Dissertations / Theses: 'Fluid Intake and Output'

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Merson, Stuart James. "Fluid balance : sweat loss and fluid intake in humans." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34200.

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Hypohydration can impair the performance of exercise, and fluid balance is therefore of importance to athletes. This thesis aimed to investigate factors regarding fluid losses and gains, with a view to the performance of exercise. Chapter 3 investigated the effect of ingesting 600ml of hypotonic and hypertonic glucose solutions on blood, plasma and red cell volume in resting individuals. Ingestion of 6% and 12% hypertonic glucose solutions showed evidence of a transient decrease in blood and plasma volume possibly due to fluid movement into the intestinal lumen from the body. There was also a suggestion that ingestion of a 2% glucose solution increases blood and plasma volume in comparison to a 0% glucose solution.

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Corney, Robert A. "Energy intake and appetite responses following manipulation of fluid balance and intake." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/26876.

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Fluid intake and regulation are implicated in the control of energy balance and appetite. The studies in this thesis have examined the effects of fluid manipulation on appetite and energy intake. Fifty-eight young, predominantly Caucasian males were recruited to five studies. The age, height and body mass of the subjects were: 24.9 ± 3.8 y, 1.79 ± 0.1 m, 80.1 ± 14.8 kg (mean ± SD) respectively. In Chapter 3, 13 h of hypohydration after exercise in the heat did not influence energy intake at an ad-libitum buffet meal (P=0.436) compared to a euhydrated trial, although greater thirst (P < 0.001) and lower fullness (P < 0.01) was reported in the hypohydration trial. Chapter 4 demonstrated that there was no difference in energy intake or appetite after 24 h of hypohydration either with or without fluid during a semi-solid ad-libitum breakfast. Thirst and fluid intake were greater during the hypohydrated with fluid (HYPO-F; 618 (251) mL) than the euhydrated with fluid (EU-F; 400 (247) mL) trials (P < 0.01). Chapter 5 and 6 showed that a bolus of water (500 mL) immediately before an ad-libitum porridge breakfast reduced energy intake in both healthy and overweight and obese subjects (P < 0.001). The water preload increased fullness and decreased hunger compared to pre-trial in both studies (P < 0.001). In Chapter 7, 75 minutes before an ad-libitum lunch a post-exercise milk (MILK) based drink reduced energy intake (6746 (2035) kJ) compared to an isoenergetic flavoured carbohydrate (CHO) and water based drink (7762 (1921) kJ; 7672 (2005) kJ) (P < 0.05). This thesis has shown that when subjects are hypohydrated, either after exercise or after 24 h of fluid restriction energy intake is not different at an ad-libitum meal. However, there is an increased thirst and subsequent fluid intake before an ad-libitum meal (chapter 3 and 4). This effect was more acutely displayed when a bolus of water was provided immediately before an ad-libitum breakfast meal and subsequently decreased energy intake in both normal and overweight/ obese subjects (chapter 5 and 6). The possible mechanism for this was gastric fill and distension creating satiety before a meal. Chapter 7 has showed that when subjects consume isoenergetic drinks with different energy densities (milk vs CHO and water), before an ad-libitum lunch, energy intake was decreased when milk was consumed. Milk having an increased energy density due to larger protein fractions (casein) may further explain the decrease in energy intake found in chapters 5 and 6 by a similar mechanism. Therefore, gastric fill before a meal decreases ad-libitum energy intake by either the intake of water immediately before a meal or by milk as a more delayed response (75 min). The hydration status however, did not affect energy intake directly in our finding, although it did affect subsequent fluid ingestion, which may have affected findings in chapters 3 and 4.

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Nyman, Sara. "Water intake and fluid regulation in the horse /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5917-6.pdf.

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Sims, Jesse N. L. "Exploration of fluid intake practices in endurance running." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226656/1/Jesse_Sims_Thesis.pdf.

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Utilising a survey based approach, this thesis aimed to understand how fluid intake practices differ among endurance runners and characterise how fluid practices may reflect performance outcomes. The findings from this study indicate that collectively there is no difference between sex when exploring fluid intake beliefs and behaviours towards hydration optimisation strategies. This suggests that human behaviour is influential in understanding fluid intake practices in endurance runners. Fluid intake optimisation strategies are highly individualised and further research is still required to shape the avenue for future fluid intake recommendations.

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Daniell, W. E. "Seismic behaviour of reservoir intake towers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262826.

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Holland, Janice Lee. "Pasture Intake, Digestibility and Fecal Kinetics in Grazing Horses." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29438.

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Pasture intake of grazing livestock needs to be estimated to allow determination of energy and nutrient intakes. It is commonly estimated by difference, subtracting intakes of other feeds from estimated needs for dry matter or energy. However, these estimates are often erroneous, because they do not take individual animal variation for growth, reproductive status or activity level into account. One method that has had success in grazing ruminants has been the use of markers, or tracers, to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility. External markers are dosed to the animal and can be used to determine fecal output. Internal markers are an inherent part of the diet in question and can be used to determine dry matter and nutrient digestibilities. These estimates can then be used to give estimates of intake. These studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of traditional marker methods in determining fecal output, digestibility, and thus intake in grazing horses. The first trial was conducted on 8 mature mares and geldings, housed in stalls, to determine if a common external marker, Cr, could be used to determine fecal output. Horses were dosed once daily with a molasses, Cr, and hay mixture for 12 d. Feces were collected throughout the day into individual tubs so that total fecal output (TC) could be measured. Daily fecal Cr excretion values (Ct, mg/kg DM) were fit to a monoexponential equation with one rate constant (k), rising to an asymptote (Ca): Ct = Ca - Ca.e-kt. Superior fits were found when a delay (d) was incorporated into the equation, estimating the time required for Cr to enter the prefecal pool: Ct = Ca - Ca.e-k(t-d). Estimates of fecal output (FO) were calculated using the equation: FO = Cr dose-d / Ca and provided good estimates when compared to TC values. Subsequent trials evaluated to use of internal markers and more frequent dosing of Cr to improve estimates of intake. Eight mature geldings were housed in stalls and were fed 2 hays in a replicated Latin Square design. The monoexponential equation with the delay continued to fit the data well. Thrice daily dosing of Cr improved the predictions of FO, when dosing was every 8 h. The internal marker, yttrium (Y) consistently overestimated digestibility (D). The internal markers, n-alkanes, gave a better estimate of digestibility. When the digestibility estimates were combined with the FO estimates to estimate dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d): DMI = [FO / (1-D)]*100, the combination including n-alkanes gave better estimates. Further studies found that dosing Cr for 12 d did not improve the fit of the monoexponential equation compared to dosing for only 8 d. Marker methods that had been developed in stalls were applied to grazing horses, and results continued to be promising. Ph. D.

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Maurer, Jaclyn, and Linda Houtkooper. "Fluid Tips for Training and Competition." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146640.

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Gonzalez, Candace M. "The Relationship between Dietary Intake of Magnesium, Fiber, and Fluid Intake and Constipation Using NHANES Data." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10839229.

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Chronic constipation is a common condition that is characterized by infrequent stools, sensation of incomplete defecation, and straining to have a bowel movement. There are no clear guidelines used across healthcare disciplines to diagnose constipation. The Adequate Intake (AI) for total fiber is based on observed median fiber intake level to achieve the lowest level of observed risk of coronary heart disease; while this level may help ameliorate constipation, this outcome was not used as the basis for the AI recommendation. Constipation was defined as < 3 bowel movements per week. There was a statistically significant difference in fiber intake (p < .001), magnesium intake (p = .004), and fluid intake (p = .015) among individuals with irregular bowel movements < 3 per week compared to individuals who had ? 3 bowel movements per week. No association was observed between constipation and regarding physical activity outside of work, both moderate and vigorous. Additional research is needed to address the potential of different types of fiber (soluble vs. insoluble), different fluid intakes (milk, sugar sweetened beverages, coffee, etc.), and how these factors collectively relate to constipation.

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Lindberg, Magnus. "Excessive fluid overload among haemodialysis patients prevalence, individual characteristics and self-regulation of fluid intake /." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket[distributör], 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121983.

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Chidester, June C. "Adequacy of fluid intake of an elderly nursing home population." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845937.

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The actual fluid intake of forty (40) residents of a nursing home was determined by an analysis of detailed three-day food and fluid intake records obtained by direct observation. Intake was compared to an established standard to determine the adequacy of fluid intake for this population. Subjects were grouped in two groups according to age (<85 years and >85 years) to determine whether age influenced fluid intake. In addition, data such as number and frequency of medications and dependency factors, such as ability to feed self, ability to communicate, ability to move and ability to make decisions, were collected and correlated.There was no significant difference between actual fluid intake and required fluid intake for the population a whole and for the two age groups. However, there were individuals who had very low fluid intakes suggesting other factors which influence fluid intake. There were positive correlations between fluid obtained from non meal feedings and frequency of medication delivery and number of medications delivered during a 24 hour period. In addition, there were positive correlations among the dependency factors. There was no correlation among any of the dependency factors and fluid intake for the group as a whole or for the two age groups.It was concluded from this study that this population of elderly nursing home residents obtained adequate fluid. Medication frequency and number appeared to influence the amount of fluid that a resident might obtain during non meal feedings. However, as a subject became more dependent, this factor did not affect the fluid intake of this population. Department of Home Economics

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Menzies, Ryan D. D. "Investigation of S-shaped intake aerodynamics using computational fluid dynamics." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1440/.

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Flows in the s-shaped intake (Royal Aircraft Establishment intake model 2129-M2129) have been simulated and analysed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Various flows have been simulated from steady through-flow for validation and verification, steady flows at a variety of angles of pitch and yaw, and the unsteady flow of surge wave propagation following the application of surge signatures at the engine face. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations have been considered using the SA, k- ω and SST turbulence models where possible. The freestream Mach number was fixed at 0.21 and the Reynolds number based on the non-dimensional engine face diameter was 777,000 for all cases. The Glasgow flow solver PMB was used and second order accuracy was achieved in both space and time. Grid and time step convergence studies verified the numerical method, the grids being of the structured multi-block type. A comprehensive validation study was undertaken on the steady through-flow problem. Previously examined low and high mass flow cases were studied. It was found that the low mass flow results compared well with previous computational solutions. Problems however were encountered in the quantitative prediction of the secondary flow when compared with experiment however the SST model did quantitatively predict this. The high mass flow case proved more challenging. Solutions predicted two different flow regimes depending on the turbulence model used. It was found that the SST model provided a good matched with the primary set of experimental data. Confidence in this result was gained as it also performed well in the low mass flow case and also as it has shown previous improvements in the prediction of separation in flows with strong adverse pressure gradients.

