Academic literature on the topic 'Fluid bed drying'

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Journal articles on the topic "Fluid bed drying"

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Akhtaruzzaman, M., MR Ali, MM Rahman, and MS Ahamed. "Drying tea in a kilburn vibro fluid bed dryer." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18227.

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The fluidized bed drying principles for drying of tea in Bangladesh is thoroughly studied. The experiments were conducted to determine the drying curve, drying time, drying constant and dynamic equilibrium moisture contents of tea at the Bangladesh Tea Research Institute. Drying of tea in a fluidized bed dryer (Kilburn Vibro Fluid Bed Dryer) takes only 20 min for drying from an initial moisture content of 69.1% to a final moisture content of 2.8%. Temperatures of drying air were recorded to be 130°C at the inlet and 90°C at the outlet. The drying constant was found to be 31.05 h-1 and the dynamic equilibrium moisture contents were in the range of 18.3 to 2.0%. Finally the principle of fluidized bed drying was compared with the principle of conventional endless chain pressure type drying. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18227 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 153-158, 2013
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Temple, S. J., and A. J. B. van Boxtel. "Control of Fluid Bed Drying of Tea." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 9 (June 1998): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)44025-0.

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Groenewold, H., and E. Tsotsas. "A NEW MODEL FOR FLUID BED DRYING." Drying Technology 15, no. 6-8 (July 1997): 1687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939708917318.

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Moreno, Rogelio, and José Oyarzo. "SAWDUST FLUID-BED DRYING WITH HEATING TUBES." Drying Technology 16, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917410.

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Benelli, Lucimara, Diego F. Cortés-Rojas, Claudia Regina F. Souza, and Wanderley Pereira Oliveira. "Fluid bed drying and agglomeration of phytopharmaceutical compositions." Powder Technology 273 (March 2015): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.12.022.

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Tsotsas, Evangelos. "FROM SINGLE PARTICLE TO FLUID BED DRYING KINETICS." Drying Technology 12, no. 6 (January 1994): 1401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939408961013.

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Povrenovic, Dragan, and Suzana Dimitrijevic-Brankovic. "Drying of biological materials in a spout-fluid bed with a draft tube." Chemical Industry 56, no. 4 (2002): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0204141p.

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The possibility of applying a spout-fluid bed with a draft tube and conical bottom was investigated for drying fluid media with a certain content of suspended material was investigated. The major goal who to study the drying of biological materials and products of food the industry. Experimental results concerning the fluidmechanical characteristics of a spout-fluid bed with a centrally situated draft tube and the drying characteristics were obtained on a pilot scale unit, 0.250 m in diameter, with a toed consisting of polyethylene particles 3.6 mm mean diameter and 940 kg/m3 density. Within the regime of the fluid mechanical stability, the system could be used for drying biological suspensions with satisfactory results.
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Salam, Aziz, Femy M. Sahami, Citra Panigoro, Yayu Indriati Arifin, and Masayuki Sakakibara. "Threats to Food Safety and Sustainability of Nike (Awaous melanocephalus) in Gorontalo Province." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1018.

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The objective of this research is to develop the industrial-scale fluid bed dryer for paddy by scale-up of lab-scale experimental data. The developed dryer was conducted by simulation using a two phase model. Firstly, the experimental works by using lab-scale batch fluid bed dryer, was conducted to determine the drying curve of paddy (Xin 0.32 kg/kg dry base). In the experimental works, the inlet air temperature was varied (°C): 40; 50; 60. The drying rate curves as a function of moisture content showed only decreasing drying rate period. Then, a very good agreement between the measured and simualtion results of the profile of moisture content in solids was produced by simulator. Finally, a simulated continuous fluidized bed dryer for paddy with dimension 5 m of length and 1.5 of width was succesfully performed, in which the influence of mass solid flow rate 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 tons/h, height of bed 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 m, and air temperature 50; 70; 100 °C on drying process were studied. Keywords: Paddy, fluid bed dryer, batch, contonious, modelling, simulation
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Suherman, Suherman, Mohammad Djaeni, Dyah Hesti Wardhani, and Andri Cahyo Kumoro. "Paddy Drying in Batch Fluidized Bed and Scale-up Simulation in Continuous Operation Mode." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1064.

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The objective of this research is to develop the industrial-scale fluid bed dryer for paddy by scale-up of lab-scale experimental data. The developed dryer was conducted by simulation using a two phase model. Firstly, the experimental works by using lab-scale batch fluid bed dryer, was conducted to determine the drying curve of paddy (Xin 0.32 kg/kg dry base). In the experimental works,the inlet air temperature was varied (°C): 40; 50; 60. The drying rate curves as a function of moisture content showed only decreasing drying rate period. Then, a very good agreement between the measured and simualtion results of the profile of moisture content in solids was produced by simulator. Finally, asimulated continuous fluidized bed dryer for paddy with dimension 5 m of length and 1.5 of width was succesfully performed, in which the influence of mass solid flow rate 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 tons/h, height of bed 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 m, and air temperature 50; 70; 100 °C on drying process were studied. Keywords: Paddy; fluid bed dryer; batch, contonious; modelling; simulation
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Temple, S. J., S. T. Tambala, and A. J. B. van Boxtel. "Monitoring and control of fluid-bed drying of tea." Control Engineering Practice 8, no. 2 (February 2000): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0661(99)00145-8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fluid bed drying"

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Haeri, Nejad Masoud. "Drying of Porous Particles containing Liquid Mixtures in a Continuous Vibrated Fluid Bed Dryer." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-156215.

