del Pino, J. Ramoneda, and J. Retana. "FRUITING PHENOLOGY AND FRUIT SET OF CAROB, CERATONIA SILIQUA L. (CESALPINACEAE)." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 44, no. 4 (1996): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1996.10676657.
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The fruiting phenology of two female and two hermaphroditic carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) cultivars was studied in NE Spain. After flower pollination (September–November), fruit growth followed a sigmoidal curve, with an initial period of slow growth (December–March), a period of linear growth (April–June), and a final period of slow growth and maturation (June–Au–gust). Shedding of flowers and young fruits was high in October–December, and slowed down in January–February. Then, fruit drop again increased until May, and from June to August fruit shedding was almost nil. Fruit initiation was 12.6–35.0%, and fruit shedding was high (79.2–90.2% of the fruits initiated dropped before maturity). In the two female cultivars, larger inflorescences had higher rates of fruit initiation, fruit set, and seed set per flower than smaller inflorescences.
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Mahulette, Asri Subkhan, Hariyadi Hariyadi, Sudirman Yahya, Ade Wachjar, and Anggra Alfian. "Morphological Traits of Maluku Native Forest Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr & Perry)." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 6, no. 02 (2019): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.6.02.105-111.
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A study was conducted to study the morphology of the forest cloves groups based on their sizes of their leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, and to determine their potential yield and optimize their production system. The research was conducted for six months from January until June 2018 in Ambon, Maluku Province, Indonesia. The research used a random sampling technique to > 15-year-old trees in productive clove forest maintained by the local farmer in Ambon. The observation and recording was conducted at several stages of clover growth, namely bud sprouting, flower bud, blooming, perianths and anthers senescence, unripe green and ripe fruits. Different size groups of forest cloves have significant differences in the duration of flower and fruit formation. Forest cloves with large leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds had quicker ripening process than the othersize groups, but their fruits were longer to ripen. Flower from the medium size group had the shortest duration to develop its flower and form its fruit, whereas the smallest type took the longest time in fruit formation process but the duration of fruit ripening was similar to those from large morphology. Among the three different sizes of forest cloves in Maluku, the trees with large leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds group are the best to be commercially developed due to its earliest time to harvest and large flower sizes. Forest cloves are best harvested when the flowers are fully matured, indicated by one or two flower buds from one inflorescence have bloomed.
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Baker, F. A., D. W. French, H. M. Kulman, O. Davis, and R. C. Bright. "Pollination of the eastern dwarf mistletoe." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 4 (1985): 708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-115.
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Flowering and pollination of Arceuthobiumpusillum Peck growing on Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. were studied in 1978–1980 in Carlton County, MN. Staminate flowers opened in April and abscission was complete by mid-June. The average number of pistillate flowers per aerial shoot ranged from 4.8 to 5.1. From the flowering period to seed dispersal (September of the same year), 36–59% of pistillate aerial shoots were lost. Based on March flower counts, 0.3–2.4 fruits matured per aerial shoot, i.e., 5–35% of pistillate flowers developed into mature fruits. Although insect exclusion studies demonstrated that wind pollination did occur, few grains ofArceuthobium pollen were collected with vaseline slides or a Rotorod sampler. Fifty-nine species of insects trapped on sticky-board traps carried pollen of Arceuthobium. Entomophily is considered the most important pollination mechanism for this dwarf mistletoe.
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HASSANKHAH, Amin, Majid RAHEMI, Mohamad Reza MOZAFARI, and Kourosh VAHDATI. "Flower Development in Walnut: Altering the Flowering Pattern by Gibberellic Acid Application." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, no. 2 (2018): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha46211183.
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The pattern of walnut flowering varies depending on genetic and environmental factors. This research was carried out to study the patterns by which pistillate flowers develop as a result of applying gibberellic acid (GA3). To study the effect of gibberellin on flowering, we used a factorial test. Factor A was the diameter of the tree trunks, and three levels were considered (10 to 12 cm, 12 to 14 cm and 14 to 16 cm). Factor B was comprised of four levels of GA3 (0, 50,100 and 200 mg/lit). Different levels of GA3 were sprayed twice on the ‘Chandler’ cultivar, i.e. 2 and 4 weeks after flowering. Also, a new (without using a microtome or scanning electron microscopy) method was used to study the development of pistillate flower buds. Different stages of development included induction, initiation and differentiation of the pistillate flower bud which were observed respectively in late May, early June, September and March. The results of GA3 application showed that GA3 treatment can alter the flowering pattern of walnut. GA3 application significantly increased the number of male flowers, total flowers, and male: female flower ratio per branch. The number of female flowers increased as the diameter of the tree trunk increased. The highest number of female flowers (62.3) was observed in trees with trunk diameters between 14-16 cm and when GA3 was applied at 100 mg/liter. Also, a linear regression model was used in order to find a relationship between GA3 levels and the diameter of the trunk with flowering pattern.
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Vieira, Milene Faria, Maria Regina S. Andrade, Nelson S. Bittencourt, and Rita M. de Carvalho-Okano. "Flowering phenology, nectary structure and breeding system in Corymborkis flava (Spiranthoideae:Tropidieae), a terrestrial orchid from a Neotropical forest." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 6 (2007): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06193.
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Flowering phenology, breeding system and nectary structure of Corymborkis flava (Sw.) Kuntze were studied in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil. The flowering period extended from March (end of rainy season) to early June and seed dispersal occurred from June to September (dry season). Flowering peak occurred mainly in April, with up to 34 open flowers per plant being observed. The yellow, odourless and tubular flowers lasted ~7.8 days. The flowers present a perigonal nectary located in the basal lateral parts of the labellum; this is the first report on the nectary location and characterisation in the Tropidieae tribe. At the pre-anthesis stage, cells of both secretory parenchyma and epidermis of the nectary are filled with compound amyloplasts. However, starch grains were not observed in these tissues in senescent flowers, indicating that these starch grains are hydrolysed and used as source of sugars for nectar production. The nectar accumulates between the cuticle and the outer periclinal wall of the epidermal cells before flowing out into the nectar chamber. C. flava is a self-compatible species and spontaneous self-pollination does not occur because of hercogamy. The high pollinia removal (0.80) and insertion (0.82) per flower, as well as the high natural fruit-set indicate an efficient natural pollination system. The present study contributes for the knowledge of the diversity of reproductive strategies and nectary structures in Orchidaceae.
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Botta, Roberto, Grazia Vergano, Giovanni Me, and Rosalina Vallania. "Floral Biology and Embryo Development in Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)." HortScience 30, no. 6 (1995): 1283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.6.1283.
