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Journal articles on the topic 'Fluxgate sensor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Yang, Ying, Wei Xu, Guangyuan Chen, et al. "MEMS Fluxgate Sensor Based on Liquid Casting." Micromachines 14, no. 12 (2023): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14122159.

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Compared with electroplating, liquid casting enables the rapid formation of a three-dimensional solenoid coil with a narrower line width and greater thickness, which proves advantageous in enhancing the comprehensive performance of the micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) fluxgate sensor. For this reason, a MEMS fluxgate sensor based on liquid casting with a closed-loop Fe-based amorphous alloy core is proposed. Based on the process parameters of liquid casting, the structure of the MEMS fluxgate sensor was designed. Utilizing MagNet to build the simulation model, the optimal excitation conditions and sensitivity were obtained. According to the simulation model, a highly sensitive MEMS fluxgate sensor based on liquid casting was fabricated. The resulting sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 2847 V/T, a noise of 306 pT/√Hz@1 Hz, a bandwidth of DC-10.5 kHz, and a power consumption of 43.9 mW, which shows high sensitivity and low power consumption compared with other MEMS fluxgates in similar size.

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2

Zhao, Yue, Jing Lin Hu, Wen Zhong Lou, and Long Fei Zhang. "The Study of a Fluxgate SPICE Model Based on Schmitt Trigger." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.212.

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Current fluxgate sensor probe SPICE models constructed by using arc tangent transfer function method and the diode model in fluxgate sensor simulation had some disadvantages which were non convergence, low simulation accuracy, discontinuously adjusted core characteristics and the model couldn’t simulate the hysteresis characteristic. IO characteristics of Schmitt Trigger was similar to the B-H curve of soft magnetic core in shape, for this reason Schmitt trigger was used to construct fluxgate probe SPICE model. HSPICE was used in simulation. Simulation results shown that this model can simulate the real electrical properties of fluxgate probe accurately. This model can be used for fluxgate sensor interface integrated circuit research and fluxgate sensor application, and provide a reference to judge the performance for fluxgate sensors of which core parameters within a certain range.

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3

Shen, Xiaoyu, Yuntian Teng, and Xingxing Hu. "Design of a Low-Cost Small-Size Fluxgate Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 19 (2021): 6598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196598.

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Traditional fluxgate sensors used in geomagnetic field observations are large, costly, power-consuming and often limited in their use. Although the size of the micro-fluxgate sensors has been significantly reduced, their performance, including indicators such as accuracy and signal-to-noise, does not meet observational requirements. To address these problems, a new race-track type probe is designed based on a magnetic core made of a Co-based amorphous ribbon. The size of this single-component probe is only Φ10 mm × 30 mm. The signal processing circuit is also optimized. The whole size of the sensor integrated with probes and data acquisition module is Φ70 mm × 100 mm. Compared with traditional fluxgate and micro-fluxgate sensors, the designed sensor is compact and provides excellent performance equal to traditional fluxgate sensors with good linearity and RMS noise of less than 0.1 nT. From operational tests, the results are in good agreement with those from a standard fluxgate magnetometer. Being more suitable for modern dense deployment of geomagnetic observations, this small-size fluxgate sensor offers promising research applications at lower costs.

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4

Yang, Ruiping, Hongpeng Wang, Huan Liu, Wang Luo, Jian Ge, and Haobin Dong. "A new digital single-axis fluxgate magnetometer according to the cobalt-based amorphous effects." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 3 (2022): 035104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084376.

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Fluxgate sensors are currently widely used for weak magnetic field measurement because of their relatively great performance, such as resolution, power consumption, and measurement of vector magnetic fields directly. Since the analog fluxgate sensor has some drawbacks, e.g., it would be influenced by the noise of the analog circuit. Hence, in recent years, the analog circuit is gradually inclined to be realized by digital processing in which the software parameter adjustment is employed to replace the analog components, which can greatly improve the flexibility of the design. This paper proposes a digital single-axis fluxgate sensor according to the cobalt-based amorphous effect. To be specific, the analog signal output by the fluxgate is sampled directly by an analog-to-digital converter to obtain the signal waveform in digital form after amplification. The demodulation, filtering, and integration of the signal are all solved by mathematical algorithms. Based on the working principle of the fluxgate sensor, the selection of the magnetic core material and coil winding method of the fluxgate sensor probe is introduced in detail. The design and function of the excitation circuit and preamplifier circuit, as well as the specific realization of digital signal processing, are described. Finally, the performance test of the digital fluxgate sensor was performed under laboratory conditions, and the magnetic anomaly detection comparison experiment was performed outdoors with commercial fluxgate sensors. To sum up, the linearity of the digital single-axis fluxgate sensor is better than 1 × 10−5, and the root mean square noise value is below 0.1 nT. At the same time, it has good magnetic field tracking performance and is extremely sensitive to the magnetic field of the measurement area.

