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Journal articles on the topic 'Fluorescence X-ray energy dispersive (ED-XRF)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Hayakawa, Shinjiro, Shunji Goto, Takashi Shoji, Eiji Yamada, and Yohichi Gohshi. "X-ray microprobe system for XRF analysis and spectroscopy at SPring-8 BL39XU." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 1114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090904959701892x.

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An X-ray microprobe system for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and spectroscopy has been developed at SPring-8 BL39XU; it comprises an X-ray focusing or collimation system, energy-dispersive (ED) and wavelength-dispersive (WD) XRF spectrometers, and a sample-scanning system. The conventional ED spectrometer will be utilized for qualitative and quantitative trace-element analysis, and the WD spectrometer will be used both for trace-element analysis and XRF spectroscopy. A combination of monochromated undulator radiation and the WD spectrometer will enable resonant XRF spectroscopy using brilliant hard X-ray undulator radiation.

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Петришин and Aleksey Petrishin. "Industrial Applications of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent Analyzers." NDT World 19, no. 3 (2016): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21148.

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Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (ED XRF) enables the qualitative and quantitative elemental material composition to be determined, as well as thicknesses of multilayer coatings to be measured. Nowadays this method has been implemented in modern equipment, which is widely used both in laboratory measurements and in industry. The article describes the basic principles of the method and gives an overview of its different applications. Special attention is paid to the following industrial applications: thickness measurement of immersion gold on circuit boards; thickness measurement and composition of electroless Nickel; thickness measurements of electroplated tin; measurements of silicate coatings; measurements of turbine blade heat-resistant coatings. Experimental researches were carried out; measurements were made with the FISCHERSCOPE X-RAY analyzer manufactured by the company “HELMUT FISCHER GmbH” (Germany). The experimental results for different samples are presented as well as the ways of solving the arising problems. The ED XRF method has proven to be highly efficient for abovementioned industrial applications. The growth of scientific and technological progress is creating new possibilities for wider application of the ED XRF method including problems of non-destructive testing.

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B., Manohara, and Belagali S. L. "Evaluation of energy dispersive scanning electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence techniques for analysis of compost quality." Analytical Methods 9, no. 2 (2017): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay02586b.

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Gurker, N. "Imaging Techniques for X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction." Advances in X-ray Analysis 30 (1986): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021145.

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Electron induced X-ray mapping together with modern SEM/EDX analysis systems has reached a high level of perfection due to established methods of beam deflection and focusing and today's standard in energy dispersive X-ray detection and data processing. X-ray analysis of specimens based on X-ray excitation (XRF/XRD) is routinely performed on comparatively large specimen areas without conserved spatial information. XRF-/XRD-imaging capabilities are not yet commonly available on standard spectrometers, since both suitable X-ray optical elements are missing and there is a large intensity loss due to the necessary primary beam collimation.

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ENE, ANTOANETA, and FLORIN SLOATA. "XRF ANALYSIS OF ARSENIC AND SELECTED METALS IN CONTAMINATED SAND FROM THE DISMANTLING OF INDUSTRIAL DISTILLATION PLANTS." Journal of Science and Arts 20, no. 4 (2020): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-20.4-c02.

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This paper refers to the application of XRF method for the simultaneous determination of arsenic and selected metals from waste samples resulted from the dismanlting of distilleries in the perimeter of Azomures S.A., Mures County, Romania. The dismantling operation was carried out by a specialized Romanian company, and from this operation resulted several refractory construction wastes, such as sands with a very high content of arsenic and its chemical compounds. In order to determine the arsenic and other metals concentration, the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometric technique was employed. Application of the ED-XRF method was performed in an accredited laboratory for the determination of toxic substances from various samples, using a Genius portable XRF (p-XRF) spectrometer manufactured by Skyray Instruments Inc.

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Hoelzmann, Philipp, Torsten Klein, Frank Kutz, and Brigitta Schütt. "A new device to mount portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (p-ED-XRF) for semi-continuous analyses of split (sediment) cores and solid samples." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 1 (2017): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-93-2017.

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Abstract. Portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (p-ED-XRF) have become increasingly popular in sedimentary laboratories to quantify the chemical composition of a range of materials such as sediments, soils, solid samples, and artefacts. Here, we introduce a low-cost, clearly arranged unit that functions as a sample chamber (German industrial property rights no. 20 2014 106 048.0) for p-ED-XRF devices to facilitate economic, non-destructive, fast, and semi-continuous analysis of (sediment) cores or other solid samples. The spatial resolution of the measurements is limited to the specifications of the applied p-ED-XRF device – in our case a Thermo Scientific Niton XL3t p-ED-XRF spectrometer with a maximum spatial resolution of 0.3 cm and equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to document the measurement spot. We demonstrate the strength of combining p-ED-XRF analyses with this new sample chamber to identify Holocene facies changes (e.g. marine vs. terrestrial sedimentary facies) using a sediment core from an estuarine environment in the context of a geoarchaeological investigation at the Atlantic coast of southern Spain.

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Fellin, M., M. Negri, and R. Zanuttini. "Multi-elemental analysis of wood waste using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) analyzer." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 72, no. 2 (2013): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0766-4.

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Cross, Brian J., and Kenny C. Witherspoon. "Integrated Electron and X-Ray Induced Microbeam XRF in the SEM." Microscopy Today 12, no. 4 (2004): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005478x.

