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Journal articles on the topic 'Flux tower measurements'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Metzger, S., W. Junkermann, M. Mauder, et al. "Eddy Covariance flux measurements with a weight-shift microlight aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 2 (2012): 2591–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-2591-2012.

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Abstract. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility and quality of Eddy-Covariance flux measurements from a weight-shift microlight aircraft (WSMA). Firstly we investigate the precision of the wind measurement (σu,v≤ 0.09 m s−1, σw = 0.04 m s−1), the lynchpin of flux calculations from aircraft. From here the smallest resolvable changes in friction velocity (0.02 m s−1), and sensible- (5 W m−2) and latent (3 W m−2) heat flux are estimated. Secondly a seven-day flight campaign was performed near Lindenberg (Germany). Here we compare measurements of wind, temperature, humidity and

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2

Post, H., H. J. Hendricks Franssen, A. Graf, M. Schmidt, and H. Vereecken. "Uncertainty analysis of eddy covariance CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements for different EC tower distances using an extended two-tower approach." Biogeosciences 12, no. 4 (2015): 1205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1205-2015.

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Abstract. The use of eddy covariance (EC) CO2 flux measurements in data assimilation and other applications requires an estimate of the random uncertainty. In previous studies, the (classical) two-tower approach has yielded robust uncertainty estimates, but care must be taken to meet the often competing requirements of statistical independence (non-overlapping footprints) and ecosystem homogeneity when choosing an appropriate tower distance. The role of the tower distance was investigated with help of a roving station separated between 8 m and 34 km from a permanent EC grassland station. Rando

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Metzger, S., W. Junkermann, M. Mauder, et al. "Eddy-covariance flux measurements with a weight-shift microlight aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 7 (2012): 1699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1699-2012.

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Abstract. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility and quality of eddy-covariance flux measurements from a weight-shift microlight aircraft (WSMA). Firstly, we investigate the precision of the wind measurement (σu,v ≤ 0.09 m s−1, σw = 0.04 m s−1), the lynchpin of flux calculations from aircraft. From here, the smallest resolvable changes in friction velocity (0.02 m s−1), and sensible- (5 W m−2) and latent (3 W m−2) heat flux are estimated. Secondly, a seven-day flight campaign was performed near Lindenberg (Germany). Here we compare measurements of wind, temperature, humidity

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4

Lee, Temple R., Michael Buban, Edward Dumas, and C. Bruce Baker. "A New Technique to Estimate Sensible Heat Fluxes around Micrometeorological Towers Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 9 (2017): 2103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0065.1.

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AbstractUpscaling point measurements from micrometeorological towers is a challenging task that is important for a variety of applications, for example, in process studies of convection initiation, carbon and energy budget studies, and the improvement of model parameterizations. In the present study, a technique was developed to determine the horizontal variability in sensible heat flux H surrounding micrometeorological towers. The technique was evaluated using 15-min flux observations, as well as measurements of land surface temperature and air temperature obtained from small unmanned aircraf

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5

Post, H., H. J. Hendricks Franssen, A. Graf, M. Schmidt, and H. Vereecken. "Uncertainty analysis of eddy covariance CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements for different EC tower distances using an extended two-tower approach." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 8 (2014): 11943–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-11943-2014.

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Abstract. The use of eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements in data assimilation and other applications requires an estimate of the random uncertainty. In previous studies, the two-tower approach has yielded robust uncertainty estimates, but care must be taken to meet the often competing requirements of statistical independence (non-overlapping footprints) and ecosystem homogeneity when choosing an appropriate tower distance. The role of the tower distance was investigated with help of a roving station separated between 8 m and 34 km from a permanent EC grassland station. Random uncertainty was

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6

Kenion, Helen C., Kenneth J. Davis, Natasha L. Miles, Vanessa C. Monteiro, Scott J. Richardson, and Jason P. Horne. "Estimation of Urban Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Mole Fraction Measurements Using Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 41, no. 9 (2024): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-23-0164.1.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine whether urban greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes can be quantified from tower-based mole fraction measurements using Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). Tower-based GHG mole fraction networks are used in many cities to quantify whole-city GHG emissions. Local-scale, micrometeorological flux estimates would complement whole-city estimates from atmospheric inversions. CO2 mole fraction and eddy-covariance flux data at an urban site in Indianapolis, Indiana, from October 2020 through January 2022 are analyzed. Using MOST flux–variance and flux–gradi

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Marzahn, Philip, Linda Flade, and Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa. "Spatial Estimation of the Latent Heat Flux in a Tropical Dry Forest by Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Forests 11, no. 6 (2020): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060604.