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5

Wei, Songrui, Xiaoqi Liao, Han Zhang, Jianhua Pang, and Yan Zhou. "Recent Progress of Fluxgate Magnetic Sensors: Basic Research and Application." Sensors 21, no. 4 (2021): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041500.

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Fluxgate magnetic sensors are especially important in detecting weak magnetic fields. The mechanism of a fluxgate magnetic sensor is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The structure of a fluxgate magnetic sensor mainly consists of excitation windings, core and sensing windings, similar to the structure of a transformer. To date, they have been applied to many fields such as geophysics and astro-observations, wearable electronic devices and non-destructive testing. In this review, we report the recent progress in both the basic research and applications of fluxgate magnetic sensors, especially in the past two years. Regarding the basic research, we focus on the progress in lowering the noise, better calibration methods and increasing the sensitivity. Concerning applications, we introduce recent work about fluxgate magnetometers on spacecraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, wearable electronic devices and defect detection in coiled tubing. Based on the above work, we hope that we can have a clearer prospect about the future research direction of fluxgate magnetic sensor.

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6

Li, Yongxin, Kun Wu, and Zhiyu Lu. "Study on the Error Correction Method of Three-axis Fluxgate Sensor." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (2023): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v6i3.10386.

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Three-axis fluxgate sensors are quite widely used in various industries. However, due to the inherent limitations of their manufacturing process, various deviations can occur. In this paper, we study and analyze the sources of errors of three-axis fluxgate sensors, and construct a corresponding error model. The three-axis fluxgate sensor is successfully calibrated by the extended Kalman filter algorithm. Both simulations and experiments demonstrate that the method is effective in correcting the three-axis fluxgate sensor. In the experimental stage, the error was reduced by two orders of magnitude by applying the extended Kalman filter.

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7

Indrasari, Widyaningrum, Mitra Djamal, Wahyu Srigutomo, Gunawan Handayani, Nur Hadziqoh, and Ramli. "Fluxgate Based Detection of Magnetic Material in Soil Subsurface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.55.

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Fluxgate sensor has high sensitivity and temperature stability, small size and low power consumption. Fluxgate sensors can often provide very useful alternative in determining the location or position of a magnetic object, where other technologies cannot be used. For example, the GPR only, does not provide maximum results when used to characterize the magnetic material in the conductive subsurface or has a high reflectivity zone, but fluxgate sensors are capable. Characterization of magnetic materials in the soil subsurface is required. It is used as a proxy to determine the content of heavy metals and pollutants in the soil. In this work, we have carried out the development of fluxgate sensors for detection of magnetic material in soil subsurface. The fluxgate element consists of two pick-up coils, four excitation coils, and the ferromagnetic core. The highest sensitivity of fluxgate sensors that have been developed is 877 mV/µT and a maximum absolute error of 0.066 mV/µT. This paper will discuss the influence of the frequency of the primary magnetic field of the solenoid on the sensor response, the influence of soil magnetic susceptibility, and the effect of the presence of magnetic material in the soil subsurface to the sensor response.

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8

Ren, Ming Yuan, Xiao Wei Liu, Hao Ran Li, and Zhi Gang Mao. "Analytical Model of Fluxgate System." Key Engineering Materials 503 (February 2012): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.503.236.

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This paper presents a complete set of SIMULINK models, which allow exhaustive behavioral simulations of fluxgate system to be performed. The model construction is detailed and it is applied to the Vacquier-type fluxgate sensor. Well known characteristics of these sensors are confirmed through the simulations. In spite of this simplicity, the model has been successfully used to describe the variation of the output of a Vacquier-type fluxgate sensor with the amplitude and the frequency of the driving current. Using a previously developed 2nd harmonic fluxgate magnetometer, some preliminary experimental results are obtained confirming the appearance at its output.

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9

Bryakin, Ivan V., Igor V. Bochkarev, Vadim R. Khramshin, and Vadim R. Gasiyarov. "Fluxgate Sensor with Bifactor Excitation Mode." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041775.

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The paper considers non-destructive testing (NTDs) as a means to solve the flaw detection problems of magnetic products. It proposes a new probe-coil magnetic-field NDT, not requiring the pre-magnetization of the test object material, which is mandatory for all conventional magnetic flaw detection techniques. A new bifactor excitation of the fluxgate sensor’s sensitive element, based on double μ-transformation through the simultaneous activation of magnetic-modulating and electromagnetic-acoustic effects, is theoretically justified. The physical processes underlying the proposed technique are considered in detail, and a scheme for its practical implementation is described. The authors provide a variant of the new fluxgate’s original design, implementing the proposed excitation technique. The specifics of implementing the fluxgate operating modes are analyzed, testifying to the possibility of detecting a given class of flaws with the required coverage as well as ensuring the required diagnostic resolution during flaw detection, which, in fact, indicates a more reliable identification of both the flaw type and location. Herewith, the new fluxgate type features the advantages of improved functionality and lower cost due to its simple design. The paper also considers a method to experimentally study the capabilities of the proposed fluxgate sensor with a new bifactor excitation in detail. The results of the experimental study into its key specifications are provided, confirming its high resolution, narrower zone of uncertainty, and the possibility of detecting smaller flaws at greater depths compared to available analogs.