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Floral biology of chestnut, from sporogenesis to mature embryo, is described. Microsporogenesis in flowers of unisexual catkins occurred in the first week of June 1991. Anthesis started in mid-June (≈70 days after budbreak) and lasted 2 weeks. In mid-June, in each pistillate flower, six to eight styles began to emerge, and 4 to 7 days later, they were extended fully (i.e., full bloom). In each flower, 10 to 16 anatropous ovules developed from the ovary axis. The megaspore mother cell had formed by the end of bloom. The mature ovule consisted of two integuments and a long, narrow nucellus with a small embryo sac of the Polygonum type. Zygotes were found 15 to 20 days after pistillate flower full bloom. Embryo development followed the Onagrad type, Trifolium variation. Seeds attained full size in mid-September, and fruit were mature in early November. The embryonal axis averaged 4.5 mm long × 2.1 mm wide. An apical meristem and the radicle were evident at opposite ends of the axis.
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Dalaila, Isvana, Kusrinah Kusrinah, and Lianah Lianah. "MORFOLOGI DAN ANATOMI Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. var. puspita nusantara dan var. tirta ayunisertaChrysanthemum indicum L.var. mustika kaniya." Al-Hayat: Journal of Biology and Applied Biology 2, no. 2 (2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ah.v2i2.4660.
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<p><em>Chrysanthemum including ornamental plant commodities are much-loved community. Chrysanthemum has a high economic value and potential to be developed. The diversity of morphological and anatomical characters is not currently widely practiced. This study aims to determine the morphological and anatomical characteristics of C. morifolium Ramat. var. puspitanusantara, and var. tirtaayuni and C. indicum L. var. mustikakaniya. Sampling by purposive random. The study was conducted in May - June 2017 in Kenteng Village, Bandungan District, Semarang District. The results showed that the results showed that C. morifolium Ramat var. puspitanusantara and var. tirtaayuni and C. indicum L. var. mustikakaniya have variations of morphology, especially on leaves and flowers, variations in leaf organ form, and base. Variations of flowering organs include the number of flowers per stem, the number of ribbon flowers, and the freshness of the flower. Anatomical characters based on tissue arrangement of stem and leaf organs have similarities.</em></p><p> </p>
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Masierowska, Marzena. "Floral phenology, floral rewards and insect visitation in an ornamental species Geranium platypetalum Fisch. and C. A. Mey., Geraniaceae." Acta Agrobotanica 65, no. 2 (2012): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.055.
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This 4-year study examined the flowering pattern, floral display, nectar and pollen production as well as insect visitation to a perennial <i>Geranium platypetalum</i> Fisch. and C. A. Mey. <i>G. platypetalum</i> bloomed from the end of May until the end of June. The pattern of flowering shows the skewed distribution with a tendency towards a more symmetrical curve. The flower display size fluctuated during the flowering season. The most intense blooming fell in the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> flowering week. The flowers exhibit incomplete protandry. Nectar productivity differed significantly between and stage of flower development. Ten and flowers secreted 29.8 mg and 17.6 mg of nectar, on average, respectively, with mean sugar content of 33.9% and 43.1%. The mean total sugar mass in nectar was similar for both stages and the values were 10.2 mg and 8.2 mg, respectively. Pollen mass per 10 flowers was 19.06 mg. Bees (Apoidea) were the principal visitors on <i>Geranium</i> flowers. The peak of daily activity of visitors occurred between 10.00 and 14.00 hrs. The insects gathered mainly nectar. The mean visiting rate was 0.149 visit per flower×min<sup>-1</sup>. Increased use of <i>G. platypetalum</i> in parks and gardens is recommended in order to enrich the nectar pasture for <i>A. mellifera</i> and wild Apoidea.
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Stawiarz, Ernest, Anna Wróblewska, Marzena Masierowska, and Dagmara Sadowska. "Flowering, Forage Value, and Insect Pollination in Borage (Borago Officinalis L.) Cultivated in Se Poland." Journal of Apicultural Science 64, no. 1 (2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0005.
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AbstractThe three-year study on borage was conducted in Lublin, SE Poland. The aims were to investigate the flowering pattern and abundance, and the attractiveness (in terms of nectar and pollen production) for flower-visiting insects, mainly bees. Insect visitation and the effect of pollinators on fruit set and seed set were assessed as well. Flowering of borage started in the latter half of June and lasted eight weeks. The mean number of flowers · m−2 of the crop was 4570 per season. A borage flower produced on average 4.0 mg of nectar with a mean sugar concentration of 31.5%. The mean total sugar amount secreted in nectar was 1.2 mg. The pollen amount · flower−1 was 1.1 mg. A borage plant can supply insects with 1.1 g of nectar sugars and 1.1 g of pollen. The estimated nectar sugar yield and pollen yield per 1 m2 of the crop were similar, i.e. 5.2 g. Bees accounted for 73.0% of all insect visits to the borage flowers. The presence of insect pollinators increased the fruit set by 43.3% and seed set by 26.8%.
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Masierowska, Marzena. "Evaluation of Deutzia x carnea (Lem.) Rehd. as a food source to urban bees." Acta Agrobotanica 65, no. 4 (2012): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.019.
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This 3-year study examined the flowering phenology, to- tal floral display, nectar and pollen production as well as bee visitation to the ornamental shrub <em>Deutzia </em>x <em>carnea </em>(Lem.) Rehd. <br /><em>D. </em>x <em>carnea </em>bloomed from early June until the middle of July. The total flower display reached 47927 flowers per plant. The number of developed flowers strongly depended on weather conditions before and during the flowering period and fluctuated significantly during the years of study. The flower of <em>D</em>. x <em>carnea </em>lived 5 days and the persistence of an inflorescence was 11 days. <br />Nectar productivity per 10 flowers differed significantly between the years of study and ranged between 15.7 and <br />40.14 mg. Mean sugar content in nectar was 39.7%. The total sugar mass in nectar per 10 flowers averaged 9.91 mg (range: <br />3.81 – 18.91 mg). Pollen mass per 10 flowers was 16.89 mg. The estimated sugar and pollen productivity per plant was 36.8 g and <br />40 g, respectively. <br />Among bees (Apoidea), honey bees were principal visitors on <em>Deutzia </em>flowers. The peak of daily activity of honey bees and bumblebees occurred between 11.00 and 15.00 hrs, whereas the presence of other wild bees was noted in the morning and in the late afternoon. All bees gathered mainly nectar, but pollen collectors were also noted. The mean daily visiting rate was 0.0809 visits per flower × min<sup>-1</sup>. <br />The use of this shrub in gardens and parks should be encouraged in order to enrich food pasture for urban Apoidea. However, its cultivation is limited to areas of mild climate and adequate water supply.
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Bardakova, S. A. "Phenology of climbing large-flowered roses in the Stavropol Botanical Garden." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-1-29-32.
