Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flying vertebrates

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Flying vertebrates'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flying vertebrates"

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Rayner, J. M. "Estimating power curves of flying vertebrates." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 23 (December 1, 1999): 3449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.23.3449.

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The power required for flight in any flying animal is a function of flight speed. The power curve that describes this function has become an icon of studies of flight mechanics and physiology because it encapsulates the accessible animal's flight performance. The mechanical or aerodynamic power curve, describing the increase in kinetic energy of the air due to the passage of the bird, is necessarily U-shaped, for aerodynamic reasons, and can be estimated adequately by lifting-line theory. Predictions from this and related models agree well with measured mechanical work in flight and with results from flow visualization experiments. The total or metabolic power curve also includes energy released by the animal as heat, and is more variable in shape. These curves may be J-shaped for smaller birds and bats, but are difficult to predict theoretically owing to uncertainty about internal physiological processes and the efficiency of the flight muscles. The limitations of some existing models aiming to predict metabolic power curves are considered. The metabolic power curve can be measured for birds or bats flying in wind tunnels at controlled speeds. Simultaneous determination in European starlings Sturnus vulgaris of oxygen uptake, total metabolic rate (using labelled isotopes), aerodynamic power output and heat released (using digital video thermography) enable power curves to be determined with confidence; flight muscle efficiency is surprisingly low (averaging 15–18 %) and increases moderately with flight speed, so that the metabolic power curve is shallower than predicted by models. Accurate knowledge of the power curve is essential since extensive predictions of flight behaviour have been based upon it. The hypothesis that the power curve may not in fact exist, in the sense that the cost of flight may not be perceived by a bird as a continuous smooth function of air speed, is advanced but has not yet formally been tested. This hypothesis is considered together with evidence from variation in flight behaviour, wingbeat kinematics and flight gait with speed. Possible constraints on flight behaviour can be modelled by the power curves: these include the effect of a maximum power output and a constraint on maximum speed determined by downstroke wingbeat geometry and the relationship between thrust and lift.
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Willson, Mary F., and F. H. J. Crome. "Patterns of seed rain at the edge of a tropical Queensland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, no. 3 (August 1989): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003680.

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ABSTRACTBoth vertebrate- and wind-dispersed seeds moved farther from rain forest into old field than from old field into forest. Vertebrate-dispersed seeds from the rain forest moved farther into the field than wind-dispersed seeds, but seeds of both types moved similar distances from field into forest.Habitat structure affected seed deposition patterns in the field, where shrubs provided perches for flying vertebrates. Vertebrate-dispersed seed deposition was significantly greater, and deposition of plumed, wind-dispersed seeds was significantly less, under shrubs than in the open. Deposition of vertebrate-dispersed seeds under fruiting shrubs was significantly less than under non-fruiting shrubs.
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Desantis, Lanna M., Jeff Bowman, Erin Faught, Rudy Boonstra, Mathilakath M. Vijayan, and Gary Burness. "Corticosteroid-binding globulin levels in North American sciurids: implications for the flying squirrel stress axis." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 10 (October 2018): 1090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0300.

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Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) helps to regulate tissue bioavailability of circulating glucocorticoids (GCs), and in most vertebrates, ≥80%–90% of GCs bind to this protein. New World flying squirrels have higher plasma total cortisol levels (the primary corticosteroid in sciurids) than most vertebrates. Recent research suggests that flying squirrels have either low amounts of CBG or CBG molecules that have a low binding affinity for cortisol, as this taxon appears to exhibit very low proportions of cortisol bound to CBG. To test whether CBG levels have been adjusted over evolutionary time, we assessed the levels of this protein in the plasma of northern (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) and southern (Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus, 1758)) flying squirrels using immunoblotting, and compared the relative levels among three phylogenetically related species of sciurids. We also compared the pattern of CBG levels with cortisol levels for the same individuals. Flying squirrels had higher cortisol levels than the other species, but similar levels of CBG to their closest relatives (tree squirrels). We conclude that CBG levels in flying squirrels have not been adjusted over evolutionary time, and thus, the uncoupling of CBG levels from cortisol concentrations may represent an evolutionary modification in the lineage leading to New World flying squirrels.
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Chin, Diana D., Laura Y. Matloff, Amanda Kay Stowers, Emily R. Tucci, and David Lentink. "Inspiration for wing design: how forelimb specialization enables active flight in modern vertebrates." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 131 (June 2017): 20170240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0240.

