Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chromosomes Karyotypes'

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Parodontidae is organized in three genera according to their morphological characteristics: Parodon, Saccodon and Apareiodon. The diploid number is conserved in this group with 2n=54 chromosomes, with species without heteromorphic sex chromosomes systems and other with sex chromosomes system, with female heterogamety, ZZ/ZW or ZZ/ZW1W2. Studies of chromosome localization using repetitive DNAs chromosomes of species show possible origin, differentiation and evolution of sex chromosomes in Parodontidae. However, further studies using repeats DNAs are fundamental for a better comprehension of its pathway genomic structural or functional. In this study were described the chromosome location of the (GATA)n and (TTAGGG)n sequences in eight species of Parodontidae, with aim to evaluate the probable mechanisms of chromosomal diversification, especially those related to molecular differentiation of W chromosome. Also were mapped 16 microsatellites sequences in five species of the family to check the accumulation of the repetitive DNAs in the chromosomes and verify its performance in the karyotype and sex chromosomes differentiation. Yet, partial sequences of the histone H1, H3 and H4 were determined and had chromosomal localization in six species of Parodontidae. The data show two H1 sequences in Parodontidae genomes, herein called H1 partial and H1+ ERV, in addition to partial sequences for the genes H3 and H4. The chromosomal localization of histone genes show H1, H3 and H4 in main cluster and the presence of the orphans genes for H1 + ERV. Hence, this study provide some advances in the understanding of the repetitive DNA mechanism in the karyotypic differentiation and evolution in the family Parodontidae.
Parodontidae é organizada em três gêneros agrupados de acordo com suas características morfológicas: Parodon, Saccodon e Apareiodon. O número diploide é conservado nesse grupo com 2n=54 cromossomos, com espécies sem sistemas de cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos e outras com sistemas de cromossomos sexuais do tipo ZZ/ZW ou ZZ/ZW1W2. Estudos com mapeamento de DNAs repetitivos por hibridação in situ fluorescente nos cromossomos de algumas espécies demonstraram possível origem, diferenciação e evolução dos sistemas de cromossomos sexuais desta família. No entanto, estudos mais aprofundados são fundamentais para um maior esclarecimento do papel genômico das sequências repetitivas. Neste estudo foram descritas a localização das sequências (GATA)n e (TTAGGG)n em oito espécies de Parodontidae, com o objetivo de avaliar os prováveis mecanismos de diversificação cromossômica, especialmente aqueles relacionados à diferenciação molecular do cromossomo W. Também foram mapeadas 16 sequências de microssatélites em cinco espécies da família, com objetivo de verificar o acúmulo de DNA repetitivo nos cromossomos e sua atuação na diferenciação cariotípica dos cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos. Por fim, sequências parciais das histonas H1, H3 e H4 e também dos DNAr 5S e 18S foram determinadas e tiveram sua localização cromossômica em seis espécies desta família. Com os resultados, foi possível determinar duas sequências de H1 para Parodontidae, H1 parcial e H1+ERV, além das sequências parciais para os genes H3 e H4. Todas essas análises propiciam uma melhor compreensão dos processos de diferenciação e evolução cariotípica na família Parodontidae.

Thesis (M. Med. Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Pediatrics and Dept. of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, 1996.
Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-142).

Thesis (M.S.)--School of Computing and Engineering. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004.
"A thesis in electrical engineering." Typescript. Advisors: Jerome Knopp and Peter K. Rogan. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Feb. 28, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-109). Online version of the print edition.