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The article summarizes the results of studying of the biology of flowering varieties of climbing large-flowered roses (Large-Flowered Climber). The varietal composition of climbing large-flowered roses used for landscaping has not been sufficiently studied in terms of the biology of varieties and their ornamental qualities in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland. In this regard the research conducted by us in 2016-2019 are very actual. Studies are relevant, given the increased demand for roses with climbing type shoots for vertical gardening among landscape industry experts and amateur gardeners. In the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden, there are 21 varieties of climbing large-flowered roses from leading breeders of Germany, the USA, France, England, and Holland. Representatives of this garden group are varieties with a single flowering in the first half of summer, in which flowers are formed on biennial and older lateral shoots. It also includes varieties with repeated flowering, whose flowers are formed on shoots of different orders and ages, including the current year. The beginning of flowering of large large-flowered roses falls in the first half of June, the flowering period is June – July, August – September, October. The order of flowering of climbing large-flowered roses over the years is preserved. The varieties Krasnyy Mayak, Glenn Dale, Copper Glow are the first to bloom and bloom profusely, on average 20-25 days. Regular flowering was observed in the varieties: Handel, Ramira, Blossontime, Swan Lace, Sympathia, Santana, The Generous Gardener, New Dawn, Casino, Polca, Elfe, Rosarium Uetersen, Michka, Benvenuto, Heidelberg, Golden Climber, Golden Showers, Paul’s Scarlet Climber. The duration of flowering of climbing roses prone to permanent flowering capacity is more than 130 days. Roses of the Climber group have the ability to self-pollination, 14 varieties have abundant fruit formation, 7 varieties have a single one. The ability of varieties to tie fruits from free pollination makes it possible to use them as mother plants in rose breeding. Due to the diversity of flower colors, aroma, abundant continuous flowering, this garden group of roses has become one of the most promising for vertical gardening.
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Hassan Al-Bugg, Younis Saeed. "Fruiting Season, Flowering and Peel Characteristics of Leucaena spp. Analytical Study (B)." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 64, no. 2 (2021): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.2.2021.175.181.
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 During the flowering seasons the species varied greatly and the seasons were seldom repeated (August-October) with only three species and two species (April-June), which means that they continued throughout the months of the year. Three colours of the flower were observed in total with gradient within these three colours distributed to the studied species. In terms of the colour of the peel, two colours were distinguished only in favour of the brown-gray colour, while the forms of cracks on the outer peel surface were divided into three forms. On the other hand, each type was independent when examining the colour of the inner peel. The shape of the cross section of the branch exceeded 81.8% for the circular shape on the angular shape, while two types of branch thickness were recorded and exactly the same for texture. It was possible to observe two forms of branching of the flower-bearing branches, which were very similar to those of the two forms (non-branching and branching) with a large difference between the two forms of the flower's apex, at a rate of 20 times the round shape and 90.9% of the shape of the flower. Two flowers shoots growing types were observed named (Auxotelic and an Anauxotelic). Three main colours, white, yellow and pink were distinguished and the flower head diameter varied widely between (6.5-30 mm). Flowers season seems to be in all of the year. Outer peel thickness also varied from thick to thin to intermediate. Three forms of peel fissures were found and 54.5% to mid-brown colour. Inner peel colour can be a good item to be a key of classification of this tree. Correlation coefficient between peel thickness and outer peel colour was 0.935.
 
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Dmitruk, Marta. "Biology of flowering and nectar production in the flowers of the beauty bush (Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)." Acta Agrobotanica 65, no. 4 (2012): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.017.
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Nectar production and the morphology of the nectary and pollen grains of <em>Kolwitzia amabilis </em>Graebn. were studied during the period 2008–2009 and in 2011. The blooming of beauty bush flowers started in the third decade of May and ended in the middle of June; flowering lasted 22–23 days. The flower life span was 4–5 days. Nectar production began at the bud break stage. The tube of the corolla in beauty bush flowers forms a spur inside which the nectary is located. The secretory surface of the nectary consists of two layers of glandular epidermal outgrowths: unicellular trichomes, with their length ranging 54.6 μm – 70.2 μm, and papillae with a length of 13.0 μm – 20.6 μm. The mean weight of nectar per 10 flowers, determined for the three years of the study, was 8.6 mg, with a sugar concentration of 50.8%. The weight of nectar sugar was on average 4.4 mg. In terms of the size, beauty bush pollen grains are classified as medium-sized. These are tricolporate grains.
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Hossain, MD, KH Talukder, M. Asaduzzaman, F. Mahmud, N. Amin, and MA Sayed. "Study on Morphological Characteristics of Different Genotypes of Gladiolus Flower." Journal of Science Foundation 9, no. 1-2 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14642.
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The experiment was carried out during the period from November2008 to October, 2009 to compare the morphology of five gladiolus flowers genotypes with respect to plant height, length and breadth of leaf, number of leaves per plant, length of flowers, breadth of flower, weight of flower, weight of single stick, length of spike, length of rachis, flowers per plant, days to reach 50% spike initiation, number of corm and cormel per plant, breadth of corm and weight of cormel per plant. The results indicated the significant variation amongst the gladiolus genotypes with respect to studied morphological characteristics as well as with yield, yield attributes and plant height. The plant height was higher (58.6cm) and lower (46.52cm) in yellow and orange /red respectively due to genotype. The lengths of leaves were almost same but higher with yellow and violet (42.25/42.05 cm) than the white and orange ones where the smallest length was recorded for red (33.36cm) one. Almost same trends were recorded for breadth of leaves with the exception of few. The average number of leaves was highest for white (12.25) followed by red, violet, orange and yellow respectively. Most of the parameters of flower characteristics did not maintain regular trend and correlation when considered in terms of sequences starting from white to red as shown in the table 1, 2 and 3. The recorded results clearly indicate that the white genotype has the best planting materials which may be planted for luxuriant growth of plants and production of excellent flowers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14642 J. Sci. Foundation, 9(1&2): 1-8, June-December 2011
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Rifalasna, Dian, Sumarsono Sumarsono, and Budi Adi Kristanto. "Pengaruh konsentrasi zpt giberalin dan lama penyinaran terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium)." Journal of Agro Complex 3, no. 1 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/joac.3.1.84-95.
