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Journal articles on the topic 'Flowstones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 April 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Koltai, Gabriella, Hai Cheng, and Christoph Spötl. "Palaeoclimate significance of speleothems in crystalline rocks: a test case from the Late Glacial and early Holocene (Vinschgau, northern Italy)." Climate of the Past 14, no. 3 (2018): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-369-2018.

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Abstract. Partly coeval flowstones formed in fractured gneiss and schist were studied to test the palaeoclimate significance of this new type of speleothem archive on a decadal-to-millennial timescale. The samples encompass a few hundred to a few thousand years of the Late Glacial and the early Holocene. The speleothem fabric is primarily comprised of columnar fascicular optic calcite and acicular aragonite, both indicative of elevated Mg ∕ Ca ratios in the groundwater. Stable isotopes suggest that aragonite is more prone to disequilibrium isotope fractionation driven by evaporation and prior

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Karavanić, Ivor, Fred Smith, Marko Banda, Nikola Vukosavljević, Gernot Rabeder, and John Hellstrom. "Novi rezultati datiranja Vindije, Velike pećine (Kličevica) i Mujine pećine U-Th metodom i njihova implikacija za kronologiju srednjeg paleolitika u Hrvatskoj." Collegium antropologicum 45, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.45.1.1.

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This paper reports new results obtained by Uranium-Thorium (U-Th) dating of animal bones, tooth and flowstone samples from three Croatian Middle Paleolithic sites. Dates were obtained on bones and teeth from Vindija (Hrvatsko zagorje) and flowstones from Velika pećina in Kličevica and Mujina pećina (both in Dalmatia). Obtained results support the previously established chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of Croatia by confirming that the oldest layers of Vindija belong to MIS 6 and that Velika pećina in Kličevica was visited by Neandertals after 40 ka BP.

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3

Zhang, David Dian. "A Mineralogical Analysis of Karst Sediments and its Implications to the Middle-Late Pleistocene Climatic Changes on the Tibetan Plateau." Journal Geological Society of India 52, no. 3 (1998): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1998/520315.

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Abstract The minerals in various categories of Tibetan karst sediments were divided into three groups: carbonate, iron and silicate. The carbonate minerals, including calcite, aragonite and dolomite, consist mainly of speleothem, tufa and sinter. Most of the speleothems indicates wetter and warmer periods in early and middle Pleistocene, the youngest being 194,000 years old. The second formation of carbonate mineral, tufa, implies an arid period starting 91,000 years BP. The iron minerals, goethite and hematite, are often mixed up with cave alluvial sediments that are interbedded with flowston

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4

Heidke, Inken, Adam Hartland, Denis Scholz, et al. "Lignin oxidation products in soil, dripwater and speleothems from four different sites in New Zealand." Biogeosciences 18, no. 7 (2021): 2289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2289-2021.

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Abstract. Lignin oxidation products (LOPs) are widely used as vegetation proxies in climate archives, such as sediment and peat cores. The total LOP concentration, Σ8, provides information on the abundance of vegetation, while the ratios C/V and S/V of the different LOP groups also provide information on the type of vegetation. Recently, LOP analysis has been successfully applied to speleothem archives. However, there are many open questions concerning the transport and microbial degradation of LOPs on their way from the soil into the cave system. These processes could potentially alter the or

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Sierpień, P., J. Pawlak, H. Hercman, et al. "Flowstones from the Račiška Pečina Cave (SW Slovenia) Record 3.2-Ma-Long History." Geochronometria 48, no. 1 (2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geochr-2021-0004.

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Abstract Establishing a chronology of events is a critical step in reconstructing the palaeoclimate and it is important for all types of environmental records, including speleothems. Here, we analysed a unique series of flowstones deposited between 3.2 Ma (marine isotope stage (MIS) Km3) and 0.08 Ma (MIS 5). The studied flowstones are located in a classic karstic environment, the Račiška Pečina Cave in south-western Slovenia. Further, a detailed chronology of events was constructed based on oxygen isotope stratigraphy (OIS), combined with magnetostratigraphy and U-series dating. Two curves wer

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Wróblewski, Wojciech, Michał Gradziński, Jacek Motyka, and Jaroslav Stankovič. "Recently growing subaqueous flowstones: Occurrence, petrography, and growth conditions." Quaternary International 437 (May 2017): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.006.