Orientador: Eliana Regina Forni Martins
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A cana-de-açúcar assumiu grande importância no cenário econômico mundial, não só pela produção de açúcar, mas também de etanol. Variedades modernas de cana-de-açúcar são essencialmente derivadas de hibridações feitas no início do século XX entre duas spécies de Saccharum, S. officinarum (2n = 80) e S. spontaneum (2n = 40-128), seguidas de retrocruzamentos dos híbridos com S. officinarum. Devido à poliploidia natural do gênero e a aneuploidia das variedades híbridas o estudo citogenético em cana-de-açúcar é complexo. O advento da citogenética molecular, mediante a técnica de hibridização de DNA in situ (FISH e GISH), vem propiciando avanços no entendimento da organização genômica de Saccharum e de gêneros relacionados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar análises cromossômicas, de número e sítios de rDNA, nas duas principais espécies do gênero, S. officinarum e S. spontaneum, e em mais três importantes variedades brasileiras, RB72454, RB835486 e RB867515. Foi possível confirmar as identidades das espécies S. officinarum (2n = 80) e S. spontaneum (2n = 64) mediante a contagem do número cromossômico. Foram caracterizados, pela primeira vez, os números cromossômicos das variedades RB72454 e RB835486 (2n = 112) e na RB867515 (2n = 110). Através de técnicas de hibridização in situ fluorescente foram quantificados os sítios de rDNA 45S e 5S. As espécies S. officinarum e S. spontaneum, conforme já descrito na literatura, apresentaram 8 sítios de cada locus. As variedades RB72454 e RB835486 apresentaram 12 sítios de cada locus e a variedade RB867515 apresentou 11 sítios do rDNA 45S e 9 sítios do rDNA 5S. Os loci de rDNA 45S e 5S encontram-se em grupos homó(eó)logos distintos e por isso, esses dois genes caracterizam-se dois marcadores cromossômicos em Saccharum spp. A localização do locus de rDNA 45S em posição distinta nos cromossomos de S. officinarum (terminais) e S. spontaneum (intersticiais), possibilitou a quantificação da contribuição dessas espécies, no respectivo grupo homeólogo, para as variedades RB72454 e RB867515
Abstract: Sugarcane has assumed an eminent position in the world economical scenario, not only for sugar, but also for ethanol production. Current sugarcane varieties are hybrids from initial interspecific crosses involving mainly two species of Saccharum, S. officinarum (2n = 80) and S. spontaneum (2n = 40-128), followed by backcrossing with S. officinarum. Due to the polyploidy nature of the genus Saccharum and the aneuploidy occurring in the interspecific hybrids, the cytogenetic study of sugarcane is complex. Moreover, chromosomes are small and morphologically similar. The molecular cytogenetics, with technique of DNA in situ hybridization (GISH and FISH), has provided advances in the understanding of genomic organization of this crop. The goal of this study was to realize chromosomal analysis, including chromosome number and sites of rDNA of two species, S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, and of three Brazilian varieties, RB72454, RB835486 and RB867515. The identities of the species S. officinarum (2n = 80) and S. spontaneum (2n = 64) were confirmed counting their chromosome numbers. We also counted the chromosome numbers of the varieties RB72454 and RB835486 (2n = 112) and RB867515 (2n = 110). Using FISH techniques, we could quantify the rDNA 45S and 5S sites of all the accesses. S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, as described in the literature, had 8 sites at each locus. For the varieties RB72454 and RB835486, 12 sites at each locus were detected and for RB867515, 11 sites of rDNA 45S and 9 sites of rDNA 5S were detected. The loci rDNA 45S and 5S are in different homo(eo)logues groups being thus characterized as two chromosomal markers for Saccharum spp. Since the rDNA 45S is located in different positions in S. officinarum (terminals) and S. spontaneum (interstitial), this marker could be applied in the quantification, in this homeologue group, of the chromosome numbers inherited from S. officinarum and S. spontaneum by the varieties RB72454, RB867515
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