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ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the effect of giberalin ZPT concentration and duration of irradiation on the growth and yield of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cut flowers. The study took place in February - June 2018. The study was conducted in Mendongan Village, Sumowono District, Semarang Regency, Central Java. ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the effect of giberalin concentration and duration of irradiation on the growth and yield of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cut flowers. The study took place in February - June 2018. The study was conducted in Mendongan Village, Sumowono District, Semarang Regency, Central Java. The design used in the study was a Completely Randomized Factorial 4x4 Design. The first factor was gibberallin treatment consisted of G1: GA 0 ppm, G2: GA 10 ppm, G3: GA 20 ppm, G4: GA 30 ppm. The second factor was the irradiation time consisted of R1: 1 hour irradiation time, R2: 2 hours irradiation time, R3: 3 hours irradiation time, and R4: 4 hours irradiation time. Parameters observed were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, number of flowers, flower diameter, flowering age and flower harvesting age.The results showed that the treatment of giberalin concentration significantly affected the parameters of the amount of interest. While the irradiation treatment time significantly affected the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, flower diameter, stem diameter, age of flowering, and leaf area. Keywords: Giberalin, Chrysanthemum, Irradiation Period ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh konsentrasi ZPT giberalin dan lama penyinaran terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bunga potong tanaman krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium). Penelitian berlangsung pada bulan Februari - Juni 2018. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Mendongan, Kecamatan Sumowono, Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah Percobaan Faktorial 4x4 Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Faktor pertama yaitu perlakuan giberalin sebanyak 4 taraf yaitu G1 : GA 0 ppm, G2 : GA 10 ppm, G3 : GA 20 ppm, G4 : GA 30 ppm. Faktor kedua adalah lama penyinaran dengan 4 taraf yaitu R1 : lama penyinaran 1 jam, R2 : lama penyinaran 2 jam, R3 : lama penyinaran 3 jam, dan R4 : lama penyinaran 4 jam. Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, jumlah daun, luas daun, jumlah bunga, diameter bunga, umur berbunga dan umur panen bunga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi giberalin berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan jumlah bunga yang bertambah banyak. Sedangkan lama penyinaran berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, diameter bunga, diameter batang, umur berbunga, dan luas daun. Kata Kunci :Giberalin, Krisan, Lama Penyinaran
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Dmitruk, Marta. "Flowering biology, nectar production and insect visits in Cucurbita pepo L. flowers." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 1 (2012): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.019.
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In 1998-2000 studies on length and abundance of flowering and on nectar productivity of zucchini and marrow (<i>Cucurbita pepo</i> L.) were carried out in Lublin area. Flowers visitors were also monitored. Flowering of plants lasted from the end of June till the end of September. The mean number of flowers per plant of zucchini reached: 31 (male flowers) and 26 (female flowers), and for marrow 226 and 22, respectively. Flowers lived, on average, for 5 hours. Female flowers of marrow secreted the highest amount of nectar - 1.354 g per 10 flowers, on average. Sugar content in nectar was 21.84%-27.31%. The mean total amount of sugars secreted by 10 flowers of <i>Cucurbita pepo</i> L. was 21.5-304.3 mg. Pollinators were mainly bumblebees and honey bees.
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Colbaugh, P. F., W. A. Mackay, and T. D. Davis. "Alternaria alternata Causing Flower Stem Blight of Lupinus havardii." Plant Disease 85, no. 2 (2001): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.231a.
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Lupinus havardii Wats., commonly known as Big Bend or Chisos bluebonnet, is a showy winter annual that can reach 1.0 to 1.5 m in height and produces blue, fragrant inflorescence (racemes). L. havardii is native to a narrow geographic range along the Mexican border in southwest Texas. The inflorescence of L. havardii has considerable potential in the cut flower industry where there is a need for high-quality, durable flowers with a blue color (1). Several crops have been produced in the greenhouse to determine production and post-harvest characteristics of the cut inflorescence. Under greenhouse growing conditions during March through June 1999, numerous plants of L. havardii cv. Texas Sapphire grown in raised beds and in containers in both Dallas and El Paso, TX, were observed with blighted flower racemes with light brown to gray lesions ranging from 1 to 5 cm in length. The racemes were attacked at varying ages and eventually assumed a hooked appearance where the terminal 15 cm of the raceme was bent downward. Isolations from symptomatic lesions removed from L. havardii flower stalks consistently yielded cultures of an Alternaria sp. on potato-dextrose agar. Typical conidia measured 27 μm length and 11 μm width with 3 to 5 transverse septa. The fungus was identified as A. alternata (Fries) Keissler consistent with the description in Ellis (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the laboratory by inoculating cut inflorescences with agar disks containing the fungus. Inoculations produced light brown lesions on the racemes that were typical of disease symptoms observed on greenhouse crops. In addition to the blue-flowered Texas Sapphire cultivar, we also observed the disease symptoms on pink and white flowered breeding lines of L. havardii. This disease is important as a flower stem blighting pathogen and could severely restrict production of cut flowers during the growing season. This is the first report of Alternaria sp. attacking L. havardii. References: (1) T. D. Davis. HortScience 29:1110, 1994. (2) M. B. Ellis. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Kew, England.
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Lee, Yu-Chi, and Jer-Chia Chang. "Leafless Inflorescence Produces More Female Flowers and Fruit Yield Than Leafy Inflorescence in ‘Yu Her Pau’ Litchi." HortScience 54, no. 3 (2019): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13785-18.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the total number and percentage of female flowers and fruit yield were influenced by the type of inflorescence, i.e., leafless or leafy inflorescences in ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Four 10-year-old field-grown plants in Chunghua, Taiwan, were assessed between March and June 2013. In total, 24 inflorescences comprising 12 each of leafless and leafy inflorescences were investigated. Leaves of the leafy inflorescence, defined as the fourth successive flush, attained maturity before female flower anthesis on 16 Mar. 2013. Shoot diameter and leaf number on the flowering (fruiting) shoot, total number of flowers, and total and percentage of female flowers were recorded. Fruit number, fruit set rate, cluster yield, and fruit quality were also determined at harvest between the two inflorescence types. The two inflorescence types had similar shoot diameters and total leaf number on a flowering shoot. The total number of flowers, female flowers, and the percentage female flowers in leafless inflorescences were 3741, 563, and 16.2%, respectively; these values were 1.3- to 1.7-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those in leafy inflorescences, which were 2779, 326, and 12.2%, respectively. Leafless inflorescences had significantly higher fruit numbers and fruit yield per cluster at harvest (10.2 and 321.5 g, respectively), although there was no difference (P > 0.05) in fruit set rate between the two inflorescence types. No fruit quality trait, such as fruit, pericarp, aril, seed weight, aril proportion, and total soluble solid concentration of aril, was significant (P > 0.05) between the two inflorescence types. We concluded that leafless and leafy inflorescences of ‘Yu Her Pau’ had similar carbon assimilation supply potential; however, leafless inflorescence had greater performance in terms of female flower number and thus fruit yield, presumably due to the absence of assimilate competition brought by synchronous development of lateral inflorescence and immature leaves of panicle.
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Łabuda, Helena, and Anna Brodaczewska. "The influence of environmental factors on flowering of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Acta Agrobotanica 60, no. 2 (2012): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2007.044.
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French bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) cultivars cultivated for green pods from six sowing dates (since mid of May till end of June) at weekly intervals were performed in 2003-2005. The study included the determination of the number of inflorescences per plant, number of flowers in inflorescence, length of inflorescence axis, and number of total and marketable pods per plant. French bean sown in the mid of May till the end of June showed the greatest variability with respect to the flowering start date and flowering period length as well as the number of pods set on a plant. French bean plants sown on different dates produced a similar number of inflorescences and flowers per bunch; 61.6-74.6 flowers per plant, on average. Weather conditions in July and August had the greatest influence on the flowering pattern and bean pod setting.
