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Journal articles on the topic 'Flue gas HCl removal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Wu, Wei, Yuanfeng Wu, Tongwei Wang, Decheng Wang, Qinyang Gu, and Baosheng Jin. "HCl Removal Using Calcined Ca–Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxide in the Presence of CO2 at Medium–High Temperature." Catalysts 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10010022.

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This present work aimed to investigate the influence of CO2 on HCl removal using calcined Ca–Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (CaMgAl-LDHs) at medium–high temperature (400–800 °C) in a fixed-bed reactor. It was revealed that a moderate CO2 concentration (~6%) in the flue gas of the municipal solid-waste incinerators could reduce the HCl capacity of the CaMgAl-layered double oxides (CaMgAl-LDOs). The highest capacity for HCl removal was observed over the CaMgAl-LDOs at 600 °C. However, sintering was also detected when the reaction temperature was below the calcination temperature (600 °C). Moreover, the decreasing HCl adsorption capacity of CaMgAl-LDOs was attributed to the existence of CO2 in the flue gas, which could efficiently inhibit the decomposition of carbonates as well as the conversion into metal chloride during the HCl removal process.

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2

Zhao, Li, Yang-wen Wu, Jian Han, Han-xiao Wang, Ding-jia Liu, Qiang Lu, and Yong-ping Yang. "Density Functional Theory Study on Mechanism of Mercury Removal by CeO2 Modified Activated Carbon." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112872.

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Doping of CeO2 on activated carbon (AC) can promote its performance for mercury abatement in flue gas, while the Hg0 removal mechanism on the AC surface has been rarely reported. In this research, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were implemented to unveil the mechanism of mercury removal on plain AC and CeO2 modified AC (CeO2-AC) sorbents. Calculation results indicate that Hg0, HCl, HgCl and HgCl2 are all chemisorbed on the adsorbent. Strong interaction and charge transfer are shown by partial density of states (PDOS) analysis of the Hg0 adsorption configuration. HCl, HgCl and HgCl2 can be dissociatively adsorbed on the AC model and subsequently generate HgCl or HgCl2 released to the gas phase. The adsorption energies of HgCl and HgCl2 on the CeO2-AC model are relatively high, indicating a great capacity for removing HgCl and HgCl2 in flue gas. DFT calculations suggest that AC sorbents exhibit a certain catalytic effect on mercury oxidation, the doping of CeO2 enhances the catalytic ability of Hg0 oxidation on the AC surface and the reactions follow the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism.

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3

Yang, Ru, Yongfa Diao, and Befkadu Abayneh. "Removal of Hg 0 from simulated flue gas over silver-loaded rice husk gasification char." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 9 (September 2018): 180248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180248.

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Mercury released into the atmosphere from coal combustion is harmful to humans and the environment. Rice husk gasification char (RHGC) is an industrial waste of biomass gasification power generation, which is silver-loaded to develop a novel and efficient sorbent for mercury removal from simulated flue gas. The experiment was carried out in a fixed-bed experimental system. The Hg 0 adsorption performance of RHGC was improved significantly after loading silver. Hg 0 adsorption capacity and mercury inlet concentration were found to be nonlinear. The adsorption capacity of RHGC decreased with the increase of reaction temperature. SO 2 inhibited mercury removal, NO and HCl promoted mercury removal; the Hg 0 adsorption capacity in the simulated flue gas was higher than that in pure N 2 . The silver-loaded rice husk gasification char (SRHGC) could be recycled about five times without significantly losing its removal efficiency. The SRHGC will not only reduce the cost of mercury removal but also save energy and reduce environmental pollution. At the same time, it provides a new way for the resource utilization of RHGC.

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4

Lancia, A., D. Musmarra, and F. Pepe. "Wet‐dry process of HCL removal from flue gas: experimental study on operating parameters." International Journal of Environmental Studies 56, no. 5 (August 1999): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239908711228.