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In this paper, we address the retrieval of spatially distributed latent heat flux ( λ E) over a tropical dry forest using multi-spectral and thermal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. The study was carried out in the Santa Rosa National Park Environmental Monitoring Super-Site, Costa Rica, in June 2016. The triangle method was used to derive λ E from the UAV imagery and the results were compared to λ E measurements of an eddy covariance system within the coincident eddy flux tower footprint. The tower footprint was derived using a two-dimensional parameterization model for flux footprint p

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8

Haszpra, L., Z. Barcza, T. Haszpra, Zs Pátkai, and K. J. Davis. "How well do tall-tower measurements characterize the CO<sub>2</sub> mole fraction distribution in the planetary boundary layer?" Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 4 (2015): 1657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1657-2015.

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Abstract. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) CO2 mole fraction data are needed by transport models and carbon budget models as both input and reference for validation. The height of in situ CO2 mole fraction measurements is usually different from that of the model levels where the data are needed; data from short towers, in particular, are difficult to utilize in atmospheric models that do not simulate the surface layer well. Tall-tower CO2 mole fraction measurements observed at heights ranging from 10 to 115 m above ground level at a rural site in Hungary and regular airborne vertical mole fracti

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9

Haszpra, L., Z. Barcza, T. Haszpra, Z. Pátkai, and K. J. Davis. "How well do tall tower measurements characterize the CO<sub>2</sub> mole fraction distribution in the planetary boundary layer?" Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 12 (2014): 12249–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-12249-2014.

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Abstract. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) CO2 mole fraction data are needed by transport models and carbon budget models as both input and reference for validation. The height of in situ CO2 mole fraction measurements is usually different from that of the model levels where the data are needed; data from short towers, in particular, are difficult to utilize in atmospheric models that do not simulate the surface layer well. Tall tower CO2 mole fraction measurements observed at heights ranging from 10 to 115 m a.g.l. at a rural site in Hungary and regular airborne vertical mole fraction profile m

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10

Kljun, N., P. Calanca, M. W. Rotach, and H. P. Schmid. "A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP)." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 11 (2015): 3695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015.

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Abstract. Flux footprint models are often used for interpretation of flux tower measurements, to estimate position and size of surface source areas, and the relative contribution of passive scalar sources to measured fluxes. Accurate knowledge of footprints is of crucial importance for any upscaling exercises from single site flux measurements to local or regional scale. Hence, footprint models are ultimately also of considerable importance for improved greenhouse gas budgeting. With increasing numbers of flux towers within large monitoring networks such as FluxNet, ICOS (Integrated Carbon Obs

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Kljun, N., P. Calanca, M. W. Rotach, and H. P. Schmid. "The simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Predictions FFP." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 8 (2015): 6757–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-6757-2015.

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Abstract. Flux footprint models are often used for interpretation of flux tower measurements, to estimate position and size of surface source areas, and the relative contribution of passive scalar sources to measured fluxes. Accurate knowledge of footprints is of crucial importance for any upscaling exercises from single site flux measurements to ecosystem or regional scale. Hence, footprint models are ultimately also of considerable importance for improved greenhouse gas budgeting. With increasing numbers of flux towers within large monitoring networks such as FLUXNET, ICOS, NEON, or AMERIFLU

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12

Rebmann, Corinna, Marc Aubinet, HaPe Schmid, et al. "ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review." International Agrophysics 32, no. 4 (2018): 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0044.

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Abstract The Integrated Carbon Observation System Research Infrastructure aims to provide long-term, continuous observations of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour. At ICOS ecosystem stations, the principal technique for measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of GHGs is the eddy-covariance technique. The establishment and setup of an eddy-covariance tower have to be carefully reasoned to ensure high quality flux measurements being representative of the investigated ecosystem and comparable to measurements at other statio

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13

Ukkola, Anna M., Ned Haughton, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, and Andy J. Pitman. "FluxnetLSM R package (v1.0): a community tool for processing FLUXNET data for use in land surface modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 9 (2017): 3379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017.