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Idzikowska, Krystyna. "Morphologlcal and anatomical structure of generative organs of Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica (lljin) Soó at the SEM level." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 74, no. 2 (2011): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2005.014.
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The morphology and anatomy of generative organs of <em>Salsola kali</em> ssp. <em>ruthenica</em> was examined in detail using the light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The whole flowers, fruits and their parts (pistil, stamens, sepals, embryo, seed) were observed in different developmental stages. In the first stage (June), flower buds were closed. In the second stage (August), flowers were ready for pollination/fertilization. In the third stage (September), fruits were mature. Additionally, the anatomical and morphological structure of sepals was observed by means of LM and SEM. Thanks to the transverse and longitudinal semi-sections through sepals, the first phase of wing formation was recorded by SEM. The appearance of stomata in the epidermal cells of sepals above the forming wings was very interesting, too. The stomata were observed also in mature fruits.
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Saputra, Alfa Sada, Suprihati, and Endang Pudjihartati. "Limiting Nutrients for flower and Seed Formation of Viola (Viola cornuta L.)." Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia 10, no. 3 (2019): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jhi.10.3.214-221.
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Phosphate and or potassium nutrients are limiting factors for the formation of flowers and seeds of viola (Viola cornuta L). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of limiting nutrients on the number of flowers and yield by viola female plants. Research was carried out in June to August 2018 in farm of PT. Selektani Horticulture, Magelang. This research was approach using Minus One Elements Technique with 5 treatments, that is Tropical Sub Standard, Tropical Modification, -P, -K, -PK repeated 5 times therefore 25 units of experiment were tested. The results were analyzed of variance at 95% accuracy. DMRT at 5% level of probability was used to know the difference between treatments. The observed parameters includes number of flowers, number of pods, pod weight, pod dry weight, net dry seed, number of seeds per pod. In terms of quality of seed includes germination rate (DB), speed of germination (KCT) and simultaneity of germination (KST). This study showed that P and K nutrients were the limiting factors for flower and seed production of viola. Without P and K nutrients, plants only produce the number of flowers, number of pods, productivity and germination respectively 76.62%, 73%, 57.95% and 53% compared to Standard Sub Tropical treatments.
 Keywords: minus one element technique, ornamental plant, P and K elements, seed production
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Hoque, MA. "Floral biology of indigenous pummelo genotypes." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 2 (2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i2.24556.
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Flower morphology and bud development of pummelo accessions CG-1, CG-18 and CG-151 were studied at the Pummelo Orchard of Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Akbarpur, Moulvibazar and the Horticulture Laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University during 2008-2009. Pummelo flowers were bisexual, bore singly on leaf axils or in clusters with or without leaf on stem in all accessions, and colour were white. Calyx diameter varied from 0.94 in CG-1 to 1.02 in CG-18. Number of petals per flower ranged from 4.0 to 4.5. Anthers were yellow in colour and only CG- 151 produced few rudimentary styles. Diameter of stigma varied from 0.39 mm to 0.49 mm. Number of locules per ovary was in between 14.6 to16.0 and number of ovules per locules varied from 4.0 to 9.0. Stages of floral bud development from initiation to anthesis were divided into 9 distinct stages. In pummelo, a total of 27.7 to 31.2 days were required from a bud initiation to reach its fully developed stage. Suitable time for emasculation of pummelo flowers was found within 26 days from flower bud initiation. Between 3:00am to 5:00am, about 76% flowers were found to be opened and between 4:00pm to 5:00pm in all the three accessions, dehiscence of pollens was recorded. Abscission of stamen, petal and style started after 50.8, 76.4 and 162.3 hrs and completed after 128.4, 137.9 and 228.3 hrs of anthesis, respectively.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(2): 177-188, June 2015
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Chen, Ming-Lin, Xiao-Yu Wang, and Aubrey L. Funke. "Floral polymorphism in Polygonum bistorta L." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 25, no. 1 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v25i1.37174.
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In the present study, new type of floral polymorphism (tristylous-like flowers) in Polygonum bistorta L., i.e., L-, M-, and S-styles (long, medium and short, respectively) is reported. This tristylous was not only present in different populations but also in a single inflorescence. Although the heights of styles and anthers in the three morphs of flowers differed, their ancillary tepal size, pollen polymorphism, and stigma polymorphism were found similar. The ratio of M-flowers was far lower than those of L- and S-flowers. Unlike the solid nectar of other Polygonum species, fluid nectar was present in Polygonum bistorta, which reflects its specialized state. Different from most of other hetereostylous species with tubular flowers and Polygonum jucundum with open distylous flowers, Polygonum bistorta contains semi-open flowers. Our findings suggest that P. bistorta represents special floral polymorphism in Polygonum and is an ideal plant species for studying the evolution of floral breeding system in Polygonum.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(1): 1-11, 2018 (June)
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Williams, Millie S., Terri Woods Starman, and James E. Faust. "Effect of High Temperatures on the Postharvest Flowering of Specialty Floral Crop Species." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 447f—448. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447f.
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Flower growers experience decreased consumer satisfaction with plant species that cease flowering during the summer. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the heat tolerance of four specialty floral crop species in order to predict their summer performance in the different climatalogical regions of the United States. The effect of increasing temperatures on the duration of postharvest flower development was determined for Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby', Brachycome hybrid `Ultra', and Sutera cordata `Snowflake'. Plants were grown in a 18 °C greenhouse until marketable with foliage covering the container and flowers distributed evenly across the plant canopy. Plants were then placed in a phytotron to determine their heat tolerance. Temperature set points of 18, 23, 28, and 33 °C were delivered serially at 2-week intervals, starting at 18 °C. Plants were then returned to 18 °C after the 33 °C treatment. Immature flower bud, mature flower bud, flower and senesced flower numbers were collected once per week. Sutera `Snowflake', and Brachycome `Ultra' had the greatest flower number at the 23 °C temperature, decreasing in the 28 °C environment. Argeranthemum `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' had greatest flower number at 28 °C, but flowers were smaller and of lower quality than at 23 °C. Flower development of all cultivars ceased at 33 °C, but when plants were returned to the 18 °C production greenhouse, flower development resumed. According to normal average daily temperatures in Knoxville, Tenn., Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' would flower until mid-June, while Brachycome hybrid `Ultra' and Sutera cordata `Snowflake' would flower until mid-May.
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Fair, Barbara A. "Evaluation of Species and Cultivars of Coneflower for Southeastern U.S. Landscapes." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 31, no. 1 (2013): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.31.1.30.