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McGrail, Anne R. "Investigation of Oral Fluid Intake Patterns in Hospitalized Stroke Patients." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1226967498.

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Irshad, Wahid. "Wind resource assessment : statistical and computational fluid-dynamic analysis." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2012. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/5329.

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Wind is an important source of renewable energy and is widely available, despite the changing condition. In recent years a growing number of manufacturers have produced small wind turbines suitable for utilisation by individual householders or small businesses. These systems are designed to install in towns or cities. This raises the question about the potential of wind energy resource in build-up areas. This thesis sets to investigate the wind energy resource implication in the build-up areas by understanding the wind climatology of urban areas. As well as the overall mean wind speed, knowledge of the wind speed distribution (due to the non-linear relationship between wind speed and wind power) and the wind-direction distribution for optimum turbine siting is required. Other areas that have been considered are short-duration fluctuations in both speed and direction as these can affect the efficiency of the turbine. The aims of this research are to study the local wind conditions and estimate the available wind resource for the wind-energy driven generation of electricity in Edinburgh by taking into account of its climate, wind data and topographical effects. To achieve these aims eleven years of Met office data was investigated in addition to analysis of the data collected from locally installed weather station. Diurnal effect on wind condition was studied and found to be more pronounced in Edinburgh's rural area than its urban conurbation. It was also found that the available wind energy in the urban area is 30% less than that of the rural area. Turbulence in wind speed and direction of flow was also investigated. Careful consideration of all the parameters defining and affecting the prevailing wind revealed the wind resource in Edinburgh's urban area to be insufficient for viable generation of wind energy through the available technology of micro WEC (wind energy converter) systems. A CFD analysis was also performed to determine wind resource differences because of different mounting locations of wind equipment over the building under consideration. As a part of the project, a commercially available wind turbine was installed and monitored to investigate its performance in urban area. The research study finally suggests that the available grid connected micro WEC system cannot provide a cost effective contribution to urban Edinburgh's renewable energy generation.

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Guo, Jiuhao, and 郭九昊. "Velocity field measurement of a scroll vortex intake flow." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48079881.

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A scroll vortex intake is a hydraulic structure that transfers water stably from one elevation to a lower one by generating a swirling vortex flow down a vertical drop- shaft. Scroll vortex intakes are applied widely in water supply, stormwater drainage and sewerage systems. For a good engineering design, a sufficiently large and stable air core needs to be maintained within the dropshaft. Although a number of the- oretical and experimental investigations have been conducted, the understanding and predictions of the vortex flow is still far from complete due to a lack of de- tailed velocity field and air core measurements. This study aims to achieve a better understanding of the scroll vortex intake flow. The hydraulic theory of scroll vortex intake is revisited and detailed measurements of air core and velocity field of the vortex flow is conducted. A 1:15 physical model of a scroll vortex intake has been designed according to dynamic Froude similitude and constructed. Experiments have been conducted to measure the head-discharge relation. Piezometric head and air core size are measured at the throat of the vortex flow. Velocity fields are measured using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). The measurements show that the vortex flow in the chamber resembles a free vortex and the circulation is approximately equal to that at the inlet to chamber. The chamber flow is not affected by the bottom boundary effect at bottom above a depth of the order of the dropshaft diameter. The throat section of the vor- tex flow is located slightly below the chamber bottom and within the bellmouth at the entrance to dropshaft. For the vortex flow in and downstream of the bell- mouth, the tangential velocity distribution can be described by a Rankine vortex (combination of forced and free vortex); the transition from forced to free vortex occurs at around the middle of the vortex flow layer. The pressure is positive for all locations and all discharges. Due to viscous effect, the maximum circulation is found to be lower than the inlet circulation. Consistent with the free vortex theory, the vertical velocity in the dropshaft is approximately constant. By accounting for the loss of circulation between chamber inlet and the dropshaft, a new 1D theory is proposed. Unlike previous models, the new theory gives good predictions of head-discharge relation and minimum air core size without the need of physically unrealistic assumptions. This study has revealed the structure of a scroll vortex intake flow for the first time. Characteristic flow features of the scroll vortex intake have been elucidated. The findings have helped to explain and resolve the long-standing discrepancies between the theoretical predictions of three representative 1D hydraulic theories. The vortex flow measurements also provide a basis for the development of a new theory and the validation of 3D numerical models. published_or_final_version Civil Engineering Master Master of Philosophy

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Cook, Ian Daniel. "Perception of Fatigue, Macronutrient Intake and Fluid Intake of Field Hockey Athletes at Specific Game Day Time Intervals." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1460564696.

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Grassie, Tom. "Optimisation of fluid-flow in a flat plate solar water heater." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2001. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3862.

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Georgian, Martha Elena. "Increasing Fluid Intake in Nursing Home Residents by Offering Larger Portions with Medications." FIU Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3578.

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The objective of this study was to determine if offering larger portions of fluids with medications, i.e., at “med pass,” would increase fluid intake in nursing home residents. In a Latin square design, thirty-four residents of a 180-bed nursing facility received 4 and 8 oz servings of water and juice during distribution of medication. Fluid remains were weighed after 90 minutes. Larger portions and juice offerings were both found to increase fluid intake. Average fluid intakes increased from 80 to 140 mL when 8 oz servings of fluid were served instead of 4 oz servings (ps <.01). When juice was served in place of water, average intakes increased from 90 to 130 mL (ps <.01). Evaluation of the interaction between portion size and fluid type revealed that juice potentiated the increased intakes seen with 8 oz portions of fluid (ps <.01). Providing larger servings of fluid and offering juice with medications can be effective strategies to increase fluid intake in nursing home residents.

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Therrian, Franklin James. "Macronutrient intake and fluid status of elite female distance runners at moderate altitude." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20120.

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Master of Science Department of Hospitality Management and Dietetics Betsy Barrett The topic of athlete nutrition has been discussed amongst competitors, coaches, and nutrition professionals since the dawn of the Modern Olympic Movement in 1896 and has led to many strategies to help athletes compete at a higher level. Endurance athletes have been studied around the world. However, studies conducted with elite distance runners at altitude have focused mainly on male athletes in Kenya or Ethiopia. Despite the efforts of researchers over the years in the area of athlete nutrition there has been little research that specifically focuses on elite female distance runners and little evidence is available about the dietary habits and beliefs of these athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the macronutrient and fluid intakes of female distance runners and to determine if current fad diets and specific athletic events impact their eating habits. Seven female elite distance runners (six of European and one of Asian descent) training at altitude completed the study. Their specific events ranged from the 5-K to ultra-marathon. The athletes entered their food, fluid and physical activity for six weeks and submitted a report weekly to the researcher. The data was entered by the researcher into myfitnesspal.com which tabulated the data. The results recorded into Excel spreadsheets for each athlete. At the end of the six weeks, all data was compiled to get a total intake for each athlete and the group as a whole. Mean, minimums, maximums, and standard deviations were used for data analysis. At the end of the six weeks, a telephone interview was conducted with each athlete to determine their eating habits, attitudes towards food, how others impacted their eating and if they were following a fad diet and why. Results indicated that these athletes reported lower mean carbohydrate (51±19.4% of calories) and higher protein (19±6% of calories) intake than is recommended per the Joint Statement of the ADA, DC and ACSM (2009). Fat and fluid consumption were adequate, but overall calories taken in were a little lower than calories expended. The athletes avoided soy, high fructose corn syrup, artificial sweeteners, dairy, and fried foods and focused on eating more fruits and vegetables. Five of the seven athletes were following a gluten free diet because they felt it gave them a competitive edge, increased performance, and reduced GI distress. Based on the results of this study, coaches and athletes should focus on perceived exertion in workouts, macronutrient amounts and overall calories to ensure the athlete is able to compete at a high level.

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Vicente-Rasoamalala, Leticia. "Teachers' Reactions to Foreign Language Learner Output." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1675.