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10

Rybalko, Ruslan, Jens Haueisen, and Christian Hofmann. "New type of fluxgate magnetometer for the heart’s magnetic fields detection." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (2015): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0006.

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AbstractThe application area of fluxgate sensors is limited by their sensitivity. Medical researches create high demand on the magnetometers with the characteristics of high accuracy and sensibility for measuring weak magnetic fields produced by the human body, such as the heart‘s magnetic field. Due to the insufficient sensitivity of fluxgate sensors, superconducting magnetometers (SQUID) take the dominant position for the cardiomagnetic measurements. They have to be cooled by liquefied gases and it leads to high service costs. Therefore an idea of creating a high sensitive sensor based on fluxgate principles and known methods of measurement is attractive and up to date. This paper is dedicated to the modified flux-gate sensors based on Racetrack technology with a new approach of signal demodulation. The improved fluxgate sensor system provides detection of the heart‘s magnetic field without additional expenditures for use.

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11

Miles, David M., Ian R. Mann, Andy Kale, et al. "The effect of winding and core support material on the thermal gain dependence of a fluxgate magnetometer sensor." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (2017): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-377-2017.

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Abstract. Fluxgate magnetometers are an important tool in geophysics and space physics but are typically sensitive to variations in sensor temperature. Changes in instrumental gain with temperature, thermal gain dependence, are thought to be predominantly due to changes in the geometry of the wire coils that sense the magnetic field and/or provide magnetic feedback. Scientific fluxgate magnetometers typically employ some form of temperature compensation and support and constrain wire sense coils with bobbins constructed from materials such as MACOR machinable ceramic (Corning Inc.) which are selected for their ultra-low thermal deformation rather than for robustness, cost, or ease of manufacturing. We present laboratory results comparing the performance of six geometrically and electrically matched fluxgate sensors in which the material used to support the windings and for the base of the sensor is varied. We use a novel, low-cost thermal calibration procedure based on a controlled sinusoidal magnetic source and quantitative spectral analysis to measure the thermal gain dependence of fluxgate magnetometer sensors at the ppm°C−1 level in a typical magnetically noisy university laboratory environment. We compare the thermal gain dependence of sensors built from MACOR, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) engineering plastic (virgin, 30 % glass filled and 30 % carbon filled), and acetal to examine the trade between the thermal properties of the material, the impact on the thermal gain dependence of the fluxgate, and the cost and ease of manufacture. We find that thermal gain dependence of the sensor varies as one half of the material properties of the bobbin supporting the wire sense coils rather than being directly related as has been historically thought. An experimental sensor constructed from 30 % glass-filled PEEK (21.6 ppm°C−1) had a thermal gain dependence within 5 ppm°C−1 of a traditional sensor constructed from MACOR ceramic (8.1 ppm°C−1). If a modest increase in thermal dependence can be tolerated or compensated, then 30 % glass-filled PEEK is a good candidate for future fluxgate sensors as it is more economical, easier to machine, lighter, and more robust than MACOR.

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12

Hamad, Joseph, and James Macnae. "A Current Sensing Cross-Component Induction Magnetometer for Use in Time-Domain Borehole Geophysical Electromagnetic Surveys." Sensors 25, no. 6 (2025): 1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061646.

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Electromagnetic sensors are best defined by their linearity, signal sensitivity, and noise level. In borehole time-domain electromagnetics (TEM) the cross-components are defined as the two components perpendicular to the borehole’s axial direction. Induction sensors measuring voltage across an open coil for the cross-components have poor sensitivity, and fluxgate magnetometers have been a common band-limited alternative for borehole TEM surveys. In this research, we use a shorted coil with current rather than voltage sensing circuitry to produce a cross-component induction magnetometer (CCIM). With flux coupling and electronic adjustments, we achieved a low-cut corner frequency of 3.5 Hz in the final design of the CCIM. For the prototype sensor, we found the simple ratio of measured inductance L to winding resistance R to be a poor predictor of the −3 dB corner frequency, and a transfer function measurement was required. The cause of the discrepancy may be that the self-inductance measured by a meter is different from the coupling inductance to an external field. The measured noise level of our CCIM sensors was 125 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz, compared to a geometrically longer axial component sensor with 4 pT/√Hz at this frequency. However, our design matched the typical fluxgate noise level of 6 pT/√Hz at 10 Hz. Further, the CCIM sensors were superior to fluxgates at frequencies higher than 10 Hz, with an internal noise level of 0.1 pT/√Hz between 100 Hz and >20 kHz. Induction coils or magnetometers measuring the cross-component are attractive because they have excellent high-frequency bandwidth and can be included in the same downhole package with fluxgate sensors.