Orientador: Louis Bernard Klaczko
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Acredita-se que no gênero Drosophila, o subgênero Drosophila é procedente do subgênero Sophophora e deu origem a outros gêneros e subgêneros e, particularmente, a duas radiações: virilis-repleta e immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. Esta última teve uma origem paleotropical, onde inicialmente se diversificou e se expandiu, enviando a radiação tripunctata aos Neotrópicos. A radiação tripunctata sofreu uma diversificação neotropical importante e atualmente é composta por 9 grupos de espécies adaptadas a áreas florestais. Este projeto se insere num amplo contexto de compreender a evolução da radiação tripunctata de Drosophila. Para isso foram usadas duas abordagens: a) analisamos a posição do rDNA nos cromossomos mitóticos de 16 espécies da radiação tripunctata; b) e, com cromossomos politênicos, focalizamos nossa atenção no estudo detalhado de um agrupamento monofilético dentro do grupo tripuntata - o agrupamento de espécies relacionadas com D. mediopunctata (D. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata e D. roehrae) - usando métodos de citogenética clássica e molecular. Deste modo os objetivos deste trabalho foram: - Examinar a variação da posição dos genes codificantes do RNA ribossomal (rDNA) em espécies da radiação tripunctata. - Produzir fotomapas de cromossomos politênicos de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. - Caracterizar as inversões cromossômicas (pontos de quebra) que ocorrem em populações de D. roehrae e D. unipunctata - Identificar os elementos cromossômicos de Muller pela localização, através de hibridação in situ, de genes de cópia única de D. melanogaster em cromossomos politênicos das espécies D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae e D. unipunctata. As conclusões gerais foram: - A presença de uma NOR em cada cromossomo sexual é uma condição ancestral no gênero Drosophila e este caráter é bem conservado neste gênero. - Os cromossomos politênicos das três espécies são bem similares, sendo possível determinar com relativa facilidade a homologia dos cromossomos menos polimórficos. - Existe um padrão de polimorfismo de inversões entres os elementos de Muller nestas espécies: o elemento E é o mais polimórfico, com muitas inversões em cada espécie; o elemento C é o segundo mais polimórfico, enquanto B e D são os menos polimórficos. - Drosophila unipunctata apresenta uma conformação cariotípica singular, a despeito das espécies D. mediopunctata e D. unipunctata serem consideradas filogeneticamente mais próximas que D. roehrae, o que sugere uma rápida evolução cromossômica
Abstract: In the genus Drosophila, the subgenus Drosophila arose from the subgenus Sophophora and subsequently gave rise to various subgenera and genera, and to two particularly important radiations: virilis-repleta and immigrans-Hirtodrosophila. The latter originated in the Paleotropics, where it initially diversified and expanded, taking the tripunctata radiation to the Neotropics. The tripunctata radiation suffered significant Neotropical diversification and, at present, is composed of nine species groups adapted to forest habitats. The ultimate aim underlying this project is to understand the evolution of the tripunctata radiation of Drosophila. To address this matter, two approaches were used: a) we investigated the rDNA position, on mitotic chromosomes, in 16 species of the tripunctata radiation; b) and, with polytene chromosomes, we focused our attention in the detailed study of three closely related species of the tripunctata group. (d. mediopunctata, D. unipunctata and D. roehrae) - using classical and molecular cytogenetic analysis. More specifically, we aimed to: - investigate the rDNA position in species of tripunctata radiation through in situ hybridization on mitotic chromosomes. - prepare photomaps of the polytene chromosome of D. roehrae and D. unipunctata, locating the breaking points of the inversions. - identify Muller's elements, in polytene chromosomes of D. mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata through in situ hybridization using genes of D. melanogaster as probes. Our conclusions were: - The presence of a single nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on each sex chromosome is an ancestral and conserved state in the genus Drosophila. - Drosophila mediopunctata, D. roehrae and D. unipunctata have similar polytene chromosomes, which allowed us to establish the homology of chromosomal elements through the comparison of banding patterns. - In these species, the distribution of breaking points through the Muller's elements is non-random: element E is the most polymorphic, with many inversions in each species; and element C is the second most polymorphic; while B and D are the least polymorphic. - With the help of molecular genetic markers it has been previously established that D. mediopunctata is more closely related to D. unipunctata than to D. roehrae. However, D. unipunctata shows a notably different karyotype configuration, which suggests rapid chromosomal evolution
Doutorado
Genetica Animal e Evolução
Doutor em Genetica e Biologia

