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Books on the topic 'Fluid imaging'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Bernard, Roux, Nitsche Wolfgang, Schröder Wolfgang, et al., eds. Imaging Measurement Methods for Flow Analysis: Results of the DFG Priority Programme 1147 ”Imaging Measurement Methods for Flow Analysis” 2003-2009. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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2

The craniocervical syndrome and MRI. Karger, 2015.

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3

Craven, James A. Electromagnetic imaging of deep fluids in Archean crust. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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4

Inc, ebrary, ed. Visualization of fields and applications in engineering. Wiley, 2011.

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5

B, Matsko Nadejda, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Analytical Imaging Techniques for Soft Matter Characterization. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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6

name, No. Optical technology and image processing for fluids and solids diagnostics 2002: 3-6 September 2002, Beijing, China. SPIE, 2003.

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7

Laurence, Coté Gerard, and SPIE (Society), eds. Optical diagnostics and sensing XI: Toward point-of-care diagnosics ; and, Design and performance validation of phantoms used in conjunction with optical measurement of tissue III : 22, 24, and 26, January 2011, San Francisco, California, United States. SPIE, 2011.

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8

Coté, Gerard Laurence, and Robert J. Nordstrom. Optical diagnostics and sensing XII: Toward point-of-care diagnostics ; and design and performance validation of phantoms used in conjunction with optical measurement of tissue IV : 21-22 and 25-26 January 2012, San Francisco, California, United States. SPIE, 2012.

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9

Coté, Gerard Laurence. Optical diagnostics and sensing IX: 26-27 January 2009, San Jose, California, United States. Edited by SPIE (Society). SPIE, 2009.

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10

Coté, Gerard Laurence, and Aleksandr Vasil'evich Priezzhev. Optical diagnostics and sensing VIII: 21, 23 January 2008, San Jose, California, USA. Edited by SPIE (Society). SPIE, 2008.

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11

Coté, Gerard Laurence. Optical diagnostics and sensing X: Toward point-of-care diagnostics : 25-26 January 2010, San Francisco, California, United States. Edited by SPIE (Society). SPIE, 2010.

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12

Sacco, Riccardo, Alon Harris, and Giovanna Guidoboni. Ocular Fluid Dynamics: Anatomy, Physiology, Imaging Techniques, and Mathematical Modeling. Birkhäuser, 2019.

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13

Poland, John H. A computer imaging method for fluid motion studies in metal casting. 1993.

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14

Datta-Gupta, Akhil, and Donald Wyman Vasco. Subsurface Fluid Flow and Imaging: With Applications for Hydrology, Reservoir Engineering, and Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

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15

Stroman, Patrick William. The dynamic evaluation of alveolar fluid clearance using proton and deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. 1993.

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16

Vasilʹevich, Priezzhev Aleksandr, Coté Gerard L, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Optical diagnostics and sensing of biological fluids and glucose and cholesterol monitoring: 22-23 January 2001, San Jose, USA. SPIE, 2001.

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17

Laurence, Coté Gerard, Priezzhev Aleksandr Vasilʹevich, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Optical diagnostics and sensing IV: 27 January 2004, San Jose, California, USA. SPIE, 2004.

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18

Vasilʹevich, Priezzhev Aleksandr, Coté Gerard Laurence, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Optical diagnostics and sensing in biomedicine III: 28-29 January 2003, San Jose, California, USA. SPIE, 2003.

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19

Vasilʹevich, Priezzhev Aleksandr, Coté Gerard Laurence, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Optical diagnostics and sensing of biological fluids and glucose and cholesterol monitoring II: 23-24 January 2002, San Jose, USA. SPIE, 2002.

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20

Winkler, Nicole S. Nipple Discharge. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0044.

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Nipple discharge refers to expressible or spontaneous drainage of fluid from one or more duct orifices of the nipple. Discharge indicates excess fluid secretion into one or more ducts that will drain through an unobstructed duct orifice onto the nipple skin. The fluid content and appearance are important as they have clinical implications. Nipple discharge that is clear or bloody, unilateral (typically uniductal) and spontaneous (fluid discharges without breast or nipple compression) is considered suspicious for malignancy, though most cases are due to benign papillomas. This chapter, appearing in the section on nipple, skin and lymph nodes, reviews the key clinical features, associated imaging findings, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for patients presenting with nipple discharge. Topics discussed include clinical evaluation of nipple discharge, sonographic evaluation of ducts and nipple, ductography, intraductal mass, and papilloma.
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21

Keshav, Satish, and Palak Trivedi. Investigation in liver disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0208.