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Abstract. Flux towers measure ecosystem-scale surface–atmosphere exchanges of energy, carbon dioxide and water vapour. The network of flux towers now encompasses ∼ 900 sites, spread across every continent. Consequently, these data have become an essential benchmarking tool for land surface models (LSMs). However, these data as released are not immediately usable for driving, evaluating and benchmarking LSMs. Flux tower data must first be transformed into a LSM-readable file format, a process which involves changing units, screening missing data and varying degrees of additional gap-filling. Al

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14

Lauvaux, T., M. Uliasz, C. Sarrat, et al. "Mesoscale inversion: first results from the CERES campaign with synthetic data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (2008): 3459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3459-2008.

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Abstract. We investigate the ability of a mesoscale model to reconstruct CO2 fluxes at regional scale. Formally, we estimate the reduction of error for a CO2 flux inversion at 8 km resolution in the South West of France, during four days of the CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) in spring 2005. Measurements from two towers and two airplanes are available for this campaign. The lagrangian particle dispersion model LPDM was coupled to the non-hydrostatic model Meso-NH and integrated in a matrix inversion framework. Impacts of aircraft and tower measurements are quantified separatel

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15

Ulmer, Steffen, Eckhard Lüpfert, Markus Pfänder, and Reiner Buck. "Calibration corrections of solar tower flux density measurements." Energy 29, no. 5-6 (2004): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(03)00197-x.

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16

Thapa, Magar Anuj, and Steffen Noe. "Cluster analysis on Eddy covariance flux footprint data from SMEAR Estonia." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 8 (May 28, 2025): e150924. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.8.e150924.

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Eddy covariance measurements are increasingly used to evaluate the exchange of matter and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere over different time scales. The flux footprint represents the area detected by flux tower sensors, illustrating how the surface impacts the measured flux. Flux footprint models define both the spatial range and the specific location of the surface contributing to the observed turbulent flux. We applied a simple two-dimensional parameterization for flux footprint prediction (FFP) developed by Kljun et al. to determine the location of maximum footprint contributi

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17

Lauvaux, T., M. Uliasz, C. Sarrat, et al. "Mesoscale inversion: first results from the CERES campaign with synthetic data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 4 (2007): 10439–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-10439-2007.

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Abstract. We investigate the ability of a mesoscale model to reconstruct CO2 fluxes at regional scale. Formally, we estimate the reduction of error for a CO2 flux inversion at 8 km resolution in the South West of France, during four days of the CarboEurope Regional Experiment (CERES) in spring 2005. Measurements from two towers and two airplanes are available for this campaign. The lagrangian particle dispersion model LPDM was coupled to the non-hydrostatic model Meso-NH and integrated in a matrix inversion framework. Impacts of aircraft and tower measurements are quantified separately and tog

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18

Du, Shanshan, Liangyun Liu, Xinjie Liu, et al. "SIFSpec: Measuring Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Observations for Remote Sensing of Photosynthesis." Sensors 19, no. 13 (2019): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19133009.

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Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is regarded as a proxy for photosynthesis in terrestrial vegetation. Tower-based long-term observations of SIF are very important for gaining further insight into the ecosystem-specific seasonal dynamics of photosynthetic activity, including gross primary production (GPP). Here, we present the design and operation of the tower-based automated SIF measurement (SIFSpec) system. This system was developed with the aim of obtaining synchronous SIF observations and flux measurements across different terrestrial ecosystems, as well as to validate the incre

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19

Ducker, Jason A., Christopher D. Holmes, Trevor F. Keenan, et al. "Synthetic ozone deposition and stomatal uptake at flux tower sites." Biogeosciences 15, no. 17 (2018): 5395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5395-2018.