INTRODUÇÃO: A deleção do cromossomo 9p tem sido encontrada em 14 a 36% dos pacientes com carcinoma renal tipo células claras (CRCC) e está associado a tumores de alto grau, estágio avançado, presença de metástases linfonodais e sistêmicas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se a deleção do cromossomo 9p é fator preditor independente de pior sobrevida livre de recorrência e câncer-específica em pacientes com CRCC localizado. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo de coorte retrospectivo, amostras tumorais de 94 pacientes com CRCC NX-0 M0, submetidos à nefrectomia radical ou cirurgia renal conservadora, foram analisadas através das técnicas de microarranjo tecidual e hibridização in situ com fluorescência. RESULTADOS: O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 11,6 anos e a deleção do 9p foi encontrada em cerca de 15% dos casos. A sobrevida câncer específica estimada em 5 e 10 anos foi respectivamente de 99% e 96% nos pacientes sem a referida perda cromossômica e de 71% e 57% naqueles com perda do 9p (p < 0,001). A deleção do cromossomo 9p foi fator prognóstico independente na análise multivariada, aumentando o risco de morte pela doença em 28x (IC 95% 5-155, p < 0,001). Tal deleção foi o preditor mais importante de mortalidade câncer específica, superior a qualquer fator patológico analisado, inclusive ao tamanho tumoral. Em pacientes com baixo risco de progressão, isto é, baixo escore SSIGN (0-2), baixo risco segundo a UISS e baixo risco segundo a Tríade Patológica da USP, tumores deletados do 9p estão significativamente associados com pior sobrevida câncer-específica em 10 anos: respectivamente 70%, 67% e 67% versus 98%, 97% e 98% naqueles sem a perda do 9p. CONCLUSÃO: A deleção do cromossomo 9p estabelece independentemente um pior prognóstico para pacientes com CRCC localizado, fornece informação clínica relevante adicional e pode aperfeiçoar a habilidade preditora dos principais sistemas prognósticos atuais
INTRODUCTION: Deletion of chromosome 9p has been found in 14-36% of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and is associated with high grade tumors, advanced tumor stage, presence of lymph node involvement and metastases. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether deletion of chromosome 9p is an independent predictor of worse recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival in patients with localized ccRCC. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, tumor samples of 94 patients with NX-0 M0 ccRCC undergoing radical nephrectomy or renal conservative surgery, were analyzed using tissue microarray and fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 11.6 years and 9p deletion was found in near 15% of cases. Estimated cancer-specific survival at 5 and 10 years was, respectively, 99% and 96% in patients without such chromosomal loss and 71% and 57% in those with 9p loss (p < 0.001). Deletion of chromosome 9p is an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis, increasing the risk of disease-specific death in 28x (95% CI 5-155, p < 0.001). This deletion was the strongest predictor of cancer-specific mortality, superior to any analysed pathological factor, including tumor size. In patients at low risk of progression, namely low score (0-2) SSIGN, low risk UISS and low risk USP Pathological Triad, 9p-deleted tumors were associated with worse 10 years cancer-specific survival: respectively 70%, 67% and 67% versus 98%, 97% and 98% in those with no 9p loss. CONCLUSIONS: Deletion of chromosome 9p independently establishes a worse prognosis for patients with localized ccRCC, provides relevant additional clinical information and can improve the predictive ability of the main current prognostic models

Multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (M-FISH) techniques provide color karyotyping that allows simultaneous analysis of numerical and structural abnormalities of whole human chromosomes. Chromosomes are stained combinatorially in M-FISH. By analyzing the intensity combinations of each pixel, all chromosome pixels in an image are classified. Often, the intensity distributions between different images are found to be considerably different and the difference becomes the source of misclassifications of the pixels. Improved pixel classification accuracy is the most important task to ensure the success of the M-FISH technique. Along with a reliable pixel classification method, automation of the karyotyping process is another important goal. The automation requires segmentation of chromosomes, which not only involves object/background separation but also involves separating touching and overlapping chromosomes. While automating the segmentation of partially occluded chromosomes is an extremely challenging problem, a pixel classification method that satisfies both high accuracy and minimum human intervention has not been realized. The main contributions of this dissertation include development of a new feature normalization method for M-FISH images that reduces the difference in the feature distributions among different images, and development of a new decomposition method for clusters of overlapping and touching chromosomes. A significant improvement was achieved in pixel classification accuracy after the new feature normalization. The overall pixel classification accuracy improved by 40% after normalization. Given a cluster, a number of hypotheses was formed utilizing the geometry of a cluster, pixel classification results, and chromosome sizes, and a hypotheis that maximized the likelihood function was chosen as the correct decomposition. Superior decomposition results were obtained using the new method compared to the previous methods. Contributions also include development of a color compensation method for combinatorially stained FISH images (including M-FISH images) based on a new signal model for multicolor/multichannel FISH images. The true signal was recovered based on the signal model after color compensation. The resulting true signal does not have color spreading (channel crosstalk) among different color channels. Two new unsupervised nonparametric classification methods for M-FISH images are also introduced in this dissertation: a fuzzy logic classifier and a template matching method (a minimum distance classifier). While both methods produce an equivalent accuracy compared to a supervised classification method, their computation time is significantly less than a Bayes classifier. Highly sophisticated and practical algorithms have been developed through this research. Using the developed methods, the amount of human intervention required will be significantly reduced: chromosomes are reliably and accurately segmented from the background, pixels are accurately classified, and clusters of overlapping and touching chromosomes are automatically decomposed.
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Karyotype analysis of selected species from arachnid orders Amblypygi and Uropygi Whip spiders (Amblypygi) and whip scorpions (Uropygi) represent relict arachnid orders which has been found already at Upper Carboniferous strata. Although cytogenetic data from amblypygids and uropygids might be important to reconstruct karyotype evolution of arachnids, cytogenetics of these orders is almost unknown. Presented study is aimed in analysis of karyotype and meiosis in 16 species of Amblypygi and 4 species of Uropygi. Both groups are characterized by considerable range of diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 24 - 86 in Amblypygi and 36 - 66 in Uropygi). Analysed species does not exhibit morfologically differentiated sex chromosomes. Differentiation of sex chromosomes on molecular level was revealed in amblypygid Paraphrynus mexicanus by comparative genome hybridization. Obtained data indicate XY/XX sex chromosome system in this species. Comparison of karyotype data indicates reduction of chromosome numbers during evolution of both orders. In Amblypygi, this reduction was accompanied by increase of number of biarmed chromosomes. This trend is not apparent in Uropygi. Karyotypes of most analysed amblypygids and uropygids are also characterized by low amount of heterochromatin. Most studied species exhibit two pairs...