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OF THE DISSERTATION: "Teachers' Reactions to Foreign Language Learner Output" BY: Leticia Vicente-Rasoamalala TEXT: A series of theoretical and practical educational studies have suggested that learners need teacher assistance to progress in their learning. Therefore, a considerable amount of language classroom research has been concerned with the study of teacher activities, especially those focusing on their instructional methods. In an attempt to contribute to this research area, the general objective of the dissertation is to develop a better understanding of one recurrent practice in formal FL instruction: how teachers react to FL learner output in classroom oral interactions. To this end, the formal features and phenomena involved in Teacher Reaction Episodes (TREs) are addressed. 'Teacher reactions' refer to any instructional strategies that handle language learner oral productions. In traditional SLA research, this teacher practice has been conceptually examined under the rubric of 'corrective feedback'. This thesis covers multidisciplinary theoretical and methodological approaches related to TREs. Part I (Chapters 1-4) puts in perspective the general conceptual framework that underpins the empirical second part of the thesis. A literature review encompasses: i) general and specific components comprising TREs), ii) the features surrounding these instructional moves, iii) their potential benefits for FL learner acquisition and, iv) the methodological frameworks previously used to examine teacher reactions. We have identified the key questions that SLA research has addressed in relation to "Teacher Reactions to Foreign Language Learner Output" by covering different methods of enquiry such as: 1) SLA theories 2) Socioculturalism 3) FL classroom social interaction studies 4) Teacher reaction features in the light of SLA works Part II (Chapters 5-8) describes microanalysis case studies carried out for observing and identifying the turns of TREs. Video data collected from two Senegalese international bilingual schools illustrate the differential effects of teacher reactions on FL learner uptake. Through corpus-based evidence from three immersion settings, an attempt is made to discover conditions and means for felicitous TREs in acquisitional terms. The term "immersion" refers to the teaching approach in which students receive academic instruction of core content subjects in a language that is not usually their mother tongue (Wesche, 2001). Specifically, 3 language teachers were observed with their students in their FL immersion classrooms in three main differentiated learning settings, which involve different levels and languages: i. Advanced English immersion (Years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) at the primary school (Setting 1); ii. Intermediate English immersion (Years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) at the primary school (Setting 2); iii. Spanish as L3 immersion (Years 9 and 10) at the secondary school (Setting 3) In order to conduct further research in the area of teacher feedback (Lyster & Mori, 2006; Lyster & Ranta, 1997), this study has focused on teacher reactions to foreign language learner output in such peculiar formal instruction (FI) learning contexts. A total of 14 lessons were observed to this end in each classroom year level. This part of the dissertation has been theoretically and methodologically framed into one hybrid approach covering diverse complementary perspectives. For instance, the SLA social interactionist views, socioculturalism, Conversation Analysis and ethnomethodology. In methodological terms, this study aimed at: 1) describing the way(-s) in which learners and teachers verbally and non-verbally engage didactic negotiations during TREs; 2) identifying how TREs might be salient for language acquisition in engaging learner noticing of their deviant target language forms; 3) investigating if learners engage after teacher interventions, pay attention to their errors, and if they might fruitfully self-repair; 4) surveying teacher and learner beliefs on TREs. The results seem to reflect certain trends in relation to the error types, the kinds of teacher reactions and the immersion settings, classroom years and levels vis-à-vis learner uptake. Globally, learners receiving metalinguistic feedback appear to generate more uptake than those receiving recasts. EXTRACTO DE LA TESIS: TÍTULO: Reacciones docentes ante el output de los aprendices de lenguas extranjeras TEXTO: Una serie de estudios teóricos y prácticos que versan sobre aspectos educativos han postulado que el soporte del profesor es necesario para la progresión del aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Por esta razón, un número considerable de trabajos ha indagado sobre las actividades docentes haciendo especial hincapié en los métodos didácticos aplicados con el fin de examinarlas. En un intento de contribuir en esta área de investigación, el objetivo general de esta tesis es profundizar en una práctica docente recurrente en la enseñanza de idiomas. Se trata de las reacciones de los profesores ante el output de los aprendices que tienen lugar durante las interacciones orales en las aulas de lenguas extranjeras. En particular, se pretende examinar los rasgos formales de los "episodios de reacciones docentes" (ERD) y los fenómenos circundantes que se manifiestan en ellos. Las "reacciones docentes" se refieren a la totalidad de estrategias didácticas verbales y no verbales que se despliegan ante las producciones orales de los aprendices de idiomas. Tradicionalmente, el campo de la adquisición de lenguas segundas examina de manera conceptual esta práctica docente como "feedback correctivo". Este trabajo contextualiza los estudios teóricos y metodológicos multidisciplinarios afines con los ERD abarcando: i) los componentes generales y específicos de los episodios de reacciones docentes, ii) las condiciones que rodean estas acciones, iii) los beneficios potenciales para el aprendiz en relación con el "feedback" o la retroalimentación docente en diferentes contextos de adquisición de lenguas y iv) los marcos metodológicos previamente aplicados para examinar las reacciones del profesor o del instructor de lenguas. Los datos recogidos mediante una videocámara en dos escuelas bilingües internacionales privadas de Senegal ilustran los efectos diferenciados de las reacciones docentes sobre las producciones subsiguientes ("uptake") de los aprendices. A través de un corpus basado en datos empíricos extraídos de tres contextos de inmersión, se ha intentado hallar las condiciones y los recursos que podrían posibilitar que las reacciones docentes ante el output de los aprendices de idiomas sean más facilitadoras en términos de adquisición. En el presente estudio, la provisión de feedback metalingüístico pareció generar más "uptake" por parte de los aprendices que en el caso de las reformulaciones.

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Veldsman, Lizl. "The impact of intravenous fluid and electrolyte administration on total fluid, electrolyte and energy intake in critically ill adult patients." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85659.

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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional content/ contribution of intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte administration on the total feeding prescription of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods: Retrospective review of ICU charts of consecutive patients (>18 years) with APACHE II scores ≥10 and on ≥72 hours nutrition therapy (NT) admitted to a medical/surgical ICU. Total fluid, electrolyte, energy and macronutrient intake from nutritional and non-nutritional sources were reviewed from ICU admission until discharge, discontinuation of NT or death for ≤7 days. Energy and protein delivery were compared to calculated targets of 25.4 – 28.6kCal/kg and 1.3 – 1.5g/kg respectively. Summary statistics, correlation coefficients and appropriate analysis of variance were used to describe and analyse the data. Results: A total of 71 patients (49% male), average age 49.2 ± 17.1, average APACHE II score 21.0 ± 6.1, 68% medical and 32% surgical, were included. Fluid and nutrient intake were reviewed over a mean of 5.7 ± 1.1 days. Mean daily fluid delivery was 3.2 ± 0.6L. IV fluid therapy (IVFT) contributed 32.0 ± 12.0% to total fluid delivery (TFD), whereas IV drug administration, including fluids used for reconstitution and dilution purposes, contributed 20.7 ± 8.1% to TFD. Balanced electrolyte solutions (BES) were the crystalloid of choice, prescribed in 91.5% of patients with a mean daily volume (MDV) of 0.5 ± 0.4L. Hypertonic low molecular weight (LMW) 130/0.4kD hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was the colloid of choice, prescribed in 78.9% of patients with a MDV of 0.2 ± 0.1L. Potassium salts were the most frequently prescribed IV electrolyte supplement (IVES), prescribed in 91% of patients (±20 – 60mmol per administration). NT was initiated within 14.5 ± 14.1 hours. The majority (80%) received enteral nutrition (EN). The mean daily energy delivered was 1613 ± 380kCal (25.1kCal/kg), meeting 93.6 ± 17.7% of mean target range (MTR). Mean daily protein delivery (PD) was 72 ± 22g (1.1g/kg), meeting 82.8 ± 19.9% of MTR. Non-nutritional energy sources (NNES), mostly derived from carbohydrate-containing IV fluids, contributed 10.1 ± 7.5% to total energy delivered (156kCal/d). Mean cumulative energy and protein balance was -674.0 ± 1866.1kCal and -86.0 ± 106.9g respectively. The majority (73%) received >90% of the minimum energy target but only 49% >90% of minimum protein target; 59% of those with energy intake 90-110% of target had adequate protein intake. A significant negative correlation was found between cumulative energy/protein balance and the time to initiation of NT (energy: r=-0.28, p=0.02; protein: r=-0.32, p=0.01). Conclusion: In this ICU BES are the crystalloid of choice and hypertonic LMW 130/0.4kD HES the colloid of choice for IVFT. Potassium salts are the most frequently prescribed IVES. NNES added significantly to energy delivery and should be included in the calculation of feeding prescriptions to avoid the harmful effects of overfeeding. Early initiation of EN with conventional products which are energy rich is insufficient to achieve adequate PD. EN formulae with a more favorable nitrogen to non-protein energy ratio could help to optimise PD during the first week of ICU care. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doelwitte: Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om die voedingswaarde/ bydrae van intraveneuse (IV) vog en elektroliet toediening tot die totale voedings voorskrif van pasiënte in ‘n intensiewe sorg eenheid (ISE) te bepaal. Metodes: Retrospektiewe bestudering van die ISE kaarte van agtereenvolgende pasiënte (>18 jaar) opgeneem in ‘n mediese/chirurgie ISE en met APACHE II tellings ≥10 en ≥72 ure voedingsterapie (VT). Totale vog, elektroliet, energie en makronutriënt inname vanaf voedingsverwante en nie-voedingsverwante bronne is vanaf ISE opname tot en met ontslag, staking van VT of sterfte, vir ≤7 dae hersien. Energie en proteiën inname is vergelyk met berekende doelwitte van 25.4 – 28.6kKal/kg en 1.3 – 1.5g/kg onderskeidelik. Beskrywende statisitiek, korrelasie koeffisiënte en toepaslike analises van variansie is gebruik vir data analise. Resultate: 71 pasiënte (49% mans), gemiddelde ouderdom 49.2 ± 17.1, gemiddelde APACHE II telling 21.0 ± 6.1, 68% medies en 32% chirurgie, is ingesluit. Vog en voedingstof inname is hersien oor ‘n gemiddelde tydperk van 5.7 ± 1.1 dae. Gemiddelde vog inname was 3.2 ± 0.6L/dag. IV vog terapie (IVVT) het 32.0 ± 12.0% bygedra tot totale vog inname (TVI). IV medikasie toediening, insluitende die herkonstruksie en verwatering van medikasie, het 20.7 ± 8.1% bygedra tot TVI. Die mees voorgeskrewe kristalloiëd en kolloiëd vir IVVT was gebalanseerde elektroliet oplossings (GEO), voorgeskryf in 91.5% van pasiënte (gemiddeld 0.5 ± 0.4L/dag), en hipertoniese lae molekulêre gewig (LMG) 130/0.4kD hidroksie-etiel stysel (HES), voorgeskryf in 78.9% van pasiënte (gemiddeld 0.2 ± 0.1L/dag), onderskeidelik. Die mees voorgeskrewe IV elektroliet supplement was kalium soute, voorgeskryf in 91% van pasiënte (±20 – 60 mmol per toediening). VT is binne 14.5 ± 14.1 ure geinisieër. Die meerderheid (80%) het enterale voeding (EV) ontvang. Die gemiddelde daaglikse energie inname van 1613 ± 380kCal (25.1kKal/kg) het 93.6 ± 17.7% van die gemiddelde doelwit rykwydte (GDR) bereik. Die gemiddelde daaglikse proteiën inname van 72 ± 22g (1.1g/kg) het 82.8 ± 19.9% van die GDR bereik. Nie voedings-verwante energie bronne (NVEB), meestal vanaf koolhidraat-bevattende IV vloeistowwe, het 10.1 ± 7.5% tot totale energie inname (TEI) bygedra (156kKal/d). Die gemiddelde kumulatiewe energie en proteiën balans was -674.0 ± 1866.1kKal en -86.0 ± 106.9g onderskeidelik. Die meerderheid (73%) het >90% van die minimum energie doelwit (ED) bereik. Slegs 49% het >90% van die minimum proteiën doelwit (PD) bereik. Opsomming: Die kristalloiëd en kolloiëd van keuse vir IVT is GEO en hipertoniese LMG 130/0.4kD HES onderskeidelik. Kalium soute word mees algemeen voorgeskryf. NVEB dra beduidend by tot TEI en moet inaggeneem word tydens die berekening van voedingsvoorskrifte ten einde oorvoeding te voorkom. Vroeë inisiëring van EV met konvensionele energie-ryke EV produkte is onvoldoende om genoegsame proteiën inname te verseker. EV produkte met ‘n gunstiger stikstof tot nie-proteiën energie verhouding sal help om proteiën inname gedurende die eerste week van intensiewe sorg te optimaliseer.Slegs 59% van pasiënte met genoegsame energie inname (90-110% van ED) het hul minimum PD bereik. Daar was ‘n beduidende negatiewe korrelasie tussen kumulatiewe energie/proteiën balans en die tyd tot inisiëring van VT (energie: r=-0.28, p=0.02; proteiën: r=-0.32, p= 0.01).