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Abstract. We develop and evaluate a method to estimate O3 deposition and stomatal O3 uptake across networks of eddy covariance flux tower sites where O3 concentrations and O3 fluxes have not been measured. The method combines standard micrometeorological flux measurements, which constrain O3 deposition velocity and stomatal conductance, with a gridded dataset of observed surface O3 concentrations. Measurement errors are propagated through all calculations to quantify O3 flux uncertainties. We evaluate the method at three sites with O3 flux measurements: Harvard Forest, Blodgett Forest, and Hyy

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20

Uyekawa, Jeffrey, John Leland, Darby Bergl, Yujie Liu, Andrew D. Richardson, and Benjamin Lucas. "Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Ecosystem-Scale CO2 Flux Measurements." Land 14, no. 1 (2025): 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010124.

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AmeriFlux is a network of hundreds of sites across the contiguous United States providing tower-based ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide flux measurements at 30 min temporal resolution. While geographically wide-ranging, over its existence the network has suffered from multiple issues including towers regularly ceasing operation for extended periods and a lack of standardization of measurements between sites. In this study, we use machine learning algorithms to predict CO2 flux measurements at NEON sites (a subset of Ameriflux sites), creating a model to gap-fill measurements when sites are down o

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21

Gamon, J. A. "Optical sampling of the flux tower footprint." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 6 (2015): 4973–5014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-4973-2015.

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Abstract. The purpose of this review is to address the reasons and methods for conducting optical remote sensing within the flux tower footprint. Fundamental principles and conclusions gleaned from over two decades of proximal remote sensing at flux tower sites are reviewed. An organizing framework is the light-use efficiency (LUE) model, both because it is widely used, and because it provides a useful theoretical construct for integrating optical remote sensing with flux measurements. Multiple ways of driving this model, ranging from meteorological measurements to remote sensing, have emerged

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22

Hope, A. S., J. B. Fleming, G. Vourlitis, D. A. Stow, W. C. Oechel, and T. Hack. "Relating CO2 fluxes to spectral vegetation indices in tundra landscapes: importance of footprint definition." Polar Record 31, no. 177 (1995): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013747.

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AbstractCarbon flux measurements made at an elevated point are associated with an effective upwind area or ‘footprint.’ Since Arctic tundra landscapes can exhibit substantial heterogeneity within the footprint of an eddy correlation tower, it may be necessary to determine the relative point source contributions to the observed flux if landscape properties are to be related to the flux. This study evaluates the potential importance of representing footprint source contributions in relationships that are developed between tower observations of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) and a

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23

Pattey, E., G. Edwards, I. B. Strachan, R. L. Desjardins, S. Kaharabata, and C. Wagner Riddle. "Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (2006): 373–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-100.

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This is a discussion of the available technology for measuring turbulent fluxes using instrumented towers. This review focuses on the flux measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) for agricultural systems and the development of standards and protocols for measuring them. Agroecosystems present unique challenges because they undergo large leaf area index (LAI) and canopy architecture changes in a relatively short period of time (i.e., months) coupled with the fact that many of the greenhouse gas sources are diffuse. This review examines all aspects of the theo

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Griffith, D. W. T., N. M. Deutscher, C. G. R. Caldow, G. Kettlewell, M. Riggenbach, and S. Hammer. "A Fourier transform infrared trace gas analyser for atmospheric applications." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 3 (2012): 3717–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-3717-2012.

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Abstract. Concern in recent decades about human impacts on Earth's climate has led to the need for improved and expanded measurement capabilities for greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this paper we describe in detail an in situ trace gas analyser based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that is capable of simultaneous and continuous measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and 13C in CO2 in air with high precision and accuracy. Stable water isotopes can also be measured in undried airstreams. The analyser is automated an

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25

Bocquet, F., D. Helmig, B. A. Van Dam, and C. W. Fairall. "Evaluation of the flux gradient technique for measurement of ozone surface fluxes over snowpack at Summit, Greenland." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 1 (2011): 1021–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-1021-2011.

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Abstract. A multi-step procedure for investigating ozone surface fluxes over polar snow by the tower gradient method was developed and evaluated. These measurements were then used to obtain four months of turbulent ozone flux data at the Summit research camp located in the center of the Greenland ice shield. Turbulent fluxes were determined by the aerodynamic gradient method incorporating tower measurements of (a) ozone gradients measured by commercial ultraviolet absorption analyzers, (b) ambient temperature gradients using aspirated thermocouple sensors, and (c) wind speed gradients determin

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Bocquet, F., D. Helmig, B. A. Van Dam, and C. W. Fairall. "Evaluation of the flux gradient technique for measurement of ozone surface fluxes over snowpack at Summit, Greenland." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 10 (2011): 2305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2305-2011.