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7

Pickering, Robyn. "U-Pb dating of flowstones: challenges, age models and success stories." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1179.

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8

Sun, Xue-feng, Shao-qing Wen, Cheng-qiu Lu, et al. "Ancient DNA and multimethod dating confirm the late arrival of anatomically modern humans in southern China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (2021): e2019158118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019158118.

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The expansion of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) from Africa around 65,000 to 45,000 y ago (ca. 65 to 45 ka) led to the establishment of present-day non-African populations. Some paleoanthropologists have argued that fossil discoveries from Huanglong, Zhiren, Luna, and Fuyan caves in southern China indicate one or more prior dispersals, perhaps as early as ca. 120 ka. We investigated the age of the human remains from three of these localities and two additional early AMH sites (Yangjiapo and Sanyou caves, Hubei) by combining ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis with a multimethod geological dating st

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Chatalov, Athanas, and Dilyana Hristova. "Diamicton facies in the vicinity of Duhlata cave, Bosnek karst region, Southwestern Bulgaria." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 82, no. 3 (2021): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2021.82.3.105.

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Karst caverns in the Upper Triassic dolostones of the Rusinovdel Formation are filled with allochthonous clastics (brecciaconglomerates with maximum boulder size) and locally with speleothems (flowstones). Deposition of the former (diamicton facies) by debris flows resulted from extreme flood events along the upper reaches of Struma river. The polymict material reflects erosion of various rock types in the source area but is dominated by resedimented Lower Triassic red beds. The diamictons are more or less similar to the few known examples from Quaternary karst caves.

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Shopov, Yavor. "New prolonged paleoclimatic cycles registered in calcite flowstones from the Duhlata cave, Bulgaria." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 83, no. 3 (2022): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.39.

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Studies of Quaternary climate change are particularly important for determining the extent and scale of the participation of natural and anthropogenic processes in global warming. For their research we applied measurements of paleoluminescent records and absolute dating of calcite flowstones from the Duhlata cave, Bosnek, Bulgaria. Using periodogram analysis of the obtained speleothem records, we established existence of new prolonged cycles of Quaternary climate change. Their intensity is comparable to that of the Milankovic cycles, which cause glaciations, so they have potential to produce s

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Pickering, Robyn, Andy I. R. Herries, Jon D. Woodhead, et al. "U–Pb-dated flowstones restrict South African early hominin record to dry climate phases." Nature 565, no. 7738 (2018): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0711-0.

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12

de Cisneros, Concepción Jiménez, Antonio González-Ramón, Cristina Sequero, Bartolomé Andreo, and Ian J. Fairchild. "Isotopic and Petrographic Evidence as a Proxy in Paleoclimatic Reconstructions from Flowstones in Southern Spain." Open Journal of Geology 10, no. 06 (2020): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.106027.

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13

Koltai, G., C. Spötl, M. Luetscher, H. Cheng, S. J. Barrett, and W. Müller. "The nature of annual lamination in carbonate flowstones from non-karstic fractures, Vinschgau (northern Italy)." Chemical Geology 457 (May 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.02.019.

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BAKER, ANDY, PETER L. SMART, and R. LAWRENCE EDWARDS. "Mass spectrometric dating of flowstones from Stump Cross Caverns and Lancaster Hole, Yorkshire: palaeoclimate implications." Journal of Quaternary Science 11, no. 2 (1996): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(199603/04)11:2<107::aid-jqs236>3.0.co;2-e.

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15

Clarke, Ronald J., Travis Rayne Pickering, Jason L. Heaton, and Kathleen Kuman. "The Earliest South African Hominids." Annual Review of Anthropology 50, no. 1 (2021): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837.

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The earliest South African hominids (humans and their ancestral kin) belong to the genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo, with the oldest being a ca. 3.67 million-year-old nearly complete skeleton of Australopithecus (StW 573) from Sterkfontein Caves. This skeleton has provided, for the first time in almost a century of research, the full anatomy of an Australopithecus individual with indisputably associated skull and postcranial bones that give complete limb lengths. The three genera are also found in East Africa, but scholars have disagreed on the taxonomic assignment for some foss

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16

Spötl, Christoph, and Augusto Mangini. "U/Th age constraints on the absence of ice in the central Inn Valley (eastern Alps, Austria) during Marine Isotope Stages 5c to 5a." Quaternary Research 66, no. 1 (2006): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.03.002.