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Twenty-one cultivars of coneflower (Echinacea sp.) were evaluated from June 2008 to August 2010 in two locations in North Carolina. Plant size was measured once during each growing season. Evaluators rated overall plant quality, as well as flower and foliage aesthetics. Plants were rated on a scale from 1 to 4, with 1 = poor and 4 = excellent. Any disease and insect problems were noted. Over the two-year study, average mortality rate was 34%. Cultivars ‘Bravado’, Kim's Knee High®, ‘Pink Double Delight’, and ‘White Swan’, had consistently high ratings, while ‘Emily Saul’ and yellow coneflower (E. paradoxa) rated the lowest. Kim's Knee High®, ‘Pink Double Delight’, and ‘White Swan’ received some of the best scores for flower quality, whereas yellow coneflower and ‘Ruby Star’ rated the lowest. There were minor differences between the locations regarding plant size and ratings, particularly for yellow coneflower. Evaluators either favored or abhorred this plant. This may be due to reflexed ray flowers that mimic water stress. ‘Crazy Pink’ also had a similar petal presentation and rated about 2.0 for overall and flower quality. In 2009, after an exceptional bloom, many cultivars were infested with mites, causing aborted blooms and distorted flowers.
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Wargula, Carolyn. "Fujiwo Ishimoto Exhibition: From Marimekko Flowers to Ceramic Fruits in Dialogue with the Rinpa." Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 8 (October 30, 2019): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2019.292.
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Exhibition Review
 Exhibition catalog: Yoshinao Yamada, Fujiwo Ishimoto: From Marimekko Flowers to Ceramic Fruits. Tokyo: Wacoal Art Center, 2018. 23 pp. ¥1,188
 Exhibition schedule: The Museum of Art, Ehime, October 27 – December 16, 2018; Hosomi Museum, Kyoto, March 9 - April 21, 2019; Spiral Garden, Tokyo, June 19 – June 30, 2019.
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Banko, Thomas J., and Amelia L. Landon. "Sumagic (Uniconazole) Promotes Flower Bud Set on Camellia japonica." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 3 (2005): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.3.153.
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Abstract Three-year-old container-grown plants of Camellia japonica ‘Grace Albritton’, ‘Paulette Goddard’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were sprayed with a water control, B-Nine (daminozide) at 5000 ppm, Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 ppm, or Sumagic (uniconazole) at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 ppm in June. B-Nine and Bonzi treatments provided no increase in flower bud set but Sumagic treatments increased bud set for ‘Grace Albritten’ by up to 370% and ‘Paulette Goddard’ by 200%. In another experiment, Sumagic at 0, 45, 60, 75, and 90 ppm was applied to ‘Grace Albritton’, ‘Paulette Goddard’, and ‘Blood of China’ at three different spring growth stages: Bud swell, partial new shoot growth, and new shoots fully extended. Significant linear or quadratic increases in flower bud set occurred for all cultivars depending on application timing. Application at the two earlier stages resulted in more flowers than application at the latest (full shoot growth) stage. Sumagic decreased plant heights by 10 to 30%, depending on cultivar and application rate but this reduced the need for shearing to maintain form and compactness and made flowers more visible over the surface of the plants.
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Antoń, Sebastian, Bożena Denisow, and Karol Milaniuk. "Flowering, pollen production and insect visitation in two Aconitum species (Ranunculaceae)." Acta Agrobotanica 67, no. 2 (2014): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.020.
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Flowering phenology, diurnal dynamics of blooming, insect visitation and pollen production in <em>Aconitum lycoctonum </em>L. and <em>Aconitum carmichaelii </em>Debeaux were investigated in 2012–2013 in the Lublin area, SE Poland. Flowering of <em>A. lycoctonum </em>occurred in June/July, whereas <em>A. carmichaelii </em>bloomed in September/October. Both <em>Aconitum </em>species differed in terms of the diurnal pattern of flowering. The flowers of <em>A. lycoctonum </em>started opening at 5.00, whereas those of <em>A. carmichaelii </em>started blooming at 8.00 (GMT+2h). The species differed in the number of anthers per flower, the size of anthers, and the mass of pollen produced in anthers. As a result, the flowers of <em>A. lycoctonum </em>produced less pollen (mean = 1.0 mg per 10 flowers) than the flowers of <em>A. carmichaelii </em>(mean = 8.2 mg per 10 flowers). The estimated pollen yield was 0.2 g per m<sup>2</sup> for <em>A. lycoctonum </em>and 1.6 g per m<sup>2</sup> for <em>A. carmichaelii</em>. The flowers of both <em>Aconitum </em>species were foraged exclusively by bumblebees with the predominance of the long-tongued <em>Bombus hortorum</em>. Nectar was a more attractive floral reward than pollen. The propagation of <em>Aconitum lycoctonum </em>and <em>A. carmichaelii</em> in ornamental gardens may support the conservation of bumblebees whose populations are steadily declining.
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Denisow, Bożena, Sebastian Antoń, and Grażyna Szymczak. "The Flowering, Pollen Production, and Insect Visitors in the Ornamental Shrub Potentilla Fruticosa L. (Rosaceae)." Journal of Apicultural Science 57, no. 1 (2013): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2013-0011.
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Summary Urban areas have a specific ecological environment and may help to sustain local pollinator populations by the cultivation of different ornamental plants with entomophilous flowers. This yearlong study examined the flowering pattern, abundance of flowering, pollen production as well as insect visitation of two cultivars of the ornamental shrub Potentilla fruticosa L. (‘Maanleys’ and ‘Blink’), grown in Lublin; a city in south-eastern Poland. P. fruticosa ‘Maanleys’ bloomed from the middle of May to the first decade of September and P. fruticosa ‘Blink’ from June until October. The pattern of diurnal flowering was similar for both cultivars and showed plasticity in the season. Flowers opened most intensively in the morning hours, and 80 - 90% of the daily installment of newly opened flowers expanded by 8.00 h GMT +2h. A delay in the peak of diurnal flowering was noted between the spring/summer and summer/autumn periods. The most intense blooming fell in the 2nd month of flowering. The mass of pollen produced per flower depended on both the number of anthers and the efficiency of archesporial tissues. The pollen output varied from 1.4 to 7.2 mg per 10 flowers (‘Maanleys’) and from 2.6 to 4.5 mg per 10 flowers (‘Blink’). The mass of pollen produced per individual shrub was substantially related to the abundance of blooming. The average estimated pollen productivity in the full flowering phase was low; 1 g (‘Maanleys’) and 1.5 g (‘Blink’) per 10 m2 of shrub crown. The flowers of Potentilla fruticosa attracted numerous insects, mainly solitary bees (33 - 43%), dipterans (31 - 42%), lepidopterans (4 - 14%), bumblebees (3 - 15%), and honey bees (3 - 4%). The Potentilla fruticosa ‘Maanleys’ and ‘Blink’ are propagated for specific ornamental arrangements and due to a long flowering period may be used in small urban courtyards for both decorative value and as a pollen delivering plants.
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Catling, Paul M., and Brenda Kostiuk. "Some Observations on the Pollination of Round-Leaf Orchid, Galearis (Amerorchis) rotundifolia, Near Jasper, Alberta." Canadian Field-Naturalist 125, no. 1 (2011): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v125i1.1124.