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學研究所
100
Phalaenopsis orchid is the important floral industry in Taiwan. It however has a long period of life cycle and deficiency of genetic map as well as cytogenetic research. P. equestris is a native and representive orchid in Taiwan, and the kind of its relatively small genome is suitable for analysis in Phalaenopsis genome sequencing project in the future. The size and morphology among somatic metaphase chromosomes were close, and it is difficult to identify each with conventional staining. Ninteen pachytene chromosomes of meiotic stage were studied in this thesis showing their lower contration and high resolution that could contribute to construct a karyotype. Single chromosome morphology can be described by analyzing average length, distribution of chromatin, centromere position and presence of secondary constriction of chromosomes. Based on the results of karyotype, the average length of each pachytene chromosome was 21.95 µm and a 2.35-fold difference between the largest and smallest ones was found. Regarding each chromosome morphology, all heterochromatin were restricted around centromere, but the amount and distribution had significant differences that could distinguish these chromosomes clearly with some heterochromatin knobs. Almost all P. equestris chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric while only one chromosome which includes a secondary constriction on the end of short arm belonging to subtelocentric. In comparison with mitotic metaphase, pachytene chromosomes possessed more than 12-fold higher resolution and thus they can facilitate the construction of chromosome maps. Furthermore, 5S rDNA,45S rDNA, Arabidopsis-type telomeric sequences and SOC1 gene were mapped to chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results showed that chromosome 17 had a 5S rDNA locus and chromosome 13 had a 45S rDNA locus on the ends of their short arms. Furthermore, SOC1 was located on the short arm of chromosome 1, and telomeric sequences located on both ends of every chromosomes. Based on the variation in the spatial and quantitative distribution of DNA sequences, a complete karyotype could be constructed combined with molecular markers to distinguish similar chromosomes. In this study we first developed P. equestris high-resolution karyotype better than previous studies which focus on mitotic metaphase chromosomes, and we hope it will become a model plant used for other orchids. In addition, in the future with the research of chromosome rearrangements of Phalaenopsis species, we may understand how Phalaenopsis chromosomes evolved.

Cytogenetics of mesothelid spiders is largely unkown. The presented diploma thesis is focused on the karyotype evolution of these spiders. As it is the most basal group of spiders, the analysis of its cytogenetics can bring important data about ancestral spider karyotype. In the framework of my thesis, I analysed diploid chromosome numbers, chromosome morphology, meiotic division, sex chromosomes and the pattern of selected molecular markers that were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. According to my results, mesothelid spiders have a high number of chromosomes and the prevalence of monoarmed chromosomes. Unlike other spiders, mesothelids have little differentiated sex chromosomes. Key words: evolution, spider, chromosome, karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization, nucleolar organiser region, sex chromosomes

Cytogenetics of spiders of the infraorder Mygalomorphae is largely unknown. My thesis is focused on the karyotype evolution of spiders of families Hexathelidae Dipluridae, which are basal groups of the superfamily Avicularioidea. In this thesis the evolution of diploid chromosome number, chromosome morfology, and also sex chromosomes are studied. The karyotypes of the mygalomorphs are quite interesting for their diversity. Many members of the family Hexathelidae exhibit extreme systems of a chromosomal sex determination which are composed by many gonosomes X. The meiotic division of males is analyzed. Some species exhibit modifications of this division such as achiazmatic meiosis. Selected markers have been detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Keywords: evolution, fluorescent in situ hybridization, karyotype, nucleolus organizer region, sex chromosomes, spider

博士
國立臺灣大學
植物學研究所
91
Two families of tandem repeats, 180-bp and TR-1, have been found in the knobs of maize. In this thesis, we isolated 59 clones belonging to the TR-1 family from maize and teosinte. Southern hybridization and sequence analysis revealed that members of this family are composed of three basic sequences, A (67 bp), B (184 bp) or its variants B' (184 bp), 2/3 B (115 bp), 2/3 B' (115 bp), and C (108 bp), which are arranged in various combinations to produce repeat units which are multiples of approximately 180 bp. Based on the structure, we proposed a hypothesis for the origin of TR-1 elements. Sequence comparisons showed partial homologies between knob repeats and the centromeric sequence (B repeat) of the B chromosome, suggesting that the B repeat is derived from knob repeats in A chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) localized the B repeat to the B centromere and the 180-bp and TR-1 repeats to the proximal heterochromatin knob on the B chromosome. The strength of hybridization signals from a centromere specific repeat, CentC, on pachytene chromosomes of inbred lines KYS and A344 could be classified into two types corresponding to the appearance of centromeres stained by aceto-carmine. The telomeres of A344 are longer than those of KYS as revealed by pachytene FISH with telomeric repeat 5'-TTTAGGG-3'. This and previous studies demonstrate that based on the intensity of CentC signals, chromosome length, arm ratio and distribution of knob sequences, ten pachytene chromosomes of maize can be identified unambiguously. We further show that with the technique developed by us, single-copy sequences as small as 5-7 kb inserted in plasmid vectors can be mapped on maize pachytene chromosomes.