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Kostelnik, Samantha Bond. "The Evaluation of Methods to Rapidly Assess Beverage Intake and Hydration Status." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105142.

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Dehydration can impact the general population but it is particularly detrimental for athletes, due to their physical performance requirements. Although fluids in general contribute to meeting hydration needs, some beverages aid in the rehydration process more than others. The Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15) is a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that can rapidly assess habitual beverage intake; this FFQ has been validated in children and adults. However, no beverage consumption questionnaire has been validated in athletes. In addition to monitoring fluid intake, hydration status can be assessed through urinary and blood indices. Urine color (UC) has been utilized as a practical hydration biomarker in several populations. However, this biomarker has not been validated among the general population of collegiate athletes. The first study (n=58): formulated a novel whey-permeate-based beverage to promote hydration and assess its sensory characteristics in the general population. The overall acceptability of the beverage was lower than the control beverage, according to a 9-point Likert scale (x̅ = 4.5 – 4.9 and x̅ = 6.7, respectively). The second study (n=120): evaluated the comparative validity and reliability of the BEVQ-15 and UC within NCAA Division 1 collegiate athletes. Associations were noted between the BEVQ-15 and multiple 24-hr dietary recalls (reference method) for total beverage fl oz and kcal (r=0.41 and r=0.47, p<0.05, respectively). There were associations between athlete's UC and urinary specific gravity (USG; hydration biomarker) rated by athletes and researchers (r=0.67 and 0.88, p<0.05, respectively). Lastly, a systematic review was performed to evaluate original research addressing the validity of UC as a hydration biomarker in the adult population more broadly, including athletes and older adults. Eleven of 424 articles met inclusion criteria, and the available research generally reported significant correlations between UC and other hydration indices (r=0.35-0.93). However, limitations in existing research were evident. Although the BEVQ-15 may be a valid beverage intake assessment method in collegiate athletes, additional modifications were identified which could improve its validity. Future work includes re-evaluating the validity and reliability of the BEVQ-15 specifically modified for athletes, as well as assessing the sensitivity of this FFQ to detect changes in beverage intake. Doctor of Philosophy Drinking adequate amounts of fluids is important for maintaining normal bodily functions. When body water losses exceed fluid intake, dehydration may result, which can lead to numerous consequences such as headaches, dizziness, decreased mental focus, and fatigue. An athlete, who has high physical demands, may experience these negative consequences as well as muscle cramps, increased strain on the heart, and decreased athletic performance. Some beverages can replenish lost fluids better than others, due to their electrolyte (i.e. sodium, potassium, magnesium) content. This may include whey-permeate based beverages. In order to prevent dehydration, it is important to monitor fluid consumption and fluid losses. A beverage intake questionnaire (BEVQ-15) can be used to quickly assess usual beverage intake. Studies have shown that this questionnaire is accurate in children, adolescents, and adults. However, there are currently no validated methods for usual habitual beverage intake in athletes. This dissertation evaluated the taste of a new whey-permeate hydration beverage, and the accuracy and test-retest reliability of the BEVQ-15 within NCAA Division 1 collegiate athletes and found positive results. Measurements in urine and blood can be also be used to assess hydration status, but some of these methods are more expensive and less practical for daily use in real-world settings. Urine color (UC) has been studied as a hydration indicator, but this dissertation is the first to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of this method within a diverse group of collegiate athletes, in a real-world setting. Our results suggest that UC is a simple and reasonably accurate hydration assessment method when compared to another urinary assessment method. Nonetheless, there is limited research which has studied this topic. Future work can address methods to improve the effectiveness of these approaches for maintaining and evaluating fluid intake and status in the collegiate athletic population.

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Ferreira, Pêgo Cíntia Sofia. "Assessment of fluid intake as a determinant of lifestyle and its impact on health." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399565.

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A causa de la manca d’informació sobre la ingesta de líquids i begudes a la població general, es va avaluar el seu consum diari, el percentatge d’individus cobrint les recomanacions d’ingesta d'aigua segons la Agència Europea de Seguretat Alimentària (AESA), així com de sucres senzills segons la Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS) en adults Espanyols i de 12 països d’arreu del món. Aproximadament el 50% dels individus no cobria les recomanacions de l’AESA, i el 44,5% superava les recomanacions de la OMS, només a través de líquids. També es va avaluar els hàbits de consum de fluids dels adults espanyols en funció del seu nivell d'adherència a la dieta mediterrània (DM) i a l’activitat física. S'ha descrit que els individus que presenten altes puntuacions d’adherència a la DM i a l’exercici físic, tenen un patró de consum de begudes més saludable. També hem avaluat prospectivament l'associació entre el consum de begudes endolcides amb sucre, begudes endolcides artificialment i sucs de fruita embotellats i naturals i la incidència de síndrome metabòlica (SM) en una població mediterrània (n=1868 participants) amb alt risc cardiovascular, en el marc d'estudi PREDIMED. El consum ocasional de begudes ensucrades i begudes endolcides artificialment (1-5 racions/setmana) no es va associar amb la incidència de SM en persones de mitjana edat i d'edat avançada amb alt risc de malaltia cardiovascular. El consum de més de 5 porcions/setmana de tots els tipus de begudes analitzades es va associar amb un major risc de SM i alguns dels seus components. Finalment, per tal d'analitzar l'associació entre la ingesta de líquids i begudes en el futur, hem dissenyat i validat un qüestionari específic per l’avaluació de líquids a la població Espanyola. Aquesta validació es va dur a terme en el context de l'estudi PREDIMED-PLUS. Debido a la escasez de datos sobre la ingesta de líquidos en población general, se evaluó el consumo de los diferentes tipos de bebidas, el porcentaje de individuos que cumplían con las recomendaciones de ingesta de agua de la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (AESA) y de azúcares simples según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), en adultos Españoles y de otros 12 países. Aproximadamente el 50% de la población no cumplía con las recomendaciones de la AESA, y el 44,5% superaba las recomendaciones de la OMS, únicamente a través de fluidos. Se evaluó los hábitos de consumo de líquidos en función de su nivel de adherencia a la dieta Mediterránea (DM) y de actividad física. Los individuos que presentan puntuaciones más altas de adherencia a la DM y ejercicio físico presentan un patrón de consumo de líquidos más saludable. También hemos evaluado prospectivamente la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, bebidas endulzadas artificialmente y zumos de fruta embotellados y naturales y la incidencia de síndrome metabólico (SM) en una población mediterránea (n=1868 participantes) con alto riesgo cardiovascular, en el marco de estudio PREDIMED. El consumo ocasional de bebidas azucaradas y bebidas endulzadas artificialmente (1-5 raciones/semana) no se asoció con la incidencia de SM en personas de mediana edad y de edad avanzada con alto riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. El consumo de >5 porciones/semana de todos los tipos de bebidas analizadas se asoció con un mayor riesgo de SM y algunos de sus componentes. Por último, con el fin de analizar la asociación entre la ingesta de líquidos y bebidas en el futuro, hemos diseñado y validado un cuestionario-español fluido específico. Esta validación se llevó a cabo en el contexto del estudio PREDIMED-PLUS. The scarcity and the inconsistency of the evidence available about beverages intake, led us to examine the consumption of different types of beverages and total daily fluid intake in Spanish adults and other 12 countries using data from the Liq.In7 study. We found that approximately 50% of the population did not complied with European Food Safety Agency adequate intake and 44.5% exceeded the World Health Organization energy intake provided by free sugar recommendations, solely by fluids. Furthermore, differences in total fluid intake between countries, gender and ages were found. The beverage pattern of Spanish adults was assessed categorized by the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) adherence and physical activity. For the first time, we show that individuals with high scores for MedDiet adherence and physical exercise presented a healthy beverage profile. We have also prospectively assessed the associations between the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), artificially sweetened beverages and bottled and natural fruit juices and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a Mediterranean population (n=1868 participants) at high cardiovascular risk, within the framework of PREDIMED study. The occasional consumption of SSBs and artificially sweetened beverages (1-5 servings/week) was not associated with the incidence of MetS in middle-aged and elderly individuals at high risk of CVD. The consumption of >5 servings/week of all of the types of beverages analyzed was associated with an increased risk of MetS and some of its components. Finally, in order to analyze the associations between fluid and beverage intake in the future, we designed and validated a Spanish fluid-specific questionnaire. This validation was conducted in the context of the PREDIMED-PLUS study, a multicenter randomized trial aiming at assess the beneficial effect of weight loss using a MedDiet and physical exercise promotion on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