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The influence of operation parameters on the drying of spherical porous particles containing a mixture of solvents evaporating into nitrogen in a continuously worked vibrated fluid-bed dryer was studied. A simulation based on the analytical solution to heat and mass transfer equations was applied and modifications were suggested.   Four different ternary liquid mixtures were selected: Acetone-Chloroform-Methanol (ACM), Ethanol- 2-propanol-Water (EIpW), Water-Ethanol-Ethyl Acetate (WEEa) and Ethanol-Methylethylketone- Toluene (EMekT). For the solid, physical properties of Pyrex was used.   Comparison of composition- and temperature- profiles indicated that there is no resistance against heat transfer within the solid and that the heat transfer is much faster than mass transfer.   Selectivity diagrams were drawn. The results indicated that selectivity is an important parameter in predicting the drying behavior.   The retention ratio was studied as performance parameter. Its variation was studied in response to changes in operation parameters, including gas velocity and temperature, as well as solid temperature and particle size.   A  modification  to  the  model  was  examined  by  assuming  a  liquid-content-dependent  diffusion resistance factor. It was observed that implementing such an assumption yields decreased values for retention ratios.   The  effect  of  vibration  on  heat  and  mass  transfer  coefficients  was  included  using  a  correlation suggested by Sbrodov and the resulting effect on retention ratio was examined.
Inverkan   av   driftparameter  på  torkning  av   sfäriska  porösa  partiklar  som   innehåller lösningsmedelblandningar som avdunstar i kväve i en kontinuerligt viberande fluidbädd-tork studerades.  En  simuleringsmodell  baserad  på  den  analytiska  lösningen  till  värme-  och materieöverföringsekvationerna användes och ändringar föreslogs.   Fyra  olika  tärnar  vätskeblandningar  valdes:  aceton-kloroform-metanol(ACM),  etanol-2- propanolvatten,(EIpW),     vatten-etanol-etylacetat     (WEEa)     och     etanol-metyletylketon- toluen(EMekT). För den fasta fasen användes fysikaliska egenskaper liknande Pyrex.   Sammansättnings-  och  temperatur-profiler  visade  att  det  inte  finns  något  motstånd  mot värmeöverföring  i  den  fasta  fasen  och  att  värmeöverföringen  sker  mycket  snabbare  än materieöverförningen.   Selektivitetsdiagram ritades. Resultaten indikerar att selektivititen är en viktig parmeter för att förutsäga beteendet vid torkning.   Retentionsförhållandet  användes  som  ett  prestandamått.  Dess  variation  med  avseende  på förändringar av  driftsparmetrar,  bland  annat  gasen  hastighet  och  temperatur  samt  den  fasta  fasens temperatur och partikelstorlek, studerades.   En modifiering av modellen undersöktes genom att införa en vätskehalts-beroende faktor för diffusionsmotståndet. Detta minskade värdena på retentionsförhållandena.   Vibrationens inverkan på värme- och materieöverföring infördes genom att använda Sbrodov samband, och den resulterande effekten på retentionsförhållandet observerades.
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Eriksson, Linnea. "Multi-factorial Optimization of the Clean-In-Place program for a Fluid Bed Dryer after Drying of Ferrous Granules." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaci, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-263552.

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Aim: The aim of this project was to optimize the clean-in-place program for a fluid bed dryer used after drying wet ferrous granules, with focus on shortening the total time used for the program. This clean-in-place program has two critical objectives; removing a hard to clean iron residue on the inside surface of the fluid bed dryer by using an acidic detergent and thereafter removing the acidic detergent by rinsing steps. Methods: The optimization was performed by down scaling the current clean-in-place program to laboratory scale, then varying the parameters volume and time by applying the statistical model Central Composite Circumscribe and use experimental design optimization to determine the influence of the parameters on the effect of cleanliness. Cleanliness in laboratory scale was assessed by visual inspection and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The cleanliness in production was determined by visual inspection, an iron test kit and a pH-meter. The results from the laboratory scale optimization lead to a new clean-in-place program that was evaluated twice in production after drying of ferrous batches. Results and conclusions: The hard to clean iron residue could be recreated in laboratory scale. The optimization in laboratory scale showed that the parameter water was the most significant parameter for removal of the iron residue. The new clean-in-place program evaluated in production was 40% (approx. 110 min) shorter than the current clean-in-place program. The results of cleanliness varied after the new clean-in-place program had been used in production, not all hard to clean areas tested had approved results. Further optimization is needed to be able to clean after varying amount of granules in left in the fluid bed dryer after production ended. An interesting side results was that two steps dedicated to rinse out the detergent could be removed. This fact can lead to that even more rinsing steps can be excluded in the future clean-in-place programs.
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Alonso, Ellen Cristine Pineze. "Desenvolvimento de complexos de inclusão sólidos contendo carvedilol e ciclodextrina pelas técnicas de leito fluidizado e spray drying." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7019.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Introduction: Cyclodextrins have been used in several industries segments, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry. This material has been employed in the complexation of poorly soluble drugs with the aim to increase bioavailability and effect. Carvedilol (CARV) is a poor soluble drug used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Its oral bioavailability is reduced to β5%, due to their low aqueous solubility and first pass effect. Because of this, it is an excellent choice to form inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins. However, the use of cyclodextrins have some limitations, once it is necessary to use a large amount in the formulation and it can cause dilution of the drug and it can result in a solid oral form with inappropriate dimensions. Therefore, different strategies have been used to enhance complexation efficiency and reduce the amount of cyclodextrin, like the combination of the effect of drug ionization and inclusion complexes. In addition, the choice of the technique used to produce inclusion complexes is very important, because it is necessary to develop economic and effective techniques, which have been easily scalable to produce inclusion complexes in the industry. Spray drying technique have been extensively studied in cyclodextrin complexation, but this method is very expensive and presents lower efficiency. On the other hand, fluid-bed granulation has been widely used in the production of solid dosage forms but the use of this technique to produce cyclodextrin inclusion complexes is not described in the literature. Objective: The purpose of this study is to produce and characterize inclusion complexes containing carvedilol and cyclodextrin, using spray drying and fluidized bed techniques, with the aim to enhance drug dissolution rate. Material and methods: Phase solubility studies were performed using various cyclodextrins, in pH 1,β and 6,8, at room temperature, during 48 hours. Binary complexes were produced by spray drying and fluidized bed techniques. FTIR spectroscopy, DSC analysis, morphology, particle size, flowability and dissolution studies were performed to characterize the inclusion complexes. Results and discussion: Hidroxypropyl--cyclodextrin Cavitron W7 HP7 had the better solubility results. Thus, binary complexes CARV: HPCD prepared by spray drying and fluidized bed techniques in pH β,β showed better results and dissolution rate was 7 and 6 folds, respectively. However, solid dispersion prepared by fluid-bed presented better flowability indicating that this technique is the most appropriate for a large-scale production of solid dosage forms. Additionally, complexes containing HPȖCD showed good dissolution rate and could be considered as one more option for CARV complexation with great performance of inclusion complex formation in solid state.
Introdução: As ciclodextrinas têm sido amplamente utilizadas principalmente na indústria farmacêutica. Esses adjuvantes são usados na complexação de fármacos que apresentam baixa solubilidade aquosa, resultando em produtos com maior biodisponibilidade e portanto, efeito terapêutico superior. O carvedilol (CARV) é um fármaco pouco solúvel utilizado no tratamento da hipertensão e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Esse fármaco tem biodisponibilidade oral de apenas β5%, devido à sua baixa solubilidade aquosa e ao efeito de primeira passagem metabólica, sendo um excelente candidato a complexação com as ciclodextrinas. No entanto, o uso de ciclodextrinas em formas farmacêuticas sólidas é limitado pela necessidade de adicionar elevadas quantidades desses adjuvantes na formulação, o que ocasiona à diluição do fármaco e o aumento indesejado no tamanho da forma farmacêutica. Assim, diversas estratégias têm sido empregadas para aumentar a eficiência de complexação e reduzir a quantidade de ciclodextrina utilizada, como a ionização de fármacos associada a formação de complexos de inclusão. Outra preocupação importante é a seleção do método de complexação, pois é necessário desenvolver técnicas eficientes, econômicas e de fácil escalonamento visando a futura produção industrial dos complexos. O método de spray drying tem sido muito investigado para a obtenção de complexos com ciclodextrinas, mas apresenta baixa eficiência energética e custo elevado. Por outro lado, o método de leito fluidizado tem sido extensivamente utilizado na indústria farmacêutica, mas seu emprego como método de complexação durante a granulação de pós ainda não foi descrito na literatura. Objetivo: A proposta deste trabalho foi obter e caracterizar complexos de inclusão contendo carvedilol e ciclodextrinas, pelas técnicas de spray drying e leito fluidizado, visando melhorar a dissolução do fármaco a partir de formas farmacêuticas sólidas. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de solubilidade de fases com diferentes tipos de ciclodextrinas foram realizados em soluções de pH 1,β e 6,8, sob temperatura ambiente, durante 48 horas. Complexos sólidos binários foram preparados pelas técnicas de spray drying e leito fluidizado. Os complexos de inclusão foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), morfologia, tamanho de partícula, fluxo e avaliados quanto a dissolução do fármaco. Resultados e discussão: A ciclodextrina que apresentou melhor capacidade de solubilização do carvedilol foi a hidroxipropil-ȕ- ciclodextrina (HPȕCD) com maior grau de substituição (Cavitron W7 HP7). Complexos binários CARV: HPȕCD, preparados por spray drying e leito fluidizado, em pH β,β, apresentaram os melhores resultados, sendo o aumento na taxa de dissolução de 7 e 6 vezes, respectivamente. No entanto, a dispersão sólida preparada em leito fluidizado apresentou propriedades de fluxo superiores demonstrando que esta técnica é a mais adequada para a produção de formas sólidas em grande escala. Adicionalmente, os complexos contendo HPȖCD também apresentaram resultados de dissolução satisfatórios, sendo esta ciclodextrina modificada uma alternativa para a formação de complexos de inclusão contendo CARV.
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Souza, Luciane Franquelin Gomes de 1977. "Fluidodinamica e secagem de cloreto de potassio e acetato de sodio em leito pulso fluidizado." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267207.