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5

Shanshan, Zhang, Wang Renlei, Tang Guorui, and Dai YU. "Application and performance evaluation of desulfurization wastewater spray drying technology." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014302029.

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In order to realize zero discharge of desulfurization wastewater, spray drying technology of desulfurization wastewater was used in 2x330MW unit of a power plant. Its principle was to use a rotary atomizer for atomization,and a part of hot flue gas was drawn from the SCR denitrification reactor and air preheater into the drying tower, the heat was used to evaporate the desulfurization wastewater in a spray drying tower. The salt in the waste water was mixed with the dust, which was collected and removed by the electric dust remover. Then the water vapor was mixed with the flue gas and finally enters the desulfurization tower.The field test was carried out under the condition that the unit load was 100% and the amount of desulfurization wastewater treated was 5.1m3/h.The results showed that the hot smoke gas volume of drying tower was about 64896m3/h, The smoke temperature at the inlet and outlet of the drying tower were 335℃ and 205℃ respectively,the moisture content of drying products was only 0.05%. The content of HCl in the flue gas at the inlet and outlet of the drying tower were 55mg/L and 195mg/L respectively, the mass fractions of Cl removal and Cl volatilization in desulfurization wastewater were 87.7% and 12.3% respectively. The increase of Cl content in the dried products had little effect on the utilization of fly ash.

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6

Tseng, Hui-Hsin, Ming-Yen Wey, Yu-Shen Liang, and Ke-Hao Chen. "Catalytic removal of SO2, NO and HCl from incineration flue gas over activated carbon-supported metal oxides." Carbon 41, no. 5 (2003): 1079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(03)00017-4.

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7

Ochiai, Ryota, Md Azhar Uddin, Eiji Sasaoka, and Shengji Wu. "Effects of HCl and SO2Concentration on Mercury Removal by Activated Carbon Sorbents in Coal-Derived Flue Gas†." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 10 (October 15, 2009): 4734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef900057e.

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8

Zroychikov, N. A., S. A. Fadeev, G. I. Dvoskin, L. M. Dudkina, V. F. Kornilyeva, and G. A. Tarasov. "Pre-Dehalogenation of Chlorine-Containing Medical Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-9-4-9.

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The results of the study of the destruction of a model mixture of medical waste (MW) of typical composition and their components in the range of pyrolysis temperature of 400–650 °C are presented. It is shown that during the initial stage of waste heating by the time the temperature reaches 350 °C, 86–88 % of chlorine in the form of hydrogen chloride (HCl) passes into the gas phase. Considered developed and protected by the patent of the Russian Federation scheme of organization of thermal utilization of MW by two-stage pyrolysis with the removal of HCl from the gas stream at the first stage of the process with its subsequent neutralization with an alkaline solution, which significantly reduces the possibility of the formation of dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in the second stage of pyrolysis, gaseous products in the form of a concentrated gas-vapor mixture are burned at a temperature of 1000–1350 °C, which ensures fire destruction of all the organic components of pyrolysis and environmental safety of exhaust flue gases.

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9

Dal Pozzo, Alessandro, Giacomo Muratori, Giacomo Antonioni, and Valerio Cozzani. "Economic and environmental benefits by improved process control strategies in HCl removal from waste-to-energy flue gas." Waste Management 125 (April 2021): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.059.

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10

Kluczka, Joanna. "Removal of Boron and Manganese Ions from Wet-Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater by Hybrid Chitosan-Zirconium Sorbent." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030635.