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Hoppe, Mark Mathew. "Validation of computational fluid dynamics model of a simple pump sump with vertical intake." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86337.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The designs of pump intake structures are generally verified by means of a hydraulic model study to ensure the structure will operate without large air or swirl entraining vortices. This is an expensive and time consuming process. The popularity of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is ever increasing in the engineering world and the use thereof in the modelling of flows in pump intake structures is just one of the many areas of focus. The use of a validated CFD model in the design phase of pump intakes would be beneficial, and ideally would reduce the frequency of requiring hydraulic model studies. This study investigates the applicability of using a 3 dimensional CFD model as a design tool by validation with a physical model. A physical model of a simple pump intake was available and with a few modifications the flow conditions were significantly improved. The quantitative validation of the CFD model was carried out by means of comparing corresponding point velocity magnitudes. An Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used in the physical model. The data obtained were successfully filtered to remove noise and other disturbances. The qualitative validation was done by means of photographs and observations. The photographs made use of illuminated tracer particles to identify flow patterns. The CFD model compares well qualitatively, but the velocity magnitudes are not yet sufficiently reliable. It is recommended that the CFD model can be used for qualitative studies, but future research should focus on the accuracy of the CFD model. Using higher resolution velocity measurements in the physical model by means of other types of instruments, a better comparison can be made, as well as enabling validation of the ADV readings. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwerpe van die pomp inname strukture word gewoonlik bevestig deur middel van 'n hidrouliese model studie om lug-intrekking te minimeer. Dit is 'n duur en tydrowende proses . Die gebruik van Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ), ‘n tipe numeriese modelle neem toe in die ingenieurswese wêreld. Die gebruik daarvan in die modellering van vloei in pomp inname strukture is net een van die vele areas van toepassing . Die gebruik van 'n betroubare CFD model in die ontwerp fase van pomp innames sal voordelig wees , en ideaal sou die noodaaklikheid van fisiese hidrouliese model studies verminder. Hierdie studie ondersoek die toepaslikheid van die gebruik van 'n 3 -dimensionele model CFD model as 'n ontwerp instrument deur bevestiging met 'n fisiese model . 'n Eenvoudige pomp-inname model was beskikbaar en het met ‘n paar veranderinge die vloei toestande aansienlik verbeter . Die kwantitatiewe bevestiging van die CFD model is uitgevoer deur middel van vergelyking van korresponderende punt snelheid groottes. In die fisiese model is die snelhede met 'n Akoestiese Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) gemeet. Die data wat verkry is suksesvol gefiltreer om geraas en ander versteurings te verwyder . Die kwalitatiewe bevestiging is gedoen deur middel van foto's en waarnemings. In die foto's is gebruik gemaak van verligte spoor deeltjies om vloei patrone te identifiseer. Die CFD model vergelyk kwalitatief goed, maar die snelheid groottes is nog nie voldoende betroubaar nie. Dit word aanbeveel dat die CFD model gebruik kan word vir kwalitatiewe studies, maar toekomstige navorsing behoort te fokus op die verbeteringe van dieakkuraatheid van die CFD model. Met behulp van 'n hoër resolusie snelheid metings van die fisiese model, deur middel van ander tipe instrumente, kan 'n beter vergelyking gemaak word , sowel as die geldigheid van die ADV lesings in staat te stel.

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Choi, Samantha S. "Comparison of fluid intake of self-feeding to assisted-case elderly nursing home residents." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000chois.pdf.

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Söderberg, Jansson Marcus. "Analysis of the intake grill for marine jet propulsion." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263877.

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Marine waterjet propulsion is a technology that has been developed and refined since the early 1950’ and is proven highly useful for high speed applications with vessels in varying sizes. The intake grill is a component that is mounted in line with the hull to prevent debris from traveling through the waterjet. The intake grill is affected by viscous forces, contact forces and harmonic excitation forces all while affecting the efficiency of the waterjet. In this report a selection of methods is evaluated and verified with the goal of simplifying the design process of the intake grill. A selection of cross-sections is generated and evaluated to draw general conclusions about the efficiency and stability of the intake grill. A selection of computational fluid dynamics and modal analysis methods are utilized. It is concluded that the intake grill is affected by many parameters and can be evaluated by modal FEM analysis and 2D CFD analysis. Marina vattenjetmotorer har utvecklats och förfinats sedan tidigt 50-tal och har bevisats mycket användbara för applikationer i hög hastighet med båtar i varierande storlekar. Intagsgaller är en komponent som monteras i linje med skrovet på båtar för att förhindra oönskade föremål att färdas genom intaget på vattenjetmotorn. Intagsgallret är påverkat av viskösa krafter, direkta krafter och harmonisk excitation samtidigt som komponenten påverkar vattenjetmotorns effektivitet. I denna rapport så evalueras ett urval av metoder med målet att simplifiera utvecklingsprocessen av intagsgaller. Ett urval av tvärsnittsgeometrier är genererade och evaluerade för att dra generella slutsatser om effektiviteten och stabiliteten av intagsgallret. Ett par olika sorters flödessimuleringar och finita element metoder används. Slutsatsen är att intagsgallret påverkas av ett flertal parametrar och kan utvärderas med modal finita element metoder samt tvådimensionella flödessimuleringar.

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Goldstein, Bradley E. "Thirst and sodium appetite in mice angiotensin, brain Fos, blood plasma hormones, and fluid intake /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000687.

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Jusoh, Normah. "Hydration, thirst and fluid balance in resting and exercising individuals." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6641.

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Adequate fluid consumption is central to human survival. Previous literature suggests that there some misconceptions regarding hydration and fluid balance in some populations. Available data also show that the role of thirst sensations in maintaining fluid balance in different settings is also equivocal. Therefore, this thesis aimed to examine the perception of hydration, thirst and fluid intake in freeliving populations, to examine the feasibility of thirst as a marker of hydration status and to investigate the effect of thirst related sensations on fluid balance in resting and exercising individuals under different ambient temperatures. The findings in this thesis (Chapter 3) show that individuals who work within the fitness industry demonstrated substantial knowledge about drinking practices, hydration status and health consequences of water consumption, but lack understanding on the type of beverages that adequately hydrate the body. Further, thirst perception and mood states did not affect (P>0.05) the fluid intake in free living individuals (Chapter 4) and resting individuals under cool and warm exposure (Chapter 6), but some other factors such as subjective feelings of mouth dryness and the extent of hydration status might influence the fluid intake behaviour in these populations. In addition, following ingestion of flavoured carbohydrate drinks, thirst sensations was rated lower over time (P<0.05) during exercise in the cool, but was higher over time in the warm temperature (Chapter 7). Moreover, subjective feelings related to dehydration such as mouth dryness, thirst perception, desire to drink (water pleasantness) and hunger rating could be used as index of hydration status to signify at least a 1% body mass loss due to food and fluid restriction in resting individuals (Chapter 5). In conclusion, the findings in this thesis provide some new insight with respect to hydration, thirst and fluid balance in different populations under different settings. Nevertheless, some inconclusive findings regarding the role of thirst related sensations in fluid balance require further investigations.

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Orton, Simon. "The development of a process to design automotive air intake devices." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007.

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A snorkel is an air intake accessory attached to four wheel drive vehicles. The purpose of a snorkel is to aid in preventing water entering into the engine while a four wheel drive is crossing a water course. A study into the improvement of snorkel development systems was performed. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and other methods for designing snorkels for vehicles were explored. This project incorporates the development of suitable design guidelines and criteria for intake design with reference to relevant literature research. Design and testing guidelines developed included comparative CFD studies; vehicle testing strategies and other mechanical effects that are critical factors to the successful completion of any airflow design project. This project expanded the knowledge base of the design team allowing a greater understanding the engine performance effect of adding a snorkel to a vehicle. The use of CFD as primary design tool was established as commercially impractical for developing a snorkel design system for all types of snorkels for the proposed design system.

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Byrd, Bridgett McIntosh. "Alkanes as Internal and External Markers in Horses and the Digestibility of a High Fat Cereal By-Product." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35922.

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Determining intake of feeds in horses is an important factor in incorporating supplements in their diets. Fecal recoveries (R), fecal output (FO), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and dry matter intake (DMI) were estimated using alkanes as markers in 8 thoroughbred geldings. The experiment compared two diets in a 2 X 2 latin square experiment. The diets were mixed grass hay only (H) and the same hay plus a cereal by-product (H + CBP). The cereal by-product (CBP) was the high fat component added to feeds at Virginia Tech's Middleburg Agricultural Research and Extension Center. The apparent digestibility of ether extract (EE) and other nutrients in the H and H + CBP, as well as the partial digestibility of CBP were also determined. The periods were 21 d each with a dietary accommodation period followed by eight days of dosing the even chain alkanes dotriacontaine (C32) and hexatriacontane (C36) as external markers. Total collection (TC) was performed the last 4 d of dosing. The results show that mean recoveries of alkanes were close to 100%, but the range for individual alkanes was wide, and the pattern of recoveries for alkanes of different chain length was inconsistent from feed to feed. The results also indicate that mean estimates of the DMI, DMD and FO of a feed, such as H or H + CBP, are determined with reasonable accuracy by means of alkane markers. In contrast, alkane estimates of DMI and DMD in an individual horse fail to predict corresponding TC estimates. The alkane estimate of FO in an individual horse predicts a TC value with error of 16.4%. The CBP was found to be an excellent source of EE, CP and fiber but a poor source of Ca. Master of Science

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Allen, Scott Thomas. "Ad Libitum Fluid Intake and Plasma Responses Following Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, and Deionized Water Ingestion." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26511.

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Some clinicians warn against pickle juice (PJ) ingestion due to its sodium. PJ drinking guidelines have been developed but never tested. The purpose of this study was to determine if drinking PJ, hypertonic saline (HS), or deionized water (DIW) affected ad libitum DIW ingestion, plasma variables, or perceptions of thirst, fullness, or nausea (perceptual indicators). On three days, subjects were dehydrated (~2%), given one of three treatment drinks, rated its palatability, and rehydrated with DIW ad libitum. Over 60 minutes of rehydration blood samples and perceptual indicators were collected. Subjects consumed more DIW ad libitum following HS and PJ than DIW. Plasma variables and perceptions of thirst, fullness and nausea didn?t differ between treatment drinks. The rationale behind PJ drinking guidelines is questionable. Subjects drink more, not less, after PJ ingestion. Plasma variables and perceptual indicators didn?t differ between PJ and DIW. Athletes should schedule their drinking to fully rehydrate.

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Ward-Santos, Orlando. "Design and analysis of a turbocharged single cylinder diesel engine intake system for increased power output and transient response." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112526.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (page 35). Small displacement, single-cylinder diesel engines have many applications in developing countries such as small-powered agricultural equipment, water pumps, and other power sources. Research has shown that the power of a turbocharged single-cylinder engine can match that of a larger displacement multi-cylinder, naturally aspirated engine, at a fraction of the cost. The valve timing mismatch that occurs when turbocharging a single cylinder engine is solved by adding a large volume air intake as a buffer for the pressurized air. This thesis explores the design, methodology, and testing of modifying the additional air intake to passively varying its volume during operation. Mechanical design of the variable volume air capacitor is established. Next, the experimental setup is discussed. Finally, both steady state and transient experimental results are discussed. by Orlando Ward-Santos. S.B.