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Harnessing flight strategies refined by millions of years of evolution can help expedite the design of more efficient, manoeuvrable and robust flying robots. This review synthesizes recent advances and highlights remaining gaps in our understanding of how bird and bat wing adaptations enable effective flight. Included in this discussion is an evaluation of how current robotic analogues measure up to their biological sources of inspiration. Studies of vertebrate wings have revealed skeletal systems well suited for enduring the loads required during flight, but the mechanisms that drive coordinated motions between bones and connected integuments remain ill-described. Similarly, vertebrate flight muscles have adapted to sustain increased wing loading, but a lack of in vivo studies limits our understanding of specific muscular functions. Forelimb adaptations diverge at the integument level, but both bird feathers and bat membranes yield aerodynamic surfaces with a level of robustness unparalleled by engineered wings. These morphological adaptations enable a diverse range of kinematics tuned for different flight speeds and manoeuvres. By integrating vertebrate flight specializations—particularly those that enable greater robustness and adaptability—into the design and control of robotic wings, engineers can begin narrowing the wide margin that currently exists between flying robots and vertebrates. In turn, these robotic wings can help biologists create experiments that would be impossible in vivo .
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Padian, Kevin. "Closest relatives found for pterosaurs, the first flying vertebrates." Nature 588, no. 7838 (December 9, 2020): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03420-z.

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Bortot, Maria, Christian Agrillo, Aurore Avarguès-Weber, Angelo Bisazza, Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini, and Martin Giurfa. "Honeybees use absolute rather than relative numerosity in number discrimination." Biology Letters 15, no. 6 (June 2019): 20190138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0138.

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Various vertebrate species use relative numerosity judgements in comparative assessments of quantities for which they use larger/smaller relationships rather than absolute number. The numerical ability of honeybees shares basic properties with that of vertebrates but their use of absolute or relative numerosity has not been explored. We trained free-flying bees to choose variable images containing three dots; one group (‘larger’) was trained to discriminate 3 from 2, while another group (‘smaller’) was trained to discriminate 3 from 4. In both cases, numbers were kept constant but stimulus characteristics and position were varied from trial to trial. Bees were then tested with novel stimuli displaying the previously trained numerosity (3) versus a novel numerosity (4 for ‘larger’ and 2 for ‘smaller’). Both groups preferred the three-item stimulus, consistent with absolute numerosity. They also exhibited ratio-dependent discrimination of numbers, a property shared by vertebrates, as performance after 2 versus 3 was better than after 3 versus 4 training. Thus, bees differ from vertebrates in their use of absolute rather than of relative numerosity but they also have some numeric properties in common.
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Desantis, Lanna M., Jeff Bowman, Candace V. Lahoda, Rudy Boonstra, and Gary Burness. "Responses of New World flying squirrels to the acute stress of capture and handling." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv156.

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Abstract Northern ( Glaucomys sabrinus ) and southern ( G. volans ) flying squirrels have glucocorticoid (GC; stress hormone) levels higher than most vertebrates but virtually no binding capacity for these GCs via the carrier protein, corticosteroid-binding globulin. Thus, their total GCs are essentially all free and biologically active. However, the GC estimates come from blood samples taken after squirrels had been in live traps, and thus in a stress-induced state. Obtaining baseline values for physiological variables is valuable for assessing the response of vertebrates to stressors in their environment. We compared baseline plasma total cortisol levels (within 3min of capture) to stress-induced levels (after 30min of trap restraint) in both flying squirrel species. We recorded baseline cortisol levels that were some of the highest ever reported for mammals, indicating their stress axes operate at a higher set point than most other species. As part of the stress response, we also measured 4 indices in addition to cortisol. Total cortisol and free fatty acids increased in both species, as predicted. In contrast with our predictions, blood glucose and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio showed no overall change, and hematocrit decreased significantly. New World flying squirrels therefore appear to have a stress response that differs from many other mammals. The selective forces driving the physiology of these animals remain elusive, but this lineage may provide an interesting comparative system for the study of stress axis function and its evolution among vertebrates.
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Palmer, C., and G. J. Dyke. "Moving on from Kirkpatrick (1994): estimating 'safety factors' for flying vertebrates." Journal of Experimental Biology 213, no. 12 (May 28, 2010): 2174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.044537.