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Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (ED-XRS or EDS) is a powerful and easy-to-use technique for the elemental analysis of a wide variety of materials. Most commonly, this technique is called X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), which classically uses x-ray photon sources to excite the sample. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), of course, uses electrons as the excitation source for microbeam x-ray spectroscopy together with sample imaging using characteristic x-rays and/or secondary electrons. These two XRS techniques are used independently, although often the same sample is analysed by both, to provide complementary information.The advantages of both techniques have been reviewed several times [e.g. 1,2], SEM-EDS being more suited to imaging and microbeam quantitative compositional analysis and maps, and XRF more suited to accurate quantitative analysis, especially for trace elements, while analyzing a much larger area.

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Tsompopoulou, E., and K. Mergia. "Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Applications in Material Science." HNPS Proceedings 21 (March 8, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2020.

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Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) is a powerful non-destructive technique used to determine the elemental composition of materials. The current work focuses on the installation and optimization of the operation of the EDXRF system developed by Amptek Inc. Furthermore, XRF elemental analysis results of alloys candidate for fusion reactor applications are presented

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Tung, Joanne Wai Ting. "Determination of Metal Components in Marine Sediments Using Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) Spectrometry." Annali di Chimica 94, no. 11 (2004): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adic.200490104.

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Garbacz-Klempka, A., Ł. Kowalski, J. Kozana, et al. "Archaeometallurgical Investigations of the Early Iron Age Casting Workshop at Kamieniec. A Preliminary Study." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 3 (2016): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0044.

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Abstract This preliminary study characterizes the bronze metalworking on a defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in former Kamieniec (Chełmno land, Poland) as it is reflected through casting workshop recovered during recent excavations. Among ready products, the ones giving evidence of local metallurgy (e.g. casting moulds and main runners) were also identified. With the shrinkage cavities and dendritic microstructures revealed, the artifacts prove the implementing a casting method by the Lusatian culture metalworkers. The elemental composition indicates application of two main types of bronzes: Cu-Sn and Cu-Pb. Aside these main alloying additions, some natural impurities such as silver, arsenic, antimony and nickel were found which may be attributed to the origin of the ore and casting technology. The collection from Kamieniec was described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint either local or non-local profile of the alloys, the ED-XRF data-set was statistically evaluated using a factor analysis (FA).

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Garbacz-Klempka, A., Ł. Kowalski, J. Gackowski, and M. Perek-Nowak. "Bronze Jewellery from the Early Iron Age urn-field in Mała Kępa. An approach to casting technology." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 3 (2017): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0112.

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AbstractThis study characterizes the bronze jewellery recovered from the Lusatian culture urn-field in Mała Kępa (Chełmno land, Poland). Among many common ornaments (e.g. necklaces, rings, pins) the ones giving evidence of a steppe-styled inspiration (nail earrings) were also identified. With the dendritic microstructures revealed, the nail earrings prove the implementing of a lost-wax casting method, whereas some of the castings were further subjected to metalworking. The elemental composition indicates the application of two main types of bronze alloys: Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb. It has been established that the Lusatian metalworkers were familiar with re-melting the scrap bronze and made themselves capable of roasting the sulphide-rich ores.The collection from Mała Kępa has been described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X - ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint an alloy profile of the castings with a special emphasis on the nail earrings, the data-set (ED-XRF, EDS) was statistically evaluated using multidimensional analyses (FA, DA).

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Kirkwood, Henry J., Martin D. de Jonge, Daryl L. Howard, et al. "Polycrystalline materials analysis using the Maia pixelated energy-dispersive X-ray area detector." Powder Diffraction 32, S2 (2017): S16—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715617000768.

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Elemental, chemical, and structural analysis of polycrystalline materials at the micron scale is frequently carried out using microfocused synchrotron X-ray beams, sometimes on multiple instruments. The Maia pixelated energy-dispersive X-ray area detector enables the simultaneous collection of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and diffraction because of the relatively large solid angle and number of pixels when compared with other systems. The large solid angle also permits extraction of surface topography because of changes in self-absorption. This work demonstrates the capability of the Maia detector for simultaneous measurement of XRF and diffraction for mapping the short- and long-range order across the grain structure in a Ni polycrystalline foil.

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Paula, L. N. R. de, G. M. de Paula, and M. G. F. Rodrigues. "Adsorption of reactive blue BF-5G dye on MCM-41 synthesized from Chocolate clay." Cerâmica 66, no. 379 (2020): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663792862.

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Abstract The efficiency of as-synthesized and calcined mesoporous silica, using clay as a silica source, to remove the reactive blue BF-5G dye was investigated. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetic and adsorption isotherms were also studied. The XRD and ED-XRF results showed that the Chocolate clay is rich in SiO2 (69.4%) and has a large amount of other oxides, which can be eliminated by acid leaching. According to the characterization results, the MCM-41 synthesis was effective and produced a highly-ordered material. The kinetic study showed the adsorption corresponded predominantly to the pseudo-second order model. Adsorption equilibrium was reached after 3 h, and the data were better ﬁtted to the Freundlich model. Furthermore, both samples obtained satisfactory removal results, being potential adsorbents having reduced cost due to the use of an alternative silica source.

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Ding, Yufan, Jose Mirao, Pedro Redol, et al. "Provenance study of the limestone used in construction and restoration of the Batalha Monastery (Portugal)." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 1 (2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.857.