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Orientadores: Osvaldir Pereira Taranto, Marcelo Nitz da Costa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: Acetato de sódio e um sal orgânico produzido pela reação do acido acético com hidróxido de sódio. Depois da cristalização e separação os cristais úmidos são secos. Já o cloreto de potássio e um sal inorgânico extraído de rochas e águas salinas muito utilizado na industria química como fertilizante. Esses sais são higroscópicos, coesivos quando úmidos, e geralmente são secos em secadores de leitos fluidizados. No presente trabalho foi utilizado um secador de leito pulso-fluidizado (PFB) que e uma modificação do secador de leito fluidizado convencional. Neste equipamento uma taxa constante de ar e suprido para o secador. Um distribuidor de gás instalado sob a câmara de secagem promove a pulsação pela corrente de gás alternada. A principal vantagem desta técnica e o uso de uma vazão de ar menor quando comparada com outras. O PFB utilizado neste trabalho possui uma área de secção transversal de 0,18 metros quadrados e constituído de quatro seções. Inicialmente foi realizado o estudo fluidodinâmico dos sais secos e úmidos. Posteriormente as curvas de secagem do acetato de sódio e cloreto de potássio foram determinadas para diferentes condições de secagem (temperatura do ar e freqüência de pulsação). A secagem e fluidodinâmica em leito fluidizado convencional foram feitas para que a comparação com o leito pulsado fosse possível. Resultados mostraram que as taxas de secagem foram maiores na fluidizarão pulsante devido ao melhor comportamento fluidodinâmico: o fluxo intermitente ajuda a romper partículas aglomeradas e conseqüentemente prover melhor contato entre gás - partícula.
Abstract: Sodium acetate is a salt produced by the reaction of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide. After crystallization and separation, the wet crystals are dried. Potassium chloride is an inorganic salt extracted from rocks and saline water. It is mainly used in the chemical industry as a fertilizer. These salts are hygroscopic particulate materials, which are dried in fluidized beds or rotary dryers. In this work a pulsed-fluid bed (PFB) dryer was used, which is a variation of the conventional fluidized bed dryer. In this equipment, a constant airflow rate is supplied to the dryer. A gas distributor installed upstream of the drying chamber provides the pulsed-flow by alternating the gas stream. The main advantage of this technique is the lower airflow rate supplied when compared with competitive techniques. The PFB used in this work has a cross section area of 0.18 m2 and it has four sections. Initially, the fluid-dynamic study of dry and wet salts was performed. Subsequently the drying curves of sodium acetate and potassium chloride were determined for different drying conditions (inlet air temperature and pulsation frequency). Drying and Fluid-dynamic was performed in conventional fluidized bed drying, so that results could be compared. Results showed that the drying rates were higher under pulsed fluidization due to the better fluid-dynamic behavior: the intermittent flow can help to break particle agglomerates and therefore provide better contact between particles and the gas.
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Godoi, Fernanda Condi de. "Fluidodinamica e secagem do polihidroxibutirato (PHB) em leito fluidizado pulsado rotativo." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267050.