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AbstractCalcitic flowstones are present in fractures of a Pleistocene breccia near Innsbruck, Austria, and record periods of carbonate precipitation in the unsaturated zone between 101,500 ± 1500 and 70,300 ± 1800 yr, constrained by U-series disequilibrium dates. The occurrence of these speleothems, their low carbon isotopic composition, and the lack of infiltrated siliciclastic material demonstrate that the central Inn valley – which harbored one of the most extensive valley glaciers during the last glacial maximum – was ice-free during Marine Isotope Stages 5c to 5a. Climatically warm period

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17

Lauritzen, Stein-Erik. "High-Resolution Paleotemperature Proxy Record for the Last Interglaciation Based on Norwegian Speleothems." Quaternary Research 43, no. 2 (1995): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1015.

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AbstractTwo speleothems from a coastal lowland and an alpine cave site in northern Norway grew in isotopic equilibrium during Termination II and marine isotope stage 5 (150,000-80,000 yr B.P.), as dated by the U-series technique. The stable isotope record (δ18O, δ13C) displays a time resolution down to ∼20 yr. The δ18Oc signal in the two speleothems appears to be mainly dominated by the meteoric signal; i.e., there is a positive relationship between δ18Oc and temperature [∂(δ18Oc/∂T > 0]. The FM-2 couplet, a Younger Dryas type two-step structure in Termination II at 132,000 ± 5000 and 129,0

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18

Turney, Chris S. M., Michael I. Bird, L. Keith Fifield, et al. "Early Human Occupation at Devil's Lair, Southwestern Australia 50,000 Years Ago." Quaternary Research 55, no. 1 (2001): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2195.

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AbstractNew dating confirms that people occupied the Australian continent before the earliest time inferred from conventional radiocarbon analysis. Many of the new ages were obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating after an acid–base–acid pretreatment with bulk combustion (ABA-BC) or after a newly developed acid–base–wet oxidation pretreatment with stepped combustion (ABOX-SC). The samples (charcoal) came from the earliest occupation levels of the Devil's Lair site in southwestern Western Australia. Initial occupation of this site was previously dated 35,000 14C yr B.P. Whereas the

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19

Robustelli, Gaetano, and Federica Lucà. "Insights into Late Quaternary Rock Shelter Sedimentation at Santuario Della Madonna Cave (Northern Calabria, Italy)." Geosciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13090260.

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Shelter caves serve as crucial repositories that provide valuable insights into Late Pleistocene–Holocene depositional mechanisms and environmental changes. In this study, we conducted a stratigraphic analysis of the easternmost cave-fill succession within the Santuario della Madonna cave, located along the Tyrrhenian coasts of southern Italy. By examining the cave-fill deposits and their relationship with archaeological successions from previous excavation campaigns, we aimed to enhance our understanding of sedimentary evolution, specifically, the interplay between local and global environmen

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20

Riechelmann, S., D. Buhl, A. Schröder-Ritzrau, et al. "The magnesium isotope record of cave carbonate archives." Climate of the Past 8, no. 6 (2012): 1849–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1849-2012.

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Abstract. Here we explore the potential of magnesium (δ26Mg) isotope time-series data as continental climate proxies in speleothem calcite archives. For this purpose, a total of six Pleistocene and Holocene stalagmites from caves in Germany, Morocco and Peru and two flowstones from a cave in Austria were investigated. These caves represent the semi-arid to arid (Morocco), the warm-temperate (Germany), the equatorial-humid (Peru) and the cold-humid (Austria) climate zones. Changes in the calcite magnesium isotope signature with time are compared against carbon and oxygen isotope records from th

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21

Riechelmann, S., D. Buhl, A. Schröder-Ritzrau, et al. "The magnesium isotope record of cave carbonate archives." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 3 (2012): 1835–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-1835-2012.