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Schreer, Jason F., and Kit M. Kovacs. "Allometry of diving capacity in air-breathing vertebrates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-044.

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Maximum diving depths and durations were examined in relation to body mass for birds, marine mammals, and marine turtles. There were strong allometric relationships between these parameters (log10 transformed) among air-breathing vertebrates (r = 0.71, n = 111 for depth; r = 0.84, n = 121 for duration), although there was considerable scatter around the regression lines. Many of the smaller taxonomic groups also had a strong allometric relationship between diving capacity (maximum depth and duration) and body mass. Notable exceptions were mysticete cetaceans and diving/flying birds, which displayed no relationship between maximum diving depth and body mass, and otariid seals, which showed no relationship between maximum diving depth or duration and body mass. Within the diving/flying bird group, only alcids showed a significant relationship (r = 0.81, n = 9 for depth). The diving capacities of penguins had the highest correlations with body mass (r = 0.81, n = 11 for depth; r = 0.93, n = 9 for duration), followed by those of odontocete cetaceans (r = 0.75, n = 21 for depth; r = 0.84, n = 22 for duration) and phocid seals (r = 0.70, n = 15 for depth; r = 0.59, n = 16 for duration). Mysticete cetaceans showed a strong relationship between maximum duration and body mass (r = 0.84, n = 9). Comparisons across the various groups indicated that alcids, penguins, and phocids are all exceptional divers relative to their masses and that mysticete cetaceans dive to shallower depths and for shorter periods than would be predicted from their size. Differences among groups, as well as the lack of relationships within some groups, could often be explained by factors such as the various ecological feeding niches these groups exploit, or by variations in the methods used to record their behavior.
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McCracken, Gary F., Kamran Safi, Thomas H. Kunz, Dina K. N. Dechmann, Sharon M. Swartz, and Martin Wikelski. "Airplane tracking documents the fastest flight speeds recorded for bats." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160398.

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The performance capabilities of flying animals reflect the interplay of biomechanical and physiological constraints and evolutionary innovation. Of the two extant groups of vertebrates that are capable of powered flight, birds are thought to fly more efficiently and faster than bats. However, fast-flying bat species that are adapted for flight in open airspace are similar in wing shape and appear to be similar in flight dynamics to fast-flying birds that exploit the same aerial niche. Here, we investigate flight behaviour in seven free-flying Brazilian free-tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) and report that the maximum ground speeds achieved exceed speeds previously documented for any bat. Regional wind modelling indicates that bats adjusted flight speeds in response to winds by flying more slowly as wind support increased and flying faster when confronted with crosswinds, as demonstrated for insects, birds and other bats. Increased frequency of pauses in wing beats at faster speeds suggests that flap-gliding assists the bats' rapid flight. Our results suggest that flight performance in bats has been underappreciated and that functional differences in the flight abilities of birds and bats require re-evaluation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flying vertebrates"

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Maas, Bea. "Birds, bats and arthropods in tropical agroforestry landscapes: Functional diversity, multitrophic interactions and crop yield." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E77-5.

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Books on the topic "Flying vertebrates"

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Powlesland, Ralph. The status of birds, peka, and rodents on Niue: Status report, 1994-1995. Apia, Samoa: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flying vertebrates"

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Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten. "Swimming and Flying in Vertebrates." In The Vertebrate Integument Volume 2, 1–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46005-4_1.

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Azevedo Rodrigues, Luis, Josep Daunis-i-Estadella, Glòria Mateu-Figueras, and Santiago Thió-Henestrosa. "Flying in Compositional Morphospaces: Evolution of Limb Proportions in Flying Vertebrates." In Compositional Data Analysis, 235–54. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119976462.ch17.

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Steeves, John D., G. N. Sholomenko, and D. M. S. Webster. "Reticular Formation Stimulation Evokes Walking and Flying in Birds." In Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion, 51–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09148-5_4.