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Abstract. A multi-step procedure for investigating ozone surface fluxes over polar snow by the tower gradient method was developed and evaluated. These measurements were then used to obtain five months (April–August 2004) of turbulent ozone flux data at the Summit research camp located in the center of the Greenland ice shield. Turbulent fluxes were determined by the gradient method incorporating tower measurements of (a) ozone gradients measured by commercial ultraviolet absorption analyzers, (b) ambient temperature gradients using aspirated thermocouple sensors, and (c) wind speed gradients

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27

Zhang, X., X. Lee, T. J. Griffis, J. M. Baker, and W. Xiao. "Estimating greenhouse gas fluxes from an agriculture-dominated landscape using multiple planetary boundary layer methods." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 3 (2014): 3231–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-3231-2014.

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Abstract. Quantification of regional greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes is essential for establishing mitigation strategies and evaluating their effectiveness. Here, we used multiple top-down approaches and multiple trace gas observations at a tall tower to estimate GHG regional fluxes and evaluate the GHG fluxes derived from bottom-up approaches. We first applied the eddy covariance, equilibrium, inverse modeling (CarbonTracker), and flux aggregation methods using three years of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements on a 244 m tall tower in the Upper Midwest, USA. We then applied the equilibrium method

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Zhang, X., X. Lee, T. J. Griffis, J. M. Baker, and W. Xiao. "Estimating regional greenhouse gas fluxes: an uncertainty analysis of planetary boundary layer techniques and bottom-up inventories." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 19 (2014): 10705–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10705-2014.

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Abstract. Quantification of regional greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes is essential for establishing mitigation strategies and evaluating their effectiveness. Here, we used multiple top-down approaches and multiple trace gas observations at a tall tower to estimate regional-scale GHG fluxes and evaluate the GHG fluxes derived from bottom-up approaches. We first applied the eddy covariance, equilibrium, inverse modeling (CarbonTracker), and flux aggregation methods using 3 years of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements on a 244 m tall tower in the upper Midwest, USA. We then applied the equilibrium metho

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29

Griffith, D. W. T., N. M. Deutscher, C. Caldow, G. Kettlewell, M. Riggenbach, and S. Hammer. "A Fourier transform infrared trace gas and isotope analyser for atmospheric applications." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 10 (2012): 2481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2481-2012.

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Abstract. Concern in recent decades about human impacts on Earth's climate has led to the need for improved and expanded measurement capabilities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this paper we describe in detail an in situ trace gas analyser based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that is capable of simultaneous and continuous measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and 13C in CO2 in air with high precision. High accuracy is established by reference to measurements of standard reference gases. Stable water isotopes

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Mallick, K., A. Jarvis, G. Wohlfahrt, et al. "Components of near-surface energy balance derived from satellite soundings – Part 2: Latent heat flux." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 6 (2010): 14417–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-14417-2010.

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Abstract. This paper introduces a new method for recovering global fields of latent heat flux. The method focuses on specifying Bowen ratio fields through exploiting air temperature and vapour pressure measurements obtained from infra-red soundings of the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) sensor onboard the NASA-Aqua platform. Through combining these Bowen ratio retrievals with satellite surface net available energy data we have specified estimates of global surface latent heat flux at the 1° by 1° scale. These estimates were evaluated against data from 30 terrestrial tower flux sites coveri

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Mallick, K., A. Jarvis, G. Wohlfahrt, et al. "Components of near-surface energy balance derived from satellite soundings – Part 2: Latent heat flux." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (2014): 8085–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-8085-2014.

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Abstract. This paper introduces a relatively simple method for recovering global fields of latent heat flux. The method focuses on specifying Bowen ratio estimates through exploiting air temperature and vapour pressure measurements obtained from infra-red soundings of the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) sensor onboard the NASA-Aqua platform. Through combining these Bowen ratio retrievals with satellite surface net available energy data we have specified estimates of global surface latent heat flux at the 1° by 1° scale. These estimates were evaluated against data from 30 terrestrial tower

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32

Thomas, R. M., K. Lehmann, H. Nguyen, D. L. Jackson, D. Wolfe, and V. Ramanathan. "Measurement of turbulent water vapor fluxes using a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle system." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 4 (2011): 5529–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-5529-2011.