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Abstract. Here we explore the potential of time-series magnesium (δ26Mg) isotope data as continental climate proxies in speleothem calcite archives. For this purpose, a total of six Pleistocene and Holocene stalagmites from caves in Germany, Morocco and Peru and two flowstones from a cave in Austria were investigated. These caves represent the semi-arid to arid (Morocco), the warm-temperate (Germany), the equatorial-humid (Peru) and the cold-humid (Austria) climate zones. Changes in the calcite magnesium isotope signature with time are placed against carbon and oxygen isotope records from thes

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22

Matley, Kia A., JM Kale Sniderman, Andrew N. Drinnan, and John C. Hellstrom. "Late-Holocene environmental change on the Nullarbor Plain, southwest Australia, based on speleothem pollen records." Holocene 30, no. 5 (2020): 672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619895589.

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Fossil pollen from two stalagmites is examined to reconstruct a c. 2400-year history of vegetation change on the Nullarbor Plain. Environmental changes are reflected by variation in chenopod species abundance, and by a peak in woody taxa between 1000 and 800 years ago which is interpreted as evidence of increased moisture conditions associated with a positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode. While no strong palynological signal is observed at the time of European colonization of Australia, a significant change occurs in the past 40 years, which is interpreted as a vegetation response to a r

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Robbins, Jessie L., Paul H. G. M. Dirks, Eric M. Roberts, et al. "Providing context to the Homo naledi fossils: Constraints from flowstones on the age of sediment deposits in Rising Star Cave, South Africa." Chemical Geology 567 (April 2021): 120108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120108.

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Woodhead, Jon, and Joseph Petrus. "Exploring the advantages and limitations of in situ U–Pb carbonate geochronology using speleothems." Geochronology 1, no. 1 (2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-1-69-2019.

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Abstract. The recent development of methods for in situ U–Pb age determination in carbonates has found widespread application, but the benefits and limitations of the method over bulk analysis (isotope dilution – ID) approaches have yet to be fully explored. Here we use speleothems – cave carbonates such as stalagmites and flowstones – to investigate the utility of in situ dating methodologies for “challenging” matrices with typically low U and Pb contents and predominantly late Cenozoic ages. Using samples for which ID data have already been published, we show that accurate ages can be obtain

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Robbins, Jessie L., Paul H. G. M. Dirks, Eric M. Roberts, et al. "Erratum to Providing context to the Homo naledi fossils: Constraints from flowstones on the age of sediment deposits in Rising Star Cave, South Africa [Chemical Geology 567 (2021) 120108]." Chemical Geology 614 (December 2022): 121178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121178.

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Audra, Philippe, Vasile Heresanu, Lionel Barriquand, et al. "Bat guano minerals and mineralization processes in Chameau Cave, Eastern Morocco." International Journal of Speleology 50, no. 1 (2021): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.50.1.2374.

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The decay of bat guano deposits in caves produces mineral accumulations, mainly phosphates and secondary sulfates. Chameau Cave, Eastern Morocco, is located in the semi-arid Bni Snassen Mountains. It is composed of semi-active and dry passages, and is featured by strong condensation-corrosion on the walls, presence of fluvial sediments, and old corroded flowstones. Due to forced and convective airflow, the cave is generally very dry, with some damp sites related to condensation. Samples collected on the surface of different passages and along two sediment profiles yielded minerals related to b

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Aubrecht, Roman, Tomáš Lánczos, Branislav Šmida, et al. "Venezuelan sandstone caves: a new view on their genesis, hydrogeology and speleothems." Geologia Croatica 61, no. 2-3 (2008): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2008.27.

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Caves in arenites of the Roraima Group in Venezuela have been explored on the Chimantá and Roraima plateaus (tepuis). Geological and geomorphological research showed that the most feasible method of caves genesis was the winnowing and erosion of unlithified or poorly lithified arenites. The unlithified arenitic beds were isolated by well-cemented overlying and underlying rocks. There is a sharp contrast between these well-lithified rocks and the loose sands which form the poorly lithified to unlithified beds. They are only penetrated by strongly lithified pillars which were cemented by vertica

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Audra, Philippe, Vasile Heresanu, Lionel Barriquand, et al. "Bat guano minerals and mineralization processes in Chameau Cave, Eastern Morocco." International Journal of Speleology 50, no. 1 (2021): 91–109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14821139.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The decay of bat guano deposits in caves produces mineral accumulations, mainly phosphates and secondary sulfates. Chameau Cave, Eastern Morocco, is located in the semi-arid Bni Snassen Mountains. It is composed of semi-active and dry passages, and is featured by strong condensation-corrosion on the walls, presence of fluvial sediments, and old corroded flowstones. Due to forced and convective airflow, the cave is generally very dry, with some damp sites related to condensation. Samples collected on the surface of different passages and along

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Quinif, Yves, and Marc Legros. "Stratigraphy of the Lorette Cave (Rochefort, Belgium): Study of the “gours suspendus” section." Geologica Belgica 24, no. 3-4 (2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2021.005.