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On June 16 and 17, 2010, data were collected on pollination in a population of Galearis rotundifolia at the confluence of the Maligne and Athabasca Rivers north of Jasper, Alberta. The primary pollinator was the bee Osmia proxima and this species was also the most frequent visitor. While most flies were visitors, four species, Eriozona (Megasyrphus) laxus, Eristalis (Eoseristalis) hirta, Eristalis (Eoseristalis) rupium, and Eupeodes (Lapposyrphus) lapponicus also served as pollinators. It is estimated that 25-44% or more of flowers were pollinated in the previous year, a relatively high percentage that supports the "advertisement model" for evolution of food deception in orchids. The pollinating bee or fly lands on the lip and probes the spur which is approximately the same length or longer than the tongue. In the process of pushing into the flower and backing out, the sticky contents of a bursicle are either discharged by the backward movement of a flap or by forward pressure. Either of these actions may release adhesive fluid which fixes the viscidia onto the front of the insect's head. The gradual bending forward of the caudicles reduces likelihood of pollination of consecutively visited flowers with pollen from those recently visited flowers on the same plant (geitonogamous pollination) and thus promotes outcrossing. Erratum included.
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Sumangala, K., S. Srikrishnah, and S. Sutharsan. "Roses Growth and Flowering Responding to Concentration and Frequency of Seaweed (Sargassum crassifolium L.) Liquid Extract Application." Current Agriculture Research Journal 7, no. 2 (2019): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.7.2.11.
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Rose is a popular cut flower in Sri Lanka and mainly cultivated for the export market. An experiment was conducted at the Crop Farm, Eastern University, Sri Lanka to assess the effects of seaweed liquid extract on growth and flowering of roses (Rosa sp.) from June to September 2018. Seven treatments of seaweed liquid extract applications (10% once a week (T1), 10% twice a week (T2), 20% once a week (T3), 20% twice a week (T4), 30% once a week (T5), 30% twice a week (T6) and distilled water (T7- control)) were applied at completely randomized design with ten replications. Plant height, leaf area, plant biomass and number of flowers were significantly higher in T3. Once a week application of 20% seaweed liquid extract had the potential to increase the plant height, leaf area, plant biomass, number of flowers and dry weight of flowers in this experiment. It might be due to the presence of nutrients and the growth promoters in the S. crassifolium L. seaweed extract and optimum concentration of seaweed extract received by plants at T3.From this experiment, it could be concluded that once a week application of 20% seaweed liquid extract is suitable for promoting growth and flowering of roses.
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Raju, A. J. Solomon, and Rajendra Kumar. "Pollination ecology of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) in Coringa mangrove ecosystem, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 5 (2016): 8777. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2276.8.5.8777-8787.
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Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) is bisexual, self-compatible and has a vector-dependent mixed breeding system. They are dichogamous and herkogamous; the day 1 flowers are staminate while the day 2 and 3 flowers are pistillate. The plant blooms in the evening, possesses a white long corolla with a hairy interior to exclude other insects and strong fragrance are adaptations for pollination by the hawk-moth Macroglossum gyrans. The 2nd and 3rd day flowers are nectar-rich and attract hawk-moths during the dawn and dusk hours. The plant is also visited by bees and butterflies. The bees Xylocopa and Anthophora are primary nectar robbers which collect nectar without effecting pollination. In C. inerme, three forms of flowers can be distinguished based on the position of sex organs. The first form is characterized by elongated stamens and a style which occur in close proximity to each other just after anthesis facilitating contact between the stamens and stigma. The second form is characterized by the scattered position of stamens and style. In the third form, the stamens are fully extended while the style is curved away from them, either to the left or to the right; subsequently the stamens curl inward and the style elongates. Interestingly, the three flower forms can be found within a cyme also. These forms of flowers with strong protandry prevent autonomous selfing but not geitonogamy. The fruit is a capsule and breaks open to disperse nutlets. Birds such as Acridotheres tristis, Corvus splendens, Corvus macrorhynchos and Turdoides caudatus disperse nutlets during the early winter season. Seeds germinate in June and seedlings grow gradually to produce new plants.
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Flores, Luisa, Linda Wessel-Beaver, R. Bruce Carle, and Donald N. Maynard. "029 Performance of Short-vined Tropical Pumpkins Derived from Temperate × Tropical Crosses." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 446A—446. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.446a.
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A joint breeding effort of the Universities of Puerto Rico and Florida involves the development of short-vined tropical pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) genotypes that are able to reach maturity earlier than traditional long-vined types. Sixteen promising hybrids and inbreds were planted in Lajas, Puerto Rico, in June 1998. Pedigrees of this material included traditional tropical genotypes crossed with bush or compact temperate genotypes. Anthesis in both pistillate and staminate flowers occurred on average 49 days after planting. However, the variability of flowering dates among genotypes was far greater for pistillate (40 to 60 days) than staminate (46 to 54 days) flowers. Hybrids flowered earlier than inbred lines. Female flowers opened before male flowers in many genotypes. It seems likely that an inadequate source of pollen contributed to the low yields of some of the earliest genotypes. The five highest-yielding genotypes had pistillate flowers that opened after their male counterparts. All plots were once-over harvested 86 days after planting. Average yield per plant varied from 1.4 to 6.0 kg. Average fruit weight varied from 0.8 to 3.1 kg. High-yielding genotypes tended to have the highest fruit weight, a factor that should be considered when breeding for the next generation of short-vined genotypes. Yields were less than what could be expected from a long-vined tropical pumpkin. However, this yield could be obtained with a once-over harvest at about 90 days, compared to multiple harvests beginning at 120 days, saving costs of additional field practices, and allowing the land to be used for other purposes.
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Eliazar, Tabitha Trianda, and Sandra A. Aziz. "Guano and Rice-Hull Ash Application for Flowering Induction on Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack)." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 2, no. 3 (2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.2.3.14-21.
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Orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) has high economical values due to its medicinal properties. Orange jessamine leaves contain flavonoid, mexotionin and coumarin. Orange jessamine flowers contain scopoletin that can lower blood pressure and can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent and as anti-allergic. Orange jessamine is often used as an ornamental plant because it has beautiful flowers similar to jasmine, has nice scent, and red color fruits. The aim of this research is to study the effects of guano and rice-hull ash application on flowering induction of orange jessamine. The research was conducted at an organic experimental farm, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga (6°30' – 6°45' S, 106°30'-106°45' E) from December 2014 to June 2015 using randomized complete block design. The experiment used four treatments, i.e. guano at 0.4 kg per plant, combination of guano (0.4 kg per plant) and rice-hull ash (3.0 kg per plant), rice-hull ash 3.0 kg per plant and without fertilisation as control. The results showed that the application of rice-hull ash increased plant height and leaf number. Guano application significantly increased the intensity of leaf color in mature orange jessamine leaves. Rice-hull ash application increased flower number at 12 and 20 weeks after application.Keywords: chlorophyll, flower number, flower weight, NPK value, organic farming
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Mataa, M., C. Musenga, and C. Hakachite. "Shelf life responses of ‘Akito’ rose (Rosa spp.) cut flowers treated with growth regulator benzyl amino purine and microbiocide aluminium sulphate." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 10, no. 1 (2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v10i1.48088.