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Orientadores: Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha, Nadia Rosa Pereira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: Polihidroxibutirato (PHB) é um poliéster completamente biodegradável e biocompatível. O interesse no desenvolvimento, produção e comercialização do PHB vem crescendo por ser um produto biodegradável e de produção integrada à cadeia de açúcar e álcool. A secagem é uma importante etapa do processo de produção do PHB, pois para o adequado pósprocessamento desse material deve-se garantir um teor de umidade limite de 0,5%. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar uma tecnologia de secagem, em um produto inovador e de importância na preservação ambiental. Foi realizado um estudo da fluidodinâmica e dos mecanismos de secagem do PHB em um leito fluidizado pulsado rotativo (LFPR). A escolha do equipamento baseou-se no fato de que o PHB úmido é coesivo e não apresenta fluidização convencional de qualidade. O secador de LFPR utiliza a pulsação do ar para desfazer os aglomerados de PHB melhorando a circulação das partículas dentro do leito. O presente estudo também incluiu a caracterização física do material antes e após a secagem. Para os ensaios de caracterização em que os equipamentos não trabalham em presença de umidade, a liofilização do PHB foi a alternativa encontrada para se caracterizar o material antes da secagem. O PHB apresentou um excelente comportamento fluidodinâmico em LFPR. A frequência de pulsação de 10 Hz foi a que apresentou comportamento mais favorável, com queda de pressão moderada e patamares de estabilidade. Por meio dos ensaios fluidodinâmicos foi possível determinar a velocidade de mínima fluidização vigorosa pulsada (VMV), parâmetro que ajudou a estabelecer a velocidade empregada para os experimentos de secagem. Durante a secagem do PHB foi avaliada a influência que a temperatura, velocidade e frequência de pulsação do ar exercem na cinética de secagem. Verificou-se excelente contato entre as partículas de PHB e o ar aquecido, com elutriação somente nos primeiros 10 minutos de secagem. As curvas de secagem do PHB indicaram períodos de taxa de secagem constante e decrescente. A temperatura e a velocidade do ar influenciaram positivamente o processo. Além disso, foi detectada a existência de um outro solvente além da água nas amostras de PHB, por meio da comparação entre as curvas de secagem obtidas com medidas de umidade feitas em estufa e em Karl Fischer. A análise termogravimétrica (TGA) também ajudou a detectar a presença de outro solvente além da água nas amostras de PHB. Os ensaios de caracterização física mostraram que as condições operacionais de secagem testadas não provocaram a degradação das partículas de PHB. Sob as condições consideradas ótimas de secagem, temperatura de 90 ºC, frequência de 7 Hz e velocidade do ar 0,40 m/s, foi atingida umidade igual a 0,56%, demonstrando a viabilidade do secador LFPR.
Abstract: Poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is polyester, completely biodegradable and biocompatible. The interest on its development, production and commercialization has arisen due to its biodegradability and production integrated to the sugar and alcohol chain. Drying is an important step of the PHB production because an adequate post-processing is achieved only at moisture contents less than 0.5%. The goal of this work was to study a drying technology for this innovative product of relevant importance for the environmental preservation. The fluid-dynamic and drying mechanisms analyses were made in a rotating-pulsed fluidized bed (RPFB). The equipment was chosen based on the fact that the wet PHB is cohesive and doesn't work properly in a conventional fluid bed. The RPFB dryer uses the air pulsation to undo the PHB agglomerate improving the circulation of the particles inside the bed. This study also included the physical characterization of the material before and after the drying. For the characterization tests that wouldn't work with moisture presence, the liophilization was the best alternative to characterize the material before the drying process. The PHBshowed an excellent dynamic behavior in RPFB. The pulsation frequency of 10 Hz presented the most favorable fluid dynamic conditions, resulting in moderate pressure drop and regime stability. Based on the fluid-dynamic study it was possible to determine the minimum vigorous fluidizing air flow (MVF), an important parameter to set the air velocity range for the drying experiments. An excellent contact between the PHB particles and the hot air was obtained during the drying runs, with particles elutriation only during the first 10 minutes. The influence of the temperature, velocity and frequency of air pulsation was evaluated on the drying kinetics. The PHB drying kinetics presented constant and decreasing-rate drying periods. The drying process was positively influenced by the air temperature and velocity. Furthermore, the presence of another solvent additionally to the water was detected in the PHB samples through the comparison between the drying curves obtained with moisture measurements made in an oven and in Karl Fischer equipment. The thermo gravimetric analysis also helped to detect the presence of another solvent in the PHB samples. The physical characterization tests showed that the drying operating conditions didn't cause degradation on PHB particles. The RPFB dryer showed to be a viable technique to dry PHB, as moisture content of 0.56% was reached at optimal operating conditions of air temperature of 90oC, air velocity of 0,40 m/s and frequency of pulsation of 7 Hz.
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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HAUSMAN-MANNING, DEBRA SUE. "APPLICATION OF PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY TO PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESSES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1108838053.

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Debaste, Frédéric. "Modélisation de l'évaporation en milieu poreux: développement de modèles fondamentaux et appliqués." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210496.

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L'étude des phénomènes fondamentaux de

transport et de thermodynamique apparaissant lors de l'évaporation

en milieu poreux permet l'investigation d'applications pratiques

variées. Dans ce travail, nous développons des modèles fondamentaux

d'évaporation en milieu poreux que nous appliquons ensuite au

séchage en lit fluidisé de deux matériaux granulaires poreux :le

PVC et la levure.

Les modèles mis au point sont réalisés suivant une approche

multiéchelle. Nous nous intéressons tout d'abord aux phénomènes se

déroulant à l'échelle d'un pore. Les modèles développés à cette

échelle sont ensuite exploités dans le cadre d'une étude à l'échelle

d'un grain poreux. Le couplage des modèles de grain avec un modèle à

l'échelle du réacteur permet alors l'étude des applications

industrielles.

A l'échelle du pore, nous étudions les phénomènes de transport dans

un capillaire initialement rempli de liquide qui s'évapore vers

l'atmosphère ambiante. L'objectif est de prédire le taux

d'évaporation dans cette configuration. Nous nous intéressons

successivement à la modélisation du transport de matière par

convection-diffusion en phase gazeuse et la modélisation de l'impact

de films liquides adsorbés à la paroi du capillaire sur le transport

de matière. Ces deux modèles sont confrontés à des expériences

d'évaporation en capillaires cylindriques visualisées à l'aide de

deux dispositifs optiques. Le premier offre un suivi d'ensemble au

cours du temps du capillaire, alors que le second, un interféromètre

de Mach-Zehnder, permet une visualisation locale de la région

entourant le ménisque.

Le modèle portant sur le transport de matière par

convection-diffusion mène à la définition d'un critère non

dimensionnel permettant d'évaluer si la convection dans la phase

gazeuse dans le capillaire doit être prise en compte pour évaluer le

taux d'évaporation. Le modèle de film permet de prédire l'impact de

celui-ci sur l'évaporation en présence d'un gaz inerte lorsque les

mouvements convectifs en phase gazeuse sont négligeables. La

confrontation de ce modèle avec les profils d'épaisseur des films

obtenus à l'aide de interféromètre de Mach-Zehnder ne permet pas de

valider le modèle, et ce, suite à une trop grande incertitude sur

l'évaluation des interactions entre la paroi et le liquide.

A l'échelle d'un grain, nous développons un modèle discret par

réseau de pores et deux modèles continus pour tenter de prédire le

taux d'évaporation et la distribution des phases dans le milieu

poreux. Le modèle par réseau de pores prend en compte les transports

de matière par diffusion en phase gazeuse, par convection dans les

pores remplis de liquide et par convection dans les films liquides.