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13

Baranov, P., A. Kolomeytsev, and I. Zatonov. "Fluxgate sensor modeling." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 516 (April 26, 2019): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/516/1/012032.

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14

Ji, Qing Hua, and Meng Jia. "The Design of Closed-Loop Digital Fluxgate Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1012.

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In term of the problems that the traditional fluxgate sensors with analog circuit have low temperature adjust ability, the paper does research on closed-loop fluxgate sensors. It takes advantage of high speed AD signal collecting sensor, disposes the signals by single chip, and outputs analog signals by DA chips. It describes the hardware environment and software design, and tests the magnetic field by the new sensor. The results show that: its original temperature coefficient is 6.7×10-10/°C, sensitive temperature coefficient is 2.5×10-4/°C and its linearity comes to 5.4×10-3.

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15

Marconato, Nicolò. "Design of Integrated Micro-Fluxgate Magnetic Sensors: Advantages and Challenges of Numerical Analyses." Sensors 22, no. 3 (2022): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030961.

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Miniaturization and on-chip integration are major lines of research in many branches of science and technology developments, undoubtedly in sensor technology. Fluxgate magnetometers are very sensitive, and accurate magnetic sensors able to detect weak fields both AC and DC, which in recent years saw a great effort in minimizing their dimensions, weight, and power consumption. The physics behind the fluxgate principle is rather complex and makes simulations difficult and only partially used in the literature. The limited physical access to micro sensors for measurements and the need to optimize the entire integrated system, including the sensor geometry and the excitation and readout circuits, make numerical analyses particularly useful in the design of miniaturized sensors. After a thorough review of the miniaturized solutions proposed so far, the present paper examines in detail the possibility of adopting a model based approach for designing miniaturized fluxgate sensors. The model of the fluxgate effect of two different technologies proposed in the literature has been implemented to benchmark simulation results with real data. In addition to the advantages for an optimized design, the implementation and computational challenges of the numerical analyses are precisely outlined.

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16

Xiao, Shuting. "Three-axis Fluxgate Sensor Error Correction." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v1i1.243.

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When the ideal three-axis fluxgate sensor measures the magnetic field, its total magnetic field does not change with the attitude change of the sensor. However, due to the limitations of the existing sensor manufacturing and processing technology, the three-axis fluxgate sensor has errors, It may cause hundreds of thousands of nanometers of measurement error, so for high-precision magnetic detection, the analysis and correction of its errors are of great significance. Aiming at the above problems, this topic analyzes the error mechanism of the three-axis fluxgate sensor, establishes a mathematical model for error correction, and uses the ideal three-axis fluxgate sensor modulus value to be independent of the sensor attitude to correct the sensor to correct and compensate the sensor error. The correction algorithm proposed in this paper can complete the error correction of the sensor well, thereby obtaining high-quality magnetic field data, laying a good foundation for the subsequent magnetic target positioning, which has important practical significance.

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17

Fidan, A., S. Atalay, N. Bayri, F. E. Atalay, and V. Yagmur. "Coil-Less Fluxgate Effect in Amorphous Co₇₁Fe₁Mo₁Mn₄Si₁₄B₉Ribbon." Solid State Phenomena 190 (June 2012): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.190.167.

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In this study, the coil-less fluxgate effect in Co71Fe1Mo1Mn4Si14B9 amorphous ribbon was investigated. The coil-less fluxgate is a new type of fluxgate sensor without a coil. It is based on helical anisotropy and deep circumferential magnetic saturation in the ferromagnetic fluxgate core. Coil-less fluxgate measurements were performed in as-cast and annealed ribbons at 480 mA current with 3, 12.5 and 25 rad/m torsion. The second harmonic of the output voltage detected from the ends of the wire show a linear variation in the low magnetic field region. The sensitivity of the current annealed ribbons in the presence of 25 rad/m torsion is about 570 V/T, which is comparable with previously reported fluxgate sensitivity values. The presented sensor has no coil so it is much easier to reduce the size of the sensor and easy to fabricate it.

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18

Yuan, Kaixin, Aimin Du, Lin Zhao, et al. "Ring-Core Fluxgate Sensor for High Operation Temperatures up to 220 °C." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (2022): 2158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122158.