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The Lorette Cave contains a wide variety of deposits within various stratigraphical contexts. This cave is a part of the complex underground meander cut-off of the Wamme and Lomme rivers, between some swallow-holes along their two talwegs near On, Jemelle and Rochefort, and the general resurgence at Eprave. The Lorette Cave is embedded within the Givetian limestone formations of the Calestienne. This cave displays the first part with a labyrinthic structure. Some parts of the karstic network are affected by recent tectonic activity, which dislocates some galleries and provokes collapses. The s

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Błaszczyk, Marcin, Helena Hercman, Jacek Pawlak, et al. "Low to middle Pleistocene paleoclimatic record from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland) based on isotopic and calcite fabrics analyses." Geochronometria 45, no. 1 (2018): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0096.

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Abstract The quality of paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on speleothem records depends on the accuracy of the used proxies and the chronology of the studied record. As far as the dating method is concerned, in most cases, the best solution is the use of the U-series method to obtain a precise chronology. However, for older periods (i.e., over 0.5 Ma), dating has become a serious challenge. Theoretically, older materials could be dated with the U-Pb dating method. However, that method requires a relatively high uranium content (minimum of several ppm), whereas typical speleothems from Po

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Geyh, Mebus A., and G. J. Hennig. "Multiple Dating of a Long Flowstone Profile." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200007645.

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Dense speleothem samples are considered as closed systems and are, therefore, possibilities for any dating method. Four dating methods (14C, U/Th, paleomagnetism, and electron spin resonance = ESR) were used for samples up to 1,000,000 yr old and taken along a vertical flowstone profile in the Heggen cave in West Germany. Also δ18O and δ13C analyses were carried out.The reliability of the results of each method is dependent on the diagenetic processes that took place during the complex growth history of the flowstone. Speleothem growth was interrupted during glacial periods. During interglacia

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Boch, Ronny, and Christoph Spötl. "Reconstructing palaeoprecipitation from an active cave flowstone." Journal of Quaternary Science 26, no. 7 (2011): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1490.

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ALONSO-ZARZA, ANA M., ANDREA MARTÍN-PÉREZ, REBECA MARTÍN-GARCÍA, et al. "Structural and host rock controls on the distribution, morphology and mineralogy of speleothems in the Castañar Cave (Spain)." Geological Magazine 148, no. 2 (2010): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000506.

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AbstractThe Castañar Cave (central western Spain) formed in mixed carbonate–siliciclastic rocks of Neoproterozoic age. The host rock is finely bedded and shows a complex network of folds and fractures, with a prevalent N150E strike. This structure controlled the development and the maze pattern of the cave, as well as its main water routes. The cave formed more than 350 ka ago as the result of both the dissolution of interbedded carbonates and weathering of siliciclastic beds, which also promoted collapse of the overlying host rock. At present it is a totally vadose hypergenic cave, but its in

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Taborosi, Danko, and Kevin Stafford. "Littoral dripstone and flowstone--non-spelean carbonate secondary deposits." International Journal of Speleology 32, no. 1/4 (2003): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.32.1.6.

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Regattieri, Eleonora, Giovanni Zanchetta, Russell N. Drysdale, Ilaria Isola, John C. Hellstrom, and Adriano Roncioni. "A continuous stable isotope record from the penultimate glacial maximum to the Last Interglacial (159–121 ka) from Tana Che Urla Cave (Apuan Alps, central Italy)." Quaternary Research 82, no. 2 (2014): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.05.005.