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Gerber, Matthew. "The Effect of Anode Geometry on Power Output in Microbial Fuel Cells." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406120948.

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Stockinger, Christopher Allen. "Numerical Analysis of Airflow and Output of Solar Chimney Power Plants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71670.

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Computational fluid dynamics was used to simulate solar chimney power plants and investigate modeling techniques and expected energy output from the system. The solar chimney consists of three primary parts: a collector made of a transparent material such as glass, a tower made of concrete located at the center of the collector, and a turbine that is typically placed at the bottom of the tower. The collector absorbs solar radiation and heats the air below, whereby air flows inward towards the tower. As air exits at the top of the tower, more air is drawn below the collector repeating the process. The turbine converts pressure within the flow into power. The study investigated three validation cases to numerically model the system properly. Modeling the turbine as a pressure drop allows for the turbine power output to be calculated while not physically modeling the turbine. The numerical model was used to investigate air properties, such as velocity, temperature, and pressure. The results supported the claim that increasing the energy into the system increased both the velocities and temperatures. Also, increasing the turbine pressure drop decreases the velocities and increases the temperatures within the system. In addition to the numerical model, analytical models representing the vertical velocity without the turbine and the maximum power output from a specific chimney were used to investigate the effects on the flow when varying the geometry. Increasing the height of the tower increased the vertical velocity and power output, and increasing the diameter increased the power output. Dimensionless variables were used in a regression analysis to develop a predictive equation for power output. The predictive equation was tested with new simulations and was shown to be in very good agreement. Master of Science

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Fall, Abdou. "Factors affecting feed intake, energy expenditure and work output of oxen and bulls used for draught purposes in semi-arid West Africa." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29753.

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The objectives of this thesis were to i) determine the energy expenditure of draught oxen performing common farm operations, ii) establish the relationships between work on intake and digestibility of feeds by draught oxen, iii) investigate the effect of body condition before work and live weight losses during work on work output, and iv) investigate the implications of heat stress on draught oxen in semi-arid areas. The ultimate aim of this study was to generate information necessary for the design of feeding and working strategies for draught animals in semi-arid areas. To meet these objectives four experiments were conducted at the ICRISAT Sahelian centre, with the collaboration of the International Livestock Centre for Africa. In the first experiment the Oxylog, a portable breath by breath gas analyser, was used on 7 animals to determine their standing metabolic rate, their energy cost of walking on soils of different consistencies, and their efficiency of doing work, i.e. ploughing and carting. The average standing metabolic rate of animals was 487 (± 10.6) kJ/kg LW0.75. The consistency of the soil on which animals were working had a marked effect on their energy cost of walking which was 1.59 (±0.069), 2.15 (±0.084) and 1.0 (±0.10) J/m/kg live weight on unploughed land, ploughed land and laterite tracks, respectively. The efficiency of ploughing sandy soils was 0.32 and was not significantly different from the efficiency of carting with different loads. The efficiency of doing work was not influenced by the type of work performed, the draught force exerted or the walking speed. In the second experiment intake of millet stover, water intake, live weight, plasma concentrations of T3, T4 and urea-nitrogen were measured on 18 animals that worked for 0, 2 or 4 h/day in sequence during three 3-week experimental periods. In addition to these variables, the digestibility and rate of passage of feeds through the digestive tract were measured during the third experiment on 12 animals working either 0, 2.5 or 5 h/day in sequence during three 2-week experimental periods. In the fourth experiment feed intake was measured on 18 animals of different body condition that worked 4 days a week for 7 weeks. The absence of effect of work on intake of millet stover was consistent during these experiments. The efficiency of utilisation of eaten roughages and the rate of passage of the digesta in the gastro-intestinal tract were not influenced by work either. This suggests that the nutrient supply from intake of roughages by working oxen and bulls is unlikely to be sufficient to compensate for the extra energy expended during work. Feed intake was however significantly affected by the quality of the millet stover fed and by the body condition of the animal.

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Kingston, Peter. "Multi-agent coordination: fluid-inspired and optimal control approaches." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43714.

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Multiagent coordination problems arise in a variety of applications, from satellite constellations and formation flight, to air traffic control and unmanned vehicle teams. We investigate the coordination of mobile agents using two kinds of approaches. In the first, which takes its inspiration from fluid dynamics and algebraic topology, control authority is split between mobile agents and a network of static infrastructure nodes - like wireless base stations or air traffic control towers - and controllers are developed that distribute their computation throughout this network. In the second, we look at networks of interconnected mechanical systems, and develop novel optimal control algorithms, which involve the computation of optimal deformations of time- and output- spaces, to achieve approximate formation tracking. Finally, we investigate algorithms that optimize these controllers to meet subjective criteria of humans.

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Arneson, Sofia. "Att motverka dehydrering hos äldre i teori och praktik." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-41986.

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Syfte: Att kartlägga likheter och skillnader i åtgärder och hjälpmedel mot dehydrering hos äldre i teori och praktik. Metod: Initialt utfördes litteraturstudier via universitetsbibliotekets söktjänst OneSearch. Tre intervjuer utfördes på undersköterskor på gruppboende, demensboende och hemtjänst. Dessa erbjuder en inblick i den praktiska verksamheten. Resultat: Följande faktorer av betydelse för att förebygga eller motverka dehydrering identifierades samstämmigt i litteratur och vid intervjuer: (1) kunskap om den äldre via dokumentation, (2) anpassning av tillvägagångssätt vid servering av dryck efter den äldres preferenser och tillstånd, (3) hemtrevlig miljö med sociala interaktioner, (4) bedömning av vätskeintag, väskebalans och riskfaktorer via uppmärksamhet, vätskeregistrering och med hjälp av flera andra yrkesgrupper samt med hänsyn till den äldres historik, (5) påminnelser (särskilt vid demens) och en stor mängd lättabsorberade drycker som intas succesivt vid diarré och kräkningar, (6) lättanvända och specialutformade hjälpmedel. Följande metoder särskilde sig: (1) utbildning för vårdare; begränsad på de undersökta platserna, (2) tekniska hjälpmedel och sväljterapi (kostmodifieringar, anpassade huvudpositioner, sväljträning) vid dysfagi; kostmodifieringar används på de undersökta platserna, (3) färgsättning av koppar och kannor, vilket visats kunna ha betydelse för intag. Slutsats: Skillnader fanns gällande utbildning och användning av sväljterapi, tekniska hjälpmedel och infusioner. Utbildning av personalen, mer frekvent vätskeregistrering och fullständig sväljterapi utgör förbättringsmöjligheter. Vissa av dessa åtgärder kräver ökade resurser och/eller tydliga riktlinjer. Acceptans för tekniska hjälpmedel är inte en självklarhet. Undersökningar gällande möjligheterna i att med färgval och design av dryckeskärl stimulera de äldre att dricka mer kan vara värt att undersöka vidare. Intervjuerna syftade främst till att ge en inblick i den praktiska verksamheten och generaliserbarheten av erhållna resultat är begränsad. De flesta åtgärder som har identifierats är ”mjuka” till sin karaktär. Det är svårt att få en klar bild av olika metoders effektivitet. Några av metoderna som har utvärderats med goda resultat vid dysfagi och som därför kan förbättra vätskeintaget är sväljterapi och stimulering av sväljmuskulatur. Objective: To identify similarities and differences in methods and aids used to prevent dehydraton in the elderly as identified from the scientific literature and from interviews with caretakers. Method: Literature studies was performed through the University Library search service ”OneSearch” and further from references in key papers. Three interviews were conducted on nursing assistants in two retirement homes and home care services, to offer some insight into the practical activities. Results : The following factors were identified as important in both literature and interviews: (1) knowledge of the elderly through documentation, (2) adapted approach when serving drinks after the elderly person's preferences and condition, (3) a homely environment with social interactions, (4) assessments of fluid intake, fluid balance and risk factors through attention, fluid registration and with the help of several other professional groups, and given the history of the elderly, (5) reminders for dementia and a accessibility of large amount of easily absorbed beverages consumed gradually during diarrhea and vomiting, (6) easy-to-use and specially designed drinking aids. For the following factors differences were obeserved between literature survey and interviews: (1) education for caregivers; limited to the investigated sites, (2) technical aids and swallowing therapy (dietary modifications, adapted head positions, swallowing training) in dysphagia; diet modification is used at the investigated sites (3) the importance of cup and jug colours; blue cups used in practice, no support in literature. Conclusions: Differences were found in terms of education and the use of swallowing therapy, assistive technology and infusions. Education, more frequent fluid registration and a complete swallowing therapy are improvement opportunites, some of them requires extra resources and/or clear guidelines. Acceptance of technical aids is not self-evident. Investigation of the effect of cup color and design that can encourage the elderly to drink could potentially be a way forward. The results of the interviews are not generalizable because they only aimed to give an insight into the practical activities. Most of the strategies that have been identified are "soft" in nature. It is difficult to get a clear picture of the efficiency of different methods. Methods that have been evaluated with good results in dysphagia and therefore offer potential to improve liquid intake, are swallowing therapy and stimulation of swallowing musculature.

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Peacock, Oliver James. "Effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on voluntary fluid intake and both physiological and psychological responses during exercise in man." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520930.

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Klassen, Florence Elaine. "The effect of unrestricted fluid intake during labour on the multiparous woman and her perception of control and pain during childbirth." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0005/MQ41728.pdf.

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Castillo, Raquel. "Effects of offering tropical fruit beverages on fluid intake of older hispanic and non-hispanic residents in a long term care facility." FIU Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2076.

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The objective of this thesis was to determine how the availability of tropical fruit beverages, familiar to Hispanics, would affect fluid intake of Hispanic and non-Hispanic residents of a 120-bed nursing home. Beverage acceptance and intake were measured for three days with the following beverage offerings (including coffee): four fruit beverages usually served in the facility or two of the usual fruit beverages combined with two tropical fruit beverages. The presence of the tropical fruit beverages on the hydration cart significantly increased acceptance and intake in women but not men, regardless of ethnicity. Hispanic females chose and drank (ps < .01) more tropical fruit beverages than did their non-Hispanic counterparts. During the study residents consumed greater than six ounces of beverage 80% of the time and greater than ten ounces 57% of the time. Between-meal fluid intake in this population can be stimulated by offering generous servings (10-12 oz) of a variety of palatable beverages, including ethnic favorites.