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Fluxgate sensors are key devices for magnetic field surveys in geophysics. In areas such as deep drilling, fluxgate sensors may have to operate steadily at high temperatures for a prolonged period of time. We present an accordant ring-core type fluxgate sensor that is stable up to 220 °C. The high temperature consistency is achieved by using an Fe-based nanocrystalline magnetic core, PEEK structural components, an epoxy resin wrapping, as well as a broadband short-circuited working mode. The sensor was characterized at various temperatures up to 220 °C by evaluating impedance, hysteresis, permeability and sensitivity. We found a sensitivity of approximately 24 kV/T at 25 °C with an acceptable temperature coefficient of 742 ppm/°C throughout the range. The variation law of magnetic characteristics and their influence mechanism on output amplitude and phase are discussed.

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19

Zhi, Shaotao, Xuecheng Sun, Qiaozhen Zhang, et al. "Demagnetization Effect in a Meander-Core Orthogonal Fluxgate Sensor." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (2021): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080937.

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Demagnetization effect plays an important role in the magnetic core design of the orthogonal fluxgate sensor. In this paper, a meander-core orthogonal fluxgate sensor based on amorphous ribbon is described. The demagnetization model of meander-core structures is established, and the average demagnetization factor can be evaluated by finite element modeling. Simulation and experimental analyses were performed to study the effects of demagnetization on the sensitivity and linear range of orthogonal fluxgate sensors in the fundamental mode by varying the number of strips, the line width, and the spacing of the meander-cores. The results were compared and revealed a very close match. The results show that the demagnetization factor increases with an increase in the number of strips and the line width, which leads to an increase in the linear range of the sensors. The sensitivity can be improved by increasing the number of strips appropriately, however, it is reduced when the line width increases. Smaller spacing results in a larger demagnetization factor due to the magnetic interactions between adjacent strips, which reduces the sensitivity of the sensor. The results obtained here from simulations and experiments are useful for designing magnetic sensors with similar structures.

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20

Ripka, Pavel, and Petr Navratil. "Fluxgate sensor for magnetopneumometry." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 60, no. 1-3 (1997): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(96)01439-2.

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21

Men, Shou Qiang, and Christian Resagk. "Data Acquisition and Processing of Weak Low-Frequency Magnetic Signals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 65 (June 2011): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.65.299.

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A simple calibration system for magnetic field sensors was designed, and experiments were carried out to calibrate two-dimensional fluxgate sensors and a sensor ring composed of eight fluxgate sensors. Fast Fourier Transforms and trapezoidal numerical integrals were applied to deal with the raw signals. It is found that it is not suitable to apply fast Fourier Transforms only to deal with signals with several peaks close to each other, but trapezoidal numerical integrals should also be used in combination with the FFT method.

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22

Nikishechkin, A. P., L. M. Dubrovin, and V. I. Davydenko. "Fluxgate Sensors for Onboard Weighing Systems of Heavy-Duty Dump Trucks." World of Transport and Transportation 19, no. 3 (2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2021-19-3-3.

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The article reviews the results of the authors’ research on the possibility of using the magnetic field strength generated by DC traction motors as a useful signal carrying information about weight of cargo transported by a mining dump truck.The objective of the research was to find a way to determine weight of cargo carried by a mining dump truck. In contrast to the existing onboard weighing systems, it becomes possible to create a compact autonomous device that does not require integration of sensors into the body structure and electrical circuits of the truck.Problems of increasing the efficiency of measuring devices based on fluxgate converters are considered with the view of using them as onboard systems for estimating cargo weight. The sensitivity of the fluxgate sensor can be increased by increasing both the amplitude and the effective value of the voltage applied to its excitation winding. The proposed original circuit for feeding the fluxgate sensor’s excitation winding from a modulated signal generator made on logical elements allows increasing the voltage supplied to the fluxgate sensor’s excitation winding without increasing the supply voltage, and by increasing voltage surges at the fronts of rectangular modulated high-frequency pulses, as well as due to resonant phenomena. The use of such a generator excludes the influence of the fluxgate sensor’s excitation winding on the generator frequency, since the frequency of modulating signals becomes the operating frequency of the fluxgate sensor, and it remains unchanged. The increased sensitivity makes it possible to install the sensor in any convenient place in the dump truck cab, and not in the immediate vicinity of traction motors.Evaluation of cargo weight is carried out during movement of the dump truck along the control section of the road. The readings are taken from an ammeter (milliammeter), the scale of which is pre-calibrated in mass units. Measurements of mass should be carried out under the same modes of dump truck movement and with the same location of the fluxgate sensor as when calibrating the scale of the measuring device. The control section of the route on which the measurements are carried out must be the same or similar to the one on which the measuring device was calibrated.The proposed device is distinguished by ease of use, is characterised by low energy consumption, is compact, does not contain expensive elements and does not require careful maintenance.

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23

Gao, Zu-cheng, and R. Russell. "Fluxgate Sensor Theory: Stability Study." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE-25, no. 2 (1987): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.1987.289722.