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Naish, D., and D. M. Martill. "FOSSIL VERTEBRATES | Flying Reptiles." In Encyclopedia of Geology, 508–16. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369396-9/00004-6.

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"Flying and Gliding Vertebrates." In Fossil Behavior Compendium, 227. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439810590-c27.

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"*2Chapter 7 Flying and Gliding Vertebrates." In Fossil Behavior Compendium, 255–56. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439810590-32.

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"Chapter 8. Flying, Gliding, and Soaring." In Functional Vertebrate Morphology, 129–58. Harvard University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674184404.c8.

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Goldfinger, Eliot. "Birds." In Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.003.0015.

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Bird characteristics: Body always covered with feathers; feet (toes and usually tarsometatarsus) covered with scales (thickened skin). Aquatic birds have webbed toes. No teeth; horny beak. Lightweight skeleton in flying birds (many hollow bones), with keel on sternum for attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles). No keel in large flightless birds (ostrich, emu, rhea). Completely bony ribs (no rib cartilage). Clavicles fused into single bone, the furculum (wishbone). Numerous neck vertebrae (number varies by species) provide great neck flexibility. Some of the middle thoracic vertebrae fused in some species (chicken); posterior thoracic, all lumbar, and all sacral vertebrae fused into synsacrum, which in turn is fused to the pelvis. Short, flexible tail terminates in stout bone (pygostyle) for support of highly mobile long tail feathers. Wing (arm) skeleton modified for flying (ostrich and penguins evolved from flying ancestors). Wrist joint automatically straightens when elbow joint is straightened; conversely, wrist joint automatically bends when elbow joint is bent. Individual hand and finger bones reduced in number and largely fused together for support of primaries (outer flight feathers). Three digits present; small third digit nonmovable. Short alular feathers attach to movable first digit. Secondaries (inner flight feathers) attach to rear edge of ulna. Three toes point forward and one points backward in most species (e.g., chicken, hawk, crow), or two toes forward and two back (e.g., woodpecker, parrot). Ostrich has two toes per foot. Toes terminate with claws. Male chicken has bony spur covered with horny sheath on tarsometatarsus.
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Conference papers on the topic "Flying vertebrates"

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Hefler, Csaba, Ryusuke Noda, Wei Shyy, and Huihe Qiu. "Unsteady Vortex Interactions for Performance Enhancement of a Free Flying Dragonfly." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69579.

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Bioinspired designs offer a viable solution to the design challenges of micro air vehicles (MAVs) desired to operate in the same size region under similar conditions as flying vertebrates and insects. Inspired by our previous studies of tethered live dragonflies, here, a quantitative characterization of the unsteady aerodynamic features of a live, freely flying dragonfly under well-established level flight condition will be presented. In particular with regard of the span-wise features of vortex interactions between the fore- and hind-pairs of wings, that highly contributes to the flight agility and efficiency of dragonflies. Flow fields of free flying dragonflies in still air have been measured by time-resolved stereo particle image velocimetry (TRS_PIV). A specifically designed dark flight chamber has been built, where hand hold dragonflies (Pantala flavescens) were released and made to fly nearly parallel to the measurement plane toward a guiding light. Realistic kinematics of the dragonfly wings in free flight were measured by filming with 2 synchronized high-speed video cameras. Using the recorded images, several dozens of landmarks on the fore- and hind-wing surfaces and several landmarks on the body were traced with high precision and the three-dimensional coordinates were then reconstructed with a direct linear transformation (DLT) method. Using the reconstructed wing-body model, Navier-Stokes-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses, with wing shapes prescribed based on the experimental measurement, dynamically moving multi blocked, and an overset-grid system were conducted. The numerical results are in overall agreement with the PIV data, and the combined numerical and experimental approach offers valuable insight into aerodynamic analyses. The results show that the interaction with the forewing leading edge vortex (LEV) strongly influences the flow structures around the inner spanwise region of the hindwing, while aerodynamic enhancement via vortex capture in the outer span is observed. The interaction depends not solely on wing phasing, geometrical arrangement, but also the flight mission.
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