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<p class="Abstract">To assess the provenance of the limestones used in the construction and restoration of the Batalha Monastery in central Portugal, stone samples collected from the monument and from five limestone quarries in the region surrounding the building were investigated by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Ca-Sr binary diagrams from the ED-XRF result indicated the source of the samples collected from different parts of the monastery. Thin-section observation supplemented the petrographic evidence for this identification. PXRD and TGA were also used to acquire information on the mineral and chemical composition of the stones. Preliminary results suggest that the monastery baluster was made of stone from the Valinho do Rei or Reguengo do Fetal quarries, whereas part of the church railing, the north-aisle eaves arch and Royal Cloister were made with stone from the Pidiogo or Cabeço do Roxo quarries.</p>

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Pańczyk, Ewa, Bożena Sartowska, Lech Waliś, Jakub Dudek, Władysław Weker, and Maciej Widawski. "The origin and chronology of medieval silver coins based on the analysis of chemical composition." Nukleonika 60, no. 3 (2015): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0108.

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Abstract Medieval Central Europe coins - the Saxon coins, also called as the Otto and Adelheid denarii, as well as the Polish ones, the Władysław Herman and Bolesław Śmiały coins - were examined to determine their provenance and dating. Their attribution and chronology often constitute a serious problem for historians and numismatists. For hundreds of years, coins were in uncontrolled conditions and in variable environment. Destructed and inhomogeneous surface were the effect of corrosion processes. Electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF)), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were applied. The results of these investigations are significant for our knowledge of the history of Central European coinage, especially of Polish coinage

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Leland, D. J., D. E. Leyden, and A. R. Harding. "Application of Fundamental Parameter Software to On-Line XRF Analysis." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020279.

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X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is an analytical method which has been adapted with considerable success to on-line industrial process analysis with various degrees of sophistication. Process analysis XRF systems range from relatively simple units utilizing radioisotope sources with non-dispersive analyzers to complex wavelength dispersive systems in a central location receiving samples from a number of process streams. The advantages of on-line process analytical instrumentation for quality control, regulatory 2 compliance and safety considerations are well documented. ' Advances in the development of low maintenance thermoelectrically cooled Si(Li) detectors have made energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) even more amendable to on-line process analysis. EDXRF is an important method of on-line instrumentation because of its ability to simultaneously detect many elements.

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Gibson, Walter M., Z. W. Chen, and Danhong Li. "High-Definition X-Ray Fluorescence: Applications." X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2008 (September 30, 2008): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/709692.

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Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a well-established and powerful tool for nondestructive elemental analysis of virtually any material. It is widely used for environmental, industrial, pharmaceutical, forensic, and scientific research applications to measure the concentration of elemental constituents or contaminants. The fluorescing atoms can be excited by energetic electrons, ions, or photons. A particular EDXRF method, monochromatic microbeam X-ray fluorescence (MμEDXRF), has proven to be remarkably powerful in measurement of trace element concentrations and distributions in a large variety of important medical, environmental, and industrial applications. When used with state-of-the-art doubly curved crystal (DCC) X-ray optics, this technique enables high-sensitivity, compact, low-power, safe, reliable, and rugged analyzers for insitu, online measurements in industrial process, clinical, and field settings. This new optic-enabled MμEDXRF technique is known as high-definition X-Ray fluorescence (HD XRF). Selected applications of HD XRF are described in this paper including air particulate analysis, analysis of body fluid contamination at ppb levels, elemental mapping of brain tissue and bone samples, as well as analysis of toxins in toys and other consumer products.

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Croke, John F., and Joseph A. Nicolosi. "Comparison of Dual-Channel Wavelength and Secondary-Target Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers." Advances in X-ray Analysis 30 (1986): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021327.

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Over the past 30 years, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has become one of the more valuable methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of materials. Today, there are many methods of instrumental analysis available, and among the factors that will be taken into account in the method of selection are: -Accuracy-Range of application-Speed-Sensitivity-ReliabilityNo one technique can provide all of the features that a given analyst requires. XRF does offer good overall performance over the widest range of elements. Speed, accuracy, and versatility are among the features that have made XRF the method of choice for over 15,000 laboratories worldwide.

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Yang, Li Fen, Bin Xiang, and Liang Hui Ke. "Scaling Mechanism of Heat Exchanger for Spent Sulfuric Acid Concentrating in Titania Production." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.678.

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The component and contents of scale sample on the graphite heat exchanger were analyzed by ED-XRF( Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) and the component and contents of spent acid unconcentrated and concentrated were measured by AAS(atomic absorption spectrometer).In addition, the phase structure of scale sample was tested by XRD(X-ray diffraction) and the simulation experiment of spent acid concentrating was carried out to study the scaling mechanism in the laboratory. The results show that the main components of scale were Ca, Ti and Fe. The scaling might be induced by settlement of Ti oxide, and then Ca and Fe precipitate rapidly.

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Stoev, Krassimir N., and Joseph F. Dlouhy. "Computerized X-Ray Data Periodic Table." Advances in X-ray Analysis 37 (1993): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800016293.

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Nowadays personal computers [PCs) have sufficiently high speed of calculation and large memory and can be used for precise modeling and implementation of the fundamental parameter methods in the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Because of its low price the PC is generally a standard component of energy-dispersive and wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analyzers, and allows not only automation and control of the whole spectrometer during the scientific experiments or routine analysis, but also complete on-line calculation of concentrations {using sophisticated calibration models), QA/QC monitoring, and archivation of the data. Together with the development of faulti-task operation systems for personal computers the efficiency of their use became higher. A few years ago the main requirement for the software was that it be optimized in order to perform many sophisticated calculations in as short time as possible, and less attention was paid to the interface “computer-user”. Now, with much more powerful new generation PCs, one of the main requirements on the software for XRF analysis is to be “user-friendly”, i.e. not to require special education and extended learning period before using it and to ensure high flexibility of application of the programs.