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Rose (Rosa spp.) production for cut flowers is an integral part of the horticultural industry. However, because roses are exotic plants they exhibit serious problems related to poor climatic adaptation. A study was conducted at the School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia to evaluate chemicals to extend flower shelf life. The cultivar ‘Akito’ was used as the test variety. Benzyl amino purine ([6- (benzylamino) purine]) (BAP), a growth regulator and aluminium sulphate (an acidifying reagent) were applied to cut flowers at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg L-l and 0, 400, 800 and 1200 mg L-l, concentration, respectively. BAP was applied to the plants in the greenhouse 2 days before harvest. A randomised complete block design arranged as a two- factor- factorial arrangement with three replications was used. Harvesting was done at the loose open calyx stage. Aluminium sulphate was applied to the holding solution where flowers were kept after harvest. The pH of the holding solution, blossoming (flower opening), leaf color of subtending leaves and bacterial population were monitored. The 400 mg L-l aluminium sulphate treatment caused an increase in acidity. There was concurrent decline in bacterial count in the first three days of application at less than 1 x 106 which was five times lower than the water control treatment. Bacterial population followed the trend of water acidity. The 20 mg L-l BAP application increased shelf life by 35 %. The results showed that BAP and aluminum sulphate treatment could enhance shelf life.
 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 6-12, June 2020
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Dounia, Clautin Ningatoloum, Chantal Doukaa, et al. "Impact of insect pollinators on yields of Glycine max L. (Fabaceae) at Yaoundé (Cameroon) Douniaa, Clautin Ningatoloumb, Chantal Doukaa, Elono Azang Pierre Stephana, Amada Brahimc, Joseph Lebel Tamessea, Fernand-Nestor Tchuenguem Fohouod." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 11 (June 22, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v11i.8797.
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To appreciate the impact of insect pollinators on the pod, seeds, and seed weight yields of Glycine max, the pollinating activities of flowering insects were studied in Yaoundé, during the two mild, rainy seasons in 2016 and 2017 (March-June). Observations were made on 45 to 20400 flowers per treatment. The flowers were subjected to different treatments: Free flowers (Treatment 1), bagged flowers (treatment 2), castrated and free flowers (treatment 3), and castrated and bagged flowers (treatment 4). Some (8695 and 3325) flowers of Glycine max (Fabaceae) were observed in 2016 and 2017, respectively, for the diversity and Frequency of insect visits. For results, 1527 visits of 13 insect species distributed in seven orders were recorded on G. max flowers. The most dominating Hymenoptera observed was Apis mellifera, with 40.20 % of the total insect visits. The highest number of insect pollinators harvested in the flowers of this Fabaceae was between 8h-9h. The studied insects have a positive impact on the yields of this plant. This positive impact of the pollinator insects on the yields was 26.29 %, 16.13 %, 15.02 and 4.45 % in fructification rate, number of seeds pod, the weight of seeds, and percentage of normal seeds respectively. The avoidance of pesticide treatment of plants during flowering could be a good management strategy to improve on plant yield.
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Jahan, M. R., B. Shahanaz, M. M. Islam, M. Rakibuzzaman, and A. F. M. Jamal Uddin. "Characterization and petal color analysis of Gerbera cultivars." Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 26, no. 1 (2020): 2143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jbar.260120.262.
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Breeders and Researchers need information for selecting and improving gerbera flower as promising cut flowers through flower color analysis. This experiment was accomplished to accurately define the different flower color cultivar and analysis of flower color of gerbera in the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University during the period of January, 2017 to June, 2017. Fourteen gerbera cultivars were used in this experiment arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The gerbera cultivars have been classified based on peduncle length and diameter, receptacle diameter, ray floret diameter, trans floret diameter, disc diameter, flower head type, disc color, flower shape, flower per plant and floret color following UPOV authorized guidelines. The color of the gerbera cultivars were definitely measured and expressed through L* (lightness), a* and b* (two Cartesian coordinates) including C* and hab (Chroma & Hue angle) based on CIELab scale. Classification and variation in petal color attributes presented in tables and plates that may be used for further research to improve the flower sector.
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Thammathevo, Khampasith, Jian Guo Bao, Jean de la Paix Mupenzi, and Bounthanome Singsuaisagna. "Use of Municipal Sludge with Soil on Marigold Flower Growth in Pot Experiments: Case Study of Vientiane City, Lao P.D.R." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.291.
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This paper presents the results of the study taken in ThaDua Wastewater Treatment Plant of Vientiane city to investigate the Use of municipal sludge with soil on Marigold flower growth in pot experiments. Sludge samples from the rice farm were examined periodically during the period from February to June 2010 using the chemical analytical method for soil, Organic matter (OM) was measured with volumetric analysis using Walkley and black method. The pH value was measured in a 1:1 (w/v), using pH meter. The plant was grown for 75 days, approximately 2.5 months (between April and June 2010). The bacteriological and chemical characteristics of the sludge after centrifuging were measured in order to establish the possibility of land disposal. And the Results for Marigold flowers as the chosen for the experiment, were that all mixtures of castings (C) with PP, PBS, except 3 PP: 1 C (v/v), increased the growth index of plants.
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Boyle, Paige E., Michelle M. Wisdom, and Michael D. Richardson. "Testing Flowering Perennial Plants in a Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) Lawn." HortScience 55, no. 10 (2020): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15197-20.
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Most pollinating insects require a season-long succession of floral resources to fulfill life-cycle requirements. Incorporating forbs into turfgrass sites may create a season-long sequence of flowers to support foraging pollinators. However, persistence of forbs in warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) may be affected by the competitive nature of the turfgrass and routine management practices such as mowing. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate seven forbs (Bellis perennis L., Lotus corniculatus L., Prunella vulgaris L., Trifolium fragiferum L. ‘Fresa’, Trifolium repens L. ‘Durana’ and ‘Resolute’, Trifolium subterraneum L.) for persistence and ability to produce floral resources for pollinating insects in a low maintenance bermudagrass lawn. Plugs of each species were incorporated into ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in Apr. 2016. Vegetative cover, flower production, flowering period and pollinator foraging were assessed. Prunella vulgaris bloomed July through August and achieved 100% cover (0% bermudagrass) by 2017. Trifolium repens achieved a more balanced competitive density with the bermudagrass and produced flowers from June through August in both years. Trifolium fragiferum persisted over two growing seasons but only bloomed in 2017. Bellis perennis, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium subterraneum did not persist. Pollinators were observed foraging on all persistent, flowering forbs, including Trifolium repens, Prunella vulgaris, and Trifolium fragiferum. Trifolium repens and Prunella vulgaris produced the most flowers and attracted the most pollinators.