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Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater, after the alkaline precipitation and coagulation processes, often requires additional treatment in order to reduce the concentrations of boron and heavy metals below the required limits. In this study, we present an innovative and environmentally friendly method for boron and manganese removal that is based on a hybrid chitosan-zirconium hydrogel sorbent. The results from the batch adsorption experiment indicated that the uptake capacity for boron and manganese was equal to 1.61 mg/g and 0.75 mg/g, respectively, while the column study indicated that the total capacity of boron and manganese was equal to 1.89 mg/g and 0.102 mg/g, respectively. The very good applicability of the Langmuir isotherm at 25 °C suggested the monolayer coverage of the boron species onto the hybrid chitosan-zirconium hydrogel with a maximum adsorptive capacity of 2 mg/g. The amounts of boron and manganese in purified water could be decreased to less than 1 mg/dm3 and 0.05 mg/dm3, respectively, starting from the initial concentration of boron equal to 24.7 mg/dm3 and manganese equal to 3.0 mg/dm3 in FGD wastewater. Selective desorption of boron from the loaded bed was favorable when a NaOH solution was used, while manganese was preferentially eluted with a HCl solution. It is important to note that such an innovative method was investigated for the first time by testing borax recovery from wastewater in terms of an eco-technological perspective.

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11

Lv, Qiang, Chang’an Wang, Yang He, Ming Cai, and Defu Che. "Elemental Mercury Removal over CeO2/TiO2 Catalyst Prepared by Sol–Gel Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082706.

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Elemental mercury (Hg0) emitted from a coal-fired boiler is a serious menace and challenge to humans. Using high-efficiency CeO2/TiO2 catalysts to enhance the conversion from elemental mercury to oxidized mercury is a promising approach to reducing Hg0 emission. However, most of the CeO2/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method or coprecipitation method while little attention has been paid to sol–gel method, which has many advantages in material production. In this study, a series of catalysts were synthesized through the sol–gel method to remove the gaseous Hg0 from simulated flue gas. The effect of vanadium (V) on Hg0 removal efficiency and the simultaneous removal of Hg0 and NO were also investigated. The results showed the optimal temperature for Hg0 removal over the CeO2/TiO2 catalysts was 350 °C. The oxidation of Hg0 could be promoted by O2, HCl, and NO, but inhibited by NH3 and SO2. The addition of vanadium could enhance the Hg0 removal performance and the resistance to NH3 and SO2. A synergetic effect was found during the simultaneous removal of Hg0 and NO. The high redox reaction reactivity of Ce4+/Ce3+ and V5+/V4+ should take the credit for the oxidation of Hg0 and the removal of NO. Based upon the performance tests and the characterization experiments of the samples, the detailed mechanisms of the Hg0 and NO removal over the catalysts were proposed.

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12

Kim, Kwang-Deuk, Seong-Min Jeon, Naim Hasolli, Kang-San Lee, Jae-Rang Lee, Jae-Won Han, Hee Taik Kim, and Young-Ok Park. "HCl removal characteristics of calcium hydroxide at the dry-type sorbent reaction accelerator using municipal waste incinerator flue gas at a real site." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 34, no. 3 (January 6, 2017): 747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0306-0.

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13

Naryono, Eko, Arief Budiono, and Sandra Santosa. "EFFECT OF PRESSURE IN ORGANIC WASTE BURNING PROCESS ON THE COMBUSTION RATE." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 7, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11395.

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The combustion process of organic waste has several drawback which produce flue gases containing pollutants SO2, HCl, tar and heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cr). The pollutants can be removed from the flue gas using a water scrubber. The process of absorption using the water scrubber can cause a rise in pressure in the combustion chamber.This research aims to study the effect of combustion process pressure of organic waste on the combustion rate. The research was conducted by burning waste in the reactor at various flow rate of combustion air. The exhaust gases of combustion then flowed into ihe water scrubber that the height varied. The change in pressure and combustion rate of each variation of the air flow rate and the height of the water scrubber was measured. According to the results, it was obtained the correlation of combustion pressure to the combustion rate was y = 0,844e-0,2X, where y = the combustion rate (kg/min) and x = combustion pressure (gauge, mm H2O). In addition, the increase in combustion pressure up to 21 mm of water, caused a reduction in combustion temperatures up to 50 ° C, while the combustion rate decreased to one-tenth from atmospheric combustion.

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14

Dupre, Kathleen, Emily Ryan, Azat Suleimenov, and Jillian Goldfarb. "Experimental and Computational Demonstration of a Low-Temperature Waste to By-Product Conversion of U.S. Oil Shale Semi-Coke to a Flue Gas Sorbent." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2018): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113195.