Karyotypes of mygalomorph spiders are not satisfactorily known. This thesis is focused on the basic cytogenetic analysis of selected species of African clades of theraphosid mygalomorphs. It includes four subfamilies: Eumenophorinae, Harpactirinae, Ischnocolinae and Stromatopelminae. Diploid numbers, chromosome morphology, sex chromosome systems and chromosome behaviour in male germline in the selected species of African theraphosid subfamilies were studied. The findings support published results, that refer of high karyotype diversity in Theraphosidae. Diploid chromosome number reduction is probably a basic trend of theraphosid karyotype evolution. The majority of analysed species exhibited one, two or three sex chromosomes. In some species neo-sex chromosome systems were found. In some species one or two sex chromosome pairs (SCP), composed of chromosomes which lack morphological differentiation were detected. Nucleolus organizer regions were detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization in several species. Constitutive heterochromatin detection was performed by C-banding in two species. Keywords: constitutive heterochromatin, diploid number, karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization, Mygalomorphae, nucleolus organizer region, SCP, sex chromosome, spider, Theraphosidae

1 Abstract: The diploma thesis focuses on study of sex chromosomes evolution and repetitive organized genes of chosen mygalomorph and araneomorph spiders. Spiders are characterized by complexicity of sex chromosome systems, their karyotypes contain multiple sex chromosomes X. Besides multiple X chromosomes they also contain a pair or two pairs of nondiferentiated sex chromosomes X and Y. The used methods include methods of classical cytogenetics (preparation of chromosome slides, C-banding) and methods of molecular cytogenetics (fluorescent in situ hybridization and comparative genome hybridization). Complex sex systems were discovered in the studied Theraphosidae spiders. In Theraphosidae spiders Atropothele socotrana and Poecilotheria vittata neo-sex chromosomes were found. Analysis of molecular differentiation of sex chromosomes suggests low differentiation of Y chromosome in neo-sex chromosomes and pair of nondifferentiated sex chromosomes XY. In haplogyne spider Kukulcania aff. hibernalis (X1X2Y), the Y chromosome was significantly differentiated, male specific signal covered the whole chromosome. Detection of 18S rDNA showed that karyotypes of majority of analysed Theraphosidae spiders and haplogyne spiders contain low number (1 or 2) of nucleolar organizing regions localized terminally, which...

碩士
東海大學
化學系
104
In this study, using the molecular beacon for microRNA hsa-miR-10b hybridization in cells, and improving the sensitivity by Highly inclined and laminated optical sheet (HILO) microscopy. We could distinguish the expression of hsa-miR-10b from different images of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These results are in agreement with the reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), overcoming the problems from miscarriage of low concentrations (< 100 fM). Finally, we simultaneously detect hsa-miR-10b and U6 snRNA by two different molecular beacon and multiple sources. We are able to relative quantification of hsa-miR-10b from hepatocellular carcinoma cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with HILO microscopy. The method does not need any extraction step and sequence replication. It could be applied to detect and stage of cancer by analyzing expression of microRNA from different images. The second part is focus on the separation of chromosomes by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. We are able to make the cells remain in metaphase by treating colcemid. Observing on the microscope and injecting a single-cell into the capillary by siphon injector way. Then, using Lysis Buffer digest the cell membrane and separate chromosomes. We could clearly observe a single chromosome on image by ultrasonic vibration the cells of fixing in methanol with acetic acid. We are able to labeled chromosome 1 by fluorescent probe. We hope that we could separate chromosomes and nuclear debris in the future, so that we can accurately analyze specific chromosome by electrophoresis.