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McCarthy, Jon J., and David J. McMillan. "Application of X-ray Optics to Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, no. 6 (1998): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927698980618.

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X-ray optics have been used in X-ray analytical instruments for several years. Applications of X-ray optics have been reported in X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. X-ray optics have been used to increase the X-ray flux incident on the sample or to direct and focus emitted X-rays from a sample. We report here the use of a grazing incidence optic (GIO) as a flux-enhancing collimator for use with an energy-dispersive (ED) detector used to perform electron beam microanalysis. We found that the GIO in combination with an ED spectrometer (EDS) provides substantial intensity gain for X-ray lines with energy below 1 keV. The GIO is also found to provide a modest focus effect, and introduces minimal spectral artifacts.

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Quye-Sawyer, Jennifer, Veerle Vandeginste, and Kimberley J. Johnston. "Application of handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to carbonate studies: opportunities and challenges." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 30, no. 7 (2015): 1490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ja00114e.

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Rowe, Harry, Niki Hughes, and Krystin Robinson. "The quantification and application of handheld energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) in mudrock chemostratigraphy and geochemistry." Chemical Geology 324-325 (September 2012): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.023.

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Ningsih, Sherly Kasuma Warda. "Effect of Various Solvent on the Synthesis of NiO Nanopowders by Simple Sol-Gel Methods and Its Characterization." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 1 (2015): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21223.

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Synthesis of nickel oxide (NiO) with various solvents by simple sol-gel process has been done. NiO nanopowders were obtained by using nickel nitrate hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide 5 M were used as precursor and agent precipitator, respectively. The addition of various solvents that used in this research were aquadest, methanol and isopropanol. The powders were formed by drying in the temperature of 100-110 °C for 1 h and after heating at ±450 °C for 1 h. The products were obtained black powders. The products were characterized by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ED-XRF pattern show that composition of NiO produced was 96.9%. The XRD patterns showed NiO forms were in monoclinic structure with aquadest solvent and cubic structure with methanol and isopropanol used. Crystal sizes of NiO particles produced with aquadest, methanol, isopropanol were obtained in the range 37.05; 72.16; 66.04 nm respectively. SEM micrograph clearly showed that powder had a spherical shape with uniform distribution size is 0.1-1.0 µm approximately.

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Levine, H. S., and K. L. Higgins. "Phosphorus Determination in Borophosphosilicate or Phosphosilicate Glass Films on a Si Wafer by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy." Advances in X-ray Analysis 34 (1990): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800014592.

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Films of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) or phosphosilicate glass (PSG) are deposited on single crystal Si (100) wafers (typically 4 to 6 inches in diameter) by chemical vapor deposition processes during the fabrication of radiation-hardened microcircuits. These films act as insulator and as passivation layers. Since the P content of the glass layer is critical because of fluidity and corrosion problems, careful certification is required. The certification analysis has been accomplished here previously by empirical energy dispersive (ED) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods which use a set of expensive and fragile PSG wafer calibration standards. The results obtained were uncertain and the standards were sometimes broken.

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Horf, Michael, Robin Gebbers, Sebastian Vogel, Markus Ostermann, Max-Frederik Piepel, and Hans-Werner Olfs. "Determination of Nutrients in Liquid Manures and Biogas Digestates by Portable Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry." Sensors 21, no. 11 (2021): 3892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113892.

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Knowing the exact nutrient composition of organic fertilizers is a prerequisite for their appropriate application to improve yield and to avoid environmental pollution by over-fertilization. Traditional standard chemical analysis is cost and time-consuming and thus it is unsuitable for a rapid analysis before manure application. As a possible alternative, a handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer was tested to enable a fast, simultaneous, and on-site analysis of several elements. A set of 62 liquid pig and cattle manures as well as biogas digestates were collected, intensively homogenized and analysed for the macro plant nutrients phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sulphur as well as the micro nutrients manganese, iron, copper, and zinc using the standard lab procedure. The effect of four different sample preparation steps (original, dried, filtered, and dried filter residues) on XRF measurement accuracy was examined. Therefore, XRF results were correlated with values of the reference analysis. The best R2s for each element ranged from 0.64 to 0.92. Comparing the four preparation steps, XRF results for dried samples showed good correlations (0.64 and 0.86) for all elements. XRF measurements using dried filter residues showed also good correlations with R2s between 0.65 and 0.91 except for P, Mg, and Ca. In contrast, correlation analysis for liquid samples (original and filtered) resulted in lower R2s from 0.02 to 0.68, except for K (0.83 and 0.87, respectively). Based on these results, it can be concluded that handheld XRF is a promising measuring system for element analysis in manures and digestates.

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Kelloway, Sarah J., Colin R. Ward, Christopher E. Marjo, Irene E. Wainwright, and David R. Cohen. "Calibration for ED-XRF profiling of coal cores for the Itrax Core Scanner." Powder Diffraction 29, S1 (2014): S28—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088571561400089x.

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Recent developments in instrumentation mean that chemical analysis of large drill cores taken for geological purposes can be performed rapidly at sub-millimetre scales using core scanners equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometers. The present study describes the development of a calibration for the Itrax Core Scanner (Cox Analytical, Sweden), intended for whole cores of coal-seam sections, without the need for sample preparation. The calibration was developed for key major elements (Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, and Fe) based on pressed pellets of reference coals, allowing semi-quantitative and, at times, quantitative analyses. The influence of core curvature and surface roughness compared with an ideal flat-surface was also examined using model samples, and their influence on the apparent sample composition evaluated.