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This chapter discusses investigations in liver disease, including blood tests (liver chemistry and liver function tests, alpha-fetoprotein, viral serology, antibodies and immunoglobulins), ascetic fluid analysis, imaging (hepatobiliary ultrasound, CT, MRI, endoscopic ultrasound), and liver biopsy.
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22

Felbaum, Daniel R., Jonathan H. Sherman, and Walter C. Jean. Pineal Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0003.

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Pineal region tumors can include a variety of histologies including pineal parenchymal tumor, germ cell tumor, glial tumor, metastasis and meningioma. The workup for pineal region tumors includes standard magnetic resonance imaging for anatomic imaging, as well as cerebrospinal fluid markers to assess for certain germ cell tumors. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion may be necessary if patients present with hydrocephalus. If surgical resection is indicated based on the suspected diagnosis, magnetic resonance venogram is an important study that influences the surgical trajectory. This chapter reviews common pineal region tumors in the setting of a case presentation. Management strategies and surgical approaches are also discussed in this chapter. Pearls for how to select the surgical approach and complication avoidance are also presented.
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23

Imaging Bacterial Molecules, Structures and Cells. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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24

Winkler, Nicole S. Duct Ectasia. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0043.

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Duct ectasia is a term used to describe benign dilation of fluid-filled mammary ducts. Duct ectasia is characterized by tubular fluid-filled structures >2 mm in diameter that are commonly bilateral and subareolar in location. Ductal dilation is due to weakened wall elasticity that occurs with age. The ducts fill with secretions that may result in intermittent nipple discharge or chronic inflammation. When duct ectasia involves multiple ducts bilaterally, it can be dismissed on screening mammography; however, a solitary dilated duct should be further evaluated, given the potential for associated non-calcified DCIS. This chapter, appearing in the section on nipple, skin, and lymph nodes, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for duct ectasia. Topics discussed include solitary dilated duct, nipple discharge, and sonographic evaluation of ducts.
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25

L, Butcher Robert, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Spacelab qualified infrared imager for microgravity science experiments. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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26

Raper, Daniel M. S., and John A. Jane. Craniopharyngiomas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0025.

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Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are rare tumors arising from the developmental Rathke’s pouch and present in a bimodal distribution peaking at 5 to 14 and 50 to 74 years. Symptoms at onset include visual loss, headache, and hypopituitarism. Most tumors contain solid and cystic components, and fluid within the cyst usually contains cholesterol crystals. Histopathology is classified into adamantinomatous (most common in children) and papillary (almost exclusively in adults) subtypes. Magnetic resonance imaging is the definitive diagnostic modality for sellar and suprasellar lesions. In addition to imaging, formal visual evaluation and detailed endocrinologic workup are a critical aspect of preoperative assessment. The role of radical surgical resection, versus decompression combined with radiotherapy, remains controversial. The most common complications of surgical and radiotherapeutic treatments include pituitary stalk and hormonal deficiencies, along with cerebrospinal fluid leak. As 5-year overall survival for patients with CP is in the range of 55% to 85%, CP remains a challenging condition to treat and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
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27

Chadwick, David, Alastair Compston, Michael Donaghy, et al. Investigations. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0100.

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This chapter describes the many methods that can be used to investigate neurological disorders. The application and suitability for specific disorder types are outlined, as are contraindications for use. Methods of imaging the central nervous system include computed tomography (CT) imaging, several magnetic resonance (MR) scanning methods, Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Invasive (angiography) and non-invasive methods of imaging the cerebral circulation are also outlined.The standard method of recording electrical activity of the brain is the electroencephalogram (EEG), which is heavily used in epilepsy to investigate regions of epileptogenesis.Other investigations described include evoked potentials, nerve conduction and electromyography studies, the examination of cerebrospinal fluid and the diagnostic use of neurological autoantibodies. Finally, neurogenetics, neuropsychological assessment and the assessment of treatments by randomized trials are discussed.
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28

Oikonomopoulou, Katerina, and Vinod Chandran. Biomarkers of psoriatic arthritis outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0022.

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Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory musculoskeletal disease that occurs in patients suffering from psoriasis. The disease manifests with symptoms affecting the skin, peripheral and axial joints, and periarticular structures. Diagnosis and management of psoriatic arthritis is challenging due to its heterogeneous presentation. However, early diagnosis and subsequent appropriate treatment reduces disease activity, prevents joint damage, and improves long-term outcome. It is hoped that biomarkers for disease progression and activity will aid in cost-effective clinical management of patients. Potential biomarkers under investigation for psoriatic arthritis are disease-related components derived from skin and articular tissues, biological fluids, such as blood and synovial fluid, and arthritis-associated cell populations. Imaging including ultrasound and MRI are also being evaluated as biomarkers for diagnosis, activity and outcome. Despite the challenge of bringing these new markers into the clinic, many of these markers hold promise for the future management of patients with psoriatic arthritis.
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29

Biswas, Santanu, and John J. Frank. Management of pericardial tamponade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0167.