Les effets visqueux en phase liquide sont également modelisés. Pour

la prise en compte de ces derniers, nous montrons l'importance de

l'usage d'un algorithme approprié. Nous évaluons ensuite au travers

de trois nombres sans dimensions l'impact du transport par film et

des effets visqueux sur l'évaporation et la distribution des phases.

Cette analyse dimensionnelle est ensuite appliquée à l'étude de

réseaux de pores pour lesquels la section des liaisons les

constituant est idéalisée par des polygones réguliers. Pour les

modèles continus après une vérification simplifiée de

l'applicabilité de cette démarche, nous développons deux modèles

simples. Dans les deux modèles, l'étape de séchage à vitesse

constante est supposée limitée par le transport de matière externe

au grain. Le premier modèle, dit à front pénétrant, suppose que

l'étape de séchage à vitesse décroissante correspond à l'existence

d'un front d'évaporation qui s'enfonce dans la matrice poreuse. Le

second modèle, dit à surface d'échange variable, attribue cette même

étape du séchage à une diminution progressive de la surface

d'évaporation en surface du grain.

A l'échelle du réacteur, nous présentons deux modèles visant à

simuler deux types d'essais différents :le séchage en lit fluidisé

et la thermogravimétrie analytique. Ces deux modèles sont couplés

aux différents modèles à l'échelle de grain pour étudier le séchage

de PVC et de levure tant en lit fluidisé que lors des essais de

thermogravimétrie analytique.

Dans le cas du PVC, le modèle par réseau de pores ne peut pas être

appliqué de par la nécessité d'une trop grande puissance de calcul.

Au niveau des modèles continus, nous montrons que l'application du

modèle à surface d'échange variable permet de reproduire les courbes

de séchage expérimentales des essais en lit fluidisé.

Dans le cas de la levure, nous appliquons le modèle par réseau de

pores et le modèle à front pénétrant. L'utilisation du modèle par

réseau de pores nécessite une connaissance plus détaillée de la

structure poreuse des grains. Le traitement d'une analyse par

microtomographie nous permet d'obtenir un réseau de pores

expérimental. Celui-ci est utilisé pour montrer que la méthode de

caractérisation de la porosité par intrusion de mercure ne semble

pas adaptée à un matériau deformable comme la levure. Le même réseau

est utilisé pour simuler le séchage de grains de levure à l'aide du

modèle par réseau de pores. Les simulations sont réalisées sur des

réseaux équivalents à des coupes dans le solide. Le modèle par

réseau de pores et le modèle à front pénétrant permettent tous deux

de modéliser correctement le séchage de levure en lit fluidisé

moyennant l'ajustement de leurs paramètres ajustables,

respectivement la conductibilité des films liquide et la tortuosité.

Pour l'essai de thermogravimétrie, ils ne parviennent à approcher

que la première étape de celui-ci. Les avantages, défauts et

complémentarités de ces deux modèles sont discutés.

Nous évaluons ensuite l'impact du rétrécissement de la levure et des

types d'eau sur le séchage de ce matériau. Le rétrécissement est,

pour ce faire, mesuré à l'aide d'un stéréomicroscope. Ces premières

mesures, exploratoires, mènent à la définition d'un modèle empirique

de retrait du solide au cours de son séchage. En le prenant en

compte dans les modèles déjà appliqués à la levure, nous montrons

que le retrait a un impact significatif sur l'étape de séchage à

vitesse décroissante. Cet impact

peut cependant être masqué intégralement par la réévaluation

des paramètres ajustables des différents modèles. Finalement,

l'étude des types d'eau au travers d'un modèle simple appliqué à

l'essai de thermogravimétrie analytique montre que les types d'eau

ne doivent pas être pris en compte pour modéliser le séchage de

levure.

A l'issue de ce travail, nous disposons donc de modèles fondamentaux

d'évaporation en milieu poreux. Ceux-ci peuvent être appliqués à des

cas d'intérêt industriel, comme nous le réalisons pour le PVC et la

levure. Ils peuvent servir à améliorer la

compréhension de ces procédés. Ils représentent donc des

outils de choix pour la conception, le dimensionnement et

l'optimisation du séchage.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Souza, Jonas Laurentino de. "Avaliação da secagem de metformina 850mg em leito fluidizado industrial." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1840.

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The oral administration of drugs for systemic effects is the most common way used in medical treatment. Among these, drugs as tablets are the most used. The granulation is a process that seeks to improve the transportation of powder in the compacting machine by the agglomeration of particles. The fluidized bed drying added to "spray dryer" technique is commonly used to form granules that reaches the required characteristics of a uniform grain, with strict control of final humidity of the granules and relatively short process when compared to other techniques for drugs production. Metformin is a drug displayed as hydrochloride and orally administered as coated tablets. It is indicated for the treatment of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. In order to improve productivity in an industrial fluidized bed used in the granulation and drying of Metformin, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of operation conditions used in the process, as particulate material and in the production process. For that purpose, it was performed the study of fluiddynamic granulation and drying of Metformin in fluidized bed in order to investigate the minimum fluidization velocity for the process of this drug. The influence of temperature and speed of drying air in processing time of the formula, and the average particle size were also evaluated. The experiments were elaborated based on the Evolutionary Operation Theory, proposed by Box (1957). It performed the shaping at drying stage. With these experiments was possible to reduce to zero the reworks of batches caused by the formation of preferential channels, which could occur deposition polymer solution on the particulate material. It was also possible to reduce the average processing time in 8 minutes, adding greater productivity and savings for the company where the work was developed. The results achieved, besides the gain in productivity, guide to where efforts should be directed to continue improving productivity, providing a practical methodology for applying the technique that can be applied in the production of other drugs that use the granulation process in fluidized bed.
A administração de fármacos para efeitos sistêmicos por via oral é a forma mais comum dentre os medicamentos. Dentre estes, os medicamentos na forma de comprimidos são os mais empregados. A granulação é um processo que visa melhorar o transporte do pó na máquina compressora por meio da aglomeração de partículas. A secagem em leito fluidizado acoplado à técnica de spray dryer é a técnica comumente empregada para a formação de grânulos que atendam as características necessárias de granulometria uniforme, com controle rigoroso da umidade final do granulado e tempo relativamente curto de processo quando comparado a outras técnicas para produção de medicamentos. A metformina é um fármaco, apresentado na forma de cloridrato, e administrado como comprimidos revestidos por via oral. É indicado no tratamento de diabetes, mais especificamente diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Com o objetivo de aprimorar a produtividade em um leito fluidizado industrial utilizado na granulação e secagem de metformina, faz-se necessário avaliar os efeitos das condições operacionais utilizadas no processo referentes a qualidade material particulado e o processo de produção propriamente dito. Para tanto, realizou-se o estudo fluidodinâmico da granulação e secagem de metformina em leito fluidizado investigando assim a velocidade mínima de fluidização para o processamento deste fármaco. A influência da temperatura e da velocidade do ar de secagem no tempo de processamento da fórmula e no tamanho médio da partícula também foram avaliados. Os experimentos foram elaborados a partir da teoria da Operação Evolutiva, proposta por Box (1957). A modelagem da etapa de secagem também foi realizada. Por meio dos experimentos realizados conseguiu-se reduzir a zero os reprocessos de bateladas por formação de canais preferenciais, onde poderia ocorrer deposição de solução polimérica sobre o material particulado. Foi possível também reduzir o tempo médio de processamento em 8 minutos, agregando maior produtividade e economia para a empresa na qual este trabalho foi desenvolvido. Os resultados obtidos mostram que houve ganhos em relação a produtividade, e norteiam para onde os esforços devem ser direcionados para continuidade do melhoramento de produtividade, fornecendo uma metodologia prática para aplicação da técnica que poderá ser aplicada na produção de outros fármacos que utilizam o processo de granulação por via úmida em leito fluidizado.
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Strouhal, Jiří. "Pokročilé výpočtové metody spalování tuhých paliv." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-403867.