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24

Platil, Antonin, and Jiri Tomek. "Simple Digitalization of Fluxgate Sensor." Sensor Letters 5, no. 1 (2007): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2007.058.

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25

Li, X. P., J. Fan, J. Ding, and X. B. Qian. "Multi-core orthogonal fluxgate sensor." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 300, no. 1 (2006): e98-e103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.10.157.

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26

Seitz, Thomas. "Fluxgate sensor in planar microtechnology." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 22, no. 1-3 (1990): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(89)80081-0.

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27

Primdahl, F., J. R. Petersen, P. Ripka, and O. V. Nielsen. "High frequency fluxgate sensor noise." Electronics Letters 30, no. 6 (1994): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19940361.

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28

Ripka, P., F. Jires, and M. Machcek. "Fluxgate sensor with increased homogeneity." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 26, no. 5 (1990): 2038–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.104611.

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29

Indrasari, Widyaningrum, Mitra Djamal, Wahyu Srigutomo, and Nur Hadziqoh. "High Sensitivity Fluxgate Sensor for Detection of AC Magnetic Field: Equipment for Characterization of Magnetic Material in Subsurface." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.718.

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A magnetic material characterization at subsurface of soil using portable controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) methods needs a continuous signal which has frequency more than 1 kHz. This signal can be obtained from the function generator which its output was amplified by a power amplifier with a gain of 16 times. The AC output current of the power amplifier can be varied from 0.1 A 0.45 A at frequency of 5 kHz. To generate an AC magnetic field, the output of the power amplifier is then connected to the solenoid with a ferrite-core coils number of 130 and diameter of 3 cm. The AC magnetic field was detected by fluxgate sensor with high sensitivity (568 mV/μT or 1.76 nT/mV). By adjusting the excitation and phase detector frequency in the electronic circuits of fluxgate sensor, will enable this sensor work at higher frequency. The signal processing circuit of fluxgate sensor uses the 2nd-order of Butterworth filter with frequency scaling factor of 10.6 kHz. By this method fluxgate sensor can detect the AC magnetic field frequency up to 10 kHz. The output voltage of this sensor has a maximum measurement range of 0.23 2.95 V at frequency of 5 kHz. Meanwhile, the minimum detectable magnetic field is 1.5 μT; with a relative error of measurement was 2.74 %.

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30

Dong, Chang Chun, Wei Ping Chen, Xiao Wei Liu, and Zhi Ping Zhou. "Functional Study of Fluxgate Sensors with Amorphous Wires Cores." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.257.

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The amorphous material Co-based wires as the sensing element in Vacquier type sensor was studied. The magnetic material used in these sensors is CoFeSiB wires produced at the harbin Institute of Technical Physics and prepared by melt extraction. The sensor's functional parameters were measured. The sensor sensitivity is 3.1mV/μT. The measurements demonstrate the usability of the sensor in a magnetometer for both continuous and alternating magnetic field measurements.

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Liu, Shi Wei, and Shi Bin Liu. "Design and Realization of a Digital Multichannel Fluxgate Signal Processing System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.491.

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Addressing drawbacks of analog components and questions of multi-channel fluxgate signal operation, a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) based signal processing system is designed. Three copies of sub modules compose the whole system, each of which exclusively processes one of three outputs of the fluxgate sensor. A “Phase-Sensitive-Rectification & Low-Pass-Filtering” circuit structure is employed in the processing module, through which the fluxgate signal harmonics are extracted and converted into direct quantities according to detected magnetic intensities. Firstly designed in HDL (Hardware Description Language), afterward configurated in a FPGA chip, finally tested by processing outputs of a fluxgate sensor probe in real-time, the functionality of the designed system is verified. With inherent advantages, this FPGA based design is much reliable over temperature; by processing signals not time-sharingly but synchronously, its working speed is excellently high.

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32

Song, Qiankun, Jigou Liu, Marcelo Lobo Heldwein, and Stefan Klaß. "Intelligent Closed-Loop Fluxgate Current Sensor Using Digital Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control with Single-Neuron Pre-Optimization." Signals 6, no. 2 (2025): 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/signals6020014.

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This paper presents a microcontroller-controlled closed-loop fluxgate current sensor utilizing digital proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control with a single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm. The digital PID controller within the microcontroller (MCU) regulates the drive circuit to generate a feedback current in the feedback winding based on the zero-flux principle in a closed-loop system. This feedback current is proportional to the measured external current, thereby achieving magnetic compensation. Although PID parameters can be determined using heuristic approaches, empirical formulas, or model-based methods, these techniques are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. To address this challenge, this study implements a single-neuron-based self-pre-optimization algorithm for PID parameters, which autonomously identifies the optimal values for the closed-loop system. Once the PID parameters are optimized, a conventional positional PID algorithm is employed for the closed-loop control of the fluxgate current sensor. The experimental results show that the developed digital closed-loop fluxgate sensor has a non-linearity within 0.1% at the full scale in the measuring ranges of 0–1 A and 0–10 A DC current, with an effective response time of approximately 120 ms. The limitation of the sensors’ response time is found to be ascribed to its open-loop measuring circuit.