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Menne, Julia, Astrid Holzheid, and Christopher Heilmann. "Multi-Scale Measurements of Neolithic Ceramics—A Methodological Comparison of Portable Energy-Dispersive XRF, Wavelength-Dispersive XRF, and Microcomputer Tomography." Minerals 10, no. 10 (2020): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100931.

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Archaeometric investigation of ancient pottery with regard to their material composites allows insights into the material structures, production techniques and manufacturing processes. The applied methods depend on the classification of the pottery: some finds should remain unchanged for conservation reasons, other finds are less valuable or more common. While the first group cannot be destroyed for material analyses and the choice of analytical methods is limited, the latter can be investigated using destructive methods and thus can widen the spectrum of possible devices. Multi-element analyses of portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (portable XRF) have become important for archaeological research, as portable XRF provides a quick overview about the chemical composition of potteries and can be used in non-destructive as well as destructive ways in addition to conventional microscopic examination and petrographic thin sections. While most portable XRF analyses of solely fracture surfaces do not provide satisfying results, portable XRF analyses on pulverized samples are a cost-efficient and fast alternative to wavelength-dispersive XRF (WD-XRF). In comparison to WD-XRF, portable XRF on pulverized samples provides reliable concentration data (K, Fe, Rb, Ti, V, Y, Zn, Zr), but other elements need to be corrected. X-ray microtomography (µCT) has proven to be a non-destructive technique to derive not only the porosity of ancient pottery but also to characterize temper components and non-plastic inclusions. Hence, the µCT technique has the potential to extract valuable information needed by archaeologists, for example, to deduce details about manufacturing.

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Vrebos, Bruno A. R., and Gjalt T. J. Kuipéres. "Areas for Improvement in XRF Analysis of Low Atomic Number Elements." Advances in X-ray Analysis 36 (1992): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018668.

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Accurate analysis of the light elements has been, from the early applications of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry a struggle compared to the determination of heavy elements in the same matrices. In contrast, there has been virtually no upper limit to the atomic number of the element that could be determined. The lower limit, however, has been continuously adjusted downward through the years. Clearly, the sensitivity as well as the lower limit of detection for the heavy elements have also been improved, but the effect is Jess striking than the advances made in the region of tight element performance. This paper deals specifically with wavelength dispersive sequential x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, although some of the observations made are equally applicable to energy dispersive spectrometry.

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Kelliher, Warren C., and W. Gene Maddox. "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Alloy and Stainless Steels Using a Mercuric Iodide Detector*." Advances in X-ray Analysis 31 (1987): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022278.

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Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used extensively for some time now to do accurate and rapid analysis of a variety of samples. Most XRF Systems today use cryogenically cooled Si(Li) detectors to obtain the resolution needed for analysis of samples containing several elements. The need for the cryogenic coolant results in these XRP systems being rather large and not readily adaptable to portable devices. Detectors that require no cooling, or at least require only cooling obtainable by electrical weans, offer a definite advantage over cryogenically cooled detectors for use in portable devices. Mercuric iodide (HgI2) detectors are one type of such room-temperature detectors. The major disadvantage of any room-temperature detector has been the poor eneygy resolution associated with them.

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De Samber, Björn, Oliver Scharf, Günther Buzanich, et al. "Three-dimensional X-ray fluorescence imaging modes for biological specimens using a full-field energy dispersive CCD camera." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 10 (2019): 2083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00198k.

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Sugino, Tomohiro, Ryohei Tanaka, Jun Kawai, Yusuke Takenami, and Jun-ichiro Kadono. "3D-printed compact XRF spectrometer." International Journal of PIXE 27, no. 03n04 (2017): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083518500080.

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In order to address the applicability of 3D printers to assembling a spectrometer, we made a compact energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer with the use of a 3D printer and applied it to the measurements of trace elements in multicomponent alloys. The spectrometer was made of polycarbonate. The X-ray path was in the air, and the distance between equipment was designed so as to obtain enough input count rate even though a low-power X-ray source was employed. As an X-ray source and a detector, we used a low-power X-ray tube (4 watts) and a silicon drift detector. Although the effect of scattered X-rays from resin materials on measured spectra should be taken into account, the 3D-printed spectrometer was comparable with the conventional spectrometer in terms of the qualitative analysis. By using the simple 3D-printed spectrometer, trace elements included in stainless steels and an Ni-based alloy could be detected. 3D printers should therefore provide a simple and quick way of making an improvement on analytical instruments combined with the conventional way.

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Araüjo, F., F. He, P. Van Espen, and R. Van Grieken. "Absorption Corrections via Backscattered Radiation in Polychromatic Excitation Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry." Advances in X-ray Analysis 33 (1989): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800019959.

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The incoherently and coherently scattered X-ray intensities with the corresponding scatter factors have been used previously define in a sample matrix the light elements (Z<12) constituents which can not be a s sessed via their fluorescent radiation in conventional XRF. Recently, a more complete sample definition has been achieved based on the backscattered X-rays, by using two excitation modes. However, all quantitative EDXRF methods, based on the scattered radiation from the sample relied hitherto uniquely on the use of monochromatic excitation radiation.

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Engelbrecht, Johann P., Johan P. R. de Villiers, and Stefan W. de Bruyn. "The On-Stream X-Ray Analysis of Slurries for Process Control." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800009393.