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The volatility of crude oil prices incentivizes the use of domestic alternative fossil fuel sources such as oil shale. For ex situ oil shale retorting to be economically and environmentally viable, we must convert the copious amounts of semi-coke waste to an environmentally benign, useable by-product. Using acid and acid + base treatments, we increased the surface area of the semi-coke samples from 15 m2/g (pyrolyzed semi-coke) to upwards of 150 m2/g for hydrochloric acid washed semi-coke. This enhancement in porosity and surface area is accomplished without high temperature treatment, which lowers the overall energy required for such a conversion. XRD analysis confirms that chemical treatments removed the majority of dolomite while retaining other carbonate minerals and maintaining carbon contents of approximately 10%, which is greater than many fly ashes that are commonly used as sorbent materials. SO2 gas adsorption isotherm analysis determined that a double HCl treatment of semi-coke produces sorbents for flue gas treatment with higher SO2 capacities than commonly used fly ash adsorbents. Computational fluid dynamics modeling indicates that the sorbent material could be used in a fixed bed reactor to efficiently remove SO2 from the gas stream.

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15

Ružovič, Tomáš, Karel Svoboda, Jindřich Leitner, Michael Pohořelý, and Miloslav Hartman. "Thermodynamic possibilities of flue gas dry desulfurization, de-HCl, removal of mercury, and zinc compounds in a system with Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2, sulfur, and HBr addition." Chemical Papers 74, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00930-7.

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16

Rosanka, Simon, Giang H. T. Vu, Hue M. T. Nguyen, Tien V. Pham, Umar Javed, Domenico Taraborrelli, and Luc Vereecken. "Atmospheric chemical loss processes of isocyanic acid (HNCO): a combined theoretical kinetic and global modelling study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 6671–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6671-2020.

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Abstract. Isocyanic acid (HNCO) is a chemical constituent suspected to be harmful to humans if ambient concentrations exceed ∼1 ppbv. HNCO is mainly emitted by combustion processes but is also inadvertently released by NOx mitigation measures in flue gas treatments. With increasing biomass burning and more widespread usage of catalytic converters in car engines, good prediction of HNCO atmospheric levels with global models is desirable. Little is known directly about the chemical loss processes of HNCO, which limits the implementation in global Earth system models. This study aims to close this knowledge gap by combining a theoretical kinetic study on the major oxidants reacting with HNCO with a global modelling study. The potential energy surfaces of the reactions of HNCO with OH and NO3 radicals, Cl atoms, and ozone were studied using high-level CCSD(T)/CBS(DTQ)//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemical methodologies, followed by transition state theory (TST) theoretical kinetic predictions of the rate coefficients at temperatures of 200–3000 K. It was found that the reactions are all slow in atmospheric conditions, with k(300K)≤7×10-16 cm3molecule-1s-1, and that product formation occurs predominantly by H abstraction; the predictions are in good agreement with earlier experimental work, where available. The reverse reactions of NCO radicals with H2O, HNO3, and HCl, of importance mostly in combustion, were also examined briefly. The findings are implemented into the atmospheric model EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) to estimate the importance of each chemical loss process on a global scale. The EMAC predictions confirm that the gas-phase chemical loss of HNCO is a negligible process, contributing less than 1 % and leaving heterogeneous losses as the major sinks. The removal of HNCO by clouds and precipitation contributes about 10 % of the total loss, while globally dry deposition is the main sink, accounting for ∼90 %. The global simulation also shows that due to its long chemical lifetime in the free troposphere, HNCO can be efficiently transported into the UTLS by deep convection events. Daily-average mixing ratios of ground-level HNCO are found to regularly exceed 1 ppbv in regions dominated by biomass burning events, but rarely exceed levels above 10 ppt in other areas of the troposphere, though locally instantaneous toxic levels are expected.