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Cardiac tamponade is an emergency, and definitive therapy is fluid removal by pericardiocentesis. In certain conditions, fluid removal is still the optimal choice, but a conservative approach using haemodialysis may be employed. Factors that influence the management strategy include evaluating the cause, providing haemodynamic support, and choosing the technique. Fluid resuscitation to maintain venous pressure and circulation may be beneficial up to a point, after which, tamponade may be aggravated. While inotropes have theoretical benefit, studies involving humans are few. Fluid removal strategies are broadly grouped into percutaneous and surgical methods. In most cases, the percutaneous approach is favoured. However, surgery is typically the first choice in blunt trauma or in proximal aortic dissection. While the safety of percutaneous methods is well established, imaging guidance is needed to avoid common complications associated with a blind technique. The proper management strategy should also minimize effusion recurrence, common methods to do so include placement of a drainage catheter, infusion of a sclerosing agent, and a balloon pericardiotomy procedure. Surgical methods for removal of pericardial fluid include the creation pericardial window, insertion of a pericardioperitoneal shunt, and pericardiectomy. The creation of a pericardial window and pericardioperitoneal shunt are safe, but pericardiectomy is associated with increased morbidity. After fluid removal has been completed, the patient should be placed in a unit that is both familiar with the signs of tamponade and has the capacity to quickly treat a significant effusion if it recurs.
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30

Simulation of Fluid Power Systems with LMS Imagine. Lab Amesim. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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31

Bates, David. Brainstem syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.02409_update_001.

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Case History—A 78 yr old woman presenting with brainstem signs following a seizure.Brainstem syndromes typically cause ipsilateral cranial nerve lesions and contralateral long tract signs. They are commonly due to brainstem ischaemia, but can also be caused by neoplasia, demyelination, infective and hamartomatous lesions. Imaging, ideally with MRI rather than CT, is obligatory and only then—and possibly following other investigations to identify systemic abnormality or cerebrospinal fluid changes—can appropriate therapy be introduced....
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32

Chappell, Michael, Bradley MacIntosh, and Thomas Okell. Partial Volume Effects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793816.003.0006.

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Partial volume effects are present in all medical imaging methods, and they play a specific role in arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI measurements of perfusion. This chapter demonstrates how differences in the perfusion properties of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid give rise to the distinctive visual appearance of cerebral perfusion images. The implications of this for quantification of perfusion in gray matter are discussed and solutions to correct for partial volume effects presented.
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33

Bhargava, Pavan, and Shiv Saidha. Multiple Sclerosis: Monitoring Disease Activity and Progression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0084.

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Measuring disease activity and progression are an integral part of the management of the disorder. A number of different approaches, including clinical measures, imaging metrics, and blood/cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have been investigated for their utility in monitoring disease activity and progression. Each of these different approaches has certain advantages, as well as limitations, and this chapter provides an overview of these different assessment strategies.
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34

Microscale Diagnostic Techniques. Springer, 2005.

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35

Shmueli, Ehoud. Ascites. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0032.

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Ascites is the accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Most patients with ascites usually have a known diagnosis of cirrhosis, malignancy, or heart failure. For patients newly presenting with ascites, the diagnostic problem is usually to differentiate between cirrhosis and malignancy. For patients with established liver disease, ascites represents a deterioration of their liver function, the development of a hepatocellular carcinoma, or another complication. Worsening of preexisting ascites may be due to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In malignancy, ascites denotes the development of peritoneal deposits or massive liver metastases. The diagnosis may be obvious from the context, but can be confirmed with imaging and a diagnostic paracentesis. The serum–ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) ([ascitic fluid albumin] − [serum albumin]) reflects portal pressure, and is the key diagnostic test. A SAAG >11 g/l indicates portal hypertension, and therefore probable cirrhosis. A SAAG <11 g/l excludes portal hypertension, and therefore the ascites is not caused by cirrhosis.
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36

Tou, Stephen. Visualization of Fields and Applications in Engineering. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.

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37

Tatham, Andrew, and Peng Tee Khaw. Glaucoma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199672516.003.0008.