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The aim of this thesis was to create a model of thermal conversion of solid fuel. This is achieved by means of standard modelling tools included in software ANSYS Fluent in combination with user-defined functions (UDF). In first part of thesis basic approaches to CFD modelling of solid fuel combustion are presented. Building of a mathematical model and corresponding algorithms follows. Individual parts of a created model and its parts are tested on simple physical cases and then on case of experimental reactor for analysing biomass combustion.
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Catelam, Kelly Tafari. "Estudo da influência da proporção de um "mix" leite/popa da marcacujá na produção de pó obtido por três diferentes tipos de secagem /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90758.

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Resumo: Este projeto teve como objetivo estudar a influência de diferentes processos de desidratação (secagem em leito pulso-fluidizado, atomizador - "spray dryer" e em liofilizador) de polpa de maracujá na qualidade do produto final em pó. Todos estes processos visam à obtenção do produto em pó, apresentando vantagens e desvantagens em nível de manuseio e custos. Entretanto, são escassos na literatura estudos que comparem estes processos com foco na qualidade do produto final. O leite desnatado foi utilizado para avaliar sua eficiência na substituição de parte dos aditivos comumente utilizados na produção deste tipo de produto, como, por exemplo, a maltodextrina e a goma Arábica, os quais têm como função a diminuição das dificuldades tecnológicas encontradas na secagem de sucos de frutas e outros produtos com alta quantidade de açúcar devido à higroscopicidade, termoplasticidade e capacidade de caramelização. Inicialmente, realizaram-se as análises físico-químicas da polpa de maracujá e do leite desnatado, onde foram obtidos resultados muito próximos aos da literatura, sendo que as pequenas diferenças obtidas foram atribuídas à variedade do maracujá utilizado, época e local de cultivo e no caso do leite em pó desnatado, devido provavelmente às diferentes marcas comerciais analisadas na literatura. A secagem da polpa de maracujá sem aditivos, em diversas condições operacionais, levou a um rendimento praticamente nulo, fazendo com que o processo fosse considerado inviável nestas condições. Conseguiu-se obter o pó com a polpa de maracujá e os aditivos no secador por atomização ("spray dryer"). Utilizando a maltodextrina como aditivo, o maior rendimento (23.32%) obtido foi para a proporção de 1:4:4 (polpa de maracujá:maltodextrina:leite desnatado) ou seja, 50% dos sólidos de aditivo substituído por leite desnatado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this research was to study the influence of different drying methods (pulsed fluid bed dryer, spray dryer and freeze dryer) of passion fruit pulp in the quality of final powder product. All these processes have the purpose to obtain a powder product, showing advantages and disadvantages in terms of handmade and costs. Nonetheless, the literature has a few studies related to comparison between these processes, focusing final product quality. Skim milk was utilized to evaluate its efficiency on partial substitution of additives commonly used in this kind of processes like maltodextrin and Arabic gum, which have the function of minimizing technologies difficulties in drying fruit juices and other products with high quantity of sugar due to hygroscopicity and termoplasticity in high temperatures and humidity. Initially, physicochemical analysis of passion fruit pulp and skim milk showed values close to those described by literature, with little differences due to passion fruit varieties used, time and place of culture. For skim milk the differences can be explain due to existence of a lot of commercial marks. Drying of passion fruit pulp without additives in many operations conditions had a small yield, becoming process impracticable in these conditions. It was obtained powdered passion fruit and additives in spray dryer. Using maltodextrin the greater yield (23.32%) was obtained for 1:4:4 ratio (passion fruit pulp:maltodextrin:skim milk) that is 50% of solids from additives substituted by skim milk. To Arabic gum the best results (21.96%) was obtained to 1:2:6 (passion fruit pulp:Arabic gum:skim milk) with 75% of solids from additives substituted by skim milk. The total substitution of additives (maltodextrin or Arabic gum) by skim milk also showed good results (15.5%). These better yield were obtained in 120°C and feed flow 0.4 l/h considering ratio of pulp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Javier Telis Romero
Coorientador: Carmen Sílvia Fávaro Trindade
Banca: João Borges LAurindo
Banca: Célia Maria Landi Franco
Mestre
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Books on the topic "Fluid bed drying"

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Weyell, Manfred. Pre-drying of biomass using a vibrating fluid-bed drying system as a preliminary stage of biomass pyrolysis. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fluid bed drying"

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Liu, Dalu, and Linyou Wu. "Studies on Drying Pullulan by Using Spray-Fluid-Bed with Carriers Circulation." In Biochemical Engineering for 2001, 166–69. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68180-9_42.

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Sahu, Pramod Kumar, Amrita Gupta, Megha Singh, Priyam Mehrotra, and G. P. Brahmaprakash. "Bioformulation and Fluid Bed Drying: A New Approach Towards an Improved Biofertilizer Formulation." In Eco-friendly Agro-biological Techniques for Enhancing Crop Productivity, 47–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6934-5_3.

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Christelle, Turchiuli, and Dumoulin Elisabeth. "Aroma Encapsulation in Powder by Spray Drying, and Fluid Bed Agglomeration and Coating." In Food Engineering Series, 255–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7906-2_14.