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Hadjigeorgiou, N., C. Konstantopoulos, and D. Masxas. "Fourier Analysis for Orthogonal and Parallel Fluxgate." Key Engineering Materials 644 (May 2015): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.644.270.

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Magnetic sensors have been, for many decades, the industrial standard for a variety of applications due to many unique advantages they possess, compared to other sensor types. The purpose of the experimental process in this paper, was initially to note (ascertain) if the orthogonal and parallel fluxgate sensors work properly and secondly to observe the reaction of the external magnetic field on their harmonics.

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Djamal, Mitra, Widyaningrum Indrasari, Ramli, and Wahyu Srigutomo. "Detection of Magnetic Material in Soil Subsurface Using Electromagnetic Induction Method Based on Fluxgate Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.494.

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An instrument based on electromagnetic induction method for detecting magnetic material in soil subsurface has been developed. The instrument consists of a signal generator, an amplifier, a transmitter, receivers, detectors and a display. A coil is used as transmitter. As receiver and also detector is used a three dimensional self-developed fluxgate sensor. The fluxgate sensor consists of two pick-up coils, four excitation coils, and a ferromagnetic core. The output voltage of the sensor is processed using an analog signal processing circuit. The sensor’s capability in detecting magnetic material in the soil subsurface was observed by placing a sample of magnetic material in the subsurface, and then detected using fluxgate sensor in the direction of the x, y and z (3D). We found that the developed instrument is capable to detect two different objects that is separated at minimum distance around 10 cm with the maximum shallow depth of the target material is 10 cm.

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Lei, Jian, Chong Lei, and Yong Zhou. "MEMS Technology in the Fabrication of Fluxgate Sensor with Micro-Solenoid Cores." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1836.

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In this paper, we presented a MEMS-based method of manufacturing micro fluxgate sensors. Micro-solenoid coils acting as excitation and sensing elements of the sensors were fabricated by MEMS technology and thick photoresist-based UV-lithography. Different processes were used to fabricate the magnetic cores made of different soft magnetic materials, respectively. Permalloy core was formed by electroplating, whereas gluing and chemical wet etching were adopted in the fabrication of the nanocrystalline alloy core. The two micro fluxgate sensors were characterized by a magnetic field measuring system. The experimental results showed that the micro fluxgate sensors possess high sensitivity, wide linear measuring range and low power consumption.

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Marusenkov, Andriy. "Possibilities of further improvement of 1 s fluxgate variometers." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (2017): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-301-2017.

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Abstract. The paper discusses the possibility of improving temperature and noise characteristics of fluxgate variometers. The new fluxgate sensor with a Co-based amorphous ring core is described. This sensor is capable of improving the signal-to-noise ratio at the recording short-period geomagnetic variations. Besides the sensor performance, it is very important to create the high-stability compensation field that cancels the main Earth magnetic field inside the magnetic cores. For this purpose the new digitally controlled current source with low noise level and high temperature stability is developed.

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Wang, Rui, Na Pang, Haibo Guo, Xu Hu, Guo Li, and Fei Li. "Research on Sensitivity Improvement Methods for RTD Fluxgates Based on Feedback-Driven Stochastic Resonance with PSO." Sensors 25, no. 2 (2025): 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020520.

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With the wide application of Residence Time Difference (RTD) fluxgate sensors in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) aeromagnetic measurements, the requirements for their measurement accuracy are increasing. The core characteristics of the RTD fluxgate sensor limit its sensitivity; the high-permeability soft magnetic core is especially easily interfered with by the input noise. In this paper, based on the study of the excitation signal and input noise characteristics, the stochastic resonance is proposed to be realized by adding feedback by taking advantage of the high hysteresis loop rectangular ratio, low coercivity and bistability characteristics of the soft magnetic material core. Simulink is used to construct the sensor model of odd polynomial feedback control, and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the coefficients of the feedback function so that the sensor reaches a resonance state, thus reducing the noise interference and improving the sensitivity of the sensor. The simulation results show that optimizing the odd polynomial feedback coefficients with PSO enables the sensor to reach a resonance state, improving sensitivity by at least 23.5%, effectively enhancing sensor performance and laying a foundation for advancements in UAV aeromagnetic measurement technology.

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38

Chen, Wei, Huaijie Chen, Haibo Xu, and Li Li. "Design and Characterization of a Self-Oscillating Fluxgate-Based Current Sensor for DC Distribution System Applications." Sensors 25, no. 8 (2025): 2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082360.