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This chapter explores glaucoma. It starts off with an outline of optic nerve head anatomy and then describes aqueous fluid dynamics and the pathogenesis of glaucoma. It then goes on to discuss the clinical skill areas of optic nerve head assessment in glaucoma, glaucoma imaging devices, tonometry and tachymetry, gonioscopy, and perimetry. The chapter also details ocular hypertension, primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle closure, and secondary angle closure. In addition, it discusses normal tension glaucoma, steroid-induced glaucoma, traumatic glaucoma, inflammatory glaucomas, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, and neovascular glaucoma. It then covers aqueous misdirection, iridocorneal endothelial syndrome and iridocorneal dysgenesis, ocular hypotensive agents, laser therapy for glaucoma, and glaucoma surgery.
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38

Klimo, Paul, and Nir Shimony. Ependymomas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0026.

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Pediatric posterior fossa tumors are usually ependymoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, or medulloblastoma. Ependymoma appears well-demarcated with heterogeneous enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Full neural axis MRI is indicated to assess for metastatic disease. Management is typically surgical resection of the tumor, with consideration for cerebrospinal fluid diversion if patients present with severe hydrocephalus. Extent of resection of the tumor is the most important factor in predicting recurrence and overall survival, and gross total resection is ideal. Infratentorial ependymomas have 2 molecular subtypes, which has implications for responsiveness to adjuvant therapy and prognosis. Infratentorial ependymomas are biologically different from supratentorial ependymomas. Postoperative radiation improves local control.
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39

Petzold, Axel. Tissue Biomarkers and Neuroprotection. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0004.

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This chapter reviews the evidence for using biomarkers to measure damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in neurocritical care and perioperative medicine. A conceptual framework is provided to guide the optimal timing of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and structural imaging biomarker assessment in relation to the onset of injury. A selection of well-validated, cell type–specific biomarkers of CNS tissue damage are reviewed, including their composition, biokinetics, and specificity for neurons, axons, astrocytes, and microglia. Each of these biomarkers will be reviewed in the pertinent clinical settings of stroke, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and neurological complications of critical illness and surgery.
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40

(Editor), Alexander V. Priezzhev, Lemonosov M. V. (Editor), and Toshimitsu Asakura (Editor), eds. Optical Diagnostics of Biological Fluids IV (Proceedings of SPIE) (Proceedings of SPIE). SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2007.

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41

Aguasca, Gerard Martí, Bruno Garcia del Blanco, and Jaume Sagristà Sauleda. Pericardiocentesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0027.

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Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition that may require the urgent removal of pericardial fluid. Therefore, the pericardiocentesis procedure should be part of the skills of physicians treating critically ill patients. The pericardiocentesis technique has evolved from a blind and unguided procedure, prone to complications, to a safer and more effective guided technique by using echocardiography or fluoroscopy. However, as in any invasive procedure, complications still occur. Therefore, indications should be restricted to patients with cardiac tamponade or a high suspicion of specific aetiologies when performed for diagnostic purposes. Accurate indications, optimal imaging assessment, knowledge of materials required, familiarization with different techniques, and rapid recognition of complications are key for a successful procedure.
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42

Walsh, Richard A. A New Loss of Order. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0013.

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The priority in the investigation of sporadic adult-onset ataxia is to identify potentially treatable causes, to improve gait or to reduce risk of recurrence. Disorders such as multiple sclerosis, alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration, and vitamin B12 deficiency are far more common than rarer causes such as paraneoplastic syndromes or recessive genetic disorders. Routine biochemistry, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid studies are typically performed as part of the workup to guide any further intervention and investigations. Advances in genetic testing using next-generation sequencing are revealing that many patients with presumed nongenetic sporadic ataxias have a genetic cause for their symptoms. Expert opinion to guide genetic testing in cases in which no alternative cause of ataxia is found is advisable.
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43

Kettler, Mark D. Circumscribed Mass: Cysts, Complicated Cysts, Clustered Microcysts. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0016.

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Benign cysts can occur in women of all ages, but they have a predilection for women in their 40s and 50s, and are far less common in younger and older women. Most cysts arise at the level of the terminal duct-lobular unit (TDLU); less commonly, cysts are caused by ectasia of central ducts. This chapter, appearing in the section on circumscribed mass, reviews the key clinical and imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations for primary cystic masses, including simple cysts, complicated cysts, and clustered microcysts. Careful assessment of sonographic features usually allows a definitive diagnosis of these benign entities that do not typically require tissue sampling. Some complex masses containing fluid and/or cystic-appearing components may require tissue sampling for diagnosis.
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44

Proceedings of optical diagnostics of biological fluids IV: 26-27 January 1999, San Jose, California. SPIE, 1999.

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45

Falomo, Eniola T. Cyst/Abscess Aspiration. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0053.