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AbstractRelatively few radiometrically dated records are available for the central Mediterranean spanning the marine oxygen isotope stage 6–5 (MIS 6–5) transition and the first part of the Last Interglacial. Two flowstone cores from Tana che Urla Cave (TCU, central Italy), constrained by 19 U/Th ages, preserve an interval of continuous speleothem deposition between ca. 159 and 121 ka. A multiproxy record (δ18O, δ13C, growth rate and petrographic changes) obtained from this flowstone preserves significant regional-scale hydrological changes through the glacial/interglacial transition and multi-

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Lauritzen, Stein-Erik, Reidar Løvlie, Dagfinn Moe, and Eivind Østbye. "Paleoclimate Deduced from a Multidisciplinary Study of a Half-Million-Year-Old Stalagmite from Rana, Northern Norway." Quaternary Research 34, no. 3 (1990): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90043-k.

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AbstractA 7-cm-thick flowstone sequence has been dated by extended Uranium series techniques to less than 1.25 myr, with a probable growth interval of ≥350,000–≤730,000 yr B.P. The time span is in accordance with paleomagnetic results revealing normal polarity for the whole sequence, i.e., a depositional age of <730,000 yr B.P. Oxygen isotope variations suggest deposition during three warm periods, interrupted by two isotopically cold hiatuses characterized by bulk resolution and detrital laminae. Calculations suggest that climatic transitions may have involved a shift of 1.1–2.4°C in mean

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Dermendijev, V. N., G. T. Buyukliev, and Y. Y. Shopov. "The Prolonged Minima and Maxima of Solar Activity." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 130 (1991): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100079732.

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Abstract We study a new indirect index of solar activity – the Intensity of Luminescence of Cave Flowstone Microzones. This index correlates directly with the solar activity. Using a time series of the index with resolution 4-5 pixels/year we study some of the statistical properties of the solar activity cycle during 28 prolonged minima and 21 prolonged maxima.

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Hopley, Philip, Pieter Vermeesch, Randall Parrish, and Alfred Latham. "Clusters of flowstone ages are not supported by statistical evidence." Nature 594, no. 7863 (2021): E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03586-0.

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Baker, Andy, Peter L. Smart, and R. Lawrence Edwards. "Paleoclimate implications of mass spectrometric dating of a British flowstone." Geology 23, no. 4 (1995): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0309:piomsd>2.3.co;2.

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40

Grün, Rainer, and Henry P. Schwarcz. "Discussion Comments on Multiple Dating of a Long Flowstone Profile." Radiocarbon 29, no. 1 (1987): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043629.

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We strongly welcome the investigation by Geyh and Hennig (1986) and agree with their conclusion that the boundaries of the interglacial periods cannot be determined exactly using the methods applied so far in the Heggen cave. However, since we have been engaged for several years in the application of these methods (except 14C), and since the paper gives a very different interpretation of the ESR results from that presented by one of us (Grün, 1985), we feel the need to make some comments on this paper.

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41

Barriquand, Lionel, Jean-Yves Bigot, Philippe Audra, et al. "Caves and bats: Morphological impacts and archaeological implications. The Azé Prehistoric Cave (Saône-et-Loire, France)." Geomorphology 388 (June 12, 2021): 107785. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13471514.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Prehistoric Cave at Azé (France) was divided in two parts by calcite flowstone. This isolated the innermost parts of the cave from the entrance, which remained connected to the surface. Since the closure, bats have not been able to access the cave beyond the flowstone blockage. They have been present only in the cave entrance. The byproducts released by bats had a considerable effect on this entrance part. Gaseous exhalations have changed the composition of the surrounding atmosphere, leading to the development of dome-shaped cupolas and o

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42

Barriquand, Lionel, Jean-Yves Bigot, Philippe Audra, et al. "Caves and bats: Morphological impacts and archaeological implications. The Azé Prehistoric Cave (Saône-et-Loire, France)." Geomorphology 388 (June 7, 2021): 107785. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13471514.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Prehistoric Cave at Azé (France) was divided in two parts by calcite flowstone. This isolated the innermost parts of the cave from the entrance, which remained connected to the surface. Since the closure, bats have not been able to access the cave beyond the flowstone blockage. They have been present only in the cave entrance. The byproducts released by bats had a considerable effect on this entrance part. Gaseous exhalations have changed the composition of the surrounding atmosphere, leading to the development of dome-shaped cupolas and o