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Fluxgate-based current sensors are usually implemented for DC current detection, but their complex structure and circuits with large volume and high cost have been limiting their applications. This paper presents a low-cost sensor with a one-core-three-winding structure that can be suitable for integrated measurement in distribution system applications. Based on a self-oscillating scheme, the new sensor introduces an induction winding to suppress the noise caused by the transformer effect instead of adding more magnetic cores. The transmission and transfer functions of the sensor, based on nonlinear magnetization, are conducted for the qualitative and quantitative analysis. A prototype is fabricated and several specifications including linearity, small-signal bandwidth, output noise, and power-on repeatability are characterized. Experimental results show that the proposed sensor realizes an accuracy better than 0.15% with a range of 0–600 A. By implementing the proposed noise suppression method, the signal-to-ratio is improved from 19.55 dB to 48.88 dB. Compared with a traditional fluxgate sensor with a three-core-four-winding structure, the proposed sensor reduces the volume by 44.4% and the cost by 23.6%, indicating a good prospect for practical applications.

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Chen, Siyu, Yanzhang Wang, and Jun Lin. "A SFTD Algorithm for Optimizing the Performance of the Readout Strategy of Residence Time Difference Fluxgate." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 3985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113985.

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Residence time difference (RTD) fluxgate sensor is a potential device to measure the DC or low-frequency magnetic field in the time domain. Nevertheless, jitter noise and magnetic noise severely affect the detection result. A novel post-processing algorithm for jitter noise reduction of RTD fluxgate output strategy based on the single-frequency time difference (SFTD) method is proposed in this study to boost the performance of the RTD system. This algorithm extracts the signal that has a fixed frequency and preserves its time-domain information via a time–frequency transformation method. Thereby, the single-frequency signal without jitter noise, which still contains the ambient field information in its time difference, is yielded. Consequently, compared with the traditional comparator RTD method (CRTD), the stability of the RTD estimation (in other words, the signal-to-noise ratio of residence time difference) has been significantly boosted with sensitivity of 4.3 μs/nT. Furthermore, the experimental results reveal that the RTD fluxgate is comparable to harmonic fluxgate sensors, in terms of noise floor.

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40

Chen, Wei Ping, Chang Chun Dong, Xiao Wei Liu, and Zhi Ping Zhou. "A Miniature Fluxgate Sensor with CMOS Interface Circuitry." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.164.

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In this paper, the writers reported on a fluxgate sensor and a CMOS-ASIC for sensor supply. The design method and principle of the interface circuit of the fluxgate sensor was also presented, which was based on second-harmonic detection of the output voltage. This circuit has been simulated and realized through 0.5μm DPDM P-sub CMOS Process. The size of this circuit is 2mm×2mm. The circuit exhibited a sensitivity of 16.5mV/μT and a linear range of ±90μT. With 5V of voltage supply, the total power consumption of the circuit was as low as 35 mW.

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41

Schoinas, Spyridon, Adyl-Michaël El Guamra, Fabien Moreillon, and Philippe Passeraub. "A Flexible Pad-Printed Fluxgate Sensor." Proceedings 1, no. 4 (2017): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1040615.

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42

Kudo, T., S. Kuribara, T. Asano, and K. Toyama. "Fluxgate DC Earth Leakage Current Sensor." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 34, no. 6 (2010): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/msjmag.1009r003.

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Li, X. P., J. Fan, J. Ding, H. Chiriac, X. B. Qian, and J. B. Yi. "A design of orthogonal fluxgate sensor." Journal of Applied Physics 99, no. 8 (2006): 08B313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2172210.

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44

Kubík, J., and P. Ripka. "Racetrack fluxgate sensor core demagnetization factor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 143, no. 2 (2008): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2007.10.066.

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Kubík, J., J. Včelák, T. O’Donnell, and P. McCloskey. "Triaxial fluxgate sensor with electroplated core." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 152, no. 2 (2009): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2009.03.032.

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Ripka, P., S. Kawahito, S. O. Choi, A. Tipek, and M. Ishida. "Micro-fluxgate sensor with closed core." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 91, no. 1-2 (2001): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(01)00481-2.

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Choi, S. O., S. Kawahito, Y. Matsumoto, M. Ishida, and Y. Tadokoro. "An integrated micro fluxgate magnetic sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 55, no. 2-3 (1996): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(97)80066-0.

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48

Blazek, Josef, Jozef Hudak, and Dusan Praslicka. "A relax type magnetic fluxgate sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 59, no. 1-3 (1997): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(97)80191-4.

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Dezuari, O., E. Belloy, S. E. Gilbert, and M. A. M. Gijs. "Printed circuit board integrated fluxgate sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 81, no. 1-3 (2000): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(99)00088-6.

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Chiesi, L., P. Kejik, B. Janossy, and R. S. Popovic. "CMOS planar 2D micro-fluxgate sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 82, no. 1-3 (2000): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(99)00360-x.

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