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Aspiration is the process of draining a fluid-filled structure, such as a cyst or an abscess, and is typically performed under ultrasound guidance. Cyst aspiration can be done for symptomatic relief (in patients with associated pain or tenderness), and for cases of presumed cysts with sonographic features that are not entirely diagnostic of a cyst. In the latter case, aspiration is performed to help distinguish between a complicated cyst and a solid mass. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical procedures, reviews the procedural protocols and pitfalls, clinical management, and imaging follow-up involved in a cyst or abscess aspiration procedure. Topics discussed include indications for performing a cyst or abscess drainage procedure, procedural steps, post-procedure follow-up, and appropriate management of complex masses.
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46

Strang, Veronica. Re-Imagined Communities. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.4.

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Focusing on water as a connective material flow, this chapter reconsiders notions of community, agency, and identity from the perspective of contemporary debates on ecological ethics and relationality. By articulating the fluid relationships between humans, nonhumans, and the material world, these debates critique dominant conceptual assumptions about Nature and Culture as separate domains. Such assumptions continue to underpin water policy and management, casting ecosystems—and their dependent species—as the subjects of human action, with generally poor outcomes for their well-being. The chapter draws on actor-network theory, philosophical ideas about ethics, and analyses of materiality to propose a re-imagined model of “community” that reintegrates the human and nonhuman, and opens up the potential for more reciprocal—and thus more sustainable—human‒environmental relationships. In doing so, it proposes a new kind of “participatory” framework for water policy development.
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47

Melikyan, Zara, Heather Romero, and Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer. Cognitive Enhancement at the Mild Cognitive Impairment Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0008.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in aging. Currently, therapeutic interventions are being initiated earlier in the disease course. The rationale of this strategy is to take advantage of the still healthy neuronal systems to optimize function, slow cognitive decline, and facilitate adaptive compensation in deficient brain networks. This chapter provides an overview and critique of the evidence supporting the enhancement of cognitive function at the early symptomatic stage of AD, so-called mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD). It reviews the clinical diagnosis of MCI-AD, underscoring the differences between this condition and healthy brain aging and highlighting the importance of fluid and imaging biomarkers in ensuring reliable diagnosis and providing targets for therapeutic modification. Next, it discusses techniques to enhance cognition in MCI, with an emphasis on nonpharmacological interventional approaches. It concludes with a discussion of future challenges and opportunities in the treatment of MCI-AD.
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48

Jacquet, Gabrielle. Deep Space Infections of the Head and Neck. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0014.

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Deep space infections occur around the airway, including the epiglottis, the parotid gland, and the retropharyngeal spaces (retropharyngeal abscesses [RPA]) and parapharyngeal spaces. These infections can extend into the airway and mediastinum, and their extent can be difficult to appreciate without imaging. In adults, deep space infections most commonly result from trauma, irradiation, surgical procedures, and human or animal bites. In children, they more commonly result from cervical adenitis and thyroiditis caused by bacteria or viruses. RPA commonly presents with sore throat, fever, torticollis, dysphagia, neck pain, muffled “hot potato” voice, cervical lymphadenopathy, and respiratory distress. Epiglottitis symptoms classically include the triad of drooling, dysphagia, and distress but may include inspiratory stridor. Parotitis is recognized by a sudden firm, erythematous swelling of the preauricular and postauricular areas. Immediate airway management and otolaryngology consultation are required. Most patients will require transoral or transcervical incision and drainage in addition to IV fluid resuscitation and close observation.
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49

Gongxin, Shen, and Beijing hang kong hang tian da xue., eds. Optical technology and image processing for fluids and solids diagnostics 2002: 3-6 September 2002, Beijing, China. SPIE, 2003.

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50

Gilbert, Mark R., and Roberta Rudà. Ependymal tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0005.

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Ependymomas are uncommon central nervous system cancers that can arise in the supratentorial, infratentorial, or spinal cord region. Recently, there have been several seminal findings regarding the molecular profiles of ependymomas that have led to marked changes in the classification of this disease. In addition to the World Health Organization grading system that designates ependymomas based on histological appearance into grade I, II, or III, a new molecular classification with distinct entities within the three anatomical regions provides additional subtyping that has prognostic significance and may ultimately provide therapeutic targets. Ependymomas are typically treated with maximum safe tumour resection. Grade III tumours always require radiation treatment even with extensive resection. Radiation is also often administered to patients with grade II ependymomas. Grade I tumours typically receive radiation if there is extensive residual disease, but complete resection may be curative. Local radiation is optimal unless there is imaging or cytological evidence of dissemination in the cerebrospinal fluid. Chemotherapy is less well established although recent molecular findings may lead to subtype specific treatments.
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