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Abstract. We present here the first application of a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system designed to measure turbulent properties and vertical latent heat fluxes (λE). Such measurements are crucial to improve our understanding of linkages between surface moisture supply and boundary layer clouds and phenomena such as atmospheric rivers. The application of UAVs allows for measurements on spatial scales complimentary to satellite, aircraft, and tower derived fluxes. Key system components are: a turbulent gust probe; a fast response water vapor sensor; an inertial navigation system (

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Thomas, R. M., K. Lehmann, H. Nguyen, D. L. Jackson, D. Wolfe, and V. Ramanathan. "Measurement of turbulent water vapor fluxes using a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle system." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 1 (2012): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-243-2012.

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Abstract. We present here the first application of a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system designed to measure turbulent properties and vertical latent heat fluxes (λE). Such measurements are crucial to improve our understanding of linkages between surface moisture supply and boundary layer clouds and phenomena such as atmospheric rivers. The application of UAVs allows for measurements on spatial scales complimentary to satellite, aircraft, and tower derived fluxes. Key system components are: a turbulent gust probe; a fast response water vapor sensor; an inertial navigation system (

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34

Sulzer, Markus, Julian Brzozon, Andreas Christen, et al. "The ECOSENSE forest – enriching tower-based flux measurements of carbon and water exchange with novel distributed sensor networks." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 8 (May 28, 2025): e149267. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.8.e149267.

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ECOSENSE is a Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) funded by the German Research Foundation DFG to develop and test novel environmental sensing techniques and apply them to enhance our understanding and modelling of water and carbon fluxes in forest ecosystems. Specifically, with a distributed sampling approach, ECOSENSE studies the impact of forest heterogeneity in space and time in response to hydro-climatic stresses (Werner et al. 2024). Core to the project is the ECOSENSE forest, located in the foothills of the Black Forest in Germany (48.2685 N, 7.8782 E). The forest primarily consists of

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Prueger, J. H., J. L. Hatfield, T. B. Parkin, et al. "Tower and Aircraft Eddy Covariance Measurements of Water Vapor, Energy, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes during SMACEX." Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, no. 6 (2005): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm457.1.

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Abstract A network of eddy covariance (EC) and micrometeorological flux (METFLUX) stations over corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] canopies was established as part of the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) in central Iowa during the summer of 2002 to measure fluxes of heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide (CO2) during the growing season. Additionally, EC measurements of water vapor and CO2 fluxes from an aircraft platform complemented the tower-based measurements. Sensible heat, water vapor, and CO2 fluxes showed the greatest spatial and temporal variabi

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Pacifico, F., S. P. Harrison, C. D. Jones, et al. "Evaluation of a photosynthesis-based biogenic isoprene emission scheme in JULES and simulation of isoprene emissions under modern climate conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (2010): 28311–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-28311-2010.

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Abstract. We have incorporated a semi-mechanistic isoprene emission module into the JULES land-surface scheme. We evaluate the coupled model against local above-canopy isoprene emission flux measurements from six flux tower sites as well as satellite-derived estimates of isoprene emission over tropical South America and east and south Asia. The model simulates diurnal variability well: correlation coefficients are significant (at the 95% level) for all flux tower sites. The model reproduces day-to-day variability with significant correlations (at the 95% confidence level) at four of the six fl

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van der Kwast, J., W. Timmermans, A. Gieske, et al. "Evaluation of the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) applied to ASTER imagery with flux-measurements at the SPARC 2004 site (Barrax, Spain)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 1 (2009): 1165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-1165-2009.

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Abstract. Accurate quantification of the amount and spatial variation of evapotranspiration is important in a wide range of disciplines. Remote sensing based surface energy balance models have been developed to estimate turbulent surface energy fluxes at different scales. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model on a landscape scale, using tower-based flux measurements at different land cover units during an overpass of the ASTER sensor over the SPARC 2004 experimental site in Barrax (Spain). Additionally, the effect of replacement of empirical

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Sogachev, Andrey, and Andrej Varlagin. "Seasonal Dynamics of Flux Footprint for a Measuring Tower in Southern Taiga via Modeling and Experimental Data Analysis." Forests 14, no. 10 (2023): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14101968.