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17

Seshan, K. "Flue gas NOx removal by urea." Applied Catalysis 53, no. 1 (January 1989): N2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)80031-7.

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18

AHMED, N. "Development and testing of HCl gas sensor for flue gas monitoring." Solid State Ionics 86-88 (July 1996): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(96)00243-3.

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19

O’Shaughnessy, Maureen, Frank Sapienza, Peter Rynkiewicz, Brian Whitaker, and Stephen M. Bennett. "Innovative Mercury Removal From Incinerator Flue Gas." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 13 (January 1, 2015): 4166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819541143.

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20

Granite, Evan J., and Henry W. Pennline. "Photochemical Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 22 (October 2002): 5470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie020251b.

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21

Yeh, James T., Richard J. Demski, Joseph P. Strakey, and James I. Joubert. "Combined SO2/NOx removal from flue gas." Environmental Progress 4, no. 4 (November 1985): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670040405.

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22

Kumaraswamy, R., G. Muyzer, J. G. Kuenen, and M. C. M. Loosdrecht. "Biological removal of NOx from flue gas." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0353.

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BioDeNOx is a novel integrated physico-chemical and biological process for the removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from flue gas. Due to the high temperature of flue gas the process is performed at a temperature between 50-55°C. Flue gas containing CO2, O2, SO2 and NOx, is purged through Fe(II)EDTA2- containing liquid. The Fe(II)EDTA2- complex effectively binds the NOx; the bound NOx is converted into N2 in a complex reaction sequence. In this paper an overview of the potential microbial reactions in the BioDeNOx process is discussed. It is evident that though the process looks simple, due to the large number of parallel potential reactions and serial microbial conversions, it is much more complex. There is a need for a detailed investigation in order to properly understand and optimise the process.

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23

Gundersen, Maria T., Nicolas von Solms, and John M. Woodley. "Enzymatically Assisted CO2 Removal from Flue-gas." Energy Procedia 63 (2014): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.067.

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24

Chin, Terence, Rong Yan, David Tee Liang, and Joo Hwa Tay. "Hydrated Lime Reaction with HCl under Simulated Flue Gas Conditions." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 10 (May 2005): 3742–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie040206z.

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25

Hao, Su Ju, Wu Feng Jiang, Yu Zhu Zhang, and Bing Liu. "Removal of Sulfur Dioxide from Sintering Flue Gas with Coking Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.910.

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Coking wastewater comprising a lot of ammonia is a good desulfurizer for recycling. Sintering flue gas is characterized by large volume, low sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration and large variation amplitude and etc. The purpose for treating waste with waste can be carried out by treating sintering flue gas with coking wastewater. This paper uses a spray tower countercurrent device, ensures the contact between coking wastewater and sintering flue gas, and detects SO2 concentration of inlet flue gas and outlet flue gas on line by using an automatic flue gas detection instrument. This paper studies on the change regularity for the SO2 concentration at outlet flue gas during the process of treating sintering flue gas with coking wastewater, the influence of SO2 initial concentration in sintering flue gas to the removal efficiency of SO2, the influence of gas-liquid ratio between the sintering flue gas and the coking wastewater to the removal efficiency of SO2, and the change regularity for the pH value of coking wastewater after desulfurizing. The results show that the sintering flue gas which is treated can live up to the atmospheric pollutant effluent standard of iron and steel industry; the pH value of coking wastewater is reduced after treating, and the conditions for the implementation of subsequent coking wastewater treatment process are provided.

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26

Liu, Dian Fu, Fang Qing Zhu, and Xiao Lin Wei. "Investigation on the Combustion Properties of Refuse Derived Fuel in an Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.170.

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An internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) was applied to investigate the behavior of refuse derived fuels (RDF) incineration. The temperature distribution along bed height was measured by the thermocouple and the pollutant emissions in the flue gas were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry Gasmet DX-3000. In the tests the concentrations of the species CO CO2 HCl N2O SO2 were measured online. The experimental results showed that the RDF could combust steadily in the fluidized bed. The concentrations of the CO HCl N2O in flue gas were higher than the values of national environmental standards.