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Christelle, Turchiuli, and Dumoulin Elisabeth. "Erratum To: Chapter 14 Aroma Encapsulation in Powder by Spray Drying, and Fluid Bed Agglomeration and Coating." In Food Engineering Series, E1. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7906-2_33.

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Haide, Robert, and Maurizio Santini. "Use of X-ray Micro Computed Tomography for the Investigation of Drying and Salt Precipitation in a Regular Glass Bead Structure." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 87–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33338-6_7.

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"Spray-Fluid Bed–Vibrated Fluid Bed Dryer." In Advanced Drying Technologies, Second Edition, 375–77. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420073898.ch28.

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"Continuous Fluid-Bed Drying." In Drying in the Process Industry, 67–97. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118105818.ch5.

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Parikh, Dilip M. "Drying." In How to Optimize Fluid Bed Processing Technology, 55–63. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804727-9.00006-5.

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Gupta, R. "Fluid bed granulation and drying." In Predictive Modeling of Pharmaceutical Unit Operations, 137–58. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100154-7.00006-5.

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Devahastin, Sakamon, and Arun Mujumdar. "Applications for Fluidized Bed Drying." In Handbook of Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203912744.ch18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fluid bed drying"

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Kemp, Ian C., Alex Van Millingen, Houda Khaled, and Lewis Iler. "Simultaneous wetting and drying; fluid bed granulation and tablet film coating." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7931.

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Simultaneous wetting and drying occur in processes such as fluid bed (top spray) granulation, Wurster coating and tablet film coating. This gives control challenges, as the spraying and evaporation processes must be carefully balanced and the operating window is significantly narrower than for standalone drying processes. Significant recent advances in modelling have led to effective scale-up and operational strategies. Factors such as flow cessation during filter bag shaking can have a major effect. A design space can be predicted which is often non-orthogonal, and pharmaceutical regulatory authorities have accepted filing submissions using a design space justified by mechanistic modelling. Keywords: pharmaceuticals; peak moisture content; bed temperature; conduction; design space.
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NITZ, MARCELLO, and OSVALDIR PEREIRA TARANTO. "THE INFLUENCES OF PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE DRYING OF A POROUS MATERIAL IN A PULSED FLUID BED." In The Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812771957_0025.

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Yan, Junjie, Ming Liu, Shan Wang, Rongtang Liu, and Xiaoqu Han. "The consumption of exergy for lignite drying with different technologies: a comparative theoretical study." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7372.

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Pre-drying is an effective method to upgrade lignite and broaden its utilization areas. Various drying technologies could be applied to pre-dry lignite. The drying temperature in these drying technologies are different, which means that energy at different grades is used in these dryers. To analyze the irreversibilities of drying process, the exergetic analysis models are developed in this study. The exergy feeding and consumption rates are defined as the indicators. Various lignite drying technologies are calculated and quantitatively compared. Results show that exergy consumption rate for steam fluid-bed dryer is the smallest, which is 432.6 kJ (kg H2O)-1. Keywords: lignite; drying technologies; exergy analysis; thermodynamics
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Vaccari, Anna, Michele Pinelli, Luca Pirani, and Nicola Gandolfi. "CFD Analysis of a Fluidized Bed Reactor for Industrial Application." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37042.

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The fluidized bed reactors are widely used in chemical, mining and pharmaceutical industries and energy applications because of the low pressure drop, the uniform distribution of temperature and of high-speed mass transfer of energy and speed. Fluidization behavior depends on the reactor geometry and internals as well as the particle size distribution and physical properties of the process material. This paper presents a 3D fluid dynamic simulation of a fluidized bed reactor for the pharmaceutical processing of powder, such as mixing, granulation and drying. Firstly, sensitivity analyses based on a literature test-case were performed, for the validation of the computational model and the development of the additional components required for the simulation of a real fluidized bed reactor. Then an unsteady URANS 3D simulation of a modular laboratory-scale fluid bed reactor, product of IMA S.p.A. Active Division, was performed to evaluate the velocity field and particle distribution of the powder involved in the mixing process.
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5

Sharma, Avdhesh K., M. R. Ravi, and S. Kohli. "Modelling Conduction and Radiation in the Reactive Porous Bed of the Gasifier." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80758.

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This paper presents the heat transfer model for the gasifier to predict the temperature profile in the bed using the single zone sub-model. The single zone sub-model is also used to verify the correctness and to demonstrate the effect of various parameters for e.g. solid/fluid flow, temperatures of inflow/outflow control volume (CV), heat generation/absorption and with/without heat loss. The study shows that solid/fluid flow, inflow CV temperature and heat generation/absorption within the CV of interest are the strong influencing parameters, whether, the outflow CV temperature has insignificant effect on the temperature values of the CV of interest. The six similar zones correspond to preheating, drying, pyrolysis, oxidation, reduction and annular jacket zone are also coupled in order to predict the temperature profile in the gasifier bed. The simulation result shows that temperature of the down stream zones are more sensitive to heat generation in the bed as compared to upstream zone temperature, while the increase in gas flow rate resulting into the decrease in temperature profile depending upon the values of heat generation/absorption in bed is being fixed.
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Cristea, Eugen-Dan, Luca Sarandrea, and Massimo Galbiati. "CFD Modeling for Optimizing the Fluid Dynamics Patterns of Refractory Lining Drying Process in a Vertical Lime Kiln." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21125.

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This paper presents a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of flow, combustion and heat transfer processes into an internal enclosure acting as a combustion chamber, confined by the newly patented air cooled “corner ring”, the lower shaft vertical side walls, the vault and the limestone packed bed, located in a vertical twin-shaft regenerative lime kiln. The numerical simulation is restricted only to the kiln first start-up preliminary phase, with the goal to optimize the thermo-fluid dynamics patterns established during the first heat-up of wet gunning refractory concrete lining of the air cooled “corner ring”, to avoid refractory damages. The present work is performed in the frame of the commercial general-purpose code ANSYS-CFX R14.5. The CFD model is run under transient flow conditions accomplished by the drying burners operated in single-stage “on-off” control mode, to fit at the best the heat-up curve by optimization of the fluid dynamics patterns, with the goal to prevent local hot spots on the refractory lining. The industrial data collected through the supervision system and the local provisional instrumentation on the vertical twin-shaft regenerative lime kiln, model RD15, commissioned in India on September last year, are used to set the test-case and to partially validate the numerical simulation results. This CFD numerical simulation represents an useful engineering tool, on behalf of refractory designer and commissioning engineer, for the prediction of the refractory lining behavior during the kiln first start-up.
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7

Ward, John, Roy Garwood, Randall Bowen, Maurice Fisher, and David Gent. "Design and Development of an Improved Air Distributor for a Large Coal-Fired Fluidised Bed Combustor." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67224.