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AbstractAn integrated XRD-XRF system for the on-stream analysis of slurries was configured to the requirements of industry for process control. The slurry-handling system includes a multiplexer, header tank, de-aerator and a windowless sample presenter. The XRD part of the system is composed of a molybdenum anode X-ray tube, a pyrolytic graphite primarybeam monochromator, a vertical fixed-geometry goniometer, and a simultaneous detector system. The X-ray beam is transmitted through the slurry curtain so that the diffracted intensities are measured in the forward diffracted mode. The energy-dispersive XRF spectrometer measures the reflected fluorescence intensities. Examples and data from the onstream XRD analysis of fluorspar and apatite are presented. Mention is made of the application of an integrated XRD-XRF system in the heavy-minerals and base-metal industries.

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Park, Seunghoon, Sungyeop Joung, and Jerry Park. "Nuclear Fuel Assay through analysis of Uranium L-shell by Hybrid L-edge/XRF Densitometer using a Surrogate Material." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007009.

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Assay of L-series of nuclear material solution is useful for determination of amount of nuclear materials and ratio of minor actinide in the materials. The hybrid system of energy dispersive X-ray absorption edge spectrometry, i.e. L-edge densitometry, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is one of the analysis methods. The hybrid L-edge/XRF densitometer can be a promising candidate for a portable and compact equipment due to advantage of using low energy X-ray beams without heavy shielding systems and liquid nitrogen cooling compared to hybrid K-edge/XRF densitometer. A prototype of the equipment was evaluated for feasibility of the nuclear material assay using a surrogate material (lead) to avoid radiation effects from nuclear materials. The uncertainty of L-edge and XRF characteristics of the sample material and volume effects was discussed in the article.

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Park, Seunghoon, Sungyeop Joung, and Jerry Park. "Nuclear Fuel Assay through analysis of Uranium L-shell by Hybrid L-edge/XRF Densitometer using a Surrogate Material." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817008007.

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Assay of L-series of nuclear material solution is useful for determination of amount of nuclear materials and ratio of minor actinide in the materials. The hybrid system of energy dispersive X-ray absorption edge spectrometry, i.e. L-edge densitometry, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is one of the analysis methods. The hybrid L-edge/XRF densitometer can be a promising candidate for a portable and compact equipment due to advantage of using low energy X-ray beams without heavy shielding systems and liquid nitrogen cooling compared to hybrid K-edge/XRF densitometer. A prototype of the equipment was evaluated for feasibility ofthe nuclear material assay using a surrogate material (lead) to avoid radiation effects from nuclear materials. The uncertainty of L-edge and XRF characteristics of the sample material and volume effects was discussed in the article.

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Cockrell, Bryan, Marcos Martinón-Torres, and Elizabeth Graham. "Negotiating a colonial Maya identity: metal ornaments from Tipu, Belize." Open Journal of Archaeometry 1, no. 1 (2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/arc.2013.e24.

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Archaeologists recovered Colonial-period metal ornaments from Tipu, Belize, the site of a Maya occupation from 300 BC to AD 1707. This project asks to what extent the technological attributes of these ornaments reflect Mesoamerican or European influences. Investigators used microanalytical techniques, such as metallography, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), electron probe microanalyser with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-EDS) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS) and surface etching, to study compositions and microstructures of the metals. Comparison of these data with technological and stylistic information of metals from other pre-Columbian and Contact-period sites reveals a confluence of indigenous and European metallurgy. Whereas the needle and bell forms and the suite of copper and bronze compositions align with indigenous metallurgical practices, the existence of lacetags and the use of brass reflect European technology. The presence of metal ornaments in association with Maya individuals in burials suggests that the Maya at Tipu were constructing and expressing new colonial identities through material markers.

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Streli, Christina, P. Wobrauschek, H. Aiginger, W. Ladisich, and R. Rieder. "Total Reflection Xrf of Light Elements Using Various Excitation Sources." Advances in X-ray Analysis 37 (1993): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800016128.

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AbstractTotal Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF) has been proved to be well suited for the energy dispersive analysis of light elements using a special spectrometer, which is equipped with an energy dispersive detector having all properties for the detection of low energy radiation. The detection of the light elements is strongly influenced by the excitation source which should provide a large number of photons with energies near the K-absorption edge of these elements (0.2 - 3 keV). Various standard tubes with Be-window as well as a homemade windowless tube are compared, all differing in focal size, total power and anode material. Optimized excitation conditions are provided by synchrotron radiation meeting all requirements for excellent excitation of light elements in total reflection geometry such as high brilliance and ideal spectral distribution specially in the low energy region. A comparison of excitation with X-ray tubes as well as with synchrotron radiation is shown. Detection limits of 200 fg for Mg have been obtained with synchrotron radiation.

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Garbacz-Klempka, A., P. Makarowicz, and T. Tokarski. "The Analysis of Foundry Engineering of Copper Alloys Based on the Research of a Metallurgist Settlement in Szczepidło." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 1 (2017): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0009.

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Abstract The article presents chosen aspects of foundry engineering of the settlement dwellers, including the archaeometric characteristics and metal science analysis of the artefacts, as well as an attempted reconstruction of the production organization. Discovered in Szczepidło (Greater Poland), the foundry workshop is unique in Central European Bronze Age. This workshop foundry operated roughly XIV-XII Century BC. Its production is evidenced by the presence of markers of the whole production cycle: semi-finished and finished products, production waste, fragments of crucibles and casting ladles with traces of usage, and tools. On this basis, the alloys and foundry technologies used have been described. The analysis of foundry technology of copper alloys in the settlement area was carried out by observing the surface and structure of the products, semi-finished artefacts and fragments of crucibles by applying optical microscopy (OM), confocal microscopy (CLSM) and Xray radiography (RT). The investigations of compositions were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS).