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27

Lin, Geng-Min, and Chien-Song Chyang. "Removal of HCl in Flue Gases by Calcined Limestone at High Temperatures." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 11 (October 2, 2017): 12417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01830.

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28

Jiang, Feng, Randy Seeker, and Derek Dunn-Rankin. "Mercury Removal from Flue Gas by Aqueous Precipitation." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 4, no. 1 (May 13, 2015): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v4i1.7393.

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29

He, Kejia, Qiang Song, Zhennan Yan, and Qiang Yao. "SO3 Removal from Flue Gas by Using Na2SO3." Energy & Fuels 34, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 7232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c00476.

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30

Granite, Evan J., Henry W. Pennline, and Richard A. Hargis. "Novel Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Flue Gas." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, no. 4 (April 2000): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie990758v.

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31

Johny, Nixon, T. R. Murali, P. S. Manu Mathew, A. Arun Raj, and O. P. Sukesh. "Experiment on carbon dioxide removal from flue gas." Materials Today: Proceedings 11 (2019): 1094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.12.044.

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32

Krammer, G., and G. Staudinger. "SO2 removal from flue gas with dry limestone." Gas Separation & Purification 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4214(91)80034-3.

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33

Yang, Jianping, Hong Xu, Yongchun Zhao, Hailong Li, and Junying Zhang. "Mercury Removal from Flue Gas by Noncarbon Sorbents." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 5 (February 23, 2021): 3581–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c04207.

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34

Xue, Zhipeng, Hao Chen, and Minmin Zhao. "Combined Removal Of NOx And SO2 From Flue Gas At Low Temperature." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 04038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185304038.

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A method was proposed to remove NOx and SO2 in flue gas by using the sulfinyl functional group as a catalyst. Ozone is introduced into the flue gas to oxidize NO. Soluble NO2 and SO2 reacted with ammonia to form ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, which were the raw material of the compound fertilizer. A small pilot is built in a container that can be easily transported to power plant and extracts the actual flue gas directly from the gas duct. In order to obtain the best the SO2 and NOX removal efficiency in this experiment, many parameters were changed. Such as flue gas flow, ozone / NOX ratio, liquid-gas ratio, flue gas temperature, catalyst type, catalyst concentration, solution pH value. Results indicated that SO2 was cleaned up quite efficiently and the removal efficiency was nearly 99% under all conditions. the best NOX removal efficiency can reach 88%. The NOX removal efficiency depended primarily on ozone / NOX ratio, and the temperature of flue gas also had influence on the NOX removal efficiency. The optimum pH range is 5.6-6.3. After inspection by authoritative institutions, the quality of fertilizers is superior to national standards.

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35

Jiang, Yu Ze, Jiu Tao An, Ke Feng Shang, Na Lu, Jie Li, and Yan Wu. "Oxidative Removal of Elemental Mercury in Flue Gas by DBD Discharge Plasma." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2621.

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Oxidation of gas phase elemental mercury (Hg0) in the simulated flue gas by DBD plasma under atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature (298 K) was conducted. Experimental results indicated that the oxidative efficiency of Hg0 increased with O2 content, the residence time of flue gas in reactor and the applied voltage. The oxidation efficiency of Hg0 reached over 96% under the applied voltage of 11 kV and the residence time of 0.24 s when the O2 content in flue gas was 20%, and the corresponding energy efficiency was at about 14.1 μg kJ-1. It was noted that the oxidation efficiency of Hg0 could still reach 80% when the O2 content in flue gas was only 4% (near the actual O2 content in flue gas of coal-fired boilers). The experimental results indicated that DBD plasma was one of the efficient technologies for purification of Hg0 vapor industrial flue gas.

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36

Farr, Silvio, Barna Heidel, Melanie Hilber, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Influence of Flue-Gas Components on Mercury Removal and Retention in Dual-Loop Flue-Gas Desulfurization." Energy & Fuels 29, no. 7 (June 16, 2015): 4418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00899.