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This paper reports on the location of sources contributing to a point flux measurement in the southern taiga, Russia. The measurement tower is surrounded by a coniferous forest with a mean aerodynamically active height of 27 m (h). Aerodynamical parameters of the forest, such as displacement height d and aerodynamic roughness z0, derived from wind speed profile measurements for 2017–2019, were used to estimate the seasonal and daily behavior of the flux footprint. Two analytical footprint models by Schuepp et al. and by Kormann and Meixner driven by d and z0 were used to estimate the footprint

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Ferster, Colin J., J. A. (Tony) Trofymow, Nicholas C. Coops, Baozhang Chen, T. Andrew Black, and François A. Gougeon. "Determination of ecosystem carbon-stock distributions in the flux footprint of an eddy-covariance tower in a coastal forest in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (2011): 1380–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-055.

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An important consideration when interpreting eddy-covariance (EC) flux-tower measurements is the spatial distribution of forest land surface cover and soil type within the EC flux-tower footprint. At many EC flux-tower sites, there is a range of geospatial data available with the ability to estimate the spatial distribution of forest land cover and soils. Developing methods that utilize multiple geospatial data sets will result in more thorough estimates of ecosystem C stock distributions. The objective of this study was to develop, apply, and validate methods to obtain comprehensive estimates

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Gamon, J. A. "Reviews and Syntheses: optical sampling of the flux tower footprint." Biogeosciences 12, no. 14 (2015): 4509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4509-2015.

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Abstract. The purpose of this review is to address the reasons and methods for conducting optical remote sensing within the flux tower footprint. Fundamental principles and conclusions gleaned from over 2 decades of proximal remote sensing at flux tower sites are reviewed. The organizing framework used here is the light-use efficiency (LUE) model, both because it is widely used, and because it provides a useful theoretical construct for integrating optical remote sensing with flux measurements. Multiple ways of driving this model, ranging from meteorological measurements to remote sensing, hav

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De Roo, Frederik, and Matthias Mauder. "The influence of idealized surface heterogeneity on virtual turbulent flux measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 7 (2018): 5059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5059-2018.

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Abstract. The imbalance of the surface energy budget in eddy-covariance measurements is still an unsolved problem. A possible cause is the presence of land surface heterogeneity, which affects the boundary-layer turbulence. To investigate the impact of surface variables on the partitioning of the energy budget of flux measurements in the surface layer under convective conditions, we set up a systematic parameter study by means of large-eddy simulation. For the study we use a virtual control volume approach, which allows the determination of advection by the mean flow, flux-divergence and stora

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Winderlich, J., C. Gerbig, O. Kolle, and M. Heimann. "Inferences from CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> concentration profiles at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) on local summer-time ecosystem fluxes." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (2013): 15337–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-15337-2013.

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Abstract. The Siberian region is still sparsely covered by ecosystem observatories, which motivates to exploit existing datasets to gain spatially and temporally better-resolved carbon fluxes. The Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO, 60°48' N, 89°21' E) observations of CO2 and CH4 mole fractions as well as meteorological parameters from six different heights up to 301 m allow for an additional estimate of surface-atmosphere fluxes of CO2 and CH4 for the Middle-Siberian region since 2009. The total carbon flux is calculated from the storage and the turbulent flux component. The gradients betwe

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Chen, B., Q. Ge, D. Fu, et al. "Upscaling of gross ecosystem production to the landscape scale using multi-temporal Landsat images, eddy covariance measurements and a footprint model." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (2009): 11317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-11317-2009.

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Abstract. In order to use the global available eddy-covariance (EC) flux dataset and remote sensing measurements to provide estimates of gross primary production (GPP) at landscape (101–102km2), regional (103–106km2) and global land surface scales, we developed a satellite-based GPP algorithm using Landsat data and an upscaling framework. The satellite-based GPP algorithm uses two improved vegetation indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index – EVI, Land Surface Water Index – LSWI). The upscalling framework involves flux footprint climatology modeling and data-model fusion. This approach was first app

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Mallick, K., A. Jarvis, G. Wohlfahrt, et al. "Components of near-surface energy balance derived from satellite soundings – Part 2: Noontime latent heat flux." Biogeosciences 11, no. 24 (2014): 7369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7369-2014.