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Kalnicky, Dennis J. "A Combined Fundamental Alphas/Curve Fitting Algorithm for Routine XRF Sample Analysis." Advances in X-ray Analysis 29 (1985): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800010570.

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AbstractAnalysis of sample composition and/or thickness in a routine, process-control or monitoring environment generally requires rapid turn-around time with minimal sample handling. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) is well-suited for these kinds of analyses and has been applied to various bulk and thin sample applications (1-7). This technique is rapid, precise, non-destructive, and requires minimal sample handling.X-ray Fluorescence is generally considered a secondary analysis technique, that is, instrumentation must be calibrated using known standards before unknown samples may be analyzed (quantitative analysis). Continuing work on standardless approaches, particularly for Energy-Dispersive XRF (EOXRF) systems, relax this requirement for some samples but the large share of XRF analyses still require calibration with standards. A number of mathematical and non-matheraatical techniques have been devised to calibrate XRF measurements for many different sample types (1,2,8,9).

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Chen, Z. W., Walter M. Gibson, and Huapeng Huang. "High Definition X-Ray Fluorescence: Principles and Techniques." X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2008 (May 26, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/318171.

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Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a well-established and powerful tool for nondestructive elemental analysis of virtually any material. It is widely used for environmental, industrial, pharmaceutical, forensic, and scientific research applications to measure the concentration of elemental constituents or contaminants. The fluorescing atoms can be excited by energetic electrons, ions, or photons. A particular EDXRF method, monochromatic microfocus X-ray fluorescence (MμEDXRF), has proven to be remarkably powerful in measurement of trace element concentrations and distributions in a large variety of important medical, environmental, and industrial applications. When used with state-of-the-art doubly curved crystal (DCC) X-ray optics, this technique enables high-sensitivity, compact, low-power, safe, reliable, and rugged analyzers for insitu, online measurements in industrial process, clinical, and field settings. This new optic-enabled MμEDXRF technique, called high definition X-ray fluorescence (HD XRF), is described in this paper.

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Eveno, Myriam, Brice Moignard, and Jacques Castaing. "Portable Apparatus for In Situ X-Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence Analyses of Artworks." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 5 (2011): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611000201.

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AbstractA portable X-ray fluorescence/X-ray diffraction (XRF/XRD) system for artwork studies has been designed constructed and tested. It is based on Debye Scherrer XRD in reflection that takes advantage of many recent improvements in the handling of X-rays (polycapillary optics; advanced two-dimensional detection). The apparatus is based on a copper anode air cooled X-ray source, and the XRD analysis is performed on a 5–20 μm thick layer from the object surface. Energy dispersive XRF elemental analysis can be performed at the same point as XRD, giving elemental compositions that support the interpretation of XRD diagrams. XRF and XRD analyses were tested to explore the quality and the limits of the analytical technique. The XRD diagrams are comparable in quality with diagrams obtained with conventional laboratory equipment. The mineral identification of materials in artwork is routinely performed with the portable XRF-XRD system. Examples are given for ceramic glazes containing crystals and for paintings where the determination of pigments is still a challenge for nondestructive analysis. For instance, lead compounds that provide a variety of color pigments can be easily identified as well as a pigment such as lapis lazuli that is difficult to identify by XRF alone. More than 70 works of art have been studied in situ in museums, monuments, etc. In addition to ceramics and paintings, these works include bronzes, manuscripts, etc., which permit improvement in the comprehension of ancient artistic techniques.

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Dararutana, Pisutti, Krit Won-In, Sawet Intarasiri, et al. "X-Ray Spectrometry Study on Historical Decorative Glasses in Thailand: Lanna-Style Glass." Advanced Materials Research 620 (December 2012): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.330.

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t was known that historical objects were highly heterogeneous. Due to the complex nature of materials and objects, extremely sensitive, spatially resolved, multi-elemental and versatile analytical instruments were needed. The techniques employed should be as a noninvasive as possible and able to give complementary information from macroscopic to nanometer scales. In this work, X-ray based spectroscopy including energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDS), Proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE), and micro-beam X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µ-XRF) were used to analyze chemical composition of the Lanna-style glass. Microstructure was also studied. It can be concluded that these techniques in combination are powerful for the investigation of heterogeneous glassy materials.

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Duangdee, Bheechanat, Dussadee Rattanaphra, Anusith Thanapimmetha, Maythee Saisriyoot, and Penjit Srinophakun. "Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Rare Earths Hydroxide Catalyst." Materials Science Forum 936 (October 2018): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.936.53.

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This work presents the synthesis and characterization of mixed rare earths hydroxide heterogeneous catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation of mixed rare earths with NaOH at different pH (6, 7 and 12). The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The XRF results showed that the catalyst composed of cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr) and samarium (Sm) being predominant at pH up to 7. Particularly, cerium (Ce) was favorable precipitation at pH 7. This results were confirm by SEM-EDS. The Ce (OH)3 phase was clearly observed for the mixed rare earth catalyst precipitated at pH 7. The XRF, SEM-EDS and XRD results were consistency.

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Howard, Daryl L., Martin D. de Jonge, Nader Afshar, et al. "The XFM beamline at the Australian Synchrotron." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 5 (2020): 1447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520010152.