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37

Xie, Hai Wei, and Yan Zhang. "Research on Flue Gas Cleaning of Waste Incineration by Rotating Spray Drying." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3455.

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An experimental system of rotating spray drying for cleaning the waste incineration flue gas has been set up on account of the particular fact, that the flue gas quantity is small and contains relatively little SO2,but relatively much HCl. The influence, of the main parameters which could be control during design and operation, on the efficiency of desulphurization and dechlorination has been tested determined. It was showed that this method resulted in higher dechlorination efficiency and lower desulphurization efficiency. Nevertheless, considering the particularities of the waste incineration flue gas, the discharged flue gas which had been cleaned by this method can meet the restrictive demands of discharging standard of SO2, and at the same time can warrant a higher efficiency of dechlorination. The efficiency of flue gas cleaning can be enhanced by increasing stoichiometric ratio, by injecting more water, by increasing the rotating speed of atomizer and by decreasing flue gas velocity. The efficiency of desulphurization and dechlorination could reach 78％ and 90％ at stoichiometric ratio 1.8, the amount of injection water 15L/h, rotating speed of atomizer 13500r/min and flue gas velocity 0.7m/s.

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Li, Fang Qin, Ji Yong Liu, Xiao Feng Zhang, Jian Xing Ren, and Jiang Wu. "The Effects of Operation Parameters on CO₂ Removal Efficiency by Membrane Method." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2326.

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On the membrane contactor test unit, chose monoethanolamine (MEA) as absorption solution to absorb CO2 of simulated flue gases, studied effects of operating parameters on CO2 capture. Operating parameters included initial CO2 contents in flue gas, flue gas flow and absorption solution flow. Experimental results showed that: the greater the absorption of fluid flow, the higher the CO2 removal rate;While the greater the flue gas flow or the higher the initial CO2 concentration in flue gas, the lower the CO2 removal rate. In order to study the influence of the regeneration solution on CO2 absorption efficiency, regeneration experiments were done. Since the loss of solvent in regeneration solution, CO2 removal efficiency by regeneration solution was lower than that by original absorption solution.

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Pan, Si Wei, Nian Tang, Jiang Jun Hu, Ji Fu Kuang, Min Qi, and Kai Ye. "Experimental Study on the Spray of Mercury Removal Performance of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1483.

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For coal-fired power plant boiler flue gas desulfurization wastewater’s actual spraying proposed combination bag house dust while mercury removal process. Experimental study of the coal-fired boiler flue gas spraying chlorine ions and other halogens desulfurization wastewater modified fly ash flue gas mercury performance. Studies showed that desulfurization wastewater fly ash on chloride ion enhanced oxidation of elemental mercury, with the increase in the amount sprayed desulfurization wastewater, flue gas mercury capacity increased. Desulfurization wastewater add another halogen element can promote flue gas mercury performance, the effect of iodine was the most significant, followed by bromine. The desulfurization wastewater as a modified liquid sprayed into the flue modified fly ash, fly ash can improve mercury removal performance, eliminate the need for desulfurization wastewater treatment, cost savings, achieve desulfurization wastewater recycling.

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Marczak-Grzesik, Marta, Stanisław Budzyń, Barbara Tora, Szymon Szufa, Krzysztof Kogut, and Piotr Burmistrz. "Low-Cost Organic Adsorbents for Elemental Mercury Removal from Lignite Flue Gas." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082174.