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The air distribution system in a fluidised bed combustor is usually required to provide a reasonably uniform distribution of combustion air over the cross-sectional area of the entire bed. Various designs of distributor have been employed and one of the simplest and cheapest constructions is the so-called sparge pipe system, in which an array of horizontal pipes is fitted near the base of the bed. Combustion air is then supplied to one end of each pipe and enters the bed through a series of downward facing holes positioned along the pipe length. This paper describes the re-design and subsequent modification of an existing sparge pipe distributor for a large coal fired fluidised bed combustor which produced hot exhaust gases for drying of pressed sugar beet pulp. The air flow out of the holes in the existing pipes varied by a factor of approximately 3.8:1 along the length and moreover the overall flow was limited by the high pressure drop within the system. As a result the thermal output of the combustor cannot always meet the demands of the drying process. Excessive erosion and wear of the walls of the pipes near some of the holes can also be a problem. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was undertaken of the flow characteristics of different designs of sparge pipe and the results validated by flow and pressure measurements on full scale laboratory models. The flow distribution was substantially improved and the overall flow rate increased by approximately 7% by varying the hole diameters and spacings between adjacent holes. In addition much greater increases in predicted overall flow rates can be achieved by reducing the thickness of the pipe wall (whilst maintaining a constant outer diameter) although this may reduce the operating life of the pipe because of erosion and excessive wear. Erosion of the outside of the pipes was studied in near ambient temperature fluidised beds using multiple thin layers of different coloured paints on the outside of the pipes to assess the wear patterns. These patterns were found to be similar to those observed on actual sparge pipes at the end of an operating campaign. Quantitative measurements of the rate of wear of the paint layers indicated that pipe wall erosion can be substantially reduced by reducing the angle of inclination of the downward facing holes in the pipes.
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Amritkar, Amit Ravindra, Danesh Tafti, and Surya Deb. "Particle Scale Heat Transfer Analysis in Rotary Kiln." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58137.

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Rotary furnaces have multiple applications including calcination, pyrolysis, carburization, drying, etc. Heat transfer through granular media in rotary kilns is a complex phenomenon and plays an important role in the thermal efficiency of rotary furnaces. Thorough mixing of particles in a rotary kiln determines the bed temperature uniformity. Hence it is essential to understand the particle scale heat transfer modes through which the granular media temperature changes. In this study, numerical simulations are performed using coupled Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze heat transfer in a non-reacting rotary kiln. The microscopic models of particle-particle, particle-fluid, particle-surface and fluid-surface heat transfer are used in the analysis. The heat transfer simulations are validated against experimental data. The effect of particle cascading on the bed temperature is measured and contributions from various modes of particle scale heat transfer mechanisms are reported. Particles are heated near the rotary kiln walls by convection heat transfer as they pass through the thermal boundary layer of the heated fluid. These particles are transported to the center of the kiln where they transfer heat to the cooler particles in the core of the kiln and back to the cooler fluid at the center of the kiln. It is found that 90% of the heat transferred to particles from the kiln walls is a result of convection heat transfer, whereas only 10% of the total heat transfer is due to conduction from the kiln walls.
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Achariyaviriya, Aree, and Paradorn Nuthong. "Effects of Drying Conditions of Fixed Bed Longan Drying on Optimal Bed Thickness." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37206.

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In this work, it is presented a study of the effects of drying conditions on the optimal bed thickness of the whole longan. The criteria for evaluation of the drying process are specific energy consumption and drying time which the difference of moisture between top and bottom of drying chamber is less than 10%dry basis. The mathematical model is developed for finding the effects of the drying conditions on the optimal bed thickness. The drying conditions are drying air temperature, specific air flow rate, and fraction of recycled air. Experimental data were compared with the simulated results to verify the model. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the fraction of air recycled, drying air temperature, specific airflow rate, initial moisture content, and bed thickness of longan are study. The results showed that there was good agreement between the simulated drying rate and those experimentally observed. In addition, there was a well agreement with respect to the shapes of the drying air temperature and product temperature profiles. From the simulated results, the optimal bed thickness of 40 cm, the specific energy consumption of 10.56 MJ/kg-water and drying time of 64.2 h were found. The responsive conditions were drying air temperature of 75°C, the fraction of recycled air of 90%, and the specific air flow rate of 73 kg-dry air/h-kg dry longan.
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Schubert, Frank, and Ian Parkinson. "Renewable Energy and Water System (REWS) at Musco Family Co. Olive Plant." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90315.

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This paper presents the results of a demonstration of a unique water distillation system at the Musco Family Olive Plant in Tracy, California. The Musco REWS (Renewable Energy/Water System) was developed by Combined Solar Technologies (CST) of Carmel Valley, California using its SteamBoy™ brine boiler technology. The system is powered using solar thermal and biomass energy. The notoriously hard to clean waste water from the olive canning process was a challenge for CST, a start-up company who had previously done successful technology demonstration projects for the California Department of Water Resources (agricultural drainage water) and Clint Eastwood’s Tehama Golf course Water Treatment Plant (Reverse Osmosis Brine). The olive waste water at the Musco plant contained a high concentration of salts as well as organic materials. CST successfully treated water directly from the plants waste water stream (12,000 TDS) as well as the water from the plants Title 27 ponds (67,000 TDS). The CST processed water averaged 250 TDS. The CST REWS at the Musco olive facility uses one of the plants waste (olive pits) streams to provide the heat energy for the process. The olive pits are combusted in fluid bed burners that are specially designed for olive pit combustion. The Musco plants 200 tons per week of olive pits contain 8800 btu/lb (dry). The olive pits are fed into the CST burners where the heat energy is used to heat a heat transfer fluid (HTF) to 450F. The HTF is then directed to the SteamBoy™ brine boilers. The heat from the HTF evaporates the plants waste water under pressure. The resulting pressurized saturated steam is then used to power SteamBoy™ steam engine/generator sets. The engines are set up to leave large quantities of heat in the exhaust. That heat is used to take the remaining solids and sludge to a dry state in custom built drying pans that separate the minerals from the water, leaving a very high concentration of organics in the remaining water. That water is used in the burners for temperature control and as a way to eliminate the organics with combustion. The exhaust from the combustion of the olive pits goes first though an electrostatic particle separator and then to a selective catalytic reduction system. From there the exhaust is directed to bubbling algae tanks that reduce the CO2 by over 50%. The system has completed a successful demonstration phase and is now being upgraded to a full scale plant (50,000 GPD).
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