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43

Barriquand, Lionel, Jean-Yves Bigot, Philippe Audra, et al. "Caves and bats: Morphological impacts and archaeological implications. The Azé Prehistoric Cave (Saône-et-Loire, France)." Geomorphology 388 (July 3, 2021): 107785. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13471514.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Prehistoric Cave at Azé (France) was divided in two parts by calcite flowstone. This isolated the innermost parts of the cave from the entrance, which remained connected to the surface. Since the closure, bats have not been able to access the cave beyond the flowstone blockage. They have been present only in the cave entrance. The byproducts released by bats had a considerable effect on this entrance part. Gaseous exhalations have changed the composition of the surrounding atmosphere, leading to the development of dome-shaped cupolas and o

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44

Barriquand, Lionel, Jean-Yves Bigot, Philippe Audra, et al. "Caves and bats: Morphological impacts and archaeological implications. The Azé Prehistoric Cave (Saône-et-Loire, France)." Geomorphology 388 (July 10, 2021): 107785. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13471514.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Prehistoric Cave at Azé (France) was divided in two parts by calcite flowstone. This isolated the innermost parts of the cave from the entrance, which remained connected to the surface. Since the closure, bats have not been able to access the cave beyond the flowstone blockage. They have been present only in the cave entrance. The byproducts released by bats had a considerable effect on this entrance part. Gaseous exhalations have changed the composition of the surrounding atmosphere, leading to the development of dome-shaped cupolas and o

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45

Barriquand, Lionel, Jean-Yves Bigot, Philippe Audra, et al. "Caves and bats: Morphological impacts and archaeological implications. The Azé Prehistoric Cave (Saône-et-Loire, France)." Geomorphology 388 (July 17, 2021): 107785. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13471514.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Prehistoric Cave at Azé (France) was divided in two parts by calcite flowstone. This isolated the innermost parts of the cave from the entrance, which remained connected to the surface. Since the closure, bats have not been able to access the cave beyond the flowstone blockage. They have been present only in the cave entrance. The byproducts released by bats had a considerable effect on this entrance part. Gaseous exhalations have changed the composition of the surrounding atmosphere, leading to the development of dome-shaped cupolas and o

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46

Peña-Monné, José Luis, Lourdes Montes Ramírez, María Marta Sampietro-Vattuone, et al. "Geomorphological, chronological, and paleoenvironmental context of the Mousterian site at Roca San Miguel (Arén, Huesca, Spain) from the penultimate to the last glacial cycle." Quaternary Research 106 (November 15, 2021): 162–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2021.61.

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AbstractThe Roca San Miguel (RSM) archaeological site was occupied during Mousterian times. Here we present a geoarchaeological and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the site. Five stratigraphic units (A to E) formed by different archaeological levels are identified. Three optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages show that Unit A dates to between 169.6 ± 9.1 and 151.9 ± 11.1 ka, during the penultimate glacial period (PGP), and contains numerous signs of recurring hearths. Unit B is unexcavated. Unit C dates to between 118.9 ± 11.5 and 103.4 ± 6.9 ka (late Eemian–marine isotope stage (MI

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Hodge, Edward J., David A. Richards, Peter L. Smart, et al. "Effective precipitation in southern Spain (∼ 266 To 46 Ka) based on a speleothem stable carbon isotope record." Quaternary Research 69, no. 03 (2008): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.013.

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We present the longest-duration directly dated terrestrial palaeoclimate record from the western Mediterranean region: a flowstone speleothem from Gitana Cave, southeast Spain. The main phase of growth was 274 to 58 ka, dated by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) U-series methods. Effective precipitation, which we consider primarily responsible for flowstone calcite δ13C variations, measured at 300 μm resolution, was higher during interglacials associated with marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 7 and 5, and lower during glacial MIS 6. There is a close corre

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Gilli, E. "Evidence of palaeoseismicity in a flowstone of the Observatoire cave (Monaco)." Geodinamica Acta 12, no. 3-4 (1999): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09853111.1999.11105339.

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GILLI, E. "Evidence of palaeoseismicity in a flowstone of the Observatoire cave (Monaco)." Geodinamica Acta 12, no. 3-4 (1999): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0985-3111(00)88655-6.

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50

Baker, Andy, and Peter L. Smart. "Recent flowstone growth rates: Field measurements in comparison to theoretical predictions." Chemical Geology 122, no. 1-4 (1995): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00017-g.

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