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Li, Melissa. "Defining Fluid Restriction in the Management of Infants Following Cardiac Surgery and Understanding the Subsequent Impact on Nutrient Delivery and Growth Outcomes." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1844.

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Adequacy of nutritional intake during the postoperative period, as measured by a change in weight-for-age z-scores from surgery to the time of discharge, was evaluated in infants (n = 58) diagnosed with a congenital heart defect and admitted for surgical intervention at Miami Children’s Hospital using a prospective observational study design. Parental consent was obtained for all infants who participated in the study. Forty patients had a weight available at hospital discharge. The mean preoperative weight-for-age z-score was -1.3 ±1.43 and the mean weight-for-age z-score at hospital discharge was -1.89 ±1.35 with a mean difference of 0.58 ±0.5 (P Nutritional intake during the postoperative period was inadequate based on a decrease in weight-for-age z-scores from the time of surgery until discharged home. Our findings suggested that limited fluid volume for nutrition likely contributes to suboptimal nutritional delivery during the postoperative period; however, inadequate nutrition prescription may also be an important contributing factor. Development of a nutrition protocol for initiation and advancement of nutrition support may reduce the delay in achieving patient’s nutritional goals and may attenuate the observed decrease in z-scores during the postoperative period.

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Blomgren, Niklas. "Decoupled Design of Auxiliary Systems for Internal Combustion Engines." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123991.

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This thesis investigated if decoupled design of the air intake and exhaust systems for four-stroke internal combustion engines is possible. Using the information found design guidelines were set up for the formula student team ELiTH Racing. The literature study revealed that the systems are not uncoupled, and the inuence of exhaust geometry on air intake behavior needed more thorough investigation. Experiments were designed, using a single cylinder engine with simple intake and exhaust geometries. The tests were attempted, but had to be abandoned due to time constraints. Successful tests would have yielded results in the form of pressure measurements, froma Prandtl-tube, in the air intake, and footage of smoke tests. As a secondary task the potential of computer simulations during the design process was investigated, which yielded a suggestion on how to set up a complete reasonable computational model of the systems. This also resulted in that the design guidelines included how to use computer simulations for the design process. Finally a few ways to expand this work are presented.

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Horvath, Nathan Rosendo. "Inlet Vortex Formation Under Crosswind Conditions." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/302.

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A jet engine operating near the ground at low aircraft speeds, high thrust, and subject to a crosswind, can experience a flow separation region on the windward inlet lip and the formation of a vortex that extends from the ground to the engine fan face, known as the inlet vortex. This structure forms from a single point on the ground and is ingested by the engine. Inlet vortices are often observed during engine power-up at the start of the take-off run. They create considerable stagnation pressure losses and flow distortions at the engine fan face, compromising fan efficiency, thrust, and increasing the potential for compressor surge. Inlet vortices have enough suction power to kick up sand and rocks that are then sucked into the engine when an aircraft is operating near the ground and especially over poorly-maintained tarmac. Thus foreign object damage (FOD) becomes a serious threat for an engine under these conditions, and may lead to compressor blade erosion, deteriorating engine performance and reducing service life. The work presented here used ANSYS FLUENT to model a jet engine under crosswind. The 3-D Navier-Stokes equations were solved for compressible, unsteady flow. The mesh generated contained 5.6 million tetrahedral and wedge elements. The goal of this research was to better understand the inlet vortex formation mechanisms by studying its transient formation process, and to provide new information for future development of vortex prevention techniques. This work has shown multiple smaller inlet vortices coexisting on the ground plane during the first 0.9s of the formation process. After about 1s, these vortices are shown to coalesce and form one single inlet vortex, containing the circulation of all the smaller vortices combined. The smaller vortices were weak enough to not present danger of FOD, but once coalesced could lift up a 16cm diameter chunk of tarmac asphalt. The conclusion of this work is a recommendation for the development of a solution to the inlet vortex problem focused on preventing the coalescing of the vortex during its formation, thus eliminating the threat of FOD.

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Leclercq, Olivier. "Conception d’une entrée d’eau à géométrie variable pour la propulsion hydrojet d’un véhicule marin." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7726.

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Depuis une vingtaine d’années, l’engouement pour les propulsions hydrojets n’a fait que croître et elles s’imposent aujourd’hui comme la propulsion marine incontournable pour les hautes vitesses. Dans un même temps, un outil permettant un gain considérable de temps et d’argent s’est lui aussi développé considérablement. En effet, la CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) est devenue une pratique courante lorsqu’il s’agit de prévoir le comportement d’un écoulement sans avoir à passer par un modèle réel. Elle sera utilisée tout au long du projet pour simuler le flux au travers de la propulsion. Le design d’une entrée d’eau est capital : une entrée d’eau mal conçue engendrera des zones de cavitation, de la recirculation sur la lèvre ou la rampe, des pertes importantes et un champ de vitesse non uniforme à la face de la pompe. Il en résultera une diminution du rendement de l’entrée, mais aussi une diminution du rendement de la pompe, puisqu’optmisée pour un flux uniforme. L’objectif de ce projet sera d’optimiser l’entrée d’eau pour augmenter le rendement global de la propulsion et ainsi réduire la consommation d’essence de 6 % sur un cycle donné. Actuellement, les conduites d’entrées sont conçues pour optimiser une vitesse de croisière moyenne. Dans ce projet, le but sera d’éviter d’avoir un compromis à faire entre les basses vitesses, la vitesse de croisière et la vitesse de pointe, et d’optimiser la géométrie de l’entrée pour une large plage de fonctionnement. Cela passe par une géométrie variable et donc un mécanisme asservi. Afin de concevoir un tel système, il sera nécessaire de trouver les géométries optimales pour les différents régimes de fonctionnement. Une étude CFD 2D paramétrable permettra de trouver les lignes directrices de ces géométries. Un modèle 3D devra ensuite être validé, puis utilisé pour pouvoir affiner les géométries optimales. Un système sera alors conçu puis testé sur le modèle CFD. Des tests expérimentaux viendront finaliser l’étude.

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Makgata, Katlego Webster. "Computational analysis and optimisation of the inlet system of a high-performance rally engine." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01242006-123639.

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Gerken, Katherine. "Comparison of Small Volume Bolus Administration of Hypertonic Saline, Colloid, and Hypertonic Saline-Colloid Combination in Dogs with Isoflurane-Induced Hypotension." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524174319356144.

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Zanella, Regis Cristian. "Administração intracerebroventricular de peróxido de hidrogênio: efeitos sobre a ingestão de água, excreção renal e alterações cardiovasculares induzidas por aumento da osmolaridade plasmática." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1355.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5255.pdf: 814726 bytes, checksum: 0e3f245d1d018cf30cdf30bf84e42fed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-13 Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos The reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced endogenously in central areas may act by modulating autonomic and behavioral responses. Recent studies have shown that a reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), injected into the lateral ventricle (LV) reduces pressor response induced by central injection of angiotensin II. In the present study we investigated the effects of H2O2 on the dipsogeni and pressor responses and on the changes in renal excretion induced by the increases in plasma osmolality by intragastric administration (ig) of 2 M NaCl (2 ml). Holtzman rats (280 - 320 g) with stainless steel cannula implanted in the LV were used. H2O2 or PBS injections were made in the LV. Injections of H2O2 (2.5 or 5 μmol/1 μl) in the LV reduced water intake induced by ig 2 M NaCl (3.1 ± 0.7 and 3.5 ± 1.1 ml, vs. PBS: 8.6 ± 1.0 and 7.6 ± 0.5 ml/2h, P <0.05, respectively) and natriuresis (609.2 ± 82.9 and 1290.7 ± 80.5, vs. PBS: 876.4 ± 129.5 and 1443.6 ± 67.5 μEq/2 h, p < 0.05, respectively). However, diuresis and pressor response after ig 2 M NaCl were not altered by the pre-treatment with H2O2. The present data suggest a inhibitory role of central H2O2 in water intake and natriuresis without changing the pressor response induced by plasma hyperosmolarity. As espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), produzidas endogenamente podem atuar em áreas centrais modulando respostas autonômicas e comportamentais. Estudos recentes demonstraram que uma espécie reativa de oxigênio, o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), injetado no ventrículo lateral (VL) reduz resposta pressora induzida pela injeção central de angiotensina II. No presente estudo investigamos os efeitos do H2O2 sobre a resposta dipsogênica, pressora e sobre as alterações na excreção renal induzidas por aumento da osmolaridade plasmática pela administração intragástrica (ig) de NaCl 2 M (2 ml) . Ratos Holtzman (280 320 g) com cânulas de aço inoxidável implantadas no VL foram utilizados. Injeções de H2O2 ou PBS foram realizadas no VL. As injeções de H2O2 (2,5 ou 5 μmol/1 μl) no VL reduziu a ingestão de água induzida por NaCl 2 M ig (3,1 ± 0,7 e 3,5 ± 1,1 ml, vs. PBS: 8,6 ± 1,0 e 7,6 ± 0,5 ml/2 h, p < 0,05, respectivamente) e a natriurese (609,2 ± 82,9 e 1290,7 ± 80,5, vs. PBS: 876,4 ± 129,5 e 1443,6 ± 67,5 μEq/2 h, p < 0,05, respectivamente). Por outro lado a diurese e a resposta pressora após gavagem de NaCl 2 M não foram alteradas pelo tratamento prévio com H2O2. Nossos dados sugerem um papel inibitório para o H2O2 agindo centralmente na ingestão de água e na natriurese, sem alterar a resposta pressora induzida por hiperosmolaridade plasmática.

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García, Jiménez José Vicente. "Reposición de líquidos y su efecto sobre niveles de hidratación en jugadores de fútbol sala en función de la posición ocupada en el terreno de juego." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10795.