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The research presented by the authors in this paper focused on understanding the behavior of mercury during coal combustion and flue gas purification operations. The goal was to determine the flue gas temperature on the mercury emissions limits for the combustion of lignites in the energy sector. The authors examined the process of sorption of mercury from flue gases using fine-grained organic materials. The main objectives of this study were to recommend a low-cost organic adsorbent such as coke dust (CD), corn straw char (CS-400), brominated corn straw char (CS-400-Br), rubber char (RC-600) or granulated rubber char (GRC-600) to efficiently substitute expensive dust-sized activated carbon. The study covered combustion of lignite from a Polish field. The experiment was conducted at temperatures reflecting conditions inside a flue gas purification installation. One of the tested sorbents—tire-derived rubber char that was obtained by pyrolysis—exhibited good potential for Hg0 into Hg2+ oxidation, resulting in enhanced mercury removal from the flue. The char characterization increased elevated bromine content (mercury oxidizing agent) in comparison to the other selected adsorbents. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of mercury sorption from the flue gases at temperatures of 95, 125, 155 and 185 °C. The average mercury content in Polish lignite was 465 μg·kg−1. The concentration of mercury in flue gases emitted into the atmosphere was 17.8 µg·m−3. The study analyzed five low-cost sorbents with the average achieved efficiency of mercury removal from 18.3% to 96.1% for lignite combustion depending on the flue gas temperature.

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Zhao, Xu Ying, Jun Zhou, Jiang Wu, Bu Ni, Xian Li, Shen Yu, Jin Xu, and Han Gao. "Mercury Removal from Flue Gas with Fe-Doped Titania Photocatalyst." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.460.

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The titanium-based nanocatalysts were prepared and used to photocatalytically oxidize Hg0 to remove it in the simulated flue gas in this paper .The modified commercial degussa P25 and Fe3+ doped TiO2 photocatalyst prepared with sol-gel method were applied to conduct the experimenent on self-built experimental platform to test their photocatalytically oxidation performance on mercury in the simulated flue gas.By designing different ratios of Fe2O3/TiO2, comparison experiments under UV(ultra violet) irradiation, it was compared with the result of the experiment and reference documents to verify the rationality of the experimental results and the accuracy. The best catalyst modification conditions were determined and analyzed the Fe-doped TiO2 photocatalytic mechanism to guarantee high or higher mercury removal from flue gas.

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Chisholm, Paul N., and Gary T. Rochelle. "Dry Absorption of HCL and SO2with Hydrated Lime from Humidified Flue Gas." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38, no. 10 (October 1999): 4068–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9806601.

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Chisholm, Paul N., and Gary T. Rochelle. "Absorption of HCl and SO2from Humidified Flue Gas with Calcium Silicate Solids." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, no. 4 (April 2000): 1048–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie990493k.

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Liu, Qingya, Chunhu Li, and Yanxu Li. "SO2 removal from flue gas by activated semi-cokes." Carbon 41, no. 12 (2003): 2217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(03)00205-7.

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Liu, Qingya, Ju Shang Guan, Jiangang Li, and Chunhu Li. "SO2 removal from flue gas by activated semi-cokes." Carbon 41, no. 12 (2003): 2225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(03)00230-6.

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Sun, Zhiguo, Yu Zhao, Hanyang Gao, and Guoxin Hu. "Removal of SO2from Flue Gas by Sodium Humate Solution." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 2 (February 18, 2010): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef901052r.

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Fu, K. L., M. Y. Yao, D. B. Wang, H. C. Zhao, G. W. Cheng, and S. Yang. "Removal of Hg2+ from flue gas by petroleum thioether." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 354 (October 25, 2019): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/354/1/012094.

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Zhao, Yi, Peng He, Tian-Xiang Guo, Bing-Jian Zhang, and Ying-Hui Han. "Removal of Trichlorobenzene from Flue Gas Using Complex Absorbent." Journal of Environmental Engineering 136, no. 12 (December 2010): 1398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000283.

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Wang, Fan, Hongmei Wang, Fan Zhang, Jinwei Zhu, Gang Tian, Yu Liu, and Jixian Mao. "SO2/Hg removal from flue gas by dry FGD." International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (January 2012): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2011.06.011.

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Granite, Evan J., Mark C. Freeman, Richard A. Hargis, William J. O’Dowd, and Henry W. Pennline. "The thief process for mercury removal from flue gas." Journal of Environmental Management 84, no. 4 (September 2007): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.022.

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