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Abstract. This paper introduces a relatively simple method for recovering global fields of latent heat flux. The method focuses on specifying Bowen ratio estimates through exploiting air temperature and vapour pressure measurements obtained from infrared soundings of the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) sensor onboard NASA's Aqua platform. Through combining these Bowen ratio retrievals with satellite surface net available energy data, we have specified estimates of global noontime surface latent heat flux at the 1°×1° scale. These estimates were provisionally evaluated against data from 30

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Isaac and McAneney. "THE OASIS EXPERIENCE: COMPARISON OF AIRCRAFT- AND TOWER-BASED FLUX MEASUREMENTS." Weather and Climate 17, no. 2 (1997): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279914.

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Lan, Changxing, Matthias Mauder, Stavros Stagakis, et al. "Intercomparison of eddy-covariance software for urban tall-tower sites." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17, no. 9 (2024): 2649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2649-2024.

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Abstract. Long-term tall-tower eddy-covariance (EC) measurements have been recently established in three European pilot cities as part of the ICOS-Cities project. We conducted a comparison of EC software to ensure a reliable generation of interoperable flux estimates, which is the prerequisite for avoiding methodological biases and improving the comparability of the results. We analyzed datasets covering 5 months collected from EC tall-tower installations located in urbanized areas of Munich, Zurich, and Paris. Fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 were calculated using three software

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Winderlich, J., C. Gerbig, O. Kolle, and M. Heimann. "Inferences from CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> concentration profiles at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) on regional summertime ecosystem fluxes." Biogeosciences 11, no. 7 (2014): 2055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2055-2014.

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Abstract. The Siberian region is still sparsely covered by ecosystem observatories, which motivates the exploitation of existing data sets to gain spatially and temporally better-resolved carbon budgets. The Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO; 60°48' N, 89°21' E) observations of CO2 and CH4 mole fractions as well as meteorological parameters from six different heights up to 301 m allow for an additional estimate of surface–atmosphere fluxes of CO2 and CH4 for the middle Siberian region beginning 2009. The total carbon flux is calculated from the storage and the turbulent flux component. The

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Kim, Jinwoong, Hyun Mee Kim, Chun-Ho Cho, et al. "Impact of Siberian observations on the optimization of surface CO<sub>2</sub> flux." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 4 (2017): 2881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2881-2017.

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Abstract. To investigate the effect of additional CO2 observations in the Siberia region on the Asian and global surface CO2 flux analyses, two experiments using different observation data sets were performed for 2000–2009. One experiment was conducted using a data set that includes additional observations of Siberian tower measurements (Japan-Russia Siberian Tall Tower Inland Observation Network: JR-STATION), and the other experiment was conducted using a data set without the above additional observations. The results show that the global balance of the sources and sinks of surface CO2 fluxes

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Flügge, Martin, Mostafa Bakhoday Paskyabi, Joachim Reuder, James B. Edson, and Albert J. Plueddemann. "Comparison of Direct Covariance Flux Measurements from an Offshore Tower and a Buoy." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 5 (2016): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0109.1.

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AbstractDirect covariance flux (DCF) measurements taken from floating platforms are contaminated by wave-induced platform motions that need to be removed before computation of the turbulent fluxes. Several correction algorithms have been developed and successfully applied in earlier studies from research vessels and, most recently, by the use of moored buoys. The validation of those correction algorithms has so far been limited to short-duration comparisons against other floating platforms. Although these comparisons show in general a good agreement, there is still a lack of a rigorous validat

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Culf, A. D., G. Fisch, Y. Malhi, et al. "Carbon dioxide measurements in the nocturnal boundary layer over Amazonian forest." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 1 (1999): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-39-1999.

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Abstract. Measurements of carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and windspeed were made in the nocturnal boundary layer over a tropical forest near Manaus, Brazil using a tethered balloon system. The measurements were made up to a maximum height of 300 m on ten consecutive nights in November 1995. Simultaneous surface flux and in-canopy concentration measurements were made at the surface close to the site. The observation period included several different types of conditions. Generally strong windshear and relatively weak temperature gradients prevented the formation of a strong capping in

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