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La cantidad de líquido ingerido y el porcentaje de peso perdido fue medido en jugadores profesionales de fútbol sala durante la disputa de seis partidos oficiales. El análisis por puestos demostró que son los porteros quienes sufren una mayor deshidratación, alcanzando un valor medio de porcentaje de peso perdido del 1,31±0,63%, seguidos por atacantes con un 1,25±1,08%, siendo los defensores con un 0,55±1,04% los que desprenden los valores más bajos de deshidratación. En el caso de porteros y atacantes, los niveles de deshidratación alcanzados podrían suponer una reducción en su rendimiento. Las estrategias de reposición hídrica deberán estar basadas en las características individuales de cada jugador, puesto que existe gran variabilidad en los resultados dentro de un mismo deporte, e incluso dentro de un mismo puesto específico. Fluid intake and body mass loss was assessed in elite futsal players during six official matches. Goalkeepers reached the highest dehydration (1,31±0,63%), followed by forwards (1,25±1,08%) and defenders (0,55±1,04%). Goalkeepers and forwards finished the matches with levels of dehydration which give raise to a reduction of performance, while defenders keep the euhydration. Fluid replacement strategies should be based on individual characteristics of players, it has been shown that there is variability of results within the same sport, even within a specific position.

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Barré, Christian. "Etude expérimentale des écoulements pulsés compressibles : application a l'aérodynamique des conduits d'admission d'un moteur thermique." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2294.

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Etude des ecoulements pulses dans un conduit a section variable. Application aux conduits d'admission des moteurs thermiques. Etude des profils de vitesse par anemometrie laser a effet doppler et par anemometrie a temperature constante. Traitement du signal

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Barth, Quenia Camille Martins. "Diagnósticos de enfermagem de débito cardíaco diminuído e volume excessivo de líquidos : validação clínica em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14149.

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Introdução: O Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e o Volume Excessivo de Líquidos são os principais diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) presentes em pacientes admitidos com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada. A avaliação e determinação das características definidoras (CD) destes diagnósticos são fundamentais para orientar as intervenções de enfermagem adequadas e preconizadas para estes pacientes. A validação clínica das CD destes diagnósticos permanecem inexploradas no contexto da IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clinicamente as CD dos DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudo transversal contemporâneo realizado de janeiro a junho de 2007 em hospital universitário em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Para a validação clínica utilizou-se- um instrumento contendo as CD dos diagnósticos em estudo, aplicado por duas enfermeiras peritas em cardiologia. Incluiu-se pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo  45% e que obtiveram oito ou mais pontos, conforme os critérios de Boston para classificação de IC descompensada. Para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos incluiu-se pacientes com disfunção sistólica ou diastólica Resultados da validação do DE Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Incluiu-se 29 pacientes com idade média de 61 + 14 anos; 15 (51%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 28% + 9; De acordo com a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico foram a fadiga (R=1), a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo diminuída (R=1), a dispnéia (R=0,96), o edema (R= 0,95), a ortopnéia (R= 0,95), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,74), as palpitações (R=0,71), a oligúria (R=0,67), a tosse (R=0,63), a pele fria e pegajosa (R=0,61) e as mudanças na cor da pele (R=0,52). Resultados da validação do DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos: Incluiu-se 32 pacientes com idade média de 60,5 + 14,3 anos; 17 (53%) sexo masculino; fração de ejeção média de 31% + 11,5. Seguindo a taxa de fidedignidade (R) entre as peritas, as CD consideradas maiores (R ≥ 0,80) para a validação do diagnóstico Volume Excessivo de Líquidos foram a dispnéia (R=0,97), a ortopnéia (R=0,95), o edema (R= 0,91), o refluxo hepatojugular positivo (R=0,90), a dispnéia paroxística noturna (R=0,88), a congestão pulmonar (R=0,87) e a pressão venosa central elevada (R=0,85). As características consideradas como menores ou secundárias foram o ganho de peso (R=0,79), a hepatomegalia (R=0,78), a distenção da veia jugular (R=0,76), as crepitações (R=0,66), a oligúria (R=0,63) e o hematócrito e a hemoglobina diminuídos (R=0,51). Conclusão: Demonstrou-se neste estudo que as características definidoras com R entre 0,50 e 1 foram validadas para os diagnósticos Débito Cardíaco Diminuído e Volume Excessivo de Líquidos em pacientes com IC descompensada. Introduction: Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess are the major nursing diagnoses (ND) among patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF). The assessment and determination of the defining characteristics (DC) of those diagnoses are crucial for selecting the appropriate nursing interventions indicated for these patients. The clinical validation of the DC of those diagnoses has not been investigated in the context of DHF. Purpose: To clinically validate the DC of Decreased Cardiac Output and Fluid Volume Excess ND in patients with DHF. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2007 at a teaching hospital in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A questionnaire containing the DC of the diagnoses, applied by two nurses with expertise in cardiology, was used for clinical validation. To validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND were included patients with left ventricle ejection fraction  45% whose scores, according to the Boston criteria for classification of DHF, were 8 or higher were included in the study. To validate Fluid Volume Excess ND were included patients with systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Results of validate Decreased Cardiac Output ND: A total of 29 patients with mean age of 61+14 years; 15 (51%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 28%+9 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the ND were fatigue (R=1), decreased left ventricle ejection fraction (R=1), dyspnea (R=0.96), edema (R= 0.95), orthopnea (R= 0.95), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.74), palpitations (R=0.71), oliguria (R=0.67), cough (R=0.63), cold clammy skin (R=0.61) and changes in skin color (R=0.52). Results of validate Fluid Volume Excess ND: A total of 32 patients with mean age of 60.5+14.3 years; 17 (53%) male patients; and patients with mean ejection fraction of 31%+11.5 were included. Based on the reliability index (R) between the experts, the major DC (R ≥ 0.80) for the validation of the fluid overload ND were dyspnea (R=0.97), orthopnea (R=0.95), edema (R= 0.91), positive hepatojugular reflux (R=0.90), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (R=0.88), pulmonary congestion (R=0.87) and elevated central venous pressure (R=0.85). Minor or secondary characteristics were weight gain (R=0.79), hepatomegaly (R=0.78), jugular vein distension (R=0.76), rales (R=0.66), oliguria (R=0.63) and low hematocrit and hemoglobin levels (R=0.51).Conclusion: This study showed that the major defining characteristics with R between 0,50 and 1 were validated for the diagnoses of decreased cardiac output or Fluid Volume Excess in patients with DHF. Introducción: Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos son los principales diagnósticos de Enfermería (DE) presentes en pacientes admitidos con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) descompensada. La evaluación y determinación de las características definidoras (CD) de estos diagnóstico son fundamentales para orientar las intervenciones de enfermería adecuadas y recomendadas a los pacientes. La validación clínica de las CD de estos diagnósticos permanece inexplorada en el contexto de la IC descompensada. Objetivo: Validar clínicamente las CD de los DE Débito Cardíaco Disminuido y Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada. Métodos: Estudio transversal contemporáneo, realizado de enero a junio de 2007, en hospital universitario en Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para la validación clínica, se utilizó un instrumento conteniendo las CD de los diagnósticos, aplicado por dos enfermeras peritas en cardiología. Se incluyeron pacientes con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo  45% y que obtuvieron ocho o más puntos, conforme a los criterios de Boston para la clasificación de IC descompensada. Para la validacíon de el DE Volume Excessivo de Líquidos se incluyeron pacientes com con disfunción sistólica o diastólica. Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Diminuído: Se incluyeron 29 pacientes con edad media de 61±14 años; 15 (51%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media del 28%±9. Conforme a la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico fueron la fatiga (R=1), la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo reducida (R=1), la disnea (R=0,96), el edema (R+0,95), la ortonea (R=0,95), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,74), las palpitaciones (R=0,71), la oliguria (R=0,67), la tos (R=0,63), la piel fría y pegajosa (R=0,61) y los cambios en el color de la piel (R=0,52). Resultados de la validación de el diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos: Se incluyeron 32 pacientes con edad media de 60,5±14,3 años; 17 (53%) del sexo masculino; fracción de eyección media de 31%±11,5. Siguiendo la tasa de fidedignidad (R) entre las peritas, las CD consideradas mayores (R ≥ 0,80) para la validación del diagnóstico Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos fueron la disnea (R=0,97), la ortonea (R=0,95), el edema (R=0,91), el reflujo hepatoyugular positivo (R=0,90), la disnea paroxística nocturna (R=0,88), la congestión pulmonar (R=0,87) y la presión venosa central elevada (R=0,85). Las características consideradas como menores o secundarias fueron la ganancia de peso (R=0,79), la hepatomegalia (R=0,78), la distensión de la vena yugular (R=0,76), las crepitaciones (R=0,66), la oliguria (R=0,63) y el hematocrito y hemoglobina disminuidos (R=0,51). Conclusión: Se demostró, en este estudio, que las características definidoras con R entre 0,50 y 1 fueron validadas para el diagnóstico Débito Cardíaco Disminuido o Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos en pacientes con IC descompensada.

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Grønkær, Nikolaj, Lasse Nørby Nielsen, Frederik Ødum Nielsen, Søren Ketelsen, and Lasse Schmidt. "Multi-objective control of a self-locking compact electro-hydraulic cylinder drive." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71094.

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The field of self-contained linear hydraulic drives based on variable-speed electrical motors and fixed displacement pumps is gaining interest from both industry and academia. Some of the main reasons for this is the possibility to improve the energy efficiency of such drives compared to conventional valve controlled drives, and the possibility for electrical regeneration allowing power sharing between multiple drives [1]. The main drawback for such types of drive concepts is a low pressure in the nonload carrying cylinder chamber. This induces a low drive stiffness limiting the achievable drive bandwidth and hence the application range. However, a so-called self-locking compact drive architecture recently proposed allows maintaining a proper drive stiffness by virtue of separate forward and return flow paths, combining the advantages of efficient flow control into the cylinder and a throttle driven flow out of the cylinder. The multiple inputs available in this architecture allow the control to target several objectives concurrently, for example piston motion, drive stiffness and fluid temperature. The purpose of the study presented is to analyse the dynamic couplings between the control objectives via relative gain array (RGA) methods, and the realization of input- and output transformations effectively decoupling relevant dynamic interactions. These transformations allow the usage of simple SISO-controllers for each control objective, and a method for controlling motion and fluid temperature concurrently, is proposed and experimentally verified.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fluid Intake and Output'

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