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The X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) beamline is an in-vacuum undulator-based X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microprobe beamline at the 3 GeV Australian Synchrotron. The beamline delivers hard X-rays in the 4–27 keV energy range, permitting K emission to Cd and L and M emission for all other heavier elements. With a practical low-energy detection cut-off of approximately 1.5 keV, low-Z detection is constrained to Si, with Al detectable under favourable circumstances. The beamline has two scanning stations: a Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror microprobe, which produces a focal spot of 2 µm × 2 µm FWHM, and a large-area scanning `milliprobe', which has the beam size defined by slits. Energy-dispersive detector systems include the Maia 384, Vortex-EM and Vortex-ME3 for XRF measurement, and the EIGER2 X 1 Mpixel array detector for scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy measurements. The beamline uses event-mode data acquisition that eliminates detector system time overheads, and motion control overheads are significantly reduced through the application of an efficient raster scanning algorithm. The minimal overheads, in conjunction with short dwell times per pixel, have allowed XFM to establish techniques such as full spectroscopic XANES fluorescence imaging, XRF tomography, fly scanning ptychography and high-definition XRF imaging over large areas. XFM provides diverse analysis capabilities in the fields of medicine, biology, geology, materials science and cultural heritage. This paper discusses the beamline status, scientific showcases and future upgrades.

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MacRae, C. M., I. R. Harrowfield, N. Wilson, et al. "Fluorescent Spectroscopy of Mineral and Material Samples." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021292.

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Wavelength dispersive spectrometry of long wavelength lines by EPMA can give information on the site symmetry and bonding of the x-ray-emitting atom. For fully focussing spectrometers, the energy resolution can be as high as 2eV or better at a spatial resolution of 1 μm, but electron beam currents often must be set to damaging levels. Fluorescent spectroscopy of the same lines in the commercial laboratory XRF spectrometer is far less damaging but spatial resolution is non-existent or, with collimators, relatively poor. With a combination of electron induced and x-ray induced fluorescent spectroscopy, and the insight provided by molecular orbital calculations, speciation or state analysis can be achieved even on damage prone specimens.Electron and x-ray induced fluorescence has been employed to investigate surface coatings on magnesium metal. Oxygen Kα spectra for crystalline MgO, MgCO3 and powdered 4MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.5H2O were recorded using a TAP(2d=2.5757 nm) analysing crystal on a JEOL 8900R EPMA and a Philips PW 1404 XRF.

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Tavares, Tiago Rodrigues, José Paulo Molin, Lidiane Cristina Nunes, et al. "Effect of X-Ray Tube Configuration on Measurement of Key Soil Fertility Attributes with XRF." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12060963.

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The successful use of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) sensors for soil analysis requires the selection of an optimal procedure of data acquisition and a simple modelling approach. This work aimed at assessing the performance of a portable XRF (XRF) sensor set up with two different X-ray tube configurations (combinations of voltage and current) to predict nine key soil fertility attributes: (clay, organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, base saturation (V), and extractable nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg). An XRF, operated at a voltage of 15 kV (and current of 23 μA) and 35 kV (and current of 7 μA), was used for analyzing 102 soil samples collected from two agricultural fields in Brazil. Two different XRF data analysis scenarios were used to build the predictive models: (i) 10 emission lines of 15 keV spectra (EL-15), and (ii) 12 emission lines of 35 keV spectra (EL-35). Multiple linear regressions (MLR) were used for model calibration, and the models’ prediction performance was evaluated using different figures of merit. The results show that although X-ray tube configuration affected the intensity of the emission lines of the different elements detected, it did not influence the prediction accuracy of the studied key fertility attributes, suggesting that both X-ray tube configurations tested can be used for future analyses. Satisfactory predictions with residual prediction deviation (RPD) ≥ 1.54 and coefficient of determination (R2) ≥ 0.61 were obtained for eight out of the ten studied soil fertility attributes (clay, OM, CEC, V, and extractable K, Ca, and Mg). In addition, simple MLR models with a limited number of emission lines was effective for practical soil analysis of the key soil fertility attributes (except pH and extractable P) using XRF. The simple and transparent methodology suggested also enables future researches that seek to optimize the XRF scanning time in order to speed up the XRF analysis in soil samples.

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Price, C. W., and E. F. Lindsey. "Analysis of electroless nickel thin films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100086854.

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Thickness measurements of thin films are performed by both energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRF can measure thicker films than EDS, and XRF measurements also have somewhat greater precision than EDS measurements. However, small components with curved or irregular shapes that are used for various applications in the the Inertial Confinement Fusion program at LLNL present geometrical problems that are not conducive to XRF analyses but may have only a minimal effect on EDS analyses. This work describes the development of an EDS technique to measure the thickness of electroless nickel deposits on gold substrates. Although elaborate correction techniques have been developed for thin-film measurements by x-ray analysis, the thickness of electroless nickel films can be dependent on the plating bath used. Therefore, standard calibration curves were established by correlating EDS data with thickness measurements that were obtained by contact profilometry.

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Witherspoon, Kenny C., Brian J. Cross, and Mandi D. Hellested. "Combined Electron Excitation and X-Ray Excitation for Spectrometry in the SEM." Microscopy Today 21, no. 4 (2013): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000709.

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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) is an analytical technique used to determine elemental composition. It is a powerful, easy-to-use, non-destructive technique that can be employed for a wide variety of materials. In this technique the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) impinges on the sample and excites atomic electrons causing the production of characteristic X rays. These characteristic X rays have energies specific to elements in the sample. The EDS detector collects these X rays as a signal and produces a spectrum. Samples also can be excited by X rays. Collimated and focused X rays from an X-ray source produce characteristic X rays that can be detected by the same EDS detector. When X rays are used as the source of excitation, the method is then called X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